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Global warming, also known as climate change, is a phenomenon that has been impacting the planet for several decades now. It is the gradual increase in the Earth's surface temperature caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and other industrial activities. The consequences of global warming are already being felt worldwide, and its effects are expected to worsen in the coming years.

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Government policies and regulations that promote waste reduction and investment in waste management infrastructure are also critical in achieving sustainable waste management practices. By working together, we can achieve a cleaner environment for the present and future generations.

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The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) reported that the livestock sector generates more greenhouse gas emissions with 18% of the total CO2 emissions, 3% higher than the transport sector with 15%. Thus, urgent action is needed to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gasses from livestock. The study used twenty-four (24) heads of cattle (eight natives, eight crossbreeds, and eight Brahman).

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This study sought to investigate the relationship existing between laboratory facility availability and students’ academic performance in Biology across Secondary School in Ethiope East L.G.A., of Delta State, Nigeria. In the course of this study, three research questions were developed and three null hypotheses were formulated. The study used was delimited to senior secondary schools two (SSII) because it is at this stage students are being exposed to practical activities that require the usage of laboratory facilities and equipment. A descriptive survey design was used while the sample of the study was made up of one hundred and three (103) respondents. The study employed a questionnaire as an instrument to gather data.

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Street food consumption has been a popular staple food in both developed and underdeveloped countries including the Philippines. These street foods were commonly dipped into different sauces like soy sauce, ketchup, and vinegar to improve flavor and moisture. In many cases, these dipping sauces can be contaminated with zoonotic protozoans and nematodes because of improper sanitation practices by the vendors and consumers as well as because of non-hygienic food preparation, storage, and handling. Consequently, these sauces can be a major source of infection for the person ingesting them. This study sought to identify the different zoonotic protozoans and nematodes that can be found in the street food dipping sauces in Tangub City. Five (5) mL of the dipping sauce were collected and brought to the laboratory for analysis and identification of zoonotic protozoans and nematodes. The findings of the study were subjected to statistical analysis like frequency, percentage, and analysis of variance. Zoonotic protozoans and nematodes were found, namely: Entamoeba histolytica and Ancylostoma duodenale. Entamoeba histolytica was the most commonly occurring organism in all the samples examined and causes harm in the form of a disease such as amoebic colitis. On the other hand, Ancylostoma duodenale was also considered a zoonotic organism. The samples contained significant differences in the numbers of Entamoeba histolytica (p-value 0.0025) in soy sauce and vinegar, while Ancylostoma duodenale (p-value 0.0172) in soy sauce and ketchup. The study concludes that the consumption of street foods dipped in contaminated different sauces can be a venue for zoonotic disease transmission and should be carefully monitored by the local authorities.

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A Review on the Occurrence and Impacts of Nutrient Pollution in the Aquatic Ecosystem of Sub-Saharan Countries | JBES 2022

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IJAAR | An Open Access Research Journal

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research is open access and a peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality original research papers together with review articles and short communications. It publishes original scientific work in all areas of Agronomy, Agricultural Sciences, Environment, and related Biology. 

ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print)

ISSN: 2225-3610 (Online)

Issue: 12 issues per year

Publication: Fast and Continuous.

Scope

IJAAR covers Agronomy, Agriculture, Crop biology, Breeding, Marine biology & Aquaculture, Biotechnology, Horticulture, Mushroom culture, Farming & Advanced farming, Crop management, Soil science, Irrigation & Water Management, Pest management, Weed management & Control, Disease management & Control, Fertilization, Agrochemicals, Nutrient and Micronutrients, Pathology, Pollution biology, Landscape architecture, Animal sciences & Animal welfare, Poultry, Fisheries, Sericulture, Apiculture, Economic biology, Pharmacy, Social forestry, Agroecology, Embryology, Agricultural philosophy, Heredity, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), Plant & Animal domestications, Food security, Food Processing and Preservation, Food production & Alternative food systems, Industrial agriculture, Traditional agriculture, Sustainable agriculture, Green revolution, Agricultural marketing and analysis.

