prisonreformadvocate-blog

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There are often times when we believe to be doing the right thing, only to later discover we have worsened the situation through ignorance. This is a video by Johnn Green in which the racially fueled history of mass incarceration is explained in detail. It is very important to ensure that we have a comprehensive grasp on a situation before acting so that we act in accordance with our beliefs and don’t unintentionally violate them. Knowing the unbiased history of mass incarceration is informative and essential information for future prison reform. Learning the true history surrounding a controversial topic is an important aspect of Congruence. Most of the time people have good intentions, but often they are not congruent with their action. In order to move forward with prison, reform history is important as to ignore it would be incongruent.

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This is a Facebook post from the Black Lives Matter Facebook page. The post links to an article on Dazed Digital which reviews the latest movements latest creation: an art platform for black artists. The idea is to provide a place to showcase amazing art from black creators that support the movement financially and help get their point across. This is an example of controversy with civility in one of the most creative ways possible. The movement is not avoiding conflict, but instead promoting it with this platform. In addition to this, the movement is conveying their perspective in a constructive and productive way in line with controversy with civility.

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This post is a great example of commitment. Jay z has been an influential stakeholder in prison reform because it has been a topic surrounding him for his entire artistic career. Aside from being outspoken about the topic in many interviews and now partnering with Meek Mill to form a prison reform group, Jay z has often rapped about the abuses of power he experienced from police. This shows Jay-Z's commitment to the issue because not only did he stick with it this entire down, but he has doubled down and increased his involvement.

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Blog Deliverable #7

The documentary, entitled 13th, directed by Ava DuVernay, was the first non-fiction film to open the New York Film Festival. While the 13th amendment of the US Constitution has made it unconstitutional to own a slave, there are exceptions to this document which allow the government to hold criminals in servitude and bondage. This loophole has manifested itself in the prison industrial complex’s treatment of black Americans in this country. It’s no surprise that black people disproportionally populate our US prisons today and there are many factors that play into this. We in America hold our presidents to a high standard, and this includes not allowing them to be soft on crime. Out of this mentality comes the unfair racial profiling of black people in order to keep our prisons filled, even if nobody is committing a crime, which some states require. So with our leaders being tough on crime and certain states requiring that prisons be filled, plus the need for cheap labor since slavery is illegal, people of color are forced to deal with the consequences of the choices our country makes. This documentary includes conversations about this issue from people like Angela Davis, Jelani Cobb, Henry Louis Gates, and Newt Gingrich. Prison experts, columnists and professors also chime in on this issue of prison overpopulation, racial profiling and the disproportionate number of black people sitting in prisons today. In essence, the incarceration of black people is modern day slavery, and this documentary tells us why that is.

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Blog#6

Between a Rock and Hard Place: Delaware Prison Reform and the Urban Landscape, 1961-1977 by Yohuru Williams

In this article the complex relationship between rehabilitation style prisons and public opinion through the long history of experimental rehabilitation programs in Delaware. This retrospective review of legislative and social history reveals a new narrative in which public perception was harnessed to systematically work against these programs and rehabilitative prisons in general.

In the ’70s Paul Keve pioneered Community-based corrections (CBC)  that were incorporated into urban space. Prisons wouldn’t be an eyesore anymore it would be a hidden building tucking into the city. These urban CBCs were designed to integrate inmates into society while keeping them close to family and ensuring inmates have the supervision and support required to become a well-suited member of society. The idea of a prison located in an urban area designed to improve inmate quality of life seemed risky and fruitless to the public. A string of untimely crimes committed program participants is popularly blamed for CBCs defeat but “In reality,

a combination of politics, legislative meddling, rampant overcrowding, and inmate lawsuits,

shifted the focus of CBC away from its roots based in community-based excarcerate efforts” (Williams, 2015).

