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Full Individual Women's Rhythmic Gymnastics Replay from Rio 2016 | Throwback Thursday (BLOG ANALYSIS)

Court Dimensions:

Because the FIG is an international organization based in Switzerland, the measurements are in metric units. An Olympic floor exercise mat must be 12 meters by 12 meters, or 39.37 feet by 39.37 feet. The standard distance between one corner and the opposite corner is 1,697 cm (55.68 feet). If the floor exercise measurements are not precise, allowances must be made for competitions. The 12 meters has a 3 cm margin of error for length and width. For the measurement from corner to corner, the floor must be within 5 cm of the standard measurement. In addition, there is a thick border around the floor, which is often marked with white athletic tape, but in the video, it is marked with blue-green athletic tape. This is known as a delimitation strip, and it measures 5 cm or slightly less than 2 inches. During the competition, a gymnast may step on the delimitation strip without penalty, but if she moves beyond the border, a deduction will be made. Many workout floor platforms are leveled to accommodate foam and springs. The slope from the floor to the floor exercise mat must not exceed the measurement of 25 percent.

Equipment:

Margarita Mamun (Russian Federation): She wore a purple and silver colored leotard with a silver hoop, a white leotard with a lavender ball, a red and pink colored leotard with magenta and silver colored clubs, and a silver and black colored leotard with a red ribbon as her apparatus. 

Marina Durunda (Azerbaijan): She wore a pink, blue, and white colored leotard with a silver hoop, a blue and black colored leotard with a blue-green ball, a green leotard with yellow-green clubs, and a colorful red, blue, and green leotard with a rainbow ribbon as her apparatus. 

Yana Kudryavtseva (Russian Federation): She wore a gold and black colored leotard with a gold hoop, a colorful light blue, gold, and purple leotard with a blue ball, a blue and black colored leotard with gold and black colored clubs, and a white and gold colored leotard with a white, yellow, and purple colored ribbon as her apparatus.

Katsiaryna Halkina (Belarus): She wore a red, blue, and green colored leotard with a red, blue, and green colored hoop, a blue and gold colored leotard with a gold-colored ball, a lavender leotard with blue and silver colored clubs, and a black and rainbow colored leotard with a rainbow ribbon as her apparatus. 

Kseniya Moustafaeva (France): She wore a light blue leotard with a silver hoop, a colorful green leotard with a gold ball, a purple and gold colored leotard with purple and gold colored clubs, and a white, pink, and black colored leotard with a gradient red ribbon as her apparatus. 

Melitina Staniouta (Belarus): She wore a colorful red, blue, and purple leotard with a gold and blue colored hoop, a white leotard with a blue ball, a red leotard with red and silver colored clubs, and a bright-colored leotard with a colorful ribbon as her apparatus. 

Carolina Rodriguez (Spain): She wore a red and white colored leotard with a red and white colored hoop, a blue-colored leotard with a silver ball, a pink and black colored leotard with red and gold colored clubs, and a lime, pink, and gray colored leotard with a lime and pink colored ribbon as her apparatus. 

Son Yeon Jae (Republic of Korea): She wore a floral pink and green colored leotard with a pink and green colored hoop, a white leotard with a red ball, a colorful orange, blue, and pink leotard with orange and black colored clubs, and a red and pink colored leotard with a red ribbon as her apparatus. 

Ganna Rizatdinova (Ukraine): She wore a red and gold colored leotard with a silver hoop, a black leotard with a yellow ball, a blue and gold colored leotard with black and light blue colored clubs, and a neon yellow and black colored leotard with a yellow, green, and blue colored ribbon as her apparatus.

Neviana Vladinova (Bulgaria): She wore a pink and white colored leotard with a blue and silver colored hoop, a red leotard with a red ball, a yellow and blue colored leotard with yellow clubs, and a neon yellow and purple colored leotard with a magenta ribbon as her apparatus. 

Basic Skills:

Margarita Mamun (Russia):

Swings: She had fully mastered this skill which made her performance very appealing to watch. 

Throws: She was very skilled in throwing the apparatus in the air and catching it, which contributed to her win. 

Rotations: She has full control of her hoop and she managed to balance it in various parts of her body while it's spinning, which was very impressive. 

Mills: She has full control of her clubs and she executed the mills perfectly.

Marina Durunda (Azerbaijan):

Swings: She exhibited great swings throughout her performance. 

Throws: She had good throws especially during her performance with the ball since she caught it without seeing it, which increases the points in the level of difficulty. 

Rotations: She had great rotations with the hoop, however, there are instances where she utilized her feet to catch the hoop which she struggled in but overall, she did well. 

Mills: She was very skilled in using her clubs and she exhibited good mills as well. 

Yana Kudryavtseva (Russian Federation):  

Swings: She swings her hoop and ribbon so exquisitely, which increased her score.

Throws: She had high throws of the various apparatus, giving her enough time to get into her next position. Although she failed to catch her club at the last second she still gave a great performance.

Rotations: She handles the hoop so well, it looks so magical and at the same time enjoyable to watch. She also had complex interactions with the hoop which contributed to her getting 2nd overall. 

Mills: She also shows her mastery of the clubs seeing as how fast she spins them. 