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INNSpub | An Open Access Research Journal Publisher

INNSpub | An Open Access Research Journal Publisher

INNSpub stands for the International Network For Natural Sciences, INNSpub is an open-access scholarly research journal publisher. INNSpub is dedicated to publishing scholarly research Journals and Books in the English Language and believes in sharing new scientific knowledge in the field of Natural sciences, Biology, Agriculture, Biomedicine, Microbiology, and Genetics all over the world. All…

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International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) publish high-quality original research papers together with review articles and short-communications. It publishes original scientific work in all areas of Agronomy and Agricultural sciences. The scopes of the journal include, but not limited to, the following topic areas: Agricultural sciences, Agronomy, Crop sciences, Horticulture, Plant protection, Breeding, Genetics, Pathology, Soil sciences, Animal sciences, Marine lives, Food

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Vegetative propagation technologies using stem and root cuttings of Paulownia tree species for mass production | JBES 2021

Vegetative propagation technologies using stem and root cuttings of Paulownia tree species for mass production | JBES 2021

Mr. Anthony Antwi-Wiredu, Patience Mansa Gakpetor, Reginald Tang Guuroh, Ebenezer Ofori, and Mr. Daniel Aninagyei Ofori, from the Institute of the CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, wrote a research paper about Root cuttings technologies of Paulownia tree species for mass production. Let’s get some knowledge about the rooted cutting of the Paulownia…

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Author Information:

Behiri Innocent Kakou, Abouo Béatrice Adepo-Gourene, Koffi Mexmin Konan, Seka Dagou

Laboratoire de Biologie et de Cytologie Animale, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé,  Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Laboratoire d’Environnement et de Biologie Aquatique, Université d’Abobo-Adjamé,  Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract

The length-weight relationship, condition factor and proportionality index of Callinectes amnicola and Cardisoma armatum from Ebrié Lagoon, Grand-Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire, were studied. The carapace width and length were measured to the nearest millimeter (mm) while weight was measured to the nearest grams (g). The length-weight relationship of all samples collected were determined for the various sexes and mixed populations. The values of the exponent ‘b’ for all the sexes and mixed populations ranged from 2.01-2.69. The growth generally exhibited negative allometry in all the sexes and mixed populations. The proportionality index showed that Cardisoma armatum was longer and Callinectes amnicola was wider.

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Proper nutrition is important as children grow, and snack time should be just as healthy and delicious as breakfast, lunch and dinner. The study aimed to evaluate the vitamin and mineral composition of four processed snack foods and to analyze the % RNI contributed by these foods to the daily needs of school children. Moreover, the researchers attempted to identify the most concentrated sources of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, vitamin B9, calcium, and iron among the snack items.

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Biodiversity and occurrence of fresh water crabs in Sur Pul stream of District Harnai, Balochistan | JBES 2021

The present study aims to explore scientific knowledge about biodiversity of fresh water crabs in Surpul stream of district Harnai. Collection of Crabs was started from March 2017 to February 2018.Specimen collected from altitude ranging from 288 to 719 MASL (meter above sea level) covering 5 spots. Overall, five species of Crabs were collected in the investigated area such as, Himalaypotamon emphyseteum, Himalayapotamon atkinsonianum, Trichopotamon sikkimense, Liotelphusa quadrata, Maydelliatelphusa lugubris. A total of 142 crabs were collected among which Maydelliatelphusa lugubris is most dominant accounts to 64% followed by Liotelphusa quadrata accounts to 28.16% and Himlayapotamon atkinson with 2.11% of total collected. Statistical data indicates no significant difference in diversity among 5 spots. However considerable difference was observed in altitude range of sampling area. Due to lack of facilities traditional hand-picking method was used for collection of specimens. Check out more by following this Biodiversity and occurrence of fresh water crabs in Sur Pul stream of District Harnai, Balochistan

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Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late blight potato diseases | IJB 2021

Mr. Ngoh Dooh Jules Patrice (First and Corresponding Authors ) and Mr. Boydoul Frederic Ulrich from the Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, PO Box 814 Maroua Cameroon, Mr. Nsimi Mva Armand, Research Fellow, from the IRAD Dibamba, Cameroon, PO Box, 243, Mr. Philippe Kosma from the Higher National Polytechnic School of Maroua, University of Maroua, PO Box 1450 Maroua and Mr. Ambang Zachee from the Laboratory of Biotechnologies, Phytopathology and Microbiology Unit, University of Yaounde I, PO Box, 812, Cameroon wrote a research paper entitled "Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late blight potato diseases under field condition." This research paper published by the International Journal of Biosciences | IJB, in their January issue 2021, under the volume 18.

