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Final

Prompt: How did state regulation of slavery and citizenship guide the social, political, and economic development of the United States from the signing of the Constitution until the end of the end of the Civil War?   Thesis:  Regulation of slavery and citizenship was crucial in the development of the United States because it was a controversial concept and it divided the country. Socially, the regulation of slaves put owners in an elite level in society, mainly in the south. The slave owners had a say and influence on government decisions in the South because of the power they gained from possession of the slaves. The owners needed the slaves to make their living. Being a slave owner meant owning a plantation which made them economically superior due to the income and output of cotton.  Ownership of slaves was a source of political, social, and economic power thus leading to the South dominating in almost every aspect until the rise of abolitionism. 1. Northwest Ordinance

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formed the government of the Northwest Territory and were the rules for the admission of areas as states into the union. Under this ordinance, each district was to be governed by a governor and judges appointed by Congress until it attained a population of 5,000 adult free males, which is when it would become a territory and could form its own representative legislature. Under the ordinance, slavery was outlawed from the lands of the Northwest Territory, freedom of religion and other civil liberties were guaranteed, the resident Indians were promised decent treatment, and education was provided for. The law provided the first national limitation upon the expansion of slavery. So this played a big role in the development of the U.S. because it was not only an attempt to stop slavery, it was an attempt to stop everything that came with it, including economic success, political power, and social status. Source: http://users.wfu.edu/zulick/340/maps/usamapNWT.gif

2. Stono’s Rebellion

The Stono Rebellion was the largest rebellion mounted by slaves against slave owners in colonial America. The Stono Rebellion’s location took place near the Stono River in South Carolina. The Stono River Rebellion was significant because it represented the ongoing, determined resistance of African-Americans to the oppressive system of slavery. When slaves were unable to rebel directly, they performed indirectly acts of resistance, ranging from work slow-downs to feigning illness. The rebellion exposes the social aspect of the development of slavery: slaves trying to break out of their place in society and the fear of rebellion from owners.  

Source: https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-STZ6bQ7YQYc/VuUUGAtwXqI/AAAAAAAAT_g/plSgI_XuDD0T7ZdeWDAf9zAJFdVxZR-Yg/s1600/Stono-Rebellion.jpg

3. Twenty Negro Act Law

The Confederate Congress in the fall of 1862 passed a law exempting one white man for every twenty slaves on the plantation. It was enacted partly because of the long standing fear of slave revolt and prevented slaves from running away. Additionally, it was believed that women were incapable of running a plantation due to their femininity and higher Christian values. There was a lot of protest and alienation and disaffection with the south against this law. The Twenty Negro Act Law impacted the social development of the United States because it exposed the slave owners’ fear of rebellion and it shows that the it was the owners who depended on the slaves. Source: http://floridamemory.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cwmay1863.jpg

4. Dredd Scott Case

Dredd Scott’s owner took him outside the south and through states that did not allow slavery. These states had rules that any enslaved person brought into the state became free. Dred Scott sued to try to win his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott had no rights whatsoever. He was property, not a person or a citizen. He had no right to sue in federal court. Further, the court ruled that the federal government had no legal right to interfere with the institution of slavery. Slavery advocates were encouraged and began to make plans to expand slavery into all of the western territories and states. This created much of the tension that caused the Civil War.There are several different views and ideas that formed around the aspects and outcome of the Dredd Scott case. The Supreme Court declared that the government could not free slaves as they were property. However, the states were claimed to have power to prohibit slavery. The Dredd Scott case was controversial because of the different opinions and the court’s justification for its decision. This case caused a political upstir and it affected the development of U.S. politics that it is still discussed today as one of the first controversial Supreme Court decisions.

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Dred_Scott_photograph_(circa_1857).jpg

5. Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise was an attempt by Congress to stop political clashing caused by Missouri wanting admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. So admitting them as a slave state would result in an unbalance and a leeway for a possible expansion of slavery. The Missouri Compromise can be regarded as a political factor in the U.S. development because it showed how the government tried to intervene to prevent internal issues.

