onlyfishcansaveusnow

[onlyfishcansaveusnow]

Nitrogen Isotopes - ChemOCN 4/1/2024

Isotope - atom of an element with a specific number of neutrons. This means different isotopes have different masses but the same charge.

In nitrogen - N14 and N15 - N14 is 99.63% and N15 is 0.366% -- they are stable isotopes

R=15N/14N <<1 Delta notation= δ15N=((Rsample /Rstandard)-(1))*1000

N:N2 gas atm= Rsample --  δ15N standard=0‰

Kinetic fractionation - different reaction rates for each isotope of nitrogen ( 14N, 15N) -- 14K: rxn rate coeff of 14 N. 15K: rxn || || || 15N

Alpha (a)=14K/15K -- a>1

Most N rxns 1.000>a<1.030 --> eplison (E) = (a-1)*1000 -- 0<E<30

E~= δ15N substrate -δ15N product

E: maximum possible fractionation in a rxn. measure this in experiments and E depends on specific enzymes.

[onlyfishcansaveusnow]

Compareing and contrasting Coastal system and the Open ocean

The open ocean and a coastal system are similar yet different in many ways. This paper will compare aspects such as vertical structure, physical and biological features, and provide a more focused example of this through the comparison of the North Pacific pelagic and the Columbia River plume. 

The vertical structure of the open ocean pelagic system is broken up into four main vertical zones: epipelagic (0-200m), mesopelagic (200-1000m), bathypelagic (1000-4000m), and

abyssopelagic (+4000m).  This vertical structure can be further looked at by examining the nutricline, pycnocline and where the mix layer is in the water column. For example in the tropics the mix layer is warm and stable. There is a steep pycnocline that separates this warm water from the colder water underneath, correlating with nutrients and  nutrient transport; Nutrients in the tropics generally are low above the pycnocline (being up taken by phytoplankton) and high blow, as nutrients that aren't used up will sink. To put this in perspective of the North Pacific, "the pycnocline shoals and strengthens dramatically under the intertropical convergence zone, separating the North Equatorial Current from the North Equatorial Countercurrent." (Johnson & McPhaden,. 1999) Nutrients in this region are limited by iron making it a high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) region of the pacific ocean. 

Primary productivity in an open ocean system is mainly dependent on access to light (also contributing seasonality) and limiting nutrients.  A classic model of primary productivity can be described as: Turbulent mixing brings nutrients to the surface. A heat driven stratification occurs and phytoplankton are held at the surface/euphotic zone where they consume the nutrients thus resulting in a bloom. In the North Pacific Primary production and secondary production is continuous throughout the winter season. This happens because though there is a limitation of light there is a constant mixing distributing nutrients throughout, allowing for nutrients to be available for the spring bloom. 

Now to look at these concepts from an estuarine perspective. In estuarine circulation, a common pattern emerges: fresher, lighter water flows out of the estuary in the surface layer, while a deeper flow brings water in from the open ocean. This phenomenon is also referred to as buoyancy-driven flow. In the example of the Columbia river, this estuary deviates from this classic pattern and follows that of a salt wedge pattern. This pattern is characterized by where a river that flows rapidly reaches sea level  Since fresh water is lighter than salt water a sharp boundary/wedge is formed.(NOAA. 2019).  The Columbia river estuary is also a good example of how an estuary can be large enough to be affected by the Coriolis force and this can be seen by the fresh surface current water flows along the north bank and the salter water flows along the southern bank. As a result of this small particles will concentrate toward the tip of the wedge which will produce an area of high turbidity that in relation to the flowing fresh water, move up and down the length of the estuary.

Productivity in an estuary system looks a lot different than that of an open ocean because factors such as precipitation and estuarine flow can impact primary and secondary production. On top of this key factors of productivity are still at play (light and nutrient supply).  The Columbia River estuary, due to the interaction of tidal forces, wind patterns, and the mixing of different water masses, nutrient-rich water from deeper layers is brought to the surface; it stimulates primary productivity, particularly in the upper estuarine regions where freshwater and saltwater mix. This mixing introduces essential nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate, fueling the growth of phytoplankton. These microscopic plants form the base of the estuarine food web, providing a crucial food source for zooplankton and small fish. Consequently, this abundance of prey supports larger fish and marine organisms, creating a productive ecosystem within the estuary. The nutrient-rich conditions attract forage fish, including salmon smolts and other juvenile species, to the upper estuary where they find ample food resources though this is often found in the plume.  Additionally, the enhanced productivity can influence the timing and availability of prey, impacting the overall abundance and composition of fish populations within the estuarine ecosystem.

