setra-studies

[setra-studies]

‼️ For All Humans ‼️   

Please stop It's An  Urgent Need 📣📢🔔

✅️Vetted by @gazavetters , my number verified on the List is ( #515)✅️

Please help me in sharing @90-ghost

I'm a teacher who lost her job and some of her students also lost my home and my school. We lost everything here in Gaza. Please if you care about us don't left me alone. I'm fighting for my dreams and hope here. Also my 3children and my husband need your support. Your kindness isn’t just about helping us meet our goal—it’s about reminding us that we’re not alone in this fight. It’s about hope. It’s about survival. And it’s about giving my family a chance to rebuild our lives, even in the face of unimaginable loss. Also I need to rebuild my future and to start building my project to teach students who are in need so my friend it will be great from you to help you this war destroy everything and many schools here in Gaza.

We need to raise total of $40,000. Every dollar you contribute will make a tangible difference in our lives.

Please do your best to save my family and students we are waiting for your support.

Please if you can't donate you can share this ❤️🥺

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[setra-studies]

the only real reason i surprisingly don't post too much history is because it would take me hours to do it because of how fat my history book is and how much of it i have deemed important so like you guys will be reading 30 pages of text

...i wil do it though

[setra-studies]

light

a form of energy that allows you to see the things around you

travels at 2,997,925 m/s in a straight, centered line

can travel through space & vacuum, but slows if going through a medium

transparent medium: fast and passes through easily

translucent medium: only very little light passes through

opaque medium: light is absorbed

mediums scatter light

closer you are, brighter the light

places here on the spectrum:

light consists of particles (corpuscles)

1801 - thomas young performed double-slit experiment

1873 - electromagnetic wave theory (james maxwell)

photoelectric effect: when light with enough energy hits a photosensitive surface, electrons are emitted

white light is the combination of all the colors of visible light

different frequencies and wavelengths for all visible light colors

splitting of white light is called dispersion

4 measurable quantities of light:

luminous flux: amount of energy per unit time that radiates in all directions (lumens/lm)

luminous intensity: amount of energy per unit time that radiates in a certain direction (candela/cd)

luminance: luminous intensity reflected, emitted, or passing through a source per unit area (cd/m²)

illuminance: amount of light that falls on a surface per unit area (lux/lx)

luminous - objects that emit light energy by themselves

nonluminous - objects that do not emit light energy by themselves

natural light sources include:

lightning, sun, stars, meteors

artificial light sources include

candles, flashlights, lamps

[setra-studies]

soundwaves

longitudinal waves produced by vibrating bodies

mechanical wave that requires a medium

vibration causes the air around the vibrating object to be compressed and rarefied, creating soundwaves

given off in all directions from a vibrating body

hearing range is measured in Hz

humans can hear anything 20-20,000 Hz

humans can produce anything 80-1500 Hz

below 20 Hz - infrasonic sounds

above 20,000 Hz - ultrasonic sounds

elephants can hear/produce sounds as low as 16 Hz

bats can hear/produce sounds as high as 150,000 Hz

pitch - highness/lowness of sound, depends on number of vibrations per second made

number of vibrations/second = frequency

higher the frequency, higher the pitch

lower the frequency, lower the pitch

high-pitched sounds have shorter wavelengths than low pitched sounds

loudness - magnitude of the sound perceived by the ear

intensity - rate at which sound energy flows through a unit area measured watts per sqm (w/m²)

a sound must be 10x more intense to be 2x louder, 100 times to be 3x louder, etc

greater the amplitude, greater the loudness

lesser the amplitude, softer the loudness

doppler effect - change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave

as the sound producer moves towards them, the soundwaves become closer to one another / as the sound producer moves away from them, the soundwaves become farther from one another

[setra-studies]

waves

a disturbance that moves from one place to another or through matter or space

carries energy away from the source

wave pulse: single disturbance

wave train: multiple disturbances

waves can be classified by direction of motion

transverse waves

perpendicular to the direction of the wave

highest point is called the crest

lowest point is called the trough

maximum displacement is the amplitude (a)

longitudinal waves

contains compressions and rarefactions

compression: region where particles are pressed together

rarefaction: stretch region between successive compressions

mechanical waves

medium of the wave

can be any form of matter

involves vibration of the medium

e.x sound, water, seismic, and spring/string waves

electromagnetic waves

don’t need medium but can have one

e.x gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet ray, infrared wave, microwave, light

one wavelength is a lambda (λ)

frequency (f): number of waves passing through a given point per unit of time

expressed in hertz (Hz)

1 Hz = 1 wave cycle/1 second

period (T): time taken to complete wave cycle & usually in seconds

wave speed (v): distance traveled by a wave per unit of time

frequency = wave speed divided by wavelength

period = wavelength divided by velocity

wave speed = wavelength divided by period

[setra-studies]

biology !