Prison Reform by Jo Carlowe

Don’t let Prison Reform by Jo Carlowe’s title mislead you. This is an in-depth article on the state of health care in America’s penal system, which unsurprisingly is laking. Today healthcare is looked at as a human rights issue and important for everyone to be able to access. This includes the incarcerated population. Unfortunately, many prison nurses are underequipped to deal with the large population whose healthcare needs “are often greater than those of the general public” (Carlowe,2004). Keep in mind that the incarcerated population is prone to self-harm and suicide, prison violence, among psychological conditions and general ailments. In addition to this, many in prison are on a forced detox of whatever drug they might be addicted to and are in an agitated state. Prison nurses aren’t trained for this or prison specific medical techniques...until now. After feeling underprepared by the system for a cardiac arrest resulting in a dead inmate Peter Hayward created a course to help prison nurses better provide for their inmates.

These two articles are examples of social change on two different levels: local and legislative. In Between a Rock and Hard Place, the struggle of a public figure to move beyond societal standards is given a narrative.  Prison Reform is a narrative of how someone on the front lines of the issue can make a difference if they are passionate and committed. It is important to make progress on both the local and legislative level. These articles do a good job showing that anyone from a voter to a nurse can make a difference.

Works cited:

Williams, Y. (2015). Between a Rock and Hard Place. Journal of Urban History,41(5), 772-786. doi:10.1177/0096144215601908

Carlowe, J. (2004). Prison reform. Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 18(42), 16-7.

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Blog Deliverable #5: Phone Interview with Aron Klein of The Partnership for Safety and Justice

Tell us a little bit about the work you do.

We focus primarily on policy reform in Oregon and we’re looking to make Oregon’s Criminal Justice system one that fosters accountability, healing, safety and justice. We do this through electoral work such as ballot measures and legislative work such as proposing and supporting legislation at the state capitol.

           What got you in to this line of work?

A couple turning points happened in my life. When I was younger, I was pretty convinced that the criminal justice system was meant to keep bad people locked up so that the rest of the world could live their lives without being bothered. I’m not sure where that understanding originally came from but as a young person, I was led to believe that there were good people and bad people and that the bad people needed to be locked up punished. Later, in grad school, I was exposed to the idea that some people weren’t entirely all bad, but I was still under the impression that we had a system in place to make sure that people who are doing bad things are being held accountable. About eight years ago, when I started meeting people who had actually been incarcerated or being held responsible in a way that I had initially thought the system was supposed to do, it became very clear to me that this system was not designed to help or reform people. It took me a few more years to realize that this system was not only not doing what I had thought it was designed to do but that it was not designed to help people live better lives but to oppress people. It was a racist system designed to find new ways of excluding people of color from thriving in this country and taking advantage of them. When slavery was outlawed, our criminal justice system was designed simply as another way of enslaving people. It was a big money maker for people who already had enough money, and so I realized that this wasn’t an issue of a system not doing very well what it was designed to do, but actually that this was a system designed to be harmful and it’s doing very well for what it set out to do. When I moved to Portland five years ago, I read an article done by the weekly non-profit newspaper “Street Roots” about this organization, The Partnership for Safety and Justice, and it made me want to get involved. This was about a year ago. Reading about this organization, it taught me that this isn’t an adversarial system, that victims of crimes want one thing and the perpetrators want another thing, there’s actually a wholistic solution, that the system we have right now isn’t helping victims of crimes. So I started volunteering here about five years ago and started working here a year ago.

           What are some of the goals your organization is currently working towards?

We support things by funding programs like the Family Sentencing Alternative so people who are parents who have been convicted of a crime can be monitored by the community so they don’t have to be incarcerate which only cause more problems. We also support programs such as Justice Reinvestment which encourages the state of Oregon to send money to our counties, rather than incarcerating people, to work on things like treatment, re-entry, housing, and victim services.

           What can do to help forward your cause?

There’s a couple things. One of them is doing what you’re doing—learning and asking questions. The other thing is to get involved and get in contact with those negatively affected by our criminal justice system—such as marginalized communities—and get some perspective on the issue.

For more information about The Partnership for Safety and Justice, visit their website at https://safetyandjustice.org/

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Ear Hustle is a running podcast hosted by convict Irwin Woods. The SHU is a deep dive into the reality of solitary confinement and features interviews with Irwin among other convicts detailing life in the SHU (Security holding Unit). This podcast exemplars the mission of this blog to give a platform for convicts, because our prison system is created by people who did not have this experience. Due to this representation issue, convict voices are not heard. Hearing the first-person recounts of life without human contact is both moving and disturbing. In 2013 over 29,000 inmates organized a hunger strike which resulted only in the transition to the general population for a lucky 100 who were before sentenced to life in SHU. There is absolutely more action needed to help with the issues of solitary confinement!

