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My online portfolio website please visit: https://lisining2019.wixsite.com/mysite-1?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=0
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Post 4: Design for the new climate era A) Protect Climate on protected area Environmental protection has become a key topic of discussion this year. Considering the known and potential impacts of climate change on ecosystem composition, structure, and function, some recent studies have questioned the validity and relevance of current protected area policies and management goals. Design for complexity and resiliency. In the last two decades, the largest global expansion of formally protected areas compared to any other protected area in human history. During this period, the total area used for protection has more than doubled and now covers about 11.5% of the Earth's surface (WDPA, 2010) An ecologically resilient ecosystem can absorb (climate-induced) disturbance, reorganize while undergoing change, and retain the same or similar function in a rapidly changing climate. Enhanced protection (e.g., increase in protected areas coverage) will result in more resilient ecosystems that better buffer climate change impacts, provide habitat for native species for long periods of time, and provide healthily, evolving systems comprised of habitat and niche space for new combinations of species capable of adapting to the new climate envelope. Protected areas networks that encompass a range of physical characteristics, including a variety of habitat types, are more likely to be more resilient to climate changes. Maintaining ecological integrity is a functional priority Ecological integrity supports a larger ecosystem management approach, in which the protection of processes that promote ecosystem adaptation to climate change often goes beyond a single protected area. Focusing on species persistence and supporting ecological processes underscores the intrinsic dynamics of ecosystems and the importance of monitoring in rapidly changing climates. As noted by John Simon in the Remediation Journal Summer 2015 Editor's Perspective—The Effects of Climate Change Adaptation Planning on Remediation Programs (Simon, 2015) there has been minimal discussion to date of this topic as related to remediation, with no identified existing established frameworks. Many states and municipal entities have developed climate adaptation and resilience plans, but none directly address the application to remediation. From academia, there are only a handful of publications specifically evaluating climate change impacts on remediation. However, the development of such a framework is critical; as discussed by Folke: “managing for resilience enhances the likelihood of sustaining desirable pathways for development in changing environments where the future is unpredictable and surprise is likely” (Folke, 2006). The most impactful effort to date has been made by OSWER in their development of their Climate Change Adaptation Implementation Plan (OSWER, 2014), which was a direct result of Presidential Executive Orders 13514 and 13653. This comprehensive document evaluates and identifies the vulnerabilities to climate change in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) operations that have the potential to impact the EPA's ability to pursue its mission and goals. The document also outlines specific priority actions that the EPA will take in response to this assessment. As such, there are many relevant findings that can be applied to remediation site management in general. Bibliography: Leeds-faculty.colorado.edu. (2019). Crowdfunding models: Keep-It-All vs. All-Or-Nothing. [online] Available at: http://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/bhagat/CrowdfundingModels-KeppItAll-AllorNothing.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2020]. WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas), 2010. World Database on Protected Areas. UNEP, WCMC, IUCN, WCPA, n.p. Available at: http://www.wdpa.org/Default.aspx. Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social‐ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16, 253–267. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). (2014). Climate change adaptation implementation plan. Washington, DC: Author. EPA. (2015). Climate change impacts and adapting to change. Retrieved from http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts/
B）Part 2: Reduced use of plastic
Change the climate
In our daily lives, the habits of most people are destroying our natural environment. Although people's awareness of environmental protection is increasing, if we really protect the natural environment fundamentally, we need to design more convenient products to let people protect the environment and use less plastic products. Therefore, in this professional practice, my team and I started to explore how to solve this problem.
This is the result of our discussion:
Topic: Alternatives to plastic use
Concept: As the name suggests, a substitute for plastic products. Plastic products can be understood as essential products in our daily lives. These products are daily consumer products in people's lives, and there is a huge demand. After using almost all these products, most customers will directly discard plastic bottles. It is well known that plastic bottles are very damaging to the environment because they are difficult to break down. Therefore, taking plastic bottles as an example, we plan to use paper imitation plastic bottles. With the same function, paper imitation plastic containers can be recycled, which is helpful for decomposition to protect the environment.
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Post 3: Business models and funding
A) Crowdfunding
Crowdfunding is a branch of fundraising. Today, under the continuous change of business model. Crowdfunding has become a valuable alternative source of funding for entrepreneurs seeking external financing. It offers a comparison of two forms of crowdfunding that dominate the scene nowadays: pre-ordering and profit sharing. In the first form, entrepreneurs invite consumers to pre-order the product, to collect the necessary capital for launching production. The concept of crowdfunding comes from the broader concept of crowdsourcing, which involves using the “crowd” to obtain ideas, feedback, and solutions to develop corporate activities. Kleemann et al. (2008, p. 6) state that “crowdsourcing takes place when a profit-oriented firm outsources specific tasks essential for the making or sale of its product to the general public (the crowd) in the form of an open call over the internet, with the intention of animating individuals to make a [voluntary] contribution to the firm's production process for free or for significantly less than that contribution is worth to the firm.”
In 2005, the South African singer Verity Price launched the “Lucky Packet Project”. To record her album without assistance of a record label, Price needed to advance an up-front investment of ZAR300,000.5 To do so, she set up a website on which she asked people to pre-purchase her album at ZAR150 before she recorded it. In return from their contributions, she would compensate contributors with some form of non-monetary rewards, such as their name credited on her website, the possibility to vote on which songs were recorded, and the artwork and photography used for the album. In addition, 10% of sales would go to charities. Price managed to reach the threshold of ZAR300,000, with contributions from 2061 individuals. She then used the money to record her album. The album is now on the market and is sold at ZAR116.
Crowdsourcing produces many of the same problems as other forms of precarious employment: it provides no benefits and no job security to workers, who often work on a piecework basis for little or no payment. This business model has put some cultural producers out of work. Freelance photographers now compete with amateur photographers in the stock photo business; iStockphoto (now owned by Getty Images) crowdsources stock photos from amateur photographers for $1, whereas professional stock photos can go anywhere from $200-$300 or more (Howe, 2006). It has become the third-largest vendor of stock images.
Crowdsourcing models, while offering tremendous public benefits, thus challenge older business models. Software companies now compete with networked open source software programmers. Traditional encyclopedias, which once employed writers, editors, and salespeople, now compete with Wikipedia. Crowdsourcing can put incredible downward pressure on prices, making it seem, in some cases, necessary for major firms to employ crowdsourcing in order to remain competitive, especially in times of economic downturn.
Reference：
Marco Sahm, Paul Belleflamme, Thomas Lambert, Armin Schwienbacher （2013）
Corrigendum to “Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd”
Journal of Business Venturing, Volume 29, Issue 5, September 2014, Pages 610-611
Casamatta and Haritchabalet, 2011
C. Casamatta, C. HaritchabaletDealing with venture capitalists: shopping around or exclusive negotiation Working Paper (2011)
F. Kleemann, G.G. Voß, K. RiederUn(der)paid innovators: the commercial utilization of consumer work through crowdsourcing
Sci. Technol. Innov. Stud., 4 (2008), pp. 5-26
Society of Graphic Designers of Canada, (2010, October 19). Crowdsourcing Damages the Design Profession. http://www.gdc.net/newsletter/index/articles974.php
Leeds-faculty.colorado.edu. (2019). Crowdfunding models: Keep-It-All vs. All-Or-Nothing. [online] Available at: http://leeds-faculty.colorado.edu/bhagat/CrowdfundingModels-KeppItAll-AllorNothing.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2020].
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