Abstract

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the Far North Region, Cameroon is confronted with, diseases and pests. To improve the production of this plant, a study was carried out in Mouvou and Gouria to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on the development of late blight and early blight diseases of this plant. The experimental design used was a completely randomized block with 4 treatments: Mycorrhizae (MYC), NPK (20-10-10) chemical fertilizers, chicken droppings (CD) and a control (T). The plant material used was a local variety of potato (Dosa). Disease incidence and severity and rainfall were evaluated. Area Under Disease Progress Curve was calculated. At 60 DAS, mean incidences recorded for fertilizers were 5.7, 3.6, 1.8 and 0.8 % respectively for control, MYC, NPK and CD. In general, early blight severity decreased from 22.1% at 45 DAS to 0.3 % at 60 DAS. The highest AUDPC value of late blight at Mouvou site was observed in NPK treatment while potato in CD treatment had the lowest. The lowest AUDPC value of early blight was observed in CD treatment at both sites. AUDSIPC value for late blight was significantly higher in NPK treatment in both sites. The highest value of AUDPSIC of early blight was recorded in MYC treatment, 45 DAS in both sites. The average rainfall was higher in the Gouria site (716.5mm) than in Mouvou site (679 mm). The CD treatment can be recommended to the farmers for the phytosanitary protection of potatoes.

 Introduction

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food in many countries and is in the fourth place after the wheat, rice and corn crops. It is therefore the main non-cereal foodstuff in the world (FAO, 2013).World production was estimated at more than 368 million tonnes on 19.4 million hectares in 2013 (Issa et al., 2017). 

Originally from the highlands of Peru (Spooner et al.,2005), it was introduced to Africa during the colonial period (1884-1914). In Cameroon, potato is cultivated in areas of high altitudes, especially by small farmers (IRAD, 2012). Six of the ten regions are concerned, the North-West, the South-West, the West, Adamawa, the Littoral and the Far -North (Fontem et al., 2004). It constitutes a basic food for the populations of these regions and an important source of income because part of the production is either sold in the local market or exported to the neighboring countries. National production was estimated at 229 000 tonnes over 23 500 hectares in 2009 (IRAD, 2012). Thus, despite the importance of the potato in the national economy, total production remains below, yields are generally low (Njualem et al., 2001; Diop et al., 2019) and are between 3 and 11tonnes per hectare, while those of European countries are on average 25 tonnes per hectare ha and reach 60 tonnes per hectare (Sayed et al. 2015). 

In the Far North Cameroon Region, particularly in the Mogodé subdivision (Mayo-Tsanaga), the only and main production area, the low yields observed are associated with poor peasant farming practices (Ngoyi et al., 2020), the scarcity or inequality of the rains and especially to diseases and pests. 

Many diseases have been reported on potatoes in several countries (Alkher et al., 2015; Son et al., 2018) and in Cameroon (Fontem 2003; Fontem et al., 2004; Lontsi et al., 2019). Brown rot and Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of potato are the major bacterial diseases in potato production area (Kong et al., 2016; Charkowski, 2020). Whereas more than 50 different viruses and one viroid have been reported infecting potatoes worldwide only a handful of them cause major losses (10–40 %) globally (Chiunga and Valkonen, 2013). Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and Alternaria or early blight (Alternaria spp) appear to be the major fungi diseases threatening the production of potato in the world with more than 80% of losses (Ah-Fong et al., 2017; Abuley and Nielsen 2017). 

Several solutions have been proposed to overcome these diseases production constraints and increase yield These include the use of varieties with high potential production, resistance to diseases and adaptation to the agro-ecological zone (IRAD, 2012) and the use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. However, these fertilizers when there are within the reach of farmers, there is a lack of control over their use. 

This practice can disrupt the environmental balance. On the other hand, diseases encountered in the fields are caused by some cultural practices that enhance the development, proliferation, or reduction of thepathogens responsible for diseases, as well as epidemiological parameters (Thurston, 1992; Tompkins et al., 1992; Reid et al., 2004). Organic amendments and composting can affect the inoculum which is the primary source of disease infestation in the field (Thurston, 1992). 