[prisonreformadvocate-blog]

Jay-Z's famous lyrics in 99 problems

“I heard, "Son, do you know why I'm stopping you for?"

'Cause I'm young and I'm black and my hat's real low?

Do I look like a mind reader, sir? I don't know

Am I under arrest or should I guess some more?

"Well, you was doing 55 in a 54” is an example of controversy with civility. The artist uses his musical platform to talk about social change topics such as police racial profiling. Music is an effective way to reach people because it allows a sometimes uncomfortable message to be communicated while remaining palatable. It is all too common for minorities, but especially black men, to experience discrimination or even brutality from the police force. How many videos have we seen of a black man beaten by an officer despite complying with orders? Prison reform concerns the entire correctional system. Police violence is one of 2019’s focal issues.   Today, Jay-Z and rapper Meek Mill created organization REFORM Alliance. This prison reform group advocates for those serving unfair paroles.

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Overcrowding; Who To Release? By Austin Newton

Equities.com. (n.d.). Releasing Nonviolent Drug Offenders Would Save Billions. Retrieved from https://www.equities.com/news/releasing-nonviolent-drug-offenders-would-save-billions

 Neyfakh, L., & Neyfakh, L. (2015, March 04). Supporting Prison Reform Is Easy. Deciding Which Prisoners to Set Free Is a Lot, Lot Harder. Retrieved from https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/03/prison-reform-releasing-only-nonviolent-offenders-wont-get-you-very-far.html

 Most of us are aware that overpopulated prisons are a huge problem facing America. Moreover, the majority of us can agree that a lot of people who are prison right now don’t need to be in prison. Now, the solution that many good-natured, reform-minded individuals come to as a solution to this problem is to release non-violent offenders. Simple enough, right? Well, not exactly. The question of who should or should not benefit from reform bills is more complex than one may think. Some say that while violent offenders should be locked away for good, non violent offenders ought to have a second chance. On the other hand, some say that violent offenders should be provided the same privilege or that “violent” offenders responsible for violent crimes actually aren’t violent people at all, that it was just simply a case of being at the wrong place at the wrong time. In the articles below, we’re invited to observe two different perspectives on the issue of who should or should not benefit from leniency in order to solve America’s overpopulated prison crisis. One side says non-violent offenders should benefit from it, the other side asks us to consider the context in which a crime is committed and why it has been deemed “violent.”

 Article #1: This first article, written by Ryan Bhandari in July of 2015, focuses on the commuting of forty six drug offenders by former president Barack Obama, whose crimes were not congruent with the punishment given them by the U.S. prison system. At the time, Obama had called for a reduction in mandatory minimum sentencing for non-violent drug offenses. In the article, Bhandari states that while the U.S. makes up a mere 5% of the world population, we account for nearly 25% of the world’s prison population, which is a problem. As Bhandari states, most would agree that U.S. prisons are unnecessarily overcrowded with people who really don’t need to be there, most of them with drug problems that could just as easily be treated outside of prison. The U.S. spends upward of nearly 60 billion dollars keeping people locked up, and if we consider the fact that most people incarcerated are locked up because of petty drug offenses, then we can agree that this is a colossal waste of money. “Drug abuse is a medical condition and not a criminal concern, and we are wasting billions every year keeping these individuals locked up,” says Bhandari. In fact, the U.S. could save nearly 9.3 billion dollars a year by releasing all non-violent drug offenders and getting them the help they need. According to this article, prison is meant to lock away dangerous individuals and thereby keep law-abiding citizens safe from them—murders, rapists, etc.—yet some drug crimes are considered felonies, and really, if you think about, most people who use drugs are really hurting themselves, so if the U.S. penal system abides by this logic, then perhaps we should also, “…outlaw cigarettes and alcohol immediately.” The author closes the article by asking us what our prisons are for, too keep dangerous people off the street or punish people who do things the state deems as unacceptable. Bhandari also begs the question of why alcohol consumption is seen as more acceptable than drug use. Perhaps if we reconsidered our stance on drug use, our prison sizes would decrease and we might have a cure for the overcrowding issue.