References

Johnson, G. C., and M. J. McPhaden, 1999: Interior Pycnocline Flow from the Subtropical to the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 3073–3089, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<3073:IPFFTS>2.0.CO;2.

Kaltenberg, A., Emmett, R., & Benoit-Bird, K. (2010). Timing of forage fish seasonal appearance in the Columbia River Plume and link to ocean conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 419, 171–184. doi:10.3354/meps08848 

US Department of Commerce, N. O. and A. A. (2019). NOAA National Ocean Service Education. Retrieved from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_estuaries/est05_circulation.html 

[onlyfishcansaveusnow]

3/27/2024- FISH

I have no idea what is happening *alas a recurring theme* is today wednesday? Probalbly.... i don't remember anything from monday.. well I do but i am tired :) also totally lied about redoing my exam.. kinda i started on it like an hour ago and i guess as long as it s done by this evening ill be good... im not optimistic. RIP zoom camera its stuck in the upsidedown.. YAY we are no longer upsidedown

ANYWAY ew exam two is on the way... and a lot to work thourhg this lecture. TOday we are going in brad on the north pacific, and biophysical coupling. regime shifts, climate cahnge and examples orm the arctic.

OOO recap Walker circualtaiton. - Thrade winds nrmally blow westward twards a low pressure area in the western pacific. as air move over the warm ocean it becomes warmer and loghter. in thelowpressue region the air rises and looses moisture though rain. the air eventually circlates back to the east at upper level and deceds ove the eater pacific hig pressure cell to complet the cycle. ~ duing nino this circualtion and tradewinds decreas cauing warmer condiditon in theast wich decrese the east west sst gradient.

Pacific ocean and surrounding seas. ENSO- is a major atmspheric pattern and important sours of global climate varibality. PDO (pacific decadial ossiclation) - Aleutian Low: dominates win d feild in the NPO. Forms in autum and intensfies in winter and breaks down in dummer. As pressure decresaes the area becomes larger so the index is a mirror image of the pressure recoen in the low and in variable year to year. And are longer than thoes in the SOI. Regime shift from mostly negitive to mostly postive in 76 and 77

**inence** aleutina lows - inceased poleward advection of warm southern waters in winter. davision current- surrface oceanic counter current aling the coast of califonia. .... *i swaear to god* more south

**Weak** alution lows - decresased poeward advection in winter lead to weak downwelling less on shore transport and decresed stratificaitn next spering which influences biological effectivess of upwelling. more north

PDO changes every 15-20 yrs??

PDO is definded by the frist principal compornt of the variation in SST north 20 deg N in pacific ocean. Comparing PDO ENSO- elnino identified by eqat temp anomloies. PDO strongest feature is lower SST thoughout the pacific north weast and warmer waters along the americas. PDO is on a longer time scale.

Pacifc ocean general biological variability - *okay we ar speed running so i need to go back ad type this holy hell* wat are elnion effect in the humblt on anchovetta? elnion on humlt is BIG issue *god graphs* Glapogoes is pretty much the center of the ENSO activity and are stongly impacted. *Damn the humbolt rally gets it duing el nino conditions* Effects on demersal fish and Inverts???

North pacific lol now we dicuss - duing el ninio westerlies expend futrer noth bringin warm air and water to alaska. abnormally warm water expends dothwart along CA and OR coast. zoop biomass is reduced consistingof species gen found further south. boundries on pacifc gyes moth and supartic gyre move nothward cusing changes in migration routs of salmon ~~ winner and loosers~~

*rip ill be back* okay i have no idea what topic we are on (-_-:) i think we ar goin in a weird indepth of specific fisheries.

Eastern north pacific - el ninio seem to benifit pacicif halibut recurtment. Slamon!- PDO partly focered EP el nino is realted to flux in salmon catch with PDO index postively correlated with AK stocks and neg correleted wth CA, OR, AW PNW stocks. differential respocse to food web productivity to inceased warming.

Participation questions??? - going off of the question asked about how we adjust fisheries management to climate changes whe havent even seen before but first: How do you measure if changes are anthropogenic or ENSO on pressure on fishing? PDO vs ENSO vs ALPI?? So maybe i missunderstood something: so a lot of these mass climate fluxes play into one another do ENSO and ALPI similar to one another?

Stationrty vs Non stationarty? - simialr means and such where not much is happing and same varience but not smae mean over a time series ( respectivetly)

NGPO - North pacifc gyre osilation - sealevel height anoalies in NE pacific.

