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Wiring Methods and Materials

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>>>>> GENERAL REQUIREMENTS <<<<< SCOPE: all wiring installations, integral part of equipment, Metric Designators and trade sizes… Limitations - 1000 volts or less - - - - - Over 1000 volts, TEMPERATURE limitations Conductors ( single, conductors of same circuit, Paralleled Installations, Grounding and bonding, non-ferrous wiring, enclosures ) of different systems - Under 1000 volts, - Over 1000 volts - Shall not be allowed to share same enclosures.

a. Primary leads of electric discharge lamp ballasts b. Excitation, control, relay, and ammeter conductors used in connection with any individual motor or starter shall be permitted to occupy same enclosure c. In motors, transformers, switchgear, switchboards, control assemblies, similar equipment, conductors of different voltage ratings shall be permitted d. In manholes if the conductors are effectively isolated from other conductors.

> Protection from physical damage: - cable & raceways though wood ( bored holes, notches in wood, steel plates 2 protect wire ) - Nonmetallic sheathed cables and EMT through metal studs ( bushings and grommets ) - Nonmetallic sheathed cables through non-metallic conduit ( like PVC for instance ) - Cables behind access panels, ( 32mm or 1-1/4 inch from surface of stud to wire ) - Any danger of cable penetration by nails, screws, etc... steel plates or sleeves are required - Corrugated Metal Roofs, Expansion and Deflection of structural joints > Installations: - Minimum cover requirements, Wet locations, Underground cables and conductors under buildings shall be in an Underground Raceway… - Protection from damage, Emerging from a grade, Conductors Entry into buildings, - Service Conductors, If Damage is possible use RMC, IMC, Schedule 80 PVC - Spices and taps, The BackFill, Raceway seals, bushings, Conductors of the same circuit - Earth movement, directional boring, protection from corrosion and deterioration > Ferrous Metal Equipment: ( protection by enamel, organic coated rain tight, rainproof, Outdoor type okay, concrete encased or buried ) - Electrical Continuity of metal raceways and enclosures.

> Aluminum Metal equipment - Electrical Continuity of metal raceways and enclosures. > Non Metallic Equipment ( Sun light & chemical exposure ), Wet-Indoor locations, Different Temps ( sealing, expansion fittings, SECURING / SUPPORTING ( secured in place, fire-rated / non-fire-rated, Raceways used as means of support )… Mechanical Continuity - Raceways and cables. Make sure the continuity remains after a piece of electrical equipment is removed. At least 6 inches of wire packed into each junction, outlet box, light box or switch box. WHERE REQUIRED ( Boxes, Conduit Bodies, Fittings ): - Wiring methods with interior access, be able to remove and open covers inside - Equipment, Protection, Type MI, Integral Enclosure, Fittings, Insulated Device - Direct-Buried Conductors, Enclosures, Luminaries, Man holes and Hand holes, RACEWAY to CABLE or OPEN to CONCEALED wiring: - box, conduit body or Fittings, Bushings, - number and size of conductors in the raceway - RACEWAY Installations - Complete Runs, Wielding, �� - Maximum Spacing Intervals, Fire rated cables and conductors - Support Methods ( CLAMPING, Inserting Boxes, Junction Boxes ) INDUCED CURRENTS IN FERROUS RACEWAYS AND ENCLOSURES ( Group all phase conductors, grounding conductors and all equipment grounding conductors shall be packed together in its own separate enclosure to discourage induction in the enclosure. ) Individual conductors... ...Spread of fire and products of combustion... ...Wiring in ducts... 14. Wiring Methods: 15. Cable Tray System 16. Equipment 17. IT Equipment 18. Access Panels

>>>>>>>> OVER 1000 VOLTS <<<<<<<<<<<<< 19. Covers required to prevent accidental exposure to live parts 20. Conductor Bending Radius: - less then 8x diameter for non-shielded cable - 12x diameter when the cable is shielded - For multi-conductor or single multiplexed cables the min bending radius is 12x diameter or 7x overall depending on which figure is greater... - Protection against induction heating Above ground wiring methods: - RMC or EMT, PVC, Cable trays, - In wet locations above grade - Braid Covered Insulated Conductors - Insulated Shielding - Moisture or mechanical protection for metal sheathed cables. - Warning Signs shall be conspicuously posted ( Danger – High Voltage - Keep Out ) Underground Installations:

- Shielded and non-shielded cables in metal-sheathed cable assemblies. - Other non-shielded cable assemblies ( RMC, IMC, encased in not less then 3" of concrete ) - Wet locations, Protection from Damage, Splices, Backfill, Raceway seal.

>>>>>>>>> CONDUCTORS FOR GENERAL WIRING <<<<<<<<<<<<<

INSTALLATION: - Dry locations | - Dry & Damp Locations ( THHN, THW, THW2, THHW,THWN, THWN2 ) - Very wet locations ( MTW, RHW, RHW2, THW, THW2, THHW, THWN, THWN2 ) - Direct Sunlight, SHIELDING, Direct Burial ( USE, USE2, UF ), Corrosive conditions, conductors in parallel. - Separate Cables & Raceways, Ampacity, Equip Bonding Conductors, Bonding Jumpers AMPACITIES FOR EQUIPMENT RATED FOR 0 - 2000 volts, Temp Limitations of Conductors ----> MAJOR ENGINEERING TIME. ( 310.15 )

>>>>>> CONDUCTORS & MARKING <<<<<<<<< CONDUCTORS: Min Size, Material ( copper, aluminum, copper clad aluminum ), Insulated, Stranded, ALUMINUM: ( RHH, RHW, XHHW, THW, THHW, THWN, THHN, SE-type U, type R ): 8,10, 12 awg. CONDUCTOR IDENTIFICATION: Grounded Conductor ( white, grey ) , Equipment grounding conductor ( green ), ungrounded conductors ( black, red ), MARKING: 04. Required info ( max V, proper Letter type ( eg - USE2 ), Man name or trademark, AWG ) 05. Methods of Marking ( AWG repeated not more then 24 inches, all other data repeated within every 40 inches. )