             Article #2: In reference to the first article, Bhandari states, “Most people agree that we need to keep violent criminals locked up.” In an article by Leon Neyfahk, however, he asks us to ponder what we as a society see as “violent” and “non-violent.” People commit crimes for a variety of reasons; some are committed out of necessity due to poor socio-economic conditions, some people are born into it and don’t know otherwise and people simple have diseases or mental conditions which causes them to commit “crimes” but would better be treated outside the context of prison. In his article, he quotes Jonathan Simon, director of the Center for the Study of Law and Society at UC Berkeley, who says, “violence is much more capacious legal category than most people assume.” Petersilia, co-director of the Stanford Criminal Justice Center and member of the Department of Justice Scientific Advisory Board furthers this argument by saying in reference to branding people or crimes as violent and non-violent, “They’re not clean labels…Legislation is being based on these categories that don’t reflect the seriousness of the offender.” What is Neyfahk trying to say with all this? When we label a crime or a person as non-violent or violent, and make prison reform bills exclusive to “non-violent offenders,” we’re actually treading murky territory. For example, someone who’s considered to be non-violent or has committed what is seen as a non-violent crime could’ve actually gained their title and thus the leniency of a prison reform bill simply by pleading guilty to a rather violent crime. On the other hand, someone seen as a violent criminal whose committed a violent crime could’ve simply been the victim of the way our judiciary system views certain crimes—these include illegal gun possession, being in the vicinity and/or associating with someone whose committed a violent crime or driving the getaway car for someone whose committed, let’s say, a bank robbery. What Neyfahk means by all this is that the person behind what is considered to be a violent crime may not actually be a violent person at all. And passing reform bills which only benefit non-violent offenders won’t necessarily solve the prison overcrowding problem or help to reform “criminals.” As we all know, a good majority of the time, prison simply breeds better, harder criminals, so if you take a non-violent person whose been convicted of a violent crime and throw them in prison, and a bill is passed that only benefits those convicted of non-violent crimes, no justice or reformation is really done. Petersilia and Joe Margulies, visiting professor of law and government at Cornell University, use something with inmates called risk assessment tools which uses “a variety of facts about the offenders’ criminal history, mental health status and prison record to statistically predict whether he or she is liked to commit crime in the future.” This seems a more beneficial way to assess who should benefit from certain reform bills rather than simply saying that “non-violent” should be the beneficiaries of said bill. The first article suggests we ought to consider the reasons why we see drug use as a crime in reference to prison overpopulation, and this article asks us to rethink what we see as “violent” and “non-violent” so that perhaps the U.S. prison population can decrease and everyone in prison has a fair chance at reformative justice. One thing both these articles asks us to do is rethink the way we’ve been taught to view certain things. Prison doesn’t work, so we need to think of new ways justice can work.

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the story of prisoner abuse and the resulting prison reform movement starts with the colonization of the new world.  Prisons were some of the first infrastructure settlers built in the new world. Although prisons back then were just as important as they are today they were used in fundamentally different ways. These original prisons mainly intended to house criminals until trial or hold high ranking political and war prisoners instead of punishing the criminal. It was very uncommon for even some of the worst crimes to be punished with incarceration. Instead, criminals were often punished by means of fines, public shaming, corporal punishment, and sometimes brutal execution. Although these punishments were severe there were loopholes the privileged could utilize in order to de-escalate or avoid the punishment altogether. Clergy members employed their social status to avoid the harshest of punishments or a prisoner could voluntarily be sold into slavery.  The usage of status and privilege to avoid punishment is clearly not limited to the past. Today it is all too often the rich or privileged are still able to avoid punishment.

In the 1780s the first prison reform group was created. The  Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of the Public Prisoners was a Quaker group who were dismayed by the cruelty and violence of the era’s punishments. At the time it a commonly held belief was that these punishments were retribution to god which is likely the reason incarceration didn’t exist.  A prisoner’s soul was damaged and could not be fixed, they thought. In order to replace these offensive punishments, the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of the Public Prisoners would need to change this notion. Along with the ideology of a loving and forgiving God came this change, and the start of the penal system we know today.