Source: http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/MissouriCompromiseMap.png 6. Bleeding Kansas

In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraksa Act overturned the Missouri Compromise’s use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory and instead, using the principle of popular sovereignty, stating that the residents would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Proslavery and free-state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. Violence soon erupted as both groups fought for control. Abolitionist John Brown led anti-slavery fighters in Kansas before his famed raid on Harpers Ferry. This is an example of the social tensions that came with attempts to abolish slavery. The South needed slavery and they were willing to use force to keep it legal in as many states as possible. Again, reinforcing the fact that slavery was the foundation of the South's lifestyle and success.   Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_gSBkFMsueRk/TPkDZEqLeZI/AAAAAAAAAOk/ddqz_lBgd2E/s1600/bleedingkansas.jpg

7. Compromise of 1850

Divisions over slavery in territory gained in the Mexican-American War were resolved in the Compromise of 1850. It consisted of laws admitting California as a free state, creating Utah and New Mexico territories with the question of slavery in each to be determined by popular sovereignty, settling a Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute in the former’s favor, ending the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and making it easier for southerners to recover fugitive slaves. Source: http://www.perno.com/amer/lectures/art/civilwar-compromise1850.gif 8. American System

A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams. The System was a new form of federalism that included: Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government. Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue. Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks. Development of a system of internal improvements, such as roads and canals, which would put the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues. Source: http://mtviewmirror.com/wp-content/uploads/maxresdefault.jpg

Source:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PA2UkkXvq9g/UPqDMcViOrI/AAAAAAAACaY/teKcl_jywUs/s1600/William+Penn.jpg

10. Three-Fifth Compromise

The decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person.  Under this compromise, only three-fifths of the slave population was counted for the purpose of taxation and representation in Congress. Counting slaves as part of the population rather than as property would give the Southern states more political power. This was a political attempt by the south to gain power for the ownership of slaves. This is an example of the political development in America that would reoccur throughout history because all states want state power and a say in government decisions.    Source: http://upw-prod-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/nugget/54b595c4626266001e830000/attachments/three-fifths-compromise-62e43342d78ddb2b1cf6de22c0d25ac3.jpg

11. Abolitionism

Abolitionists were in reality a relatively small party against slavery in the union. The foundation of the south’s economy was slavery. With the rise of abolitionists and Abraham Lincoln, southern politicians began to put up their lines of defense. The southern slave owners knew that the abolition of slavery would decimate the south’s economy flow. The abolitionist movement could be considered both a social and political movement because it increased tension amongst citizens and divided the government thus leading to a civil war.   Source: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Img/172082/0052127.jpg 12. Emancipation Proclamation  

 The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order by Lincoln that proclaimed the of freedom of 3.1 million slaves under Confederate control. It did not free slaves in the Union border states, because that could anger them and prompt their secession.The Proclamation was another of Lincoln's methods of emphasizing that the Civil War was really about slavery. It ensured that all slaves captured by the Union in their campaign would be liberated. It had little direct legal effect on the South, but it eventually led to the 13th Amendment,  banning slavery in the United States. This proclamation was of great political importance because of what it eventually lead to, which was banning slavery officially with an amendment.

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Emancipation_Proclamation.jpg/594px-Emancipation_Proclamation.jpg 13. Task System  

The task system was when slaves were assigned many specific tasks to do in a day. When they were done, they were able to do what they wanted to do. Most slaves had to work under the task system, few didn't work under the task system. The benefits  for slaves was less supervision needed, and more free time for them to do what they wanted. This is a social aspect of development because owners were attempting to make slavery seem humane and were trying to justify it so they could continue to use them. Source: http://www.jewishjournal.com/images/bloggers/Screen_Shot_2013-05-14_at_9.57.39_AM.png

