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About the test

This stage is where the final solution is thoroughly tested. Here the ideas that are considered the best, based on the feedback from the previous users, will be implemented.（Gingerdoc，2021） The testing should not take too long, it is important to stop, validate and refine. （Jamie，2013）Be aware that if the prototype fails, then the entire design thinking may be repeated. If there are minor adjustments, the prototype can be changed immediately and tested again.（Marco，2017）

A2 brings solar energy to hundreds of millions of people living without electricity, giving tens of millions of households extra lighting time to do what they want to do and lightening their load. (IDEO.org)This one product solves a wicked problem and is sustainable. The product goes through five design thinking steps to end up with a good solution. That's why it's worthwhile for members like company d.light to get together and make good solutions in a positive way.(Steve,2021)

References：

‘Design Thinking - Testing Phase’ (Gingerdoc4 May 2021) <https://www.gingerdoc.com/design_thinking/design_thinking_test_stage>

Marco Lopes, ‘Design Thinking, Not Just Another Buzzword’ (Medium11 February 2017) <https://blog.prototypr.io/design-thinking-not-just-another-buzzword-3075722b51c8#.pu9jszwy1>

Jamie Tolentino, ‘13 Ways to Master UX Testing for Your Startup’ (TNW | Dd10 August 2013) <https://thenextweb.com/news/13-ways-to-master-ux-testing-for-your-startup>

‘D.light A1 | Project’ (IDEO.org) <https://www.ideo.org/project/the-only-solar-lantern-youll-ever-need>.

Steve Rose, ‘“Our Biggest Challenge? Lack of Imagination”: The Scientists Turning the Desert Green’ The Guardian (20 March 2021) <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/20/our-biggest-challenge-lack-of-imagination-the-scientists-turning-the-desert-green>.

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About the prototype

During the ideation phase a number of design options are generated, out of which the best prototype is selected for testing. Prototypes can take many forms, they can be a collection of ideas, a PPT or a single logo presentation. At this stage the prototype is produced and presented in the shortest possible time and cost, so that the product can be reflected upon. Prototyping is more of an action, creating a prototype helps me to think about my ideas in a concrete way and see how they can be improved. Prototypes have to look real, because during the testing phase I want the customer to react in a natural and honest way. （Eric,2016)But it is not necessary to spend too much time building prototypes, as this would prevent me from being objective in my judgement.

This is an example of a film prototype:

References：

‘【超級瑪利歐兄弟電影版】官方預告- 2023年 全台戲院見’ (www.youtube.com) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iE-BqYVfA4I> accessed 6 December 2022.

‘The fourth stage of the design thinking process | Everyone is a product manager’ (www.woshipm.com) <https://www.woshipm.com/pd/2993819.html> accessed 6 December 2022.

Eric Ries, ‘The Prototype Mindset’ (Galleys8 March 2016) <https://medium.com/galleys/the-prototype-mindset-396c979a356f#.2puoc7uep> accessed 6 December 2022.

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📝About the ideate

Ideation is the process by which I come up with an idea, which can be expressed graphically in writing or verbally. It helps me to be more creative and to bring together the views and excellent insights of the team more fully. In the process, I am sure to discover unexpected areas of novelty, but it is important to note that ideation is not exactly the same as innovation, although they are both about coming up with new ideas, innovation is about implementing them, ideation is about creating, developing and communicating ideas.

📸Magical Brainstorming

One of the main methods we use during this phase is brainstorming. I think that all members brainstorming, listening and discussing their ideas together can go a long way to produce many good solutions. During the brainstorming process it is important to note that: 1. it is important to stay on topic as it is easy to stray into different directions when discussing an event and the facilitator should do his best to keep the members on topic. 2. it is important not to discourage a member from coming up with ideas but to encourage him to do so. It is likely to have sprung from the ideas of other members. 3. It can be a quirky idea, that's fine! The best answer will be kept at the end. 4. By taking on board the ideas of others, new insights can be generated themselves, so members have to keep building up ideas, which can wet the programme gradually becoming relevant. 5. It can be in the form of mapping to help everyone think. 6. The brainstorming time cannot be endless, there needs to be a time limit.（2022）

In Amsterdam, the circular economy strategy used is based on the 'doughnut model'. It is a striking new term, but politicians are already using it to work for people's well-being on a national scale, bringing together social and environmental issues to provide a clear picture of a dual problem.（Grenn European Journal) .This idea and innovation is a good use of design thinking.

References：

‘The Doughnut Model for a Fairer, Greener Amsterdam’ (Green European Journal) <https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/the-doughnut-model-for-a-fairer-greener-amsterdam/>.

‘The third stage of design thinking | Everyone is a product manager’ (www.woshipm.com) <https://www.woshipm.com/pd/2991054.html> accessed 6 December 2022.

