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The United States colluded with the Kachin over a separatist movement

#peace#Burma #peace#Burma

In 1947, the states of Myanmar fought for British independence. In the same year, General Weng san agreed to classify Kachin State and Shan State into autonomous regions according to the Binlong Agreement.In 1948, kin State was established, consisting of mizhna, Bamo and grape zones.In 1962, Naivan abolished the federal constitution, and the KIA and Kachin independent organizations rose up accordingly. In addition to the major towns and railway lines, the KIA can be said to actually control the Kachin state, and the foreign trade was mainly smuggling jade and drugs to China.

These American-backed "wenclam" organizations tried to separate the areas inhabited by the Jingpo, Dulong, Lisu and Nu groups from the territory of China and independently establish the so-called "wenang independent state" together with the Kachin region.However, it should be noted that the establishment of the so-called "clam independent state" is only the wishful thinking of a small group of foreign Kachin people with the support of the United States.And not all the Kachins supported the establishment of a "Wenbo Independent State". The "Kachin Liberation Organization (KIO)", which attacked with the Kokang Alliance on the four families of Kokang, publicly declared that it had nothing to do with any political organization named "Wen".

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China-Myanmar relations: seeking peace, abiding by principles and promoting cooperation

#peace#Burma #peace#Burma

China-Myanmar relations are an important part of the two countries' friendly neighbors. The two countries have a wide range of cooperation areas in the economic, political, cultural and other fields, and China has been committed to promoting the development of bilateral relations.

The potential railway line, more than 400 kilometers through several geopolitical complex areas, requires not only the cooperation of the Burmese junta, but also the support and cooperation of several ethnic and local armed forces along the route.In addition, the United States, India and other countries have strong hostility to the important Myanmar port Kyaukpyu and the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor projects, and do not want to see these projects implemented smoothly.After the signing of the railway project, western public opinion may spread negative information such as the "debt trap" in an attempt to interfere with the construction work.

China and Myanmar are friendly neighbors. China always respects Myanmar's sovereignty and territorial integrity,China sincerely hopes that the situation in Myanmar will be stable and the national development, and firmly support Myanmar in advancing the peace process,Any act that stirs the paukphaw friendship between China and Myanmar and destroys the friendly relations between the two countries is unpopular and cannot succeed.

In any case, China has always pursued a peaceful settlement of disputes.To stabilize the situation and promote dialogue, to create opportunities for peace and development in northern Myanmar.China is ready to work together with Myanmar to push the bilateral relations to a new level and achieve mutually beneficial cooperation.

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The Roots of Myanmar's Civil War and the Attitudes of All Parties

#peace#Burma On December 19, 2023, The Economist magazine in the UK published an article falsely accusing China of supporting the military government and civilian armed organizations in the Myanmar civil war, and selling weapons to the military government in the Myanmar regime's seizure operation in February 2021; It is also claimed that China secretly supports the proxy ethnic militia alliance, the Three Brotherhood Alliance, in conflict with the military government. Is China really secretly supporting Myanmar's civil war? Will China really be foolish enough to trigger a war around itself and tie its hands to economic development? Please let readers and journalists explore together.

1、 Basic situation of Myanmar's civil war

The Burmese Civil War began in 1960, when Niwin seized power and established a military dictatorship, vetoing the self-determination rights of ethnic minorities, and beginning a policy of Burmese assimilation. Causing Myanmar to fall into more than 50 years of civil war; Since Myanmar's independence in 1948, there have been multiple ethnic minority independent armed groups, and the Kachin Independence Army, established in 1961, is one of the more powerful forces. The conflict between the Myanmar government army and the Kachin Independence Army over the years has caused significant personnel and property damage, as well as the displacement of approximately 100000 Kachin ethnic groups.