Conclusion: There is a strong correlation between the social, economic, and political development of the United States and regulation of slavery and citizenship. Socially, those who regulated slavery and citizenship gained a high status in society. For those looking to America to become successful, slavery was the most idealistic way to get it. Economically, the South was thriving due to the amount of labor that the slaves were putting in and the mass exports of cotton. It was the foundation of the South’s economy. Politically, there was the most the controversy. Slaves were not considered citizens; they were considered property and had no rights. However, once population size became of importance, the South tried to account for the slaves and say that they contributed to the population and they should be considered when determining how many representatives the state should have. There were several factors that led to the tensions between North and South but slavery definitely played the biggest role.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act - 4/12/16

Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were pro-slavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. The act was an attempt to repeal the Missouri Compromise.   

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 4/7/16

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the Mexican-American War in favor of the United States. The war had begun almost two years earlier, in May 1846, over a territorial dispute involving Texas. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory.

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Panic of 1837- 3/31/16

The Panic of 1837 was a crisis in financial and economic conditions in the nation following changes in the banking system initiated by President Andrew Jackson and his Specie Circular that dried up credit. Other causes of the Panic of 1837 included the failure of the wheat crop, a financial crisis and depression in Great Britain.

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Andrew Jackson vs. Bank- 3/26/16

The Bank War was the name given to the campaign begun by President Andrew Jackson in 1833 to destroy the Second Bank of the United States, after his reelection convinced him that his opposition to the bank had won national support. The Second Bank had been established in 1816, as a successor to the First Bank of the United States, whose charter had been permitted to expire in 1811.

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Nullification Crisis- 3/22/16

The Nullification Crisis arose in the early 1830s when leaders of South Carolina advanced the idea that a state did not have to follow a federal law and could, in effect, "nullify" the law. The idea that "states' rights" superseded federal law, which was promoted by Calhoun. 

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Alexander Hamilton - 3/3/16

Alexander Hamilton was the father of the American National Banking System. He created the First National Bank, and began practices such as manipulation of the interest rates and subsidies for American companies that are still in use today.

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Republican Motherhood - 2/26/16

Republican Motherhood is related to women’s new role in the emerging America. The goal was to produce ideal republic citizens in the future. Republican motherhood meant civic duty and it meant the future of republicanism.

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Shay’s Rebellion - 2/23/16

Shays’ Rebellion was a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. The rebellion was most serious in Massachusetts, where bad harvests, economic depression, and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms.

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Battle of Lexington - 2/18/16

The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought on April 19, 1775, kicked off the American Revolutionary War. Tensions had been building for many years between residents of the 13 American colonies and the British authorities, particularly in Massachusetts. On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston. 

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Bacon’s Rebellion - 2/2/16

The rebellion was surrounded around land and liberty and freedom from arbitrary. Governor Berkely executed 23 people and seized property. Berkely knew that land and liberty equaled money which meant power.  

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Discovering the Americas-1/21/16

Trade influenced Christopher Columbus to want to find a route and it made him violent. The Spanish funded his trip and he found Hispaniola, where he thought there was mass amounts of gold. He left 39 people to control the colony. These discoveries lead to the Treaty of Tordesillas, which was an agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Columbus and other late is 15th century voyagers. 

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Ch. 16 ID Terms

Copperheads

Source: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/apush-fall-final-exam-review/deck/9355100

Copperheads were northerners who sympathized with the South during the Civil War. They undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection. They were also known as Peace Democrats.

Twenty Negro Law

Source: http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/timeline/confed-twenty-negro-law

The Confederate Congress in the fall of 1862 passed a law exempting one white man for every twenty slaves on the plantation. it was enacted partly because of the long standing fear of slave revolt and prevented slaves from running away. Additionally, it was believed that women were incapable of running a plantation due to their femininity and higher Christian values. in other words it was believed that women would be to soft on the slaves. It was a so-called Overseer Exemption, or the Twenty Negro Law. This measure was exceedingly unpopular among the non-slave holders in the South. There was a lot of protest and alienation and disaffection with the south against this law.