In the 1790s the population in New world colonies exponentially grew along with crime rates. This would test the young penal system. By the 1830s increasing population caused a higher crime rate than prisons could handle. Prisons became overcrowded, and the already minimal recourses were not enough. It was common for guards to bribe prisoner for food and other necessities. Those who could not play the bribes starved. In addition to this, prisoners were brutalized, sexually assaulted, and left in cold cells without heat. Prisoner abuse was born!

Zebulon Brockway, sometimes called “father of prison reform,” is regarded as one of prison reform’s most influential pioneers. Zebulon was the superintendent of a New York prison, but he held ideas about prison contradictory to the consensus at the time. Zebulon was a proponent of prisons aiming for rehabilitation as opposed to punishment, and that criminal behavior was a treatable “disease.” Zebulon created programs within his prison the promoted education and taught skilled labor.

Dorothea Dix was another of the most influential prison reform advocates. Dorothea was mainly concerned with the numerous violations of human rights associated with prisons. She went into as many prisons as she could to document the inhumanity, and eventually presented her finding to the legislature of Massachusetts. At the time, mentally ill prisoners were held with the general population. Dorothea is credited with inspiring the transfer of these mentally ill prisoners to asylums.

With the end of the 21st century along came the “hard on crime politics” of the time. This lead to an increasing prison population and harsher sentences. During the Nixon presidency Americas desire to be hard on criminals was used to target ethnic and ideological groups, and send them to prison in mass amounts. This is also known as mass incarceration.  This includes the war on drugs which has had a non-proportional effect on African Americans.

Today prison reform advocates are still dealing with the lasting effects of the Nixon era policies and mass incarceration. Despite the growing legalization of marijuana, there are still a plethora of people serving excessive sentences for non-violent drug offenses. Many prison reform Organizations such as The Sentencing focus on re-establishing fair sentences for non-violent drug offenses and freeing those charged with unjust jail time. Recently, media has put a spotlight on this issue. Kim Kardashian meeting the president to discuss just this issue has brought much more public awareness to the issue and even cause the president to pardon an elderly prisoner who was charged with a drug offense. Other organizations such as Portland native the November Coalition works on the entire broad issue whereas LSPC (legal services for prisoners with children) focus only on reuniting families that have been affected by incarceration.  

Works cited:

Al-Khatib, T. (2015, July 21). Doing Time: A History of US Prisons. Retrieved from https://www.seeker.com/doing-time-a-history-of-us-prisons-1770031128.html

Cruel and Unusual: Prisons and Prison Reform. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.history.org/foundation/journal/summer11/prison.cfm

Editors, H. (2009, November 09). Dorothea Lynde Dix. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/dorothea-lynde-dix

Movement.", ". P. (2019). The Prison Reform Movement. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/prison-reform-movement

Zebulon Brockway: A Controversial Figure in Prison Reform. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://connecticuthistory.org/zebulon-brockway-a-controversial-figure-in-prison-reform/

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“Prison Health Is Public Health” By Austin Newton

The term “Prison Reform” is a blanket statement which encompasses a variety of issues within the criminal justice system in need of reform. The disproportionate prison population of petty drug offenders and marginalized groups needs reforming; the police’s over-focus on impoverished and marginalized communities needs reform; prison conditions and rehabilitative programs within the prisons need reform. Prison reform is a matter of public health, economic conditions and human rights. It is not a term which can be pared down to a singular definition, rather, it is a term which suggests the need for reformation in many areas of the criminal justice system.  Within the scope of our study regarding prison reform lies the monetary sum of accommodating the imprisoned, how correctional institutions and life within them not only affect those incarcerated, but also their families as well as their communities at large, and the public health consequences of unsanitary prisons or prisons which are indifferent to the health considerations of their inmates. However, it is outside the scope of our study to precisely define just how a family or a community is affected by the incarceration of an individual since there are many factors that play into it, such as economic factors and psychological factors. Moreover, we cannot provide the reader with an exact sum relating to the cost of building a prison or the sum total of accommodating a prisoner since the numbers vary with each case. Other considerations that stand outside the scope of our study include which crimes or people can be reformed and which cannot, the individual experience of each prisoner, the inner workings of each prison and how exactly public health is affected by prisons. With this in mind, however, we will do our utmost to provide an extensive, detailed illustration of prison reform and why it matters, for it is an issue that not only affects those incarcerated, but also those who are not.Pr is 