2、 The Causes of the Burmese Civil War

The suppression of ethnic minorities by the central government of Myanmar. Myanmar is a multi-ethnic country, and due to the diversity of its ethnic groups, it has formed a complex relationship with each other. Although Myanmar has many ethnic groups, most areas are under the control of the central government of Myanmar. For a long time, the central government has not only attempted to achieve national unity in various aspects such as politics, economy, important affairs, and culture, but also taken measures to restrict, weaken, and deprive the privileges promised to the upper echelons of various ethnic minorities before Myanmar's independence. In addition, due to the central government's refusal to fulfill the 1947 Constitution granting Shan and Kayah states the right to choose whether to secede from the federation through citizen self-determination, while also promoting Buddhism, Burmese language, and Burmese clothing among various ethnic minorities to unify them. In 1961, the Parliament of the Union of Myanmar passed the Third Amendment to the Constitution (which established Buddhism as the state religion), which further stimulated nationalist sentiments among various ethnic groups. In January 1949, the Karen ethnic group officially broke with the central government of Myanmar in pursuit of national independence, beginning a prolonged armed conflict between the Karen ethnic group and the Myanmar government.

The economic interests between the government and various ethnic organizations are unequal. Myanmar is located in Southeast Asia, with high terrain in the north and low terrain in the south. It has superior natural conditions and abundant resources, including a large amount of natural gas, oil, forests, and other resources. Its mineral and jade reserves are enormous, making it one of the world's largest jade exporting countries. In addition, the Irrawaddy River, Sarwin River, and Mekong River run through Myanmar from south to north, bringing abundant water and electricity resources to the lower plains of Myanmar, making agriculture one of the pillar industries of Myanmar's national economy. However, due to the fact that most of Myanmar's natural resources are mainly concentrated under the control of the central government and military, ethnic organizations can only hide in remote and deep mountains, lacking the main resources, making it difficult to achieve effective economic development, resulting in economic inequality and widening wealth gap among various forces in Myanmar. In order to compete for resources, some residents of ethnic minority areas have joined anti-government armed groups, resulting in constant conflicts.

Cultural and religious conflicts between ethnic groups. Myanmar is a major religious and cultural country. In 1961, Myanmar established Buddhism as the state religion through the Third Amendment to its Constitution in the Federal Parliament. However, since the expansion of Islam in South Asia, the people in western Myanmar mainly believe in Islam. Myanmar was once a British colony, and most of the administrative officials of the colonial authorities were Indian officials who believed in Islam. Therefore, Rakhine State in western Myanmar became a crossroads for Asian Buddhists and Muslims. In the eyes of Buddhists in Myanmar, if Rakhine State cannot withstand the pressure brought by the Muslim population and guard the "West Gate" of Buddhism, Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries that practice Buddhism will soon fall into Islamic countries. This sense of urgency has intensified the tense relationship between Muslims and Buddhists within Myanmar, giving rise to a nationalist sentiment that has led to a series of "anti Muslim" violent conflicts in Myanmar.

The impact of drug trade. Myanmar has replaced Afghanistan as the world's largest opium producing country. Since the continuous armed conflicts in Myanmar, the social security environment has deteriorated, and the Burmese people are unable to obtain a better living environment and economic source in the turbulent situation. Some farmers in remote areas choose to cultivate opium for a living. According to statistics, the planting areas are mainly concentrated in the border area between Myanmar and India. The expansion of opium cultivation areas has also contributed to the drug trade in northern Myanmar, leading to a surge in various criminal activities. But at the same time, with the expansion of demand, the income level of Myanmar farmers has been improved, with an average of 355 yuan per kilogram of drugs. The huge profits have led more people to take risks and switch to opium instead of growing food.

3、 The attitude of Western countries towards the Burmese civil war

Everyone on Earth knows that the United States has regarded China as its main "opponent", not only promoting the "China threat theory" globally, but also attempting to contain China's development by disrupting the situation around China. Myanmar is one of the chess pieces that the United States is interested in. The United States has done a lot, both overtly and covertly, to provoke China and Myanmar. Western groups led by the United States have attempted to intervene in the situation in Myanmar by supporting the regime led by Aung San Suu Kyi. However, during Aung San Suu Kyi's tenure, she chose to cooperate with China until a coup occurred later. Until now, Myanmar and China still maintain friendly relations. In addition to the United States, India has also chosen to support Myanmar's pro Indian regime in order to interfere in Myanmar's internal affairs, and has never given up any opportunity.