Otherwise, the addition of certain mineral and organic fertilizers can lead to the rapid development of plants, making them more or less susceptible to attack by pathogens (Thresh, 1982; Nawal et al., 2014; Abiodum et al., 2015). Despite the knowledge about the relationship between fertilizer application and disease expression, fertilizer application is adopted by farmers in Cameroon just to increase their crop yield. But, little information is available on the effect of this applied fertilizer on the incidence and severity of diseases of potato. Knowledge of host nutrition concerning disease development provides a basis for modifying current agricultural practices to reduce disease incidence and severity (Lepoivre, 2003). Checkout more by following the link Influence of fertilizers on incidence and severity of early blight and late blight potato diseases under field condition

 Reference

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Abuley IK, Nielsen BJ. 2017. Evaluation of models to control potato early blight (Alternariasolani) in Denmark. Crop Protection 102, 118–128.

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Ah-Fong AM, Kim KS, Judelson HS. 2017. RNA-seq of life stages of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans reveals dynamic changes in metabolic, signal transduction, and pathogenesis genes and a major role for calcium signaling in development. BMC Genomics 18(1), 198

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Alkher H, Islam MR, Wijekoon C, Kalischuk M, Kawchuk LM, Peters RD, Al-Mughrabi K I, Conn KL, Dobinson KF, Waterer D, Daayf F. 2015. Characterization of Phytophthora infestans populations in Canada during 2012. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 37(3), 305-314.

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Charkowski A, Sharma K, Parker ML, Secor GA, Elphinstone J. 2020. Bacterial Diseases of Potato. In: Campos H., Ortiz O. (eds) The Potato Crop. Springer, Cham, p 351-388.

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Chiunga E, Valkonen JPT. 2013. First report on viruses infecting potato in Tanzania. Plant W.Dis 97, 1260.

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Diop P, Sylla ES, Diatte M, Labou B and Diarra K. 2019. Effect of cut seed tubers and pre-germination on potato tuber yield. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 13(7), 3157-3163.

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Fontem DA. 2003. Quantitative effects of early and late blights on tomato yields in Cameroon. Tropicultura 21, 36–41.

Fontem DA, Younyi PC, Suh MN. 2004. Effects of Crop Sanitation and Ridomil MZ Applications on Late Blight Severity and Tomato Yields in Cameroon. Tropicultura 22(3), 122-126.

Gnamkoulamba A, Tounou AK, Tchao M, Tchabi A, Adjevi AKM, Batawila K. 2018. Evaluation au champ du potentiel de croissance et de la production du riz (Oryza Sativa L.) variété IR841 inoculé en pépinière par quatre souches de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules. European Scientific Journal 14(12), 452-481

http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n12p452

IRAD. 2012.  (Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement), Amélioration durable de la productivité et de la compétitivité de la filière plantain au Cameroun par l’utilisation des technologies innovantes, p 4-8.

Issa M, Ngakou A, Haouvang LC, Nukenine NE. 2017. Potentials of arbuscular mycorrhizafungi (AMF) and neem (AzadirachtaindicaA. Juss.) Leaves extract as biological Control agents against the sweet potato weevil (Cylas puncticollis Boch.) in two Agro-ecological zones of Cameroun. Journal of Experimental Agriculture Internation 17(1), 1-13.

https://doi.org/10.9734/JEAI/2017/35248

Kariuki WG, Mungai NW, Otaye DO, Thuita M, Muema E, Korir H, Masso C. 2020. Antagonistic effects of biocontrol agents against Phytophthora infestans and growth stimulation in tomatoes. African Crop Science Journal (28), Issue Supplement, s1 p 55-70.

https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.5S

Kone N, Asare-Bediako E, Silue S, Kone D, Koita O, Menzel W, Winter S. 2017. Influence of planting date on incidence and severity of viral disease on cucurbits under field condition. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 62, 99–104.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2017.05.005

Kong HG, Bae JY, Lee HJ, Joo HJ, Jung EJ, Chung E, Lee SW. 2014. Induction of the viable but nonculturable state of Ralstonia solanacearum by low temperature in the soil microcosm and its resuscitation by catalase. PLoS One 9(10), 109792.

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Lepoivre P. 2003.  Phytopathologie.De loece, les presses agronomiques de Gembloux, p 413.