✧ THE MICROSCOPE !

microscope - tool used by scientists to view objects to small to be seen with the naked eye

allows view of a magnified version of microscopic organisms or cells

most cells studied under microscopes are measured in micrometers (μm) equal to 0.001 millimeter

details of cells can be studied

mid-1660s - dutch scientist antonie van leeuwenhoek invented first practical microscope

used this to examine protozoans, bacteria, and other microscopic organisms

compound light microscope

most common microscope used in laboratories

two lenses - objective and ocular

monocular microscope - one ocular lense

binocular microscope - two ocular lense

has several objective lenses with different magnification power

scanner - 4x

low power objective (LPO) - 10x

high power objective (HPO) - 40x

oil immersion objective (OIO) - 100x

can be used to examine both living and nonliving specimens

parts and functions include:

mechanical

draw tube - holds ocular lens

body tube - connects ocular lens to the revolving nosepiece

coarse adjustment knob - moves either the body tube or stage upward or downward in greater increments to bring specimen into initial focus and should only be used with the scanner or lpo

fine adjustment knob - moves either the body tube or stage upward or downward in lesser increments to bring the specimen into sharp focus and used with hpo or oio

arm - supports body tube and is used to carry microscope

revolving nosepiece - circular and revolving part holding objectives

stage - flat platform to hold specimen slide

stage clips - secures specimen slide

inclination joint - attaches arm to pillar

pillar - provides support above base

base - provides firm and steady support

magnifying

ocular lens/eyepiece - detachable cylinder, capable of magnifying objects to 10x

objective lens - used to magnify the specimen under study, has LPO, HPO, and OIO

illuminating

condenser - concentrates light onto specimen

iris diaphragm - regulates how much light passes through the specimen

mirror - reflects light and directs it to the object

light source - sometimes replaces mirror, usually a small electric lamp

✧ CELLS !

1839 - matthias schieden, theodor schwann formulated cell theory

all living things are made of cells

new cells come from pre-existing cells

energy flows within cells

cells contain dna passed on from parent cell/s

all cells have basically the same chemical composition and metabolic activities

cell activity depends on the activities of subcellular structures within the cell

two main cell types :

prokaryotic cells

lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotic cells

have both a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

includes both animal and plant cells

three main parts of a cell include:

cell membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

cell membrane

outermost boundary

separates cells

regulates movement of materials in/out of cell (semipermeable)

nucleus

membrane-bound structure at the center of the cell

contains dna (deoxyribonucleic acid)

nuclear membrane: gateway to nucleus and separates nucleus from cytoplasm

chromosomes: carriers of the genes, made up of dna

nucleolus: center for ribosomal activity, usually contains protein and ribonucleic acid (rna)

cytoplasm

largest part of the cell in terms of volume

composed of membrane-bound organelles

supports and suspends organelles and cellular molecules

protein synthesis

organelles

endoplasmic reticulum: channel for transport

quality control unit of cell

rough er: presence of ribosomes

smooth er: no ribosomes, site of lipid and steroid synthesis

number of ribosomes depend on activities of the cell

golgi body: packaging of secretory materials

proteins from ribosomes are chemically modified, packed, and sealed off in vesicles

lysosome: breakdown & degradation of substances by digestive enzyme + aptosis (cell suicide)

peroxisome: detoxification of harmful compounds + helps with oxygen

mitochondria: energy generators

produces adenosine triphosphate

number of mitochondrion varies depending on function/cell type

vacuole: for storage and support, filled with fluids and soluble molecules, bigger in plant cells

organelles found in specific cells

plastid: found in only plant cells, double-membrane-bound organelles

called chloroplast if containing chlorophyll

centriole: formation of spindle fibers, only in animal cells

cell wall: for protection and coverage and defines shape of plant cells

cell junction: for cell connections in only animal cells

other cytoplasmic inclusions

ribosome: protein factory, site of protein synthesis in all cells

recieve genetic info from rna and translates into amino acids

cytoskeleton: cellular strength and matility

plant cell

animal cell

✧ LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION !

most cells look the same in early stages

new cells become specialized to carry out specific functions

tissues - cells grouped together to perform certain functions

animal tissues:

epithelial

cover the outermost part of the body

found lining the walls of digestive and respiratory tubes

protect underlying tissues

absorb nutrients

secretion of wastes

classified in number of layers:

simple

composed of one layer of cells

stratified

composed of two or more layers

muscular

ability to contract and relax

enables body movement

give shape to the body

classified according to structure:

striated

found in skeletal ad cardiac muscles

unstriated

smooth muscles found in some internal organs

classified according to movement:

voluntary

if its movement can be controlled

involve skeletal muscles

involuntary

when movement is beyond conscious control

controlled by involuntary muscles (e.x smooth muscles of the heart, esophagus, and urinary bladder)

connective

connect, bind, and pack body parts together

classified as loose and dense:

loose connective tissues

most common type

usually elastic

e.x areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues

dense connective tissues

have fibers as main matrix

composed of inelastic collagenous fibers

compactly arranged

designed for strength and support

e.x tendons, ligaments, cartilages

specialized connective tissues (e.x blood and bone) are not classified

nervous

responsible for the reception of stimuli and conduction of impulses in the body

neuron - nerve cell, basic functional unit of the nervous system

three types:

sensory neuron

reveive impulses from the different sense organs of the body

carry these impulses toward the central nervous system

motor neuron

carry impulses away from the central nervous system to muscle tissues and glands

located in the peripheral nervous system

interneuron

also called associative neurons

link the sensory neurons to motor neurons

plant tissues:

meristematic or embyronic tissues

made up of young, actively dividing cells

small, six-sided, and boxlike

transform into many different shapes and sizes according to function during maturity

usually found at the tips of roots and stems/shoots

types of meristematic tissues:

apical meristems

located at the plant shoot and root tips

produce three tissues:

protoderm

gives rise to the epidermis, the outer protective covering of a plant

ground meristem

produces ground tissues that form the bulk of the interior of a plant

procambium

produces vascular tissues that are responsible for the transport of water and nutrients

lateral meristems

located on the sides of a plant’s stem and in most plant’s roots

cause secondary growth, characterized by an increase in diameter

have two types:

vascular cambium

produces secondary tissues that induce secondary growth

extends throughout plant axis

cork cambium

produces the cork cells of the bark

located in the outer layer of the stems of woody plants and originates under the epidermis

intercalary meristems

located at the internodes or bases of leaves

help increase the length of internodes by pushing newly produced cells upward

nonmeristematic or permanent tissues

composed of mature (nondividing) and differentiated cells

two types:

simple nonmeristematic tissues

composed of only one kind of cell

perform several functions (e.x support, protection and secretion)

complex nonmesterimatic tissues

two types of complex tissues

xylem

aid in upward distribution of water and minerals

phloem

transport the food produced during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

organs - a group of tissues working together to perform a particular function

made up of cells and tissues which carry out processes that keep animals alive

organ system - several organs working together to perform particular tasks

organ systems of plants are classified as the shoot and root systems

shoot system - usually above ground, and comprised of several organs that work together to perform specific functions (e.x buds, leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits)

root system - comprised of the roots and other associated parts, and is usually found underground, function is to anchor the plant in soil and absorb water and nutrients

organism - life-form composed of related parts that maintain different essential processes

population - group of organisms that belong to the same species living in the same geographical area

community - different populations of different species interacting with one another and their environment

ecosystem - smallest functional unit of ecology, consisting of all living organisms in a given area and nonliving factors in the environment

biome - major ecosystem type characterized by its distinct flora and fauna, which are adapted to their particular environment

biosphere - considered the highest level of ecological hierarchy, as it includes the xones of land, air and water where organisms live

✧ DOMAINS OF LIFE !

swedish taxonomist carolus linnaeus proposed only two kingdoms: plant and animal

the new six kingdoms include:

archaebacteria

eubacteria

fungi

protista

plantae

animalia

1990 - american microbiologist car woese introduce three domains of life:

archaea

consists of extremophiles or prokaryotic microorganisms that live in harsh conditions, such as extreme temperature, pH, and salinity

diverse microorganisms that can adapt to harsh environments

proteins on the gene sequences found in archaebacteria are mostly stable at extreme temperatures

classified based on their habitat and metabolism

archaebacteria - similar to eubacteria, is prokaryotic, but is more similar to eukaryotic cells, and lacks peptidogylcan made of carbohydrates, and cell membranes contain different kinds of lipid

methanogens

strictly anaerobic organisms (don’t need oxygen) whose metabolic activities produce methane

found in lake and swamp sediments, where decompose dead vegetation

found in the rumens of some herbivores where they help digest cellulose

found deep in the oceans where they thrive in undersea volcanic vents, where they synthesize organic molecules from carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas

abundant in dumpsites and raw sewage

e.x methanosarcina

methanotrix

halophiles

live in environments where salt concentration is high

found in tidal pools that have dried up over time

e.x halobacterium, halococcus, and salinivibrio

thermophiles

lack cell walls and a nucleus

usually live in hot and highly acidic conditions (e.x coal refuse piles)

also found in sulfur-rpoducing envronments such as sulfur vents or hydrothermal vents

survival in anaerobic environments depends on sulfur respiration

e.x thermoplasma acidophilum and thermoplasma volcanium

hyperthermophiles

thrive in the deep parts of the ocean

temperature and pressure are high

reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide in oil-rich environments

also live in locations rich in sulfide deposits, hot springs, and thermal vents

these places are acidic due to the production of sulfuric acid by hyperthermophiles

bacteria

consists of proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, spirochetes, and gram-positive bacteria

eubacteria - the true bacteria

organisms under this domain are almost everywhere

one of the oldest and most abundant organisms on earth due to their ability to survive in various environments or conditions

has existed for more or less 3.5 billion years

classified based on shape:

can live as a single cell or in colonies

colony - group of identical bacterial cells closely associated with one another

may join together in clusters or chains

prokaryotic

cell wall

rigid, outermost protective covering of a bacterial cell and is composed of peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan - molecule made of polysaccharides (carbohydrates) and amino acids (proteins)

maintains the shape and structure of the cell

site where viruses and antibiotics attach

cell membrane

thin, flexible, and semipermeable material that regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cells

has inward-folding membranes called mesosomes where cellular respiration takes place

nucleoid

where the genetic material is located

usually at the of the cell

not bound by a nuclear membrane

easily distinguished from the other parts of the bacterial cell

cytoplasm

occupies largest part of the cell

semiliquid portion that houses all the cytoplasmic inclusions such as the plasmid

site of essential processes needed for the cell growth, metabolism, and replication

ribosome

same function as those found in other cells

usually smaller

protein factories that translate the genetic codes from messenger rna (mrna) into proteins

pilus or fimbria

hollow hairlike structures made of proteins located on the surface of most species of bacteria

fimbriae allow bacteria to attach themselves to their host

pili are used for bacterial conjugation

flagellum

long appendage that propels the cell by spinning in a corkscrew motion

located at the terminal end of the cell membrane

capsule

serves as the outermost protective covering of some species of bacteria

composed of a slimy gelatinous substance

shields pathogenic bacteria from harsh environments and phagocytosis (also known as cell eating)

endospores

formed by some bacteria

highly resistant to harsh conditions

bacteria are nourished via the same food we eat

they spoil the food, and a change in smell and taste usually indicates their presence

some can make their own food through:

photosynthesis - a special type of chlorophyll is used to produce food (cyanobacteria)

chemosynthesis - converting inorganic compounds from their surroundings into organic materials

some bacteria are decomposers, who break down wastes and dead organisms into usable forms of energy

eukarya

includes most of the living organisms on earth, such as animals, plants, protists, and fungi

protists

eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular

grouped into:

plantlike or algae

diverse and widely distributed

range from single-celled to colonial and multicellular forms

not considered plants due to lack of protective structures for their reproductive cells

not classified as animals because they do not use cilia or flagella for movement

not considered fungus for lack of chitin in cell wall

some phytoplankton are protists

unicellular photosynthetic organisms that float on the surface of fresh water and salt

responsible for 50 to 85% of the oxygen in atmosphere

golden algae - diatoms

brown algae - kelp

red algae - gracilaria verrucosa

dinoflagellates - have two flagella in each cell and are found in marine environments

can grow bloom rapidly, turning water along coasts reddish-brown (red tide)

produces large amount of neurotoxins that harm marine organisms

animallike or protozoans

heterotrophic (depend on other organisms for food)

include zooflagellates

amoeba - one of the simplest known protozoans

consists of a nucleus and all other cellular parts present in a eukaryotic cell

crawls using pseudopodia (false feet)

powered by a protein called actin

eats tiny food particles

amoebiasis/amoebic dysentery - usually acquired in crowded and unsanitary areas

funguslike or slime molds

saprophytic (derive food and energy by breaking down dead organic matter)

fungi

includes wide variety of species

four major groups of fungi:

zygomycetes

rapid growers in soil/dead plants

asomycetes

parasitic and takes over their brains

basidiomycetes

spores develop in basidia

chytridiomycetes

live in soil, fresh water, and saline estuaries

found in dark, moist and humid environments

have eukaryotic cells with chitin cell walls

lack chlorophyll and procures food from other sources

some fungi obtain nutrients through parasitism

a few fungi are unicellular, most are multicellular

hyphae - threadlike filaments present in some species of fungi

elongated, tubular, and have branching filaments from the mycelium

the hyphae of the mycelium secrete enzymes that digest the food

horizontal hyphae grow across the surface of moldy food, making it appear moldy

rhizoids grows into the food

molds can reproduce asexually by growing vertical hyphae, where sporangium disperse individual spores that can develop into a new mycelium

other parts include:

cap - top part of the mushroom that protects the gills and spores

gills - found on the underside of the cap where the special structures called basidia are found

basidia - found on the gills, microscoping club-shaped reproductive structures that bear spores

stalk/stipe - supports the cap

annulus - ringlike structure along the stipe

mycelium - a mass of branching hyphae below the soil or growth medium that absorbs nutrients

✧ REPRODUCTION !

NTO DONE WIP DOSRYR GUS IM NOT DONE WITH MY NTOES

[setra-studies]

12 Red Herrings to Keep Your Readers Distracted

I’ve seen mystery/thriller authors use the same handful of red herrings too many times to count. So here are some (hopefully not as common) red herrings for your writing. 

1. The Unreliable Narrator's Bias

Your narrator can play favourites and scheme and twist the way your readers interpret the story. Use this to your advantage! A character portrayed as untrustworthy can really be someone innocent the narrator framed, vice versa. 

2. The Loyal Traitor

A character with a history of betrayal or questionable loyalty is an obvious suspect. They did it once, they could do it again, right? Wrong! They’ve actually changed and the real traitor is someone you trusted. 

3. The Conflicted Expert

An expert—like a detective, scientist, or historian—analyses a piece of evidence. They’re ultimately wrong, either due to bias, missing data, or pressure to provide quick answers.

4. The Overly Competent Ally

You know that one sidekick or ally who’s somehow always ahead of the curve? They’re just really knowledgeable, your characters know this, but it makes it hard to trust them. Perfection is suspicious! But in this case, they’re actually just perfect. 

5. The Misleading Emotional Clue

Maybe one of your characters is seen crying, angry, or suspiciously happy after xyz event. Characters suspect them, but turns out they’re just having a personal issue. (People have lives outside of yours MC smh). Or it could be a cover-up. 

6. A Misleading Alibi

At first this character’s alibi seems perfect but once the protag digs into it, it has a major hole/lie. Maybe they were in a different location or the person they claimed to be with was out of town. 

7. The Odd Pattern

Have a seemingly significant pattern—symbols left at crime scenes, items stolen in a specific order, crimes on specific dates. Then make it deliberately planted to mislead.

8. The Misinterpreted Relationship

A character was secretly close to a victim/suspect, making them a suspect. Turns out they were hiding a completely unrelated secret; an affair, hidden family connection, etc.

9. A Forgotten Grudge

Create a grudge or past feud and use it to cast suspicion on an innocent character. Introducing an aspect of their past also helps flesh out their character and dynamics as a group + plant distrust. 

10. The Faked Death

Luke Castellan, need I say more (I will)? A supposedly innocent character dies, but turns out they faked it and were never a victim in the first place. They just needed to be out of the picture. 

11. The Mistaken Eavesdropper 

A character overhears a threat, argument, etc. They suspect B based on this convo, but turns out they just came to a false conclusion. (Or did they?)

12. The Forgetful Alibi 

Someone confesses to hearing/seeing a clue, but turns out they were mistaken. Maybe they thought they heard a certain ringtone, or saw xyz which C always wears, but their memory was faulty or influenced by stress.

Looking For More Writing Tips And Tricks? 

Check out the rest of Quillology with Haya; a blog dedicated to writing and publishing tips for authors!

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[setra-studies]

subtle acts of love

giving them food without them asking for it

randomly bringing them flowers

holding a door open for them

pulling out their chair for them

guiding them with a gentle hand on the small of their back

making them lunch to take to work with them

fixing their clothes or hair

giving them a massage

talking casually about a shared future

showing them their appreciation for them

waiting at home to say hello when they come in

paying complete attention to them

giving them a casual, but thoughtful compliment

writing them a love letter and hiding it for them to find

showing them something that reminded them of their partner

humming a song to calm them down

giving them a quick kiss whenever they pass each other at home

casual grabbing their hand and swinging it back and forth

remembering something they told them

[setra-studies]

When your Character...

Gets into: A Fight ⚜ ...Another Fight ⚜ ...Yet Another Fight

Hates Someone ⚜ Kisses Someone ⚜ Falls in Love

Calls Someone they Love ⚜ Dies / Cheats Death ⚜ Drowns

is...