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About Design Research

The designer needs to integrate all the information obtained during the empathy phase and filter the most valuable core content.

In preliminary research, data is usually collected by means of interviews or surveys.

About the validityand: Data is the cornerstone of innovation.（pixso，2022） There are four types of validity that affect research:

1. whether the data really measure the content of the headline being studied

2. whether the theory is a true reflection of the causes

3. whether the methods are suitable for other groups to use similarly

4. whether the situation under consideration can fit into people's daily life circumstances

In secondary research, it is the insights that summarise the existing findings that allow for the collection of more convincing and relevant insights.

The two types of research that impressed me most were :

The first type of evaluation study is to assess a particular problem to ensure the usability and meet the vision of the person approach is summative and formative summative means to understand the outcome or impact of things. Here the emphasis on results formative means helping or enhancing the process of improving the people and things being tested emphasising the process.

The second type of research is exploratory research .It is defined as research that is used to investigate undefined problems and studies, and indeed to better understand existing problems. It helps to answer questions such as 'what', 'why' and 'how'. The main characteristic is that it is an initial form of research around a specific topic, laying the groundwork for future research, investigating issues that are not fully defined, gathering more in-depth information, and allowing for new topics, or new perspectives. (pollfish,2021)

References：

‘From 0 to 1 with Data Science + Design Thinking’ (Pixso2022) <https://pixso.cn/designskills/how-to-integrate-data-science-into-design-thinking/> accessed 6 December 2022.

‘How to Conduct Exploratory Research for Your Early Research Needs’ (Pollfish Resources26 April 2021) <https://resources.pollfish.com/survey-guides/how-to-conduct-exploratory-research/>.

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Emapthy map and Journey map

📍Empathy map is a collaborative visualisation tool that expresses the team's understanding of the user. Through user interviews we can gather a great deal of information about our users, from which an empathy map can be a good way to help us collate information to empathise with them.

The image below is the empathy map:

How to draw it?

The mouth corresponds to the user's behaviour and attitudes (what they say and do)

The eyes correspond to what the user sees in the situation

The ears correspond to what the user hears from the surroundings

The top of the head corresponds to what the user thinks and feels (often based on observations and interviews)

📍Journey map is a tool to visually present the process that a user goes through to achieve a certain goal, done according to the empathy map. The significance of this map provides insight into user behaviour, aids user classification and optimises the user experience. It can also adapt the information architecture and show the future advantages of the project.

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🔑What are the Wicked Problems?:

Wicked problems are real-world problems that recognise the complex but interdependent relationships between different factors and stakeholders and are not simply causal. (Daniel,2017)There may be differences of opinion between the many stakeholders on the definition of the problem. (Sopio,2022)The problem is the relationship and conflict that arises when design elements are intertwined, so the problem is necessarily not simple and singular. Good design ultimately becomes a well-coordinated unity of issues.

I think it is important to look behind the phenomena to see the causes and search for similar things, to find the commonalities, and then to analyse the individuality based on the commonalities and compare the internal and external causes of the 'similarities'.

References:

Daniel Christian Wahl, ‘Facing Complexity: Wicked Design Problems’ (Medium29 April 2017) <https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/facing-complexity-wicked-design-problems-ee8c71618966>

‘Sopio:「How to solve wicked problems with design thinking」’ <https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/507110348> accessed 6 December 2022

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📝About Design Thinking:

Design thinking is an influential, effective and widely adopted approach to innovation. Design thinking can be used at all levels and in all areas of society. We can all use design thinking to innovate ideas and make it happen. At the heart of it is: 1. A human-centred design philosophy that starts from the heart. Designing a product for example requires me to start with the needs of the user or consumer and provide innovative solutions accordingly to their pain points. It is also important to always keep in mind the concept of sustainability, which is a thorny issue raised by the United Nations.2. Having a commercial or social enterprise outcome. While studying this approach, I got the impression that it requires a spirit of not being afraid to make mistakes. This is because the innovative approach requires constant trial and error, continuous improvement and ultimately success. This is also true in the development of my life, always moving forward through constant mistakes, reflections and learning.

There are five steps to this way of thinking: EMPHATHISE,DEFINE,IDEATE,PROTOTYPE,TEST. This innovative way of thinking allows me to think outside the box. Because in everyday life, many of the things we do are habits and it is difficult to change these habits. And using the design thinking approach. The biases that hinder creativity can be counteracted to achieve superior solutions.(Jeanne,2018)

Reference:

Jeanne Liedtka, ‘Why Design Thinking Works’ (Harvard Business Review1 September 2018) <https://hbr.org/2018/09/why-design-thinking-works?autocomplete=true>.