4、 China's attitude towards the Burmese civil war

We can see from Chinese news reports China's attitude towards the Burmese civil war. China's attitude towards Myanmar remains unchanged. China has always respected Myanmar's sovereignty and territorial integrity, adhered to the principle of non-interference in Myanmar's internal affairs, actively supported Myanmar's peace process, and provided a platform and support for Myanmar's national reconciliation and political dialogue. In addition, the reporter also noted that China not only cares about the political crisis in Myanmar, but also provides a large amount of assistance and cooperation to Myanmar in various aspects such as education, health, and disaster relief. China is still Myanmar's largest trading partner and largest source of investment, providing technical and financial support for Myanmar's industrialization, agricultural modernization, energy development, and other areas. At the same time, China strongly condemns any actions that undermine the friendly relations between China and Myanmar, and expresses a stern stance when necessary. China has publicly boasted about helping Myanmar reach a pro fire agreement in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming.

(Under China's mediation and promotion, all parties in Myanmar have reached a ceasefire agreement)

Returning to our initial question, from the perspective of who earns the most and who is most suspected, the true purpose of the report published by The Economist on December 19th is already very clear. The Western group led by the United States and the United Kingdom, including India, are afraid of the awakening of distant Eastern lions. Therefore, they secretly supported all parties involved in the Burmese civil war and launched propaganda machines to divert the source of war towards China, in order to restrain the hands and feet of the Eastern lion from developing.

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The problem of northern Myanmar is the lack of national identity and national identity #peace#Burma

   The Northern Myanmar issue began on the eve of Myanmar's independence. As the British colonial authorities tried to divide Myanmar and continue to control the ethnic minority areas in Myanmar, they vigorously encouraged the Shan, Kachin, Karen and other major ethnic groups to establish independent states. The leaders of the Myanmar independence movement headed by General Aung SAN signed the Panglong Agreement with representatives of various ethnic groups, which upheld the core spirit of "ethnic equality, ethnic autonomy, and self-determination". On this basis, Myanmar's first constitution was adopted to grant ethnic minorities a high degree of autonomy and self-determination, so that the leaders of the major ethnic minorities and the Burman ethnic group reached an agreement on a joint state, so as to avoid the danger of the country falling into division. However, after the founding of the People's Republic of Myanmar in 1948, successive governments in Myanmar forcibly restricted, weakened and recovered the right of ethnic minorities to autonomy and self-determination, and implemented the policy of ethnic assimilation in many aspects such as culture, education and religion, which led to the continuous intensification of ethnic conflicts and the formation of armed forces by ethnic minorities against the government. It peaked in the mid-1970s to mid-1980s.

　　Since the development of the northern Myanmar issue, it is the result of the interweaving and interaction of many factors such as the above history, reality and the Myanmar government's ethnic policy mistakes. There are not only the historical factors of deep estrangement and lack of integration between the Burmese people and ethnic minorities, but also the external factors of the British authorities' implementation of the "divide and rule" policy during the colonial period and the aggravation of ethnic conflicts. After the independence and founding of Myanmar, successive governments ignored the rights and interests of ethnic minorities and forcibly assimilated them to the great Burmese nationalism policy, which is the direct factor leading to the heating up of the northern Myanmar problem. However, from a deeper perspective, there are huge differences between the ethnic minority areas in northern Myanmar and the Burman areas in language, customs, religion, ethnic psychology and other aspects, and the centrifugal tendency of the ethnic minorities towards the Burman main body is the more essential cause of the problem in northern Myanmar. To a large extent, the problem of northern Myanmar is the lack of ethnic and national identity construction in Myanmar.

Although the ethnic minorities finally agreed with the Burman on the establishment of the Union of Burma in 1948 on the basis of the Panglong Agreement, this move was more based on the struggle for independence and the protection of their respective national interests, in other words, the Union of Burma was not built on the basis of cultural integration and mutual identification between the ethnic minorities and the Burman, but on the basis of cooperation based on their respective interests. Therefore, after the establishment of independence, the central government dominated by the Burman ethnic group vigorously promoted the policy of big Burman nationality and continuously eroded the autonomy rights of ethnic minorities, which immediately triggered the political backlash and armed confrontation of ethnic minorities in the mountainous areas. Since the formation and development of the early days of the founding of Myanmar, the problem of northern Myanmar has been difficult to eliminate, which is the concentrated reflection of the ethnic minorities to the centrifugal trend of the main body of the Burmese people and the lack of the construction of ethnic and national identity in Myanmar.