Compensated emancipation 

Source: http://www.neh.gov/news/150-years-ago-compensated-emancipation

Compensated emancipation was a method of ending slavery in countries where slavery was legal. This involved the person who was recognized as the owner of a slave being compensated monetarily or by a period of labor for releasing the slave.

Martial Law

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=martial+law+definition&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiAto3g8p7MAhVFxmMKHUPND_cQ_AUICigE&biw=1680&bih=905#tbm=isch&q=martial+law+1800s&imgrc=pmr93No2-mJ64M%3A

Martial Law is the imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated region(s) on an emergency basis—and often, but not necessarily, only temporarily—when the civilian government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively. at the outset of the Civil War, in July 1861, Congress ratified most of the martial law measures declared by President Abraham Lincoln. Its martial law declaration gave the Union military forces the authority to arrest persons and conduct trials.

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Ch.7 ID Terms

Bill of Rights

Source: http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/us-bill-rights.htm

The first Congress of the United States approves 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, and sends them to the states for ratification. The amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, were designed to protect the basic rights of U.S. citizens, guaranteeing the freedom of speech, press, assembly, and exercise of religion; the right to fair legal procedure and to bear arms; and that powers not delegated to the federal government were reserved for the states and the people. Influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689, the Bill of Rights was also drawn from Virginia’s Declaration of Rights, drafted by George Mason in 1776.

Whiskey Rebellion

Source: https://apush-lhs.wikispaces.com/Whiskey+Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

XYZ Affair

Source: https://quizlet.com/3290863/apush-vocab-terms-flash-cards/

A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Alien and Sedition Acts 

Source: http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/601232

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

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Abolitionists on Slavery- 4/19/16

Abolitionists were in reality a relatively small party against slavery in the union. The foundation of the south's economy was slavery. With the rise of abolitionists and Abraham Lincoln, southern politicians began to put up their lines of defense. The southern slave owners that the abolition of slavery would decimate the south's economy flow.

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Dredd Scott Case - 4/15/16

There are several different views and ideas that formed around the aspects and outcome of the Dredd Scott case. The Supreme Court declared that the government could not free slaves as they were property. However, the states were claimed to have power to prohibit slavery. The Dredd Scott case was controversial because of the different opinions and the court's justification for its decision.

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Ch.15 ID Terms

Robert E. Lee

Source: http://nyctimetraveler.blogspot.com/2013/10/october-12-robert-e-lee-died.html

 Confederate general Robert E. Lee is most widely respected of all Civil War commanders. Though he opposed secession, he resigned from the U.S. Army to join the forces of his native state, rose to command the largest Confederate army and ultimately was named general-in-chief of all Confederate land forces. He repeatedly defeated larger Federal armies in Virginia, but his two invasions of Northern soil were unsuccessful.

 Treasury Notes

 Source: https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/US-Currency-Brief-History-Part-1.aspx

 The federal government began issuing its own currencies during the Civil War as it tried to meet funding and money circulation emergencies. In 1861, Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase directed the Treasury to issue Demand Notes to pay expenses. As the first national currency, Treasury Notes earned their name from the fact that they were redeemable on demand for gold coin at the Treasury. 

 Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

 Source: https://states.jottit.com/paul_p.

 Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was a war hero and one of the South’s most successful generals during the American Civil War. After his home state of Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, Jackson joined the Confederate army. He served under General Robert E. Lee for much of the Civil War. Jackson was a decisive factor in many significant battles until his mortal wounding by friendly fire at the age of 39 during the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863.

 George B. McClellan 

Source: http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/new-yorkers/george-b-mcclellan-1826-1885/

 George B. McClellan was a U.S. Army officer, railroad president and politician who served as a major general during the Civil War. McClellan organized the Army of the Potomac in 1861 and briefly served as general-in-chief of the Union Army. In 1862, McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign unraveled after the Seven Days Battles, and he also failed to decisively defeat Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army at the Battle of Antietam.