Katsiaryna Halkina (Belarus):  

Swings: She was highly skilled in her swings. 

Throws: She had high and excellent throws of the various apparatus, she also catches these in a neat manner which I enjoyed. 

Rotations: She had very fast rotations for the hoop and ribbon, which she made look so simple to watch. 

Mills: She has full control of her clubs, and there were no errors in her mills. 

Kseniya Moustafaeva (France):

Swings: She had great swings, however, I feel like she can still improve in this skill, but overall she performed very well. 

Throws: She had good throws throughout her performance.  

Rotations: She was very skilled in her rotations with the hoop and ribbon. 

Mills: She handles her clubs very well and her mills were really fast which followed the pace of the music which was good. 

Melitina Staniouta (Belarus): 

Swings: There were no errors committed in this skill.  

Throws: She had unique throws of the various apparatus which she caught well. However, there were instances where she dropped her clubs, but overall, she gave a spectacular performance. 

Rotations: She has full control over the hoop and ribbon and she made this skill so simple to do which was very appealing. 

Mills: She was very skilled in using her clubs and she excelled in this skill. 

Carolina Rodriguez (Spain):  

Swings: She portrayed excellent hoop swings.

Throws: She threw the various apparatus high in the air, giving her enough time to get into her next position. Although there was one instance where she failed to catch her ribbon, she still put on a magnificent performance.

Rotations: She executes this skill exquisitely, with no errors. 

Mills: She is highly skilled in utilizing this skill because she kept on spinning her clubs in a fast manner.

Son Yeon Jae (Republic of Korea):  

Swings: She exhibits mastery of her swings which is very appealing to the audience.  

Throws: She throws the various apparatus high in the air so that she has more time to get into the next position. She also beautifully executed the throw of her ribbon from her foot which increased the level of difficulty.

Rotations: She was very skilled in her rotations, and no errors were committed. 

Mills: She had great mills which is one of the factors that made her get 4th overall.  

Ganna Rizatdinova (Ukraine):  

Swings: She had high-quality swings which were very elegant and impressive to look at. 

Throws: She exhibits great throws of the various apparatus which gave her plenty of time to get into her next transition. 

Rotations: She shows full mastery of this skill and it was very appealing to look at.  

Mills: She has full control of her clubs and she excelled in this skill with no errors committed. 

Neviana Vladinova (Bulgaria):

Swings: She had good swings which she had no difficulties with. 

Throws: She portrays high and good throws of the different apparatus' which gave her enough time to move on to the next position. She also threw her ribbon using her foot which she did not fail to catch.

Rotations: She was very skilled in her rotations, and she was so in sync with the music which made her performance very exquisite to watch. 

Mills: She didn't fail to incorporate a lot of energy into her mills since her chose music was so upbeat. She also shows full control of her clubs.  

Technical and Tactical Skills of Each Team:

Hoop Control - They all had outstanding hoop control, however, Margarita Mamun, Yana Kudryavtseva, and Ganna Rizatdinova were the best at performing this skill. 

Ball Manipulation - All of the performers were very skilled in manipulating the ball because they managed to utilize the ball and their movements correctly with their music which contributed to spectacular performances. 

Club Millings and Movements - They all executed this skill very well because most of them had to have fast club millings and movements since most of them had upbeat music, which was very thrilling to watch.

Ribbon Motions - All of the performers were very skilled in utilizing the ribbon apparatus, and they were very graceful and elegant at the same time.    

Rhythmic gymnastics rules:

Leaps and jumps 

All leaps and jumps must be of sufficient height, shape, and amplitude.

All back-arched leaps must have the head in contact with the leg. 

Balances

All balances must be done on the toes or the knees. These must be held clearly and have a good, stable shape.

Pivots

All pivot combinations must be completed entirely on the toes, with no heel support.

How to Officiate the Sport:

Judges: Judges are an essential part of gymnastics. The sport's competitive aspect necessitates great judges who understand and apply discipline-specific rules in a fair, objective, and consistent manner. As a judge, you get to witness thrilling competitions and dynamic performances as well. In the video, the judges made sure that they paid close attention to every detail and movement that the performers make, and they judged them fairly and accurately. There was a point in the video when the judges had to ponder about Melitina Staniouta's score since they were concerned about how many rotations she did, which affects her score in the level of difficulty. However, they were able to resolve the issue quickly, and Melitina Staniouta's score increased. Overall, the judges did an outstanding job in evaluating every performance.

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Full Women's Figure Skating Short Program | PyeongChang 2018 | Throwback Thursday

Court Dimensions:

A figure skating rink is a frozen rectangular surface with curved or circular ends on both sides and is used to host an Olympic sport of figure skating. The size of skating rinks varies according to the skill level of the athletes and performers, with an Olympic-sized rink being the largest. A figure skating rink is free of goals and markings to give athletes and performers as much space as possible. The rink ice temperature ranges between -5.5C and -3.5C to provide a smooth and hard surface. Figure Skating Rinks have an overall length of 60 m and a width of 30 m, for a total area of 1738 m². The radius of the corners of a Figure Skating Rink is 8.5 m. 

Equipment:

Bradie Tennel (USA) - She wore a red dress and white figure skating skates. 

Isadora Williams (Brazil) - She