A Child ⚜ Interacting with a Baby/Child ⚜ A Genius ⚜ A Lawyer

Beautiful ⚜ Dangerous ⚜ Drunk ⚜ Injured ⚜ Shy

needs...

A Magical Item ⚜ An Aphrodisiac ⚜ A Fictional Poison

To be Killed Off ⚜ To Become Likable ⚜ To Clean a Wound

To Find the Right Word, but Can't ⚜ To Say No ⚜ A Drink

loves...

Astronomy ⚜ Baking ⚜ Cooking ⚜ Cocktails ⚜ Food ⚜ Oils

Dancing ⚜ Fashion ⚜ Gems ⚜ Mythology ⚜ Numbers

Roses ⚜ Sweets ⚜ To Fight ⚜ Wine ⚜ Wine-Tasting ⚜ Yoga

has/experiences...

Allergies ⚜ Amnesia ⚜ Bereavement ⚜ Bites & Stings ⚜ Bruises

Caffeine ⚜ CO Poisoning ⚜ Color Blindness ⚜ Food Poisoning

Injuries ⚜ Jet Lag ⚜ Mutism ⚜ Pain ⚜ Poisoning

More Pain & Violence ⚜ Viruses ⚜ Wounds

[these are just quick references. more research may be needed to write your story...]

[setra-studies]

List of Interesting Latin Phrases

A list I made just to satisfy my vain cravings for resonating mottos for a secret society I'm working on. Enjoy!

abi in malam crucem: to the devil with you!

ad astra per ardua: to the star by steep paths

ad augusta per angusta: to honors through difficulties

aegis fortissima virtus: virue is the strongest shield

amor vincit amnia: love conquers all things

animo et fide: by courage and faith

arbitrium est judicium: an award is a judgement

aut mors aut victoria: either death or victory

aut vincere aut mori: either victory or death

bello ac pace paratus: prepared in war and peace

bibamus, moriendum est: let us drink, death is certain (Seneca and Elder)

bonis omnia bona: all things are good to the good

cede nullis: yield to no one

cito maturum, cito putridum: soon ripe, soon rotten

consensus facit legem: consent makes law

data fata secutus: following what is decreed by fate (Virgil)

durum telum necessitas: necessity is a hrad weapson

dux vitae ratio: reason is the guide of life

e fungis nati homines: men born of mushrooms

ego sum, ergo omnia sunt: I am, therefore all things are

pulvis et umbra sumus: we are but dust and shadow

quae amissa salva: things lost are safe

timor mortis morte pejor: the fear of death is worse than death

triumpho morte tam vita: I triumph in death as in life

tu vincula frange: break your chains

vel prece vel pretio: for either love or for money

verbera, sed audi: whip me, but hear me

veritas temporis filia: truth is the daughter of time

vero nihil verius: nothing is truer than the truth

vestigia nulla restrorsum: foosteps do not go backward

victus vincimus: conquered, we conquer (Plautus)

sica inimicis: a gger to his enemies

sic vita humana: thus is human life

─── ･ ｡ﾟ☆: *.☽ .* . ───

💎If you like my blog, buy me a coffee☕ and find me on instagram! Also, join my Tumblr writing community for some more fun.

💎Before you ask, check out my masterpost part 1 and part 2 

Reference: <Latin for the Illiterati: a modern guide to an ancient language> by Jon R. Stone, second edition, 2009

[setra-studies]

100 Dialogue Tags You Can Use Instead of “Said”

For the writers struggling to rid themselves of the classic ‘said’. Some are repeated in different categories since they fit multiple ones (but those are counted once so it adds up to 100 new words). 

1. Neutral Tags 

Straightforward and unobtrusive dialogue tags: 

Added, Replied, Stated, Remarked, Responded, Observed, Acknowledged, Commented, Noted, Voiced, Expressed, Shared, Answered, Mentioned, Declared.

2. Questioning Tags 

Curious, interrogative dialogue tags:

Asked, Queried, Wondered, Probed, Inquired, Requested, Pondered, Demanded, Challenged, Interjected, Investigated, Countered, Snapped, Pleaded, Insisted.

3. Emotive Tags 

Emotional dialogue tags:

Exclaimed, Shouted, Sobbed, Whispered, Cried, Hissed, Gasped, Laughed, Screamed, Stammered, Wailed, Murmured, Snarled, Choked, Barked.

4. Descriptive Tags 

Insightful, tonal dialogue tags: 

Muttered, Mumbled, Yelled, Uttered, Roared, Bellowed, Drawled, Spoke, Shrieked, Boomed, Snapped, Groaned, Rasped, Purred, Croaked.

