raghavluvya-blog-blog

[raghavluvya-blog-blog]

Social discourses(theological , religious,metaphysical) were there even before Sociology(sytematic & is based on facts) Enlightnment - refers to new way of thinking of philosopers nad thinkers , new outlook to existing realities, marked by search for rationality. embodied in commercial revolution and scientific revolution and crystallized in FR and industrial revolution. (4 revolutions-what changes were introduced by them) changes introduce is topic of socio not historicity Commercial revolution(CR) - Shift from subsistence economy to integration of economy of western Europe to rest of the world due to new routes in late 15th century/early 16th cent to avoid monopoly of Italy(venice) so Protugal and Spain sponsored new route folowed by England France Dutch Changes introduced by commercial revolution (changes in institution) :- 1.Change in economy (tradition land based subsistence economy to commercial tradin economy) emergence of banks , joint stock, charted company etc came up to support trade and commerce new middle class emerged 2. change in value system - notion of profiteering was introduced 3.Demand of goods to be traded increased(CR) + Renaisannce(?) created condition for scientific revolution Modernity and social change in european society has its roots in the social conditions which prevailed in EU society characterised by enlightnment(questioning each and every aspect of social life - nothing was sacrosanct - church, monarch, feudalism,devine right to rule by the monarch Scientific Revolution(SR) : influenced by renaissance and need created by commercial revolution renaissance=new outlook to existing realities,esp nauture , body(medical,phisiology[1st time disecction-against theology]) etc) idea - humanbody consists of interdependent but interdependent organs , geocentricism to heliocentrism- validated by facts =>wider acceptance, values = preferred guidelines for human behaviour; SR chnaged it from theology Socioloist applied experimantation , observation , rationality etc - borrowed fron SR to social realities. rationality(=based on means and ends) changed from traditional to scientific. [ bureaucracy - rational legal ] Darwin [ Origin of Species]- HERBERT SPENCER - Theory of Social Darwinism August Comte -theological , metaphysical , Scientific French Revolution(FR);- =>Social aspect of france before FR :- -rigid stratification (3 estates - Clergy(Higher-Pope,Cardinal,Bishop,ArchBishop)(Lower-Parish priests) -nobelty - Lors of swords , lords of robe (magistrates) -3rd estate - merchanchts , peasants (80% of popu had 20% control over land resources) =>Economic aspect --France  monarch - costly war - price rise ; lack of concern for massses-discontent =>Intellectual aspects - charectarised by transformation in discources- before enlightnment- glorification of Monarch, god etc. after enlightnment - common man- Roussue , voltaire , locke etc -- (prepare more) Roussue -manis born free but in shackels of society - free will =>Political aspects - Monarch -  sarve sarva FR - trigerred democratization of europe ,decline the authority of churches,Modernization and change introduced Industrial Revolution (IR) - (1830- earlt 20th century)-shift from manual organization of production to machine/mass organization of production Family - Family - joint to nuclear , economy - mercantile to capitalist ,Education - religious to scientific to serve industries, even religion need created by CR , tech provided by SR , political condition by FR(democracy) => facilitated IR manual organization of production to machine organization ;domestic organization of production to mass or community organization Urbanization , Migration => living condition , hygiene , health new problem desipe democracy etc - purterbed sociologist Child labour as we know today is a product of IR - cleaning of cotton machines feminization of work - machines reduced power of mans brawn nuclearization of familiy - earlier family and kinship lost importance - earler used to be source of education , production, consumption etc. Bourgeoisie emerged as dominant class in capitalist economy replacing feudal lords August Comte - Sociology(propounded the term) is the systematic & scientific study of social statics and dynamics(social change). AC - evolutionary positivis - society evolved from theological (based on religion), metaphysical (based on speculation) to scientific(Apply scientific method now) POSITIVISM =>AUGUST COMTE -method of ovservation(one of the methods) to understant cause and effect . eg- marriage to recruit new member in society =>EMILE DURKHEIM - sociology is systematic scientic study of social facts(subject matter of socio) , amd facts are things characterized by externality 4 characteristics of Social facts -external (to individual), independent (from individual will) , constraint (on individual) , generality (accepted by individual) eg1- essence(cause) of religion is separation of world in -sacred and profane and consequence is solidarity Cause and function (consequence) is to be studied eg2-DOL is also a social fact(things). traditional society very less DOL. cause-increse in vol of popu,material density & moral density(more interaction) started special vocation   consequence- cause interdependence =>solidarity Critis to positivist methodology -humane behaviour is not similar to matter so methods can't be same,        ///- humans have consciousnes so behaviour is not recurrent for same stimulus- no consistency - human behaviour should be interpretative(weber)(meaning and orientation to be studied to understand reality in totality) - not just cause and effect. eg- many cause for marriage

[raghavluvya-blog-blog]

Sociology - systematic and scientific study of society(consists of social structures which consists of institutions which consists of values and norms institutions - estd pattern of behaviour in society ; 5 primary institutions - family (nuclear , joint - secondary) , economy , polity , eduction and religion relatedness of these is social system - norms = actual behaviour values - abstract guidelines of behaviour (written or unwritten) preferred by group or individual Modernity - refers to substantial , visible , tangible changes in social structures(,institution,values, norms) breaking from the past(tradirion) and social structres in wake of revolutions in europe. Modernity induced by enlightnment and embodied in Commercial revolution , scientific revolution and crystallized in french and industrial revoultion brought both functional and disfunctional changes in society and thinkers distress + happy wanted to know the social changes. eg -democratisation after french revolution - not just polity(monarch to people) but in all institution .eg family (less patriarchial) eg- shift from agrarian to industrial economy (services in tradition society - jajmani system) - class access of women to education(maitreyi , gargi) not mass access Tradition -Social institutions,Values and norms which existed before modernity. aspects of tradition - 1.Hierarchy -(layering , gradation of position) - social,economic & political aspects,life chances influenced by this 2.Holism & collectivity(jajmani sys) -(opposite to individualism)- person known by family, marrige in caste,gotra exogamy 3.Transcendental belief - other worldly belief more, king born to rule (devine right) 4.Continuity-khap honour killing - public punishment in case of deviation Our society was not modernized in holistic way - coz british , later soft state so not like europe, generally tech helps to break continuity but not always true - agarwal shadi portal , baba on internet Social Change - change IN social structure and system & change OF social structure and system Illustrate modernity and social change. Illustrate modernity and tradition in society with references from India.(200 words) exam funda - essay+Socio - target 450 out of 750 ;rest 1000 marks GS => total 800 target