SURFACE Marking ( single or multiple conductor, insulating material, non-metallic sheathed, SE, USE, tray cable, irrigation cable, Power Limited or Instrumentation cable tray ) 07. Marker tape, Tag Marking, Optional Marking of wire size ( type mc, tray cable, irrigation cable, power limited tray cable, fire alarm cable, Instrumentation cable ) 08. D-for two insulated conductors arranged parallel to each other within an outer, metallic covering 09. M-for an assembly of two or more insulated conductors twisted spirally within an outer metallic covering. 10. OPTIONAL MARKINGS ( sunlight resistant, smoke resistant, etc... ) >>>>>>>> Cabinets, CUTOUT BOXES and Meter Socket enclosures <<<<<<< 01. Damp, WET locations. | 02. Position in Wall | 03. Repairing non-combustible surfaces. 04. Cabinets, cutout boxes and meter socket enclosures ( protected from abrasion ) 05. Openings to be closed. | 06. Cables shall be secured within their cabinets, cutout boxes and meter socket enclosures. | 07. Exceptions to this cable rule: a. non-metallic sheath is permitted to enter through top when... b. raceway extends directly above enclosure but doesn't penetrate structural ceiling. c. fittings provided on each end protects cables from abrasion and remains accessible d. Raceway is sealed or plugged. Prevents access into enclosure through raceway. e. Cable sheath is continuous throughout the raceway and extends through the enclosure beyond fitting not less then a 1/4 inch. Raceway is fastened at its outer end and at other points in accordance to applicable article. f. where installed as conduit or tubing the cable fill must not exceed the amount that would be permitted

DEFLECTION of CONDUCTORS- conductors at terminal or conductors entering or leaving cabinets, cut out boxes, etc… 08. Width of a wiring gutter 09. Wire Bending space at terminals. 10. Conductors not entering or leaving opposite wall. 11. Conductors that are entering and exiting an opposite wall. 12. Conductors 4awg or larger. 13. Adequate space inside enclosures to accommodate all of the conductors that are in there. SWITCH OVER CURRENT DEVICE ENCLOSURES WITH Splices, taps and feed-through conductors. total numbers of wires doesn't exceed 40% total wire space and doesn't exceed 75% of the cross-sectional area of that space and label identifies closest disconnecting means 14. Side or back wiring spaces or gutters: 15. Construction Specs ( material, metal cabinets and cut out boxes, Strength, non-metallic cabinets, ) SPACING GENERAL - Spacing within cabinets and cut out boxes shall provide approved spacing for the distribution of wires and cables placed in them and for a separation between metal parts of devices and apparatus mounted within them. BASE, DOORS, Live Parts, Switch clearance, wiring space, wiring space-enclosures

Outlets, Device, Pull and Junction boxes, conduit bodies, fittings, and handhold enclosures. -------------------------------------------------------------

01. Round boxes, Nonmetallic boxes, Metal Boxes 02. INSTALLATION: ( Damp or wet locations ) 03. Number of conductors in outlet, device and junction boxes and conduit bodies. 04. Box Volume calculations, standard and other boxes, Box fill calculations, conductor fill, clamp fill, device or equipment fill, equipment grounding conductor fill, support fitting fill, 05. Conduit Bodies: ( with splices, taps, or devices | short radius conduit bodies | Conductors entering boxes, conduit bodies or fittings. ( openings shall be closed, metal parts, non-matallic parts, conductors 4awg or larger, boxes enclosing flush devices, In wall or ceiling, etc… ) | Repairing non-combustible surfaces, Surface extensions, 06. Supports ( surface mounting, structural mounting, nails and screws, braces, mounting in finished surfaces, suspended ceilings, framing, ...support wires, raceway supported enclosure, without devices, luminaries or lamp holder and supported with such... ) 07. Enclosures in concrete or masonry | 08. Pendant boxes | 09. Conduit 10. Depth of boxes, outlet boxes without enclosed devices and boxes with enclosed devices, Large Equipment, 11. Conductors larger then 4awg, 8-6-or-4, 12 or 10, 14 or smaller, 12. Covers and Canopies ( non-metallic or metallic covers and plates, exposed to combustible wall or ceiling finish, flexible cord pendants ) 13. OUTLET BOXES ( Lumina ire or lamp holder outlets, vertical surface outlets, ceiling and floor boxes, ceiling fans, utilization equipment ) 14.Pull & Junction boxes & conduit bodies ( minimum sized, straight pulls, Angle, U-pulls or splices, 15. Smaller Dimensions ( conductor in pull or junction box, covers, permanent barriers, Power distribution blocks, 16. Power Distribution Blocks ( installation, size, wire bending space, Live parts, through conductors 18. Boxes, conduit bodies and handhold enclosures need to be accessible ( underground systems, size, wire entry, enclosed wiring, covers ) 19. Construction Specs ( metal boxes, conduit bodies & fittings, thickness of metal, Grounding provisions, covers, bushings, non-metallic box ) 20. Metal boxes over 100 cubic inches ( 21. Marking 22. Over 1000 volts ( Pull and Jct boxes, conduit bodies, handhold enclosures, size of pull-jctbox-handhold-enclosures, ( For straight pulls, Angle or U-pulls, distance to opposite wall, distance between entry & exit, Removable sides 23. Construction and Installation requirements: ( Corrosion protection, passing through partitions, complete enclosure, accessible, covered ) 24. Suitable for expected handling.