[onlyfishcansaveusnow]

3/25/2024 FISH

alright let's kick it off - *fuck these lights suck in this room* oh we have a guest lecturer coming up later this semester *GOD THESE LIGHTS* ugh more exam 1 presentation from the grads. But we do get to talk about the ENSO cool-ocean basin and circulation and how it fits with climate modes... Again I didn't read the paper- I'm so over these papers. The dude is pulling through with a cohesive thought process for the exam 1 presentation. *ha we got the lights fixed thank God* I've also added a spell check program so hopefully my spelling gets a bit better and not so atrocious. *I totally zoned out for 20 minutes I don't know what's happening*

Rings vs Eddies answered from the last class!- rings are an of an eddy. eddies are reserved for the lower amplitude current variations that are found throughout the ocean.

ENSO and Friends; PDO, NAO, and others. understanding Maine ecosystem responses like plankton, benthos, fish stocks, predator prey correlating with atm indices over decades ( this is a major breakthrough! in fish oceanography). Changes in atm circulation were driving changes in the ocean circulation causing major changes in bioprocesses. With this knowledge fish management needed to wrangle with the idea that fish pops were subject to national variations along with fishing effort

El nino - sothethen oscillation (ENSO) - this is a high area of productivity due to upwelling, catch rate is not consistent as some mother warm equatorial water moves sotu and disrupts the upward flow of nuts. normal years only last a few months but every 3-7 years ... *GAH SLIDE CHANGE* initially thought that was due to a decrease in upwelling favorable wind and local to preu and equadorBUT now we know that it is a part of an ocean wide oscillation in the atm called other isolation. *something something* pressure gradient between the high atm pressure in easter quat PAcf and region of low pressure in are of Indonesia. lower than average gradient=el nino. higher than average gradient = la nina. ENSO is typically associated with large changes in the climate of the equatorial region. Under normal conditions (la nina) the upper mixed layer in the western part of the ocean is substantially deeper than in the east. in the western Pacific ( want west Atlantic) the ocean level is higher. ** This figure sucks** ??Walker circulation?? El nino - strength of wind is a driving factor (not as strong) resulting in wind and water temperature patterns set up on the east side?

Walker circulation - SOI - positive: trade winds typically strong across the warm western PACFONC and pick up plenty of moisture..... GOD SLIDE CHANGE

SOI - southern oscillation index - measures the difference in air pressure between Drwin and Thaiti and is calculated daily. the air pressure difference with the long-term normal difference is expressed... kill me :)

ENSO and teleconnections; as enso proceeded from one phase to another the walker circulation varies in intensity and position. the variations cause weather changes in a number of locations. strong correlations between the warm period of ENSO and droughts in Australia, Indonesia, brazil, and Africa. at the same time dry unusually high rainfall occurs along the equator east of 160 degrees of equator and preu. ~ effects in Pacific and northern Hemi. higher than normal pressure western pacific. at higher latitudes a sequence o alternating high pressure and low-pressure anomalies from a curving eastward thus causing mid-latitudes westerlies to be further south .... *I swear to god why are we speed running this lecture* in Atlantic- el nino event generally suppress Atlantic hurricane activity so fewer hurricane than notal from in the Atlantic during Aug to Oct the paea of Atlantic hurricane season. *yeahhh I didn't do that secondary reading of 264 pages fuck that'd rather fight god than read that in a weekend*

ENSO and marine heatwaves - impacts of global climate change are caused by pulse heat stress events associated with El nino. extreme 2015-16 Nino with unabated global warming instigated... *please* basically caused lots of problems google it. coral bleaching off Australia etc. grapple with overall warming and heat waves as overall and not individual things?? enso and broad-scale climate warming

Okay now we talk about the paper that I didn't read but I need participation points so now time to formulate questions

Participation questions - Okay not to sound not great but how do we measure what is caused by ENSO and what is more anthropogenic? where do we look for that fine line between what is natural and what isn't?

What does ENSO have an effect on "the Blob" in the Pacific?

Walker circulation? does that wind cell? "circulate" in between the Hadley cells at the equator? I guess I'm just confused if this is locally found in the equator portion of South America or does it span across the equator... okay that is poorly phrased is it specifically in the Pacific or does it span across oceans? -Just equatorial pacific. yes is a cell but the size varies if is a nina or nino year.

What is the effect of El Nino on the glapagos what is the oceanography mechanism? - warmer atm conditions, less wind mixing, thus less upwelling and less stratification, thus less nutrients, and lower productivity

Something to ponder - climate effect on disease ecology?