Litschmann T, Hausvater E, Petr Dolezal P. 2020. A new method of potato late blight forecasting in the Czech Republic. Journal of Plant Protection Research 60(2), 134-140.

Lontsi SLD, Ambang Z, Djieto CL, Wouom BCC, Heu A, Pegalepo AN. 2019. Effect of aqueous extracts of Thevetia peruviana K. seeds on the control of late blight and pest insects of Solanum tuberosum L. in Cameroon. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9(1), 14-22.

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Moser M, Haselwandter K. 1983. Ecophysiology of mycorrhizal symbiosis, in: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, 12, Eds O. L. Lange. P. S. Nobel, C.B. Osmond and H. Ziegler. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-NewYork,) p 392-421.

Muengula-Manyi M, Mukwa, L, Nkongolo KK, Tshilenge-Djim P, Winter S, Bragard C, Kalonji-Mbuyi A. 2013. Assessing reactions of genetically improved and local cassava varieties to Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) infection in a savannah region of the DR-Congo. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4(4), 824-837.

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Nawal I, Abdellatif OC, Mohamed C, Jihane T, Amina OT, Rachid B, Allal D. 2014. Effet de la fertilisation par différents niveaux de N P K sur le développement des maladies foliaires du riz.  Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences 23(1), 3601-3625.

Ngoh Dooh JP, Boydoul UF, Abdoul, Tchoupou TDB, Bouba D, Hawaou A, Philippe Kosma, Ambang Z. 2020. Inventory of the potato diseases and impact on growth and yield traits in far North Cameroon. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14(8), 2826-2836.

Ngonkeu MEL. 2003. Biodiversité et potentiel des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules de quelques zones agro écologiques du Cameroun. Thèse de Doctorat 3e, cycle Université de Yaound.é I. p 258.

Ngoyi AN, Masanga GK, Bila HM, Yashima AY, Milambo MM, Ndjibu LN, Baboy LL. 2020. Effet des amendements organiques sur la croissance et le rendement de la pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum) cultivée sur un sol dégradé dans la région de Kabinda, République Démocratique du Congo. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14(5), 1812-1819.

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Spooner DM, Mc Lean K, Ramsay GA. 2005. Single domestication for potato based onmiltilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 14694-14699.

Reid LM, Zhu X, Ma BL. 2004. Crop rotation and nitrogen effects on maize susceptibility to Helmenthosporium maydis blight. Plant & Soil. 237 (1), 1-14.

Son D, Somda I, Legreve A, Schiffers B. 2018. Effect of plant diversification on pest abundance and tomato yields in two cropping systems in Burkina Faso: farmer practices and integrated pest management.  International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 12(1), 101-119.

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Call For paper 2022 | IJAAR Journal By International Network for Natural Sciences - INNSPUB

#cfp2022 #CallForPapers #callforsubmissions #CFP

International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR is a fast and peer-reviewed journal and is scheduled to publish 12 issues in a year. IJAAR Journal welcome all respectable researcher to submit their original research paper, review paper, short communication to Volume 20, 2022, in the fields of #Agronomy and Agricultural Research including scopes Crop biology, Breeding, Marine biology & Aquaculture, #Biotechnology, #Horticulture, Mushroom culture, Farming & Advanced farming, Crop management, Soil science, Irrigation & Water Management, Pest management, Weed management & Control, Disease management & Control, #Fertilization, #Agrochemicals, Nutrient and Micronutrients, Pathology, Pollution biology, Landscape architecture, Animal sciences & Animal welfare, #Poultry, Fisheries, Sericulture, #Apiculture, Economic biology, Pharmacy, Social forestry, Agroecology, Embryology, Agricultural philosophy, #Heredity, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), Plant & Animal domestications, Food security, Food Processing and Preservation, Food production & Alternative food systems, Industrial agriculture, Traditional agriculture, Sustainable agriculture, Green revolution, Agricultural marketing and analysis. For more details, please follow the link https://t.co/j7uXk49sbM #research #journal #publication

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Instruction for ‘Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences

Instruction for Authors: Journal of ‘Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences’ (JBES) publish high-quality original research papers, together with review articles and short-communication. Submission of a manuscript to JBES implies that it is not under consideration by any other journal, and no part has been published elsewhere, with the exception of a short abstract. All of the authors have to be aware of the submission.