5. Action-Oriented Tags 

Movement-based dialogue tags: 

Announced, Admitted, Interrupted, Joked, Suggested, Offered, Explained, Repeated, Advised, Warned, Agreed, Confirmed, Ordered, Reassured, Stated.

6. Conflict Tags 

Argumentative, defiant dialogue tags:

Argued, Snapped, Retorted, Rebuked, Disputed, Objected, Contested, Barked, Protested, Countered, Growled, Scoffed, Sneered, Challenged, Huffed.

7. Agreement Tags 

Understanding, compliant dialogue tags: 

Agreed, Assented, Nodded, Confirmed, Replied, Conceded, Acknowledged, Accepted, Affirmed, Yielded, Supported, Echoed, Consented, Promised, Concurred.

8. Disagreement Tags 

Resistant, defiant dialogue tags: 

Denied, Disagreed, Refused, Argued, Contradicted, Insisted, Protested, Objected, Rejected, Declined, Countered, Challenged, Snubbed, Dismissed, Rebuked.

9. Confused Tags 

Hesitant, uncertain dialogue tags:

Stammered, Hesitated, Fumbled, Babbled, Mumbled, Faltered, Stumbled, Wondered, Pondered, Stuttered, Blurted, Doubted, Confessed, Vacillated.

10. Surprise Tags

Shock-inducing dialogue tags:

Gasped, Stunned, Exclaimed, Blurted, Wondered, Staggered, Marvelled, Breathed, Recoiled, Jumped, Yelped, Shrieked, Stammered.

Looking For More Writing Tips And Tricks? 

Check out the rest of Quillology with Haya; a blog dedicated to writing and publishing tips for authors!

Instagram Tiktok

[setra-studies]

I forgot I have to be active here so here’s my Twitter tutorial on how to draw folds I made a while back to help a friend!

[setra-studies]

for all the artists out there, here are my favorite resources i use to learn!

Files

The Complete Famous Artist Course

Art Books and Resources

Art, Anatomy, and Color Books

PDF Files of Art Books

Internet Archive

YouTube

My YouTube Playlist of Tutorials

How to Draw Facial Features

Drawing and Art Advice

Drawing Lessons

Art Fundamentals

Anatomy of the Human Body

2D Animation

Perspective Drawing

Websites

Pinterest Board for Poses

Another Pinterest Board for Poses

Pinterest Boards for References

Reference Angle

Figurosity

Sketch Daily

Line of Action

Human Anatomy

Animal Photo References

Humanae - Angélica Dass

Fine Art - Jimmy Nelson

Character Design References

CDR's Twitter Account

iamagco's Twitter Account

taco1704's Twitter Account

takuya_kakikata's Twitter Account

EtheringtonBro's Twitter Account

Drawabox

Color Wheel

Color Palette Cinema

Free Images and Pictures

Free Stock Photos

FILMGRAB

Screen Musings

William Nguyen Light Reference Tool

SketchFab - 3D Skeleton Model

Animation References - sakugabooru

Animation References - Bodies in Motion

[setra-studies]

HOW TO WRITE ROMANTIC ATTRACTION FOR DUMMIES

For anyone who wants to learn, (especially aro/ACE, aspec, ect.)

Requested by the lovely @darkandstormydolls

Alrighty! Welcome back or welcome to my blog! I'm dipping my toes back into the category of posts that gained me my exposure!

So if you're here, you want to know how to write romantic attraction/romance!

Strap in and let's begin!

(Pls spread this to people you think would benefit from seeing it, or anyone who requested it bc I forgot, ANY ASPECS)

Step one -

Your characters must admire one another at the beginning, Romantic feelings usually do not present themselves as obvious until you really think them through, meaning your characters may not notice they have a crush until it's too late

These are general statistics and light stereotypes. So feel free to not use this tip:

Male characters usually tend to notice physical things first, like body shape, hair, skin, clothing, the way their lover moves, ect

And Female Characters Generally tend to notice more small things and personality-based traits first, like their lover's humor, speaking mannerisms, shifts in expression, ways they fidget, emotion in their voice, ect.

And someone who is in love will generally show more interest in this particular person's movements, actions, words, and anything in general.