[onlyfishcansaveusnow]

3/20/2042 FISH

well well well I didn't do the readings again for today's class but good god what do you expect.. anyways. talked with my prof about my exam I have a chance to rewrite woot woot (*not going to lie that whole discussion was just telling me that she was confused about my focus for question one despite me disclosing it and that my grammar sucked but whatever*). I think today we have a continuation of Monday, with my questions being hopefully answers to the **difference between the anticyclonic and cyclonic rotation of gyres**, and I'm 90% sure that the grads are going to explain the methods that they did for writing exam 1. *rip the camera for zoom isn't working.* lol she's going to get "IT" help hopefully they are in because CFOS doesn't hardly have IT in... yep I was correct no one was in :)

right, let's get into it. yeah, so ocn basin circulation then gyres rings, and eddies continuation. Well, first we are doing grad discussions for the exam and I'm really confused about how this is helpful??? Because this dude is just explaining the answer to his question in ppt but not how he went about answering it? this is going on much longer than 10 minutes...and he is talking s o o o o o o s l o w kill me:)

*hahaha thermohaline circulation is an abbreviation THC lol* we know what this is if we don't a reconsideration of the major needs to be done. temp and salinity differences result in heat. cooling at the sea surface and from surface freshwater fluxes along with evaporating, precipitation, and heat sources. New dense water tends to have properties (salinity O2 tep) significantly different than the rest of the ocean which means that they can be traced!. ( why does it smell like alcohol in this room?) good god figures for this class are going to be the death of me. In contrast with wind-driven currents, the THC is not confined to just surface waters but can be regarded as an overturning of the world's oceans from top to bottom and consists of deep water formation; also localized. Spreading of deep water mainly as western boundary currents, upwelling of deep water, and near-surface currents. drivers of THC in the short is high latitude cooling. **Is the THC pushed or pulled?** Ultimately in the long run it is pulled. but on shorter timescales up to centuries, it is considered a push in the sense that density changes in the deep...GOD, SHE FLIP THE SLIDE What is the of THC on climate? general effect due to heat transport. over the three main deep water forms in regions of the world ocean air temps are warmer but other explanations can be invoked such as planetary waves in the atmos[here locked in place by geography. Global warming can affect the THC in two ways: surface warming and surface freshening both reduce the density of high latitudes surface waters and thus inhibit deep water formation - also just looking it up because it is a news topic because the THC collapse is a possibility though "low probability but high impact risk" What will happen? freshwater input? threashholds? consequences on ecosystems? land temps affected?

Wind driven circulation.... we dicussed last tim - all major surface current s in the coean are created by the drag of win d on the surface of the ocean . which is created due tue the eaths surface being heated unevenly by the sun making th tropical region warm and the poalr region cold. BUT alas the earth spin ( see alvin and the chipmuncks) thrad withs aris becas warm air from eq rises and is repalce byt air flowin tward the eq in both nothern and sother hemispejres - intertopocal cinergence zone (ITCZ). Hadley cells? Polar cells? ferrel cells? these cells drive climatic regions around the earth due to low and high pressure zones. ew coralis on winds *and variation with latitude maket he link between wind stess and water motion less straing formawrd* anyways. poleward of hadly temps at all levels of the roposphers decrese rapidly. at equator where coralis is zero warter move... UGH! Currents in subtropics form large gyers with poleward folwing currents on the westernsides of the oceans that are stong and narrow with current thought out the remainder of the ocean bein braod and slow. WESTWARD INTENSIFICATION? the ocean surface slopel is steeper on the western side of an ocean basin than on the eastenr side. but why? criloas is stonge in the atiuse of the westerlies than in the latiues of the trade winds (it makes sence? but not really) Geostrophic flow?

OH my question. In atl and pafc basions subtopic gyers circulat anticylconicly clock wise in N hemi and sub polar circulate cyconcal anti clocwise in S hemi)

North Atlantic Circulation - the major flow of water is clockwise?

Ohmygod pacific subpar gyre is going to be the death of me. go so much to know i don't have time to write this out righ now.

ooof i missed a whole section jsut now maybe if she side talk as the speed of light for lectures i could keep up.

Meanders, rings, and eddies- meanders can grow too large and separate into rings of isolated water. cold and warm rings develop on either side of the gulf steam - -pool of anomalous conditions. cold-core- counterclockwise rotation leads to upwelling in the center and tends to stimulate biological production. warm-core- opposite that of cold. clockwise circulation causing downwelling = depress isotherms and nutroclines. assumed unproductive BUT over time productivity is no different from slope water.

