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Week2-DataManagement&VisualizationCourse Assignment

In week 2 , I am exploring the GapMinder Data using Python Language. 

Here is the program for importing the data , cleaning and generating the frequency tables of the variables. 

The program output for the frequency distributions are here. 

1) Income per person

2) Female Employment Rate

3) Employment rate

4) Internet User Rate 

My note on the data : 

1) The dataset contains 213 countries and 16 variables. I made my dataset to be a subset of 4 variables that are related to my research question. 

2) The dataset contained the missing cells with whitespaces that prevent the conversion of string data type into numeric values. So I needed to clean the whitespace before converting data types of the some variables into numeric . 

3) Since the variables in my dataset are numeric values , the frequency distribution doesn’t seen to be insightful since most values occur once in the dataset due to the variability. For this , I may need to group them into different categories in the next steps  , for example. incomeperperson variable  into high , middle and low income groups. 

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Data Management & Visualization (Week1)

Study about the association between employment rate and internet user rate in developing countries.

After looking through the codebooks , I choose the GapMinder data set which includes one year of numerous country-level indicators of health, wealth and development.

From the variables in the codebook , the employment rate of each country make me interested. This book does not have much pages, so I just use the codebook for future reference.

Specific topic of interest - > Employment rate of a country(employrate)

Nowadays , the use of internet become wider even in the developing countries. I think that the more people get access to the internet , they can get more educated and can develop their skill sets more easily and that may lead to more job opportunities. Moreover ,there can be the remote job opportunities. So , I would like to know that the internet user rate of a country has impact or association with the employment rate.

So , my second topics is → Internet User Rate. (Internetuserate)

Literature Review

I have used the internet penetration rate , internet user rate and employment rate search term in google scholar.

The literature by Zhao (2020) explores the relationship between internet usage and rural self-employment in China. The study reveals that internet usage has a significant positive impact on the likelihood of rural self-employment, increasing it by 5 to 7 percentage points. The effects of internet usage on rural laborers vary based on gender, age, and education level. Male, older, and better-educated laborers experience a notable influence, while the effect is not remarkable for female, younger, and less educated laborers. Through channel investigation, the research identifies several mechanisms through which internet usage promotes rural self-employment, including the weakening of financial constraints, reduction of social capital restrictions, and lowering of transaction costs. The study employs regression analysis and considers variables such as internet penetration rate, self-employment rate, and self-employment as the dependent variable.

The working paper by Stein Monteiro examines the impact of social media and internet usage rates on employment outcomes among newcomers in Canada. The findings from the regression analysis indicate a positive relationship between social media usage and employment. The coefficient estimate in Table 3 represents the efficiency of social media compared to traditional communication methods like telephones, email, and in-person interactions for gathering information and communicating within a social network. The study suggests that social media usage, as well as internet usage for training purposes, contribute to improved employment prospects for newcomers.

My final hypothesis is :

The increase of interpenetration rate in developing countries has positive impact on the employment rate.

Reference

Zhao, J. (2020). Internet Usage and Rural Self-Employment in China. Asian Perspective, 44(1), 77–101. doi:10.1353/apr.2020.0003

Stein Monteiro(2022) Social media and internet usage rates on employment outcomes among newcomers in Canada.