Guidelines for manuscript: Manuscripts should be typewritten on an ‘A4’ sheet having ‘1.5’ line-spacing throughout the text. The margins should be 2.54 cm (1 inch) in all sides and page number should be consecutively on the bottom of the page. The manuscript should be written in Arial style using ’12’ font size.

For original research paper, the manuscript should be arranged in the following order: Title page (Title, Full Author name, Author affiliate address & email of corresponding author), Abstract, keywords, Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, Discussion (this section may be combined with results), Acknowledgements, References, Tables with legends, Figures with legends and Supplementary materials (if applicable).

The Title page should contain the title, the name(s) of the author(s), the name(s) and address(es) of the institution(s) where the work was carried out, including a valid email address for the corresponding author along with telephone and fax numbers. The title of the manuscript should be specific and concise but sufficiently informative.

The Abstract should not exceed ‘250’ words and it should contain brief summary of findings and conclusions of the study.

Authors should include no more than five Key words for their article.

Abbreviation should be given in the text for long chemical names or other biological terms on the first mention (e.g. DNA, PCR, NAA, IAA).

Scientific Names should be complete and italics (species, genus, authority & cultivar where appropriate) for every organism at the first mention. The generic name can be abbreviated from second times.

Units of measurement for this journal should be metric system.

Nomenclature for genes and proteins must follow international standards. All gene symbol and loci should be in italics and capital. All chemical, biochemical, and molecular biology nomenclature should be followed by IUBMB recommendation (https://chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb). Database for gene or protein sequence or others should be given reference according to EMBL; Gen-Bank, or the Protein Data Bank.

Tables should be placed at the end of the manuscript and should be numbered in Arabic numerals with a concise and descriptive legend at the head. They should be cited in the text where necessary.

Figures should be clear, informative and placed at the end of manuscript. Each figure should be clearly labeled using Arabic numbers with precise legends. Figure should be referred to in the text (e.g. Fig. 1. or Fig. 1A.). The minimum resolution for the figures should be 300 dpi (dots per inch).

Statistical Analysis is to be done if necessary. Biological data without statistical analysis cannot be accepted.

References should be accurate and descriptive. Citation of the reference must be accurate and relevant (For example: Peter, 2009; Alam and Kabir, 2010 or Thomas et al., 2001). In the list, references must be placed in alphabetical order without serial numbering. Only papers published or in press should be cited in the literature list. Citation of references should be followed like below:

Flor H. 1971. Current status of the gene-for-gene concept. Annual Review of Phytopathology 9, 257- 296.

Bari R, Jones JD. 2009. Role of plant hormones in plant defense responses. Plant Molecular Biology69, 473- 488.

Gachon CM, Langlois-Meurinne M, Saindrenan P. 2005. Plant secondary metabolism glycosyltransferases: The emerging functional analysis. Trends in Plant Science 10, 542- 549.

Huynh BL. 2008. Genetic characterization and QTL mapping for grain fructan in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PhD thesis, University of Adelaide, Australia, 17- 35.

Jiang Q, Gresshoff PM. 2010. Lotus japonicus: a model plant for structure-function analysis in nodulation and nitrogen fixation. In: Gresshoff PM, Ed. Current topics of plant molecular biology, Vol. II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 97- 110.

Rose JKC, Catala C, Gonzalez-Carranza CZH, Roberts JA. 2003. Plant cell wall disassembly. In: Rose JKC, Ed. The plant cell wall. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., p. 264- 324.

Unpublished results, including submitted manuscripts and those in preparation, should be cited as unpublished in the text. Journal titles should not be abbreviated but be given in full. Citation of articles from e-journals and journal articles published ahead of print should have the author names, year, manuscript title, journal title, volume number and page number. Citation of other URL addresses is suggested to avoid.

Review Procedure: Authors are expected to receive the reviewer’s comment within one to two weeks following by editorial verification. Incomplete manuscript and papers not written according to instruction will be returned to the author without sending to reviewers. Revised manuscript should be returned.

Submission: All manuscripts along with the copyright agreement form (download) must be submitted to jbes@innspub.net via email attachment. Manuscripts that are not written according to journal instruction (download: author instruction) will be returned immediately.