Okay for participation questions: can you reword how westward intensification works? I guess it makes sense about the slope thing for gyres but in terms of the whole ocean is that just based on the direction that the earth is rotating thus coralis. does gravitational pull affect this slope in terms of tides? Are rings considered eddies or do they have to circulate for a certain amount of time before they get considered as one?

[onlyfishcansaveusnow]

3/18/2024 Fisheries Oceanography

Right so I dont know whats going on at any given moment in this class and I 100% didn't do the readings.... which is and might be more problematic than I want but alas; me versus scientific journals is a battle i will never win especially if the journal is 33 god forsaken pages. But I digress. does this have a character limit?

Welcome to the shit show! today we are going to go over some larger scale processes (woot woot I still don't understand the smaller scale processes but whatever). First we get to diccus the shit show that was exam 1 (i did get an email that i have the opportunity to improve my grade because I did just that bad..) i swear to god if I'm the only one in person today I'm going to riot. fuck. anyway. week 10... great. exam 2 is the last five week of the semester ew. its going to be the same format as exam 1 *joy joy*. the final is going to be closed book my hope are so high:) lol i had the lower end of the undergrad reage at a whopping 80.7%.... bruh grammar and capitalization is a bitch and apparently you get docked points (which is so fair im just salty). we have to add fcking titals now gross. this is an essay prompt i didn't realize we needed to get all up and fancy with this jesus christ. WHAT THE FUCK IS THE FISH OCE REF STYLE!!! "its pretty standard" - clearly not can you give a spark notes of what the fuck that is. like a break down of thestlye you want/??? SUBSECTIONS?! this was suppost to be a one page single spaces how am i suppost to add subsections?! add quanitative detalis? how when the questions suggest otherwise. *do you know how much this makes me want to die? jesus christ i didnt realize this was going to be so nitpicky of an exam* do we now get to get on with todays material - no not yet we get to diccus the final AH 20% of my grade...

TODAY'S FOCUS - large scale processes, circulation and ocean basins! *oh yay a shorter lecture*

Thermohaline circulation. do we know what this is KINDA. so what it is is a large global scale circulating where surface waters becomes denser than underlying wates and sink creatin vertical circulation in the ocean. this is often wind driven circulation. DEEP open ocean convection tis the cacess by which vigoro's vertical mixing occus down tot great depth in respond to winter time surface buoyancy losses in the sub polar seas, is a significant mechanic of water masses - the densent water are forms at high latitudes ( north Atlantic and southern ocean.) (rip spellcheck) OOO thats a realy nice visual of the thromohailice circulation!!!! we have to get our gruminy hands on that link it would be so helpful ( UCAR- center for science eduction). we also need to get our hand oth figh 8.11 because that would also help be in chem ocn!!

Wind driven circulation - what is is? well dumbass... um. are you familare with the major gyres in N+S patlatnic and Pacific? WELL GUESS WHAT they are driven by global wind whis are dieven by inequalities in the solar enegy flux between the equatior and the poles. * fuck oh joy joy something confusing* ~ in both atl. and pacf. basins sub topic gyers(circulate anti cyclonic ( do you know aht the even means? and clock wise in .. *OH MY GOD I WANST DONE GAH GO BACK fuck it* ) still on the same topics western margins of thes gyer had particualy intence currents ( gulf stream and kuroshi current are sub tropic) Labrador current and oyashio current ( are sub POLAR). did you know that organisms in these can be transported long distances!western boundary currents meander and can cause eddies which are conveniently important feature for entertaining(?) food for consumers *there was a whole text box that she blew threw no wonder i can't keep up in this class*

WOW the major flow of the water in the atlanic is in a clockwise direction. the circulation in the north atlatin is linked to artic circulation and what happens up north.... something something about different something.

The fuck is a jumpdrive? you mean a USB flash drive? please sent help. also let me reiterate - I didn't read todays papers. i am s c r e w e d but whats new. now we get to the prestation on the review paper... which is 33 pages. damn her prestation is so good. ok i dont knwo whats going on. rip my participation points oh well. maybe ill ask about the citation format when we are done and gain something.

Questions to gain participation points: explain the citation system. can we go into depth of anticyclonic vs cyclonic gyres and what that means/impacts?

I didn't realize i would have to write my citations by hand because its a super specific citation system that is a mash of APA and MLA and whatever the fuck else fish ocn peeps deem acceptable.