>>>>>>>> Auxiliary Gutters and BusWAYS <<<<<<<<<<<

01. Auxiliary Gutters provides a means to add more conductor in a loaded, busy place like meter centers, distribution centers, switch boards and other such busy places in the wire system. There are both metallic and non-metallic units in existence. 02. For indoor and outdoor use ( non-metallic gutters ), Shall not be used to enclose switches & breakers nor extend greater then 30 feet. 03. Number of conductors ( Metallic shall not exceed 20% of interior cross-sectional area ) Non-Metallic shall not exceed 20% of the interior cross-section area. 04. Securing and supporting ( sheet metal gutters supported at 5' intervals, non-metallic gutters supported every 3 feet, ( expansion fittings, splices and taps (within gutters, bare conductors, suitably identified, over current protections, 05. Deflected Isolated conductors, Aux Gutters used as pull boxes, Grounding them, 06. Construction ( Electrical & mechanical continuity, Substantial Construction, smooth rounded edges, covers, clears bare-live parts, marking ) BUSWAYS - Service Entrance, feeder & branch circuit bus ways and associated fittings. Reduction of ampacities… - Rating of over current protection or lack thereof, Support, Branch Circuits from busways. - Exposed, behind service panels, through walls and floors, Over current protections, Feeder and Branch circuits, Not permitted ( Physical Damage, Hoist ways or elevators, Hazardous locations, wet locations, For Branches for BUSWAYS... BUSWAYS for BUSBARS...

08. Types of Cables used: AC Armored Cable, MC cable, PVC, EMT, Busways, Strut-type channel raceway, surface metallic & non-metallic 09. Where a separate equipment grounding conductor is used connection to busway shall comply. 10. Chord and Cable Assemblies off from busways - Only industrial duty cables and chords listed as BUSDROP cables will be used, - Cord or cable shall be attached to the building by an approved means - length of chord or cable from a busway plug in device to a suitable tension take-up support shall not exceed 6 feet. - The chord and cable shall be installed as a vertical riser from the tension take-up support device to the equipment served.. - Strain relief cable grips shall be provided for the cord or cable at the busway plug-in device and equipment terminations 11. Branches fro a trolley-type of busway... dead ends to busway shall be closed... grounding... CONSTRUCTION Marking of Busway: with voltage and current rating, and with manufacturers name or trademark on the busway. For over 600 volts: Adjacent and supporting structures: ( vapor seals, fire barriers, drain facilities, ventilated bus enclosures, Terminations and connections, switches, Wiring less then 600 volts, Expansion fittings, neutral conductor, Grounding, Perm Name Plate ( voltage, continuous current, frequency, impulse withstand voltage, rated momentary amps, man name or trade mark. )

An assembly of units or sections with insulated conductors having associated fittings forming structural system used to securely fasten or support conductors and conductor terminations in a completely enclosed, ventilated, protective metal housing. This assembly is designed to carry fault current and to withstand the magnetic forces of such currents. >>>>>>> ARTICLE 370 CABLEBUS <<<<<<<<< 01. INSTALLATION: - At any voltage or current for which spaced conductors are rated and where installed only for exposed work - For branch circuits, feeders, and services - To be installed outdoors in corrosive, wet and damp locations identified for such use. - Not permitted in hoist ways, elevators, hazardous locations. 02. Transversely routed, Through dry floors and platforms, floors and platforms at wet locations, 03. Conductors - insulation rate at 75 degrees or higher, termination, number of conductors, overcurrent protection, 04. Securing and supporting - Cable bus supports every 12 feet, Conductor supports every 3' for horizontal and 1-1/2 foot vertical. 05. Fittings - changes in horizontal or vertical direction, dead ends, terminations on or in apparatus, enclosure for equipment or equipment itself 06. Additional Physical protections, grounding, Ampacity, marking: manufacture name or trademark, max diameter, number, voltage rating, ...and ampacity. >>>>>>>>>> CELLULAR FLOOR CONCRETE RACEWAY <<<<<<<<<<<< Cellular Metal Floor Raceway - The hollow spaces of cellular metal floors , together with suitable fittings, that may be approved as enclosed channel for electrical conductor. cell - single, enclosed, tubular space in a floor made of pre-cast cellular concrete slab to the direction of the cell being parallel to the direction of the floor member. Header - Transverse metal raceways for electrical conductors providing access to predetermined cells of a pre-cellular concreter floor, thereby permitting the installation of electrical conductors form distribution center to the floor cells. 02. Not installed where there is corrosive paper, hazardous locations, or in commercial garages 03 No conductor larger then 1/0 shall be installed; Max number of conductors in raceway ( no more then 40% cross sectional area ) 04. spices and taps, discontinued outlets, markers, junction boxes, inserts, Connections to cabinets and extensions from cells, Ampacity, Sheet metal troughs with hinged or removable covers for housing and protecting electrical wires and cable and in which conductors are laid in place after the raceway has been installed as a complete system >>>>>>>>> Metal Wire WAYS ( Byberry ) <<<<<<<<<<< 01. Not to be used where there is severe metal damage or corrosive environments 02. Uses permitted includes exposed work, etc... 03. Sizing of conductors, Number of conductors and ampacity, cross sectional area of wireway ( no more then 20% ) 04. Adjustment Factors, Insulated conductors ( deflected insulated conductors, used as pull boxes, securing and supporting, splices and taps, 05. Securing and supporting ( horizontal support no greater then 5', Vert Support no greater then 15’ ) 06. Power Distribution Blocks, size of enclosure, wire bending space, Live parts, Dead Ends, Extensions from metal wire ways. 07. Construction Specs: Electrical and mechanical continuity, being substantially constructed, smooth rounded edges, covers, marking. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> NON METALLIC WIRE-WAYS <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Flame retardant, nonmetallic trough with removable covers for housing and protecting electrical wires & cables in which conductors are laid into place after the raceway has been installed as a complete system. 01. For use in wet or corrosive environments, Not for areas prone to physical damage, hazardous conditions, sunlight exposure, temperature 02. Size of Conductor, number of conductors ( 20% fill ), Insulated conductors ( deflected, used as pull boxes ), 03. Horizontal support at intervals no greater then 3', Vertical Support no greater at intervals then 4’ 04. Expansion fittings, splices and taps ( no more space used up then 75% ), Dead ends, grounding, Extension of non-metallic wireway, marking >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> MULTI-OUTLET ASSEMBLY <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 01. Permitted in dry locations... Not permitted in concealed locations, where subject to damage, higher then 300 volts, Not allowed in corrosive, hazardous locations, not in lift or elevator areas, 02. Conductors shall be insulated, Deflected insulated conductors, Used as pull boxes ( how do you do that? ), >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Non-Metallic EXTENSIONS <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 01. Concealable Nonmetallic Extension - A listed assembly of two, three or four insulated circuit conductors within a nonmetallic jacket, and extruded thermoplastic covering or a sealed nonmetallic covering. The classification includes surface extension intended for mounting directly on the surface of walls or ceilings and concealed with paint, texture, joint compound, plaster, wall paper , tile, paneling or other such means. 02. Non-Metallic Extensions - An assembly of two insulated conductors within a nonmetallic jacket or and extruded thermoplastic covering. The classification included surface extensions intended for mounting directly on the surface of walls or ceilings. 03. Listing requirements - Supplement over-current protect, protective equivalent of a GFCI & AFCI, Line and load-side mis-wire protection 04. INSTALLATION: From existing outlet, exposed and dry locations, Residential or OFFICE, 05. NOT to be used in unfinished basements, attics, roofs, in corrosive vapors, run through floor or partition or outside room away from origin 06. EXPOSED ( nonmetallic extensions, concealable nonmetallic extension, Bends, Securing, supporting, boxes, fittings, devices, splices, taps