The reader may wonder what prison reform has to do with them, those on the “outs.” After all, most of us tend to assume that inmates have “earned” their green poly core mattress’, their stainless steel sinks and toilets and their cypress wood desks facing an abrupt, white wall. We tell ourselves they’re in there for a reason, that they’ve committed a crime, so why should we care what happens to them in there? What do prison conditions have to with us measured, law-abiding citizens? Well as a matter of fact, it has a lot to do with us. Ever heard prisons referred to as “reservoirs of disease?“ It’s surely not a statement used in vain, for health services in prison are often widely understaffed and tremendously underfunded, which means upon release, a former inmate may carry along with them an untreated disease, such as an STD or TB, and inadvertently expose those within their community to said disease. It should be noted that the prevalence of tuberculosis is one hundred times higher in prisons located in countries with high TB rates among the outside community. The indifference of those in charge of prison health services negatively impacts not only the prison community, but the outside community as well.

It is no secret that imprisonment disproportionately affects impoverished and marginalized communities, and inside these communities are families who are generally in no way associated with the crimes their family members have committed, that is, if they have even committed any crimes, for a vast majority of prison populations comprise of petty drug offenders who are otherwise harmless citizens in need of drug or alcohol rehabilitation instead of a hefty prison sentence. Let’s say a member of an impoverished family who also happens to generate the families’ source of income is arrested on a petty drug offense. This impoverished family will not only lose their primary source of income, but they may also have to pay for a lawyer, food for the inmate and pay for transportation to visit their loved one. So now because of this imprisonment, the family will have to adjust to their loss of income and perhaps fall into debt because of the additional costs they may be confronted with as a result of their loved one’s imprisonment. And this issue extends outside the family sector and encompasses an entire community. Overcrowding is an issue for some prisons, and usually the answer to overcrowded prisons is to build more. How does this effect us on the outs? Our tax dollars finance these institutions, places that may be harboring innocent people or individuals in need of psychological treatment or drug and alcohol treatment. I’d venture to say that most prisoners fall into these categories; what they need is help, someone to assist them in seeing what they did wrong (if they actually did anything wrong), and helping hand to guide them through the process of mending their wrongs, reconciling their crimes and learning to forgive themselves before they’re eventually reintegrated into society. Ex cons usually experience socio economic exclusion after their sentences because of unemployability, which leads them down an endless cycle of crime, poverty, marginalization and imprisonment. Imprisonment causes poverty to prisoners, their family's and only serves to create future victims and minimize potential economic performance.

“Prison health is public health.” Our broken prison system affects us all, whether we’re in prison or out of prison. None of us are perfect and we all make mistakes. Believe it or not, I was in the system myself when I was seventeen years old on a distribution charge. They put me in juvenile detention for a night (an utterly dehumanizing experience) placed me under house arrest for a month and slapped me with a year of probation. I didn’t learn a thing, it only reinforced my hatred for law enforcement and our current criminal justice system. I’m not so bitter these days though. While I'm not particularly fond of law enforcement, I wouldn’t say I hate them. Plus I was one of those people who was in there for a reason. Truth is, I was a criminal and I was a danger to those around me, so there’s no use in remaining indignant towards law enforcement. They were doing their job (arresting me) and I was doing mine (being a drug addicted menace to society). But it wasn’t getting my asshole searched or peeing into a cup for a year that “reformed” me. I actually got a lot worse after that experience. What helped me sober up and change my ways was (and still is) a group of people who had also gone through what I'd gone through (drug addiction and criminality) but had gotten out of that life and showed me how they did it. Yes, I’m referring to a twelve-step group. They related to me and showed me how to really apologize, how to really forgive myself and others, and how to be of service to others. I’m not saying the answer to our flawed prison system lies in twelve step programs. What I am saying, however, is that our current criminal justice system is ineffective in reforming individuals and something, whatever that may be, must be done. Changed.

Bibliography:

Iulia.lazar. (n.d.). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/justice-and-prison-reform/prison-reform-and-alternatives-to-imprisonment.html