Step 2 -

The character will show more interest in sharing their love language with their lover/crush

Physical touch - People with physical touch love languages may want to hold hands, cuddle, hug, or just lean on their crush whenever they are close to them moreso than they want to with others

Gift giving - Gift givers will want to get more gifts more often for their crush, probably thinking of them whenever they see little trinkets or wanting to get them big gifts for special occasions or signs of appreciation

Acts of Service - Acts of service people will offer to do extra favors and a bunch of extra stuff they don't have to do twice as much as normal

Words of Affirmation - Flattery, they will generally flood their crush with kind words and compliments

Quality time - Quality time people will want to spend time with their crush at almost every turn, and when they want company, will turn to their crush first

Step 3 -

After a while, these urges while become very prominent and more noticeable to the person having them

They may find themselves fantasizing about their crush or having them show up in their thoughts more and more, feeling nicer and happier when they're around, or when they're thinking about them

Smiling when they think about them, cutsey little fluff thingies like that

A crush is essentially: I want to date that, I want to be near that always, I want to marry that, I want that to snuggle me (or other love languages)

Or in simpler terms: if that asked me out, I would say yes (or at least want to say yes if your character is in denial)

Step 4 -

The character's urges to be close to this person grows strong enough that they do smth about it, whether prompted by another character. Or they just don't know I how to not anymore (like when you wanna eat candy and you don't want to, but you do anyway bc I JUST NEED THE CHOCOLATE OKAY?)

(Or for Aro/Ace, garlic bread)

People who are in love are generally very prone to be all dreamy and poetic and VERY EXTREMELY BIASED towards their crush

Then Yada Yada they kiss & shit

You're welcome, BYEEEEEEEE 👋

Happy writing!

Love you! Thanks for reading, And Ghost Tumblr Mother says go drink some water and have a snack, you've earned it, and you are beautiful <333

Have a good day! :]

@blue-kyber @thisisntrocket @cosmolumine @i-do-anything-but-write @paeliae-occasionally

@supercimi @the-letterbox-archives @sunglasses-in-the-bentley @vyuntspakhkite-l-darling @artsandstoriesandstuff

@corinneglass @wyked-ao3 @urnumber1star

[setra-studies]

Writing Tips Master Post

Character writing/development:

Character Arcs

Making Character Profiles

Character Development

Comic Relief Arc

Internal Conflict

Character Voices

Creating Distinct Characters

Suicidal Urges/Martyr Complex

Creating Likeable Characters

Writing Strong Female Characters

Writing POC Characters

Building Tension

Plot devices/development:

Intrigue in Storytelling

Enemies to Lovers

Alternatives to Killing Characters

Worldbuilding

Misdirection

Consider Before Killing Characters

Foreshadowing

Narrative:

Emphasising the Stakes

Avoid Info-Dumping

Writing Without Dialogue

1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd Perspective

Fight Scenes (+ More)

Transitions

Pacing

Writing Prologues

Dialogue Tips

Writing War

Writing Cheating

Worldbuilding:

Worldbuilding: Questions to Consider

Creating Laws/Rules in Fantasy Worlds

Book writing:

Connected vs. Stand-Alone Series

A & B Stories

Writer resources:

Writing YouTube Channels, Podcasts, & Blogs

Online Writing Resources

Outlining/Writing/Editing Software

Writer help:

Losing Passion/Burnout

Overcoming Writer's Block

Fantasy terms:

How To Name Fantasy Races (Step-by-Step)

Naming Elemental Races

Naming Fire-Related Races

How To Name Fantasy Places

Ask games:

Character Ask Game #1

Character Ask Game #2

Character Ask Game #3

Miscellaneous:

1000 Follower Post

2000 Follower Poll

Writing Fantasy

[setra-studies]

man as free

free will

we have choice in how we act

power to choose between right and wrong based on what you believe

determinism (realism)

all behaviour is caused by past events and is now predictable

everything in life is following a strict script

environmental determinism (albert bandura)

one’s character and traits are shaped by environment

biological determinism (albert bandura)

one’s character and traits are shaped by biological makeup

types of freedom:

negative freedom

free due to absence of hindrances/obstacles

positive freedom

free because we have the ability to do what we want

possible further reading: search up arthur schopenhauer for more stuff like this, that guy's my favorite philosopher :)

[setra-studies]

knowing thyself (socrates)

socrates

greek philosopher in athens

one of the three greatest figures of the ancient western philosophy

“the godfly of athens” because he continuously questioned people to the point of annoyance

made the socratic method of continuous questioning to get an answer

“midwife of knowledge”

forced to commit suicide via hemlock at his execution

“the unexamined life is not worth living”

you have to dissect and learn yourself to know your destination

how to know thyself:

know your skills, passions, and interests

know your strengths and weaknesses

know your greatest fears in life

know people’s perception of you

question your beliefs

what constitutes a good life?

peace of mind

understanding morality