>>>>>>>> SURFACE METAL RACEWAY ( River View Terrace ) <<<<<<<<<< A metallic raceway that is intended to be mounted to the surface of a structure, with associated couplings, connectors, boxes and fittings for the installation of electrical conductors. Permitted in dry locations, under raised floors, extension through walls and floors, etc... NOT permitted at places subject to damage, over 300 volts, exposure to corrosive vapors, moisture, hoist-ways 01. Number of conductors and cables is not greater then the thing is designed to handle. Ditto for ampacity. 02. Securing and supporting, splices and taps, grounding, combo raceways, >>>>>>>>>>>> SURFACE NON METALLIC RACEWAYS <<<<<<<<<<<< Permitted to be installed in dry locations, extension through walls and floors permitted, Not permitted were concealed, subject to damage, 300 volts or more, Hoist ways, hazardous locations, 03. size of conductors, number of conductors and cables allowed, securing and supporting, splices, taps, grounding, combination, | 04. Construction, Marking, >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> CABLE TRAYS <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 01. Wiring methods, In industrial establishments: where only qualified personal will have access... 02. Single conductor cable shall be permitted. It shall be 1/0 or bigger, welding cables, equipment grounding conductors shall be 4awg 03. Hazardous locations, non-metallic cable tray, NOT PERMITTED in hoist areas or places subject to damage. 04. CABLE TRAY INSTALLATION - Made as a complete system 05. Completed before installation, covers, through partitions and walls, exposed and accessible, adequate access, Marking 06. RACEWAYS, CABLES, BOXES, Conduit bodies supported from cable tray system. 07. Marking - danger-high voltage - keep away CABLE and CONDUCTOR INSTALLATION ( TYPE MC ) 08. Multi-conductor cable less then 600 volts and more then 600volts... 09. Connected in Parallel, Single conductors, number of conductors and cables on racks, Ladder or vented type cable trays, Control and signal cables only... Solid bottom cable trays... Solid bottom cable trays containing multi-conductor control and/or signal cables only... Ventilated channel cable trays containing multi-conductor cables of any type... 10. Number of single-conductor cables rated 2,000 volts or less ( ladder or ventilated through cable trays, ventilated channel cable trays ) 11. Number of MV and MC cables allowed in a given cable tray 12. Securing and supporting... cable trays... cables and conductors... 13. Bushed conduit and tubing... Cable splices... Grounding and bonding... 14. Grounding & Bonding: ( metallic cable trays - steel / aluminum, Transitions ( use bonding jumper ), 15. AMPACITY - multi-conductor, single conductor, combination thereof, Type MV / MC, 16. Construction specs ( strength and rigidity, smooth edges, corrosion protection, side rails, fittings, non-metallic cable tray

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nightowlelectric-blog · 8 years ago

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Grounding and Bonding

GENERAL: Circuits Required and not permitted to be grounded, Conductor to be grounded on grounded systems, Types and sizes of grounding conductors and electrodes, Methods of grounding and bounding, Conditions where isolation, guards, and insulation may be used in grounding applications or substitutions. Bonding Jumper ( Supply side ) - Installed on supply side of service or within the service enclosure or for separately derived systems that ensures that the required electrical conductivity between electrical parts are electrically connected. General Requirements for bonding and grounding:

Grounded Systems: -one- electrical system grounding - Unnecessary loops and bends are to be avoided. -two- grounding of electrical equipment. - Limits the voltage to ground by connecting it to grounding electrode. -three- bonding of electrical equipment - provides effective ground fault current path -four- bonding of electrically conductive materials and other equipment - establish effective ground fault current path -five- effective ground fault current path ( low impedance ) UnGrounded Systems: -one- Grounding electrical equipment -two- bonding electrical equipment - Objectionable Current - lightning surges, a) Prevention Thereof b) Alterations to stop objectionable currents: Temporary Currents not considered to be objectionable, Objectionable DC ( ISOLATION THEREOF )

Grounded Systems - System Bonding Jumper - un-spliced system jumper derived from a first and separately derived system to the source to the first disconnecting means or overcurrent device or or be derived from a source circuit that has neither a disconnecting means or overcurrent device. Entire thing is enclosed in the same enclosure. - Supply side Bonding jumper - Each side has its own separate enclosure, separately derived system and the first disconnecting means are in different enclosures - Grounded conductor - Grounding Electrode - Single, multi-derived systems - Grounding Electrode - Multiple, multi-derived systems BUILDING or STRUCTURE - Supplied by Feeder or Branch Circuits Grounding Electrode - Requires its own grounding electrode ( eg - jose & keeks garage )

Grounded Systems - Supplied by feeder or Branch Circuits. - Run with the supply conductor's disconnecting means and to run to the grounding electrode - Equipment grounding conductors shall be used for bonding and grounding equipment - Supplied by separately derived system ( a. With overcurrent protection, b. Without ) Ungrounded systems: - Grounding Electrode and grounding electrode conductor installed ( supplied by feeder or branch cirucit ) - Supplied by Separately derived system ( 1. With overcurrent protection, 2. Without ) - Disconnecting means inside separate building on premises. - Grounding electrode conductor Connection of bonding and grounding equipment: listed pressure connectors, terminal bars, pressure connectors listed as grounding and bonding equipment, Exothermic welding process, Machine screw-type fasteners that engage not less then two threads, Thread forming machine screws that engage not less then two threads in the enclosure, Connections that are part of a listed assembly, other listed means. ...ABSOLUTELY NO SOLDERING > Electrical Grounding conductor and electrode > Main Bonding conductor - as a wire or a bus bar. > Load side grounding connections - The grounded ( white ) wire shall not be connected to metal parts > Main Bonding Jumper - Connects equipment grounds to the service disconnection box > Grounding Electrode conductor - Ungrounded AC systems shall have one In Main panels the ground and the white wires are fastened together. On a Sub Panel they are not. Main bonding jumper and system bonding: material ( copper ), Screw ( green ), Main bonding jumper and system bonding: material ( copper ), Screw ( green ), Protection of ground clamps and fittings, CLEAN surfaces, Sizing of a single raceway, Parallel Conductors in two race ways. The grounded ( white ) conductor shall run parallel in each raceway. Marking and Identification of bonded and grounding conductors. SYSTEM Grounding: AC systems to be grounded: 50 volts to 1000 volts, Impedance grounded Neutral systems, High Impedance systems - HIGH IMPEDANCE NEUTRAL SYSTEMS ( three phase ) AC systems ( 50volts - 1000volts ) not required to be grounded: Industrial Furnaces, rectifiers that drive adjustable speed industrial drives, separately derived electrical systems derived from a transformer and meets the following requirements - used exclusively for control circuits - only qualified persons involved - continuity of control power required. - electric cranes operate over combustible - Health Care, electrolytic cells, lighting Ground Detector:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Single and Multiple Phases: DELTA circuits - grounded conductor will have the same ampacity as the two other hot wires do. Ground and Hot Legs share the same Ampacities. Grounding Electrode conductor - Ungrounded AC systems shall have one, Grounding Electrode conductor - Ungrounded AC systems shall have one, 1. Single Phase, 2 wire - one grounding conductor 2. Single Phase, 3 wire - The neutral conductor 3. MultiPhase, One common wire is the neutral conductor GROUNDING SEPARATELY DERIVED AC SYSTEMS - Alternate AC power sources like generators are not separately derived if its ground is tied into the main grounding conductor to the grounding electrode cause its continuously connected despite the generator being off. Portable and Vehicle mounted Generators, Permanently installed generators ( Separately derived system, non-separately derived ) GROUNDING ELECTRODES - Water pipes, Metal frame of building, concrete encased electrode, ground ring, rod & pipe types, plate electrodes, ...NOT ALLOWED TO BE used - gas mains, Grounding Electrode System Installation: a. Rod, pipe and plate electrodes. b. Below permanent moisture level c. Supplemental Electrode required - and bonded too... at least 6 feet apart... d. Wire must be 6awg copper or 4awg aluminum E. Ground Ring, Rod & Pipe electrodes, plate electrodes > Auxiliary Grounding electrode, Common Grounding Electrode, > Strike Termination Device - Copper clad alumin ( connection not less then 18 inches above earth ) > Secured and protected from damage, continuous ( no joints or splices ), Buildings with multiple disconnecting means - Disconnecting means in separate enclosures. - Common Grounding electrode and taps - One shall be installed in each . - Individual Grounding Electrode connected between the grounding electrode and the following: a. grounded conductor in each service equipment disconnect means enclosure... b. EQUIPMENT grounding conductor installed in the feeder line ( cable ). c. Supply side bonding jumper. - Common Location - Raceways and Enclosures that protect Grounding Electrode conductors 1. GENERAL - Ferrous Metal raceways and enclosures are electrically continuous. bonded each end to the grounding conductor or the grounding electrode conduct. 2. Bonding Methods, Size, wiring methods... 3. Installation of the Electrode(s): Size of AC Grounding Electrode Conductor - Rod, Pipe, Plate ( largest size permit able copper 6awg, Aluminum 4awg ) - Concrete encased electrodes ( No larger then 4awg copper wire ) - Ground Rings ( Conductor same gauge as ground ring )

<------ Connections to grounding electrodes: A. Accessibility →B. Effective Grounding Path, → C. Grounding Electrode Connections

METHODS OF BONDING & GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CONNECTIONS TO THEE ELECTRODE - Listed exothermic weilding, listed lugs, listed pressure connectors, listed clamps or other listed means. NO SOLDERING, Grounding clamps shall be listed for the material of the grounding rod in use & electrode grounding conductor, and where used on pipe, rod and other burial means shall be listed for burial or concrete encasement. SERVICE RACEWAYS & ENCLOSURES - Underground SERVICE raceway or Cable: a Underground service cable b. Underground service raceway carrying cable. Other conductor ENCLOSURES and RACEWAYS - BONDING - Shall be provided where necessary to ensure electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any fault current likely to be imposed. Bonding EQUIPMENT for SERVICES: ( a all raceways, cable trays, cable bus frameworks, etc... b. All enclosures containing such ) Methods of BONDING at the SERVICE: 1. Bonding Equipment to the grounded service conductor in a manner provided... 2. Utilizing threaded couplings or threaded hubs on enclosures if made up wrench tight 3. Thread less Couplings & connectors if made up tight for metal raceways & metal-clad cables. 4. Other listed devices such as bonding type locknuts, bushings, or bushings with bending jumpers

Bonding for other systems: An intersystem bonding termination for connecting intersystem bonding requires for other systems shall be provided external to enclosures at the service equipment or metering equipment enclosure and at the disconnecting means for any additional building or structures. The intere-system bonding termination shall comply with the following: ( Accessible for connection and inspection, Set of terminals with correct ampacity, not interfere with openings, everything securely mounted etc ) >>>>>>>>>>>>> BONDING OTHER ENCLOSURES <<<<<<<<<<< BONDING OTHER ENCLOSURES - metal raceways, cable trays, cable amour cable sheath, enclosures, frames, fittings and other metal non-current-carrying part, etc.. shall be continuously bonded to maintain continuity. 01. Isolated grounding circuits - INSTALLED FOR REDUCTION of electrical NOISE 02. Bonding over 250 volts ( Except for thread less couplings and connectors for cables with metal sheaths, Two locknuts on rmc or imc- One inside and one outside the box or case, fittings with shoulders that secure it to the metal box or enclosure and four- listed fittings ) 03. Bonding Loosely Jointed Fittings and raceways - 04. bonding of hazardous locations. >>>>>>>>>>>>>BONDING CONDUCTORS and JUMPERS <<<<<<<<<<< 01. Copper wire, bus, screw or similar suitable conductor. 02. Attachment 03. Sizing of a supply side bonding jumper ( Table 250 ) Size for supply conductor in a single raceway or cable ( Table 250 ) 04. Sizing parallel conductor installations in two or more raceways.( Table 250 ) 05. Equipment Bonding jumper on the load side of an overcurrent device. 06. Installation - bonding jumpers, conductors and equipment bonding jumpers can be installed inside or outside an raceway or enclosures. 07. Outside and raceway or enclosure bonding jumpers shall not exceed six feet and shall be routed along with the raceway or enclosure. 08. Protection >>>>>>>> BONDING TO PIPES AND METAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS <<<<<< 01. Bonded to the service equipment enclosure, The grounded conductor at the service, The grounding electrode conductor 02. Buildings of Multi-Occupancy - In such buildings where metal piping is separated from other metal piping for other occupants by means of plastic piping, the metal piping shall be used by the equipment grounding terminals on the switch gear, switch board or panel board not SE equipment. 03. Structural metal and / or metal buildings - 04. Separately Derived Systems - Structural Metal, metal piping, Common Grounding Electrode Conductor, Equipment Grounding and Equipment grounding conductors. LIGHTNING PROTECTION - An entirely different kind of specialty, metal electrical components needs isolation from lighting protection equipment. EQUIPMENT fastened into fixed place and connected by permanent wiring methods: 1. Switch Gear and switch board frames and structures 2. Pipe organs 3. Motor Frames, Enclosures for motor controllers 4. Elevators and Cranes. 5. Garages, Theaters, Motion Picture Studios 6. Electric Signs 7. Motion Picture Projection Equipment 8. Remote-Control, Signaling, Fire Alarm Circuits 9. Luminaries 10. SKID mounted equipment, Water Pumps, Metal Well Casings, >>>>>>>> EQUIPMENT CONNECTED by PLUG and CORD <<<<<<<< �� 1. Refrigeration, Fridges, Freezers, AC equipment. 2. Laundry, Dishwasher, Ranges, Kitchen Waste Disposal, 3. IT equipment ( computers ) 4. Sump Pumps, Electrical Aquarium Equipment 5. Hand Held and Fixed Power Tools and Machine Tools 6. Motor Operated Appliances - 7. Hand Lamps, Electric Lawn Equipment 8. Tools and electric equipment that operates under wet and damp conditions ( pressure washers for example ) NON-ELECTRICAL ( GANTRY frames and tracks, non-electric elevators with conductors attached, shifting cables & ropes in electric elev

TYPES of EQUIP Grounding conductors: ( copper, solid or stranded, insulated or bare, wire or busbar ) ( Rigid Metal Conduit, IMC, EMT, Flexible plastic conduits ) Listed Flexible plastic conduits: - terminated with listed fittings - protected by over current devices rated over 20 amps. - doesn't exceed six feet ( Listed liquid tight metal conduit meeting all of the following: ) - terminated with listed fittings, rated at 20 amps or less, ( flexible metallic tubing, Type MC, Cable trays, cable bus framework, etc... ) Identification of equipment grounding conductors ( green, green with yellow stripes, bare ), 4awg Copper or larger Multi-Conductor Cable. striping running down entire wire, green insulation, green tape or green adhesive labels. Flexible Cord - green or green with yellow stripes… AN EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR SHALL NOT BE USED AS A GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTOR 01. Size, Increase in size, Multiple Circuits, Motor Circuits, 02. Instantaneous Tripping Breaker and Motor short-circuit protector 03. Flexible Cord and Fixture Wire - If smaller then 10awg then wire shall not be smaller then 18awg copper ( EWWWW ) 04. Conductors in Parallel - Single equipment grounding conductor shall be used. 05. Feeder Taps - EQUIPMENT Grounding Conductor Continuity ( General, Increased in size, multiple circuits, motor circuits, flexible chord & fixture wire ) ( Conductors in parallel, Feeder Taps, Continuity, Switches, etc... ) Motor Circuits: - Instantaneous-Trip breaker AND motor short circuit protector Identification of wiring device terminals ( Green Screw, green terminal nut, green pressure wire connector,

>>>>>>>>>> METHODS OF EQUIPMENT GROUNDING <<<<<<<<<<<< 01. Equipment grounding conductor connections - grounded systems: bond the equipment bonding conductor to the grounded service conductor and the grounding electrode conductor... - for ungrounded systems: connections shall be made by bonding the equipment grounding conductor to the grounding electrode conductor... - No Grounding socket replacement or branch circuit extension: 02. Short & isolated sections of raceway shall be grounded via the equipment grounding conductor 03. Equipment considered grounded, Secured to grounded metal supports, metal car frames, cord & plug connected items, frames of appliances such as ranges and laundry equipment, using separate flexible / wire strap, 04. Use of grounded circuit conductor for grounding equipment: - Supply side of Equipment, Load side of equipment, 05. Multiple Circuit Connections 06. Connecting Receptacle grounding terminal to box, Surface mounted boxes, Contact devices or yokes, floor boxes, Isolated ground sockets 07. Continuity and attachment of equipment grounding conductors to boxes ( Connections & splices, Continuity, metal boxes, non-metallic box, absolutely no soldering >>>>>>>>>> DIRECT CURRENT DC <<<<<<<<<<<< 08. DC circuits and systems to be grounded. ( a, two wire, b. Three wire - neutral conductor shall be grounded ) 09. Point of Connection for DC systems: - off premises source - - on-premises source - at source, first over current protection or disconnection means, other means. 10. Sizing of DC grounding electrode grounding conductor ( no larger then 3/0 conductor ) 11. Not smaller then neutral conductor, not smaller then largest conductor ( 8 awg ) , Connected to rod, pipe or plate electrodes, ( 8 ) Concrete Encased Electrode ( no larger then 4awg ), Ground Ring ( no larger then the wire gage attached to the ring ) 12. Direct Current GFCI - Marking it. 13. DC Bonding Jumper - continuous, not spliced, 14. Ungrounded DC separately derived systems - >>>>>>>>>>>>>> INSTRUMENTS, METERS, RELAYS <<<<<<<<<<<<< 01. Instrument Transformer Circuits: - Secondary circuits of current and potential instrument transformers shall be grounded where the primary windings are connected to 300 volts and more and were installed on or ins switched gear and on switch boards shall be grounded irrespective of voltage. 02. Instrument transformer cases: - Cases or frames of transformers shall be connected to the equipment grounding conductor 03. Cases of instruments, meters, and relays operating under 1000volts: - not on switch gear or switch boards - Placed on switchgear or dead-front switchboards - On live front switchboards - 04. Cases of instruments, meters and relays operating over 1000volts: Shall be isolated from general public by elevation, etc… Instrument equipment grounding conductor - no smaller then 12 awg copper, cases connected to grounded means shall be considered grounded... >>>> GROUNDING OF SYSTEMS AND CIRCUITS WELL OVER 10000 VOLTS <<< 01. Derived Neutral systems 02. Solidly grounded neutral systems -Neutral conductor ( min insulation level is 600v ) - load not greater then 33% of the ampacity 03. Single point grounded neutral systems: - supplied by separately derived system or multi-grounded neutral system - grounding electrode shall be provided for the system - electrode grounding conductor shall be tied into the neutral conductor ( main panels only ) - bonding jumper shall connect equipment grounding conductor to the grounding electrode conduct - equipment bonding conductor provided to each structure, building, equipment enclosure - Neutral conductor only needed where phase to neutral loads are supplied - Neutral conductor shall be insulated and isolated from earth except in one location - An equipment grounding conductor shall be run with a 3phase and shall comply with… 1. not carry continuous load 2. May be bare or insulated 3. shall have enough ampacity for fault current duty 04. Multi-Grounded Neutral systems: Neutral conductor of a solidly grounded neutral system permitted to be grounded at multiple points - transformers providing conductors to a building or other structure - ungrounded circuit where the neutral conductor is exposed - Over head circuits installed out doors. - shall be grounded at each transformer and at the other locations by connecting to a grounding electrode. - One grounding electrode shall be installed & connected to neutral conductors every 1300ft - Max distance between electrodes shall be no longer then 1300 feet. GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT CONDUCTOR BROUGHT TO SERVICE EQUIPMENT 06. Systems with a grounded conductor at the service point: Where and AC system operating at greater then 1000 volts Grounded at any point, Provided with a grounding conductor at service point Shall be installed and routed with the ungrounded conductors to each service ...disconnecting means, grounded conductors terminal or bus ...1- Sizing for a single raceway or overhead conductor ...2. - Parallel Conductors in two raceways or overhead conductors ...3. Delta three phase, 4. Impedance grounded neutral systems 07. Systems without a grounded conductor at the service point: Sizing of Single raceway or over head cable… Parallel conductors in two or more raceways or overhead conductors. Impedance Grounded Neutral Systems >>>>>>>> IMPEDANCE GROUNDED NEUTRAL SYSTEM <<<<<<<<< 01. Impedance grounded neutral systems in which grounding impedance ( usually a resistor ) limits the ground-fault current shall be permitted where all of the following conditions are meant: ( only qualified people have access, grounding detectors installed, no line2neutral loads served. )

02. Locations ( inserted in the grounding electrode conductor between the grounding electrode of the supply system and the neutral point of supply transformer or generator ) 03. Identified and insulated - 04. System neutral conductor connection, Equipment grounding conductors, GROUNDING OF SYSTEMS SUPPLYING PORTABLE AND MOBILE EQUIPMENT 05. Portable or mobile equipment ( exposed non-current carrying metal parts, ground fault currents, detection and relaying, isolation, etc... ) GROUNDING OF EQUIPMENT Non current carrying metal parts fixed, portable and mobile equipment and associated fences, housings, enclosures and supporting structures shall be grounded,. - Grounding Electrode Conductor shall not be any smaller then 6awg, - Equipment Grounding Conductor, Shielded Cables, Sizing, SURGE ARRESTORS ( over 1000volts )

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nightowlelectric-blog · 8 years ago

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Feeders & Loads

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>>>>>>> FEEDERS and LOADS <<<<<<<

x Documentation - Its required that the arrangement be drawn up, documented and approved by inspector before its installed. Where equipment grounding is required ( green wire ) allow it to be included in drawings and documentation so the inspector can see it.

x IDENTIFICATION - Grounded Conductor ( white, gray ), Equipment grounding conductor ( green ), Ungrounded conductor ( red, BLK ) x Posting of such identification information where it can be easily seen and recognized. DC - Feeders Supplied from Direct Current - all poles identified, tagged, marked, labeled, color coded, documented and posted.

Ampacity = Non-continuous load + 125% of continuous load. ( Very important that voltage drop doesn't increase to 3% - 5%. Keeping lines as short as possible, don’t allow them to get too long )

??????? Grounded Conductor ( white ) not connected to an overcurrent device shall be permitted to use 100% of its Ampacity - note - How in the hell do you accomplish this?

x FEEDING TRANSFORMERS – ampacity = No less then specified on the nameplate Supplying Transformer & Utilization Equipment – nameplate amps + 125% equipment amps. Circuits derived from auto Transformers -

> If a metal or PVC wire way is used all the feeder cables has to be fed in the same raceway. Feeders with a common neutral conductor: 3 sets of 3-wire feeders, 2 sets of 4 or 5-wire feeders

> Feeders supplied with more then one voltage ( eg: 3phase ) - color coding, tagging, labeling, other approved means.

> Ungrounded conductors tapped from grounded systems – eg: Table Lamps

> GFCI protection of both people and equipment + GFCI for 3phase. CALCULATIONS x Voltages for single phase and three phase: ( 120, 120/240, 208Y120, 240, 347, 480Y277, 480, 600Y347 & 600 volts is used ) Fractions of an Ampere, x Lighting LOADS ( Table 220.12 + Outside dimensions of building – feet squared ) - Conditions where local energy codes apply ( power monitoring, alarm if energy limits are exceeded, where demand factors in table 220.42 don't apply ) x Other loads ( specific appliance loads, electric dryers [Table 220.54] and cooking equipment [Table 220.55], motor loads, Luminaries, Industrial lamp holders, sign-age, fixed multi-outlet assemblies, Receptacles, etc, etc… ) x Max Load - Total load not to exceed rating of branch circuit. x Motor and Combo Loads ( HVAC, Refrigeration, AC - Motor larger then 1/8th HP, 125% largest motor load + sum of all other loads ) x FEEDER and SERVICE load calculations – General Lighting ( Table 220.12 and 220.42 ), Show window & track lighting, Receptacle Loads, Motor Loads, etc, etc… Fixed Electric Space Heating, Small Appliance, Laundry, Major Appliance loads ( Dryers, ranges, AC, etc… Prohibited Reductions

x OPTIONAL FEEDER & SERVICE LOAD Calculations a. Three phase in a dwelling unit? ( 208 Y 120 )

b. General load Calculations – 100% first KVA + 40% the remainder, Specific Load Calculations

- Lots-O-Lots of Load calculations x OUTDOOR branch circuits and feeders - SPANS greater then 40' shall use Messenger wires and are supported by strain insulators, Messenger Wires shall not be attached to Fire Escapes, Plumbing Installations and Down Spouts. x 1000 volts or nominal or less - 10 awg copper spans up to 50', 8 awg copper spans greater then 50' unless used with messenger wire. x Above 1000 volts - 6 awg copper spans up the 40' if open and 8 awg copper if its in cable form. 26. Outdoor Lighting Equipment - Common Neutral - 277 volt lights ( Outdoor Areas of Office building, Industrial, ...Schools, Stores, Commercial & Public builds.) - 600 volt lights ( Between 277 - 600 volts - Aux Equipment for ...electric discharge lamps ) x Minimal clearances: Min Line Clearances - 3 feet, Zone of Fire Ladders, Don't use trees for poles x Disconnecting Means - Documented Switching, locations, No more then Six Disconnecting Switches shall be grouped together, Identification thereof, Accessible to Occupants ( multiple occupants ), Clearly indicate if open or closed, Shall be lockable, Indication of what it controls, Up position shall be ON, ID at the switch: - One Circuit Minimal 15 amps, Dual Circuit Min 30amps, - One Family House 100 amps min, Others 60amps

x PRE-Energizing & Operational testing - Instrument transformers - correct polarity & burden - Protective Relays - Inject current or voltage into them to see if they work - Switching Circuits - - Control and Signal Circuits - Metering Circuits - Acceptance Testing - Relays and Metering using Phase Differences - Test Report - presented to Inspector before the system is energized

>>>>>>>> SERVICES <<<<<<<<<

x HOW MANY: Generally, One Building gets a service. There’re exceptions. FirePumps, Emergency systems, Stand-by systems, Parallel power production, Systems designed to run on multiple services. Some multiple occupancy buildings has multiple services, and so do some unusually large buildings have them as well. Additional service shall be required when: excess of 2000amps at a supply voltage of 1000 volts, requirements for single phase greater then normally supplied, by special permission. Additional Services shall be used for different voltages, frequencies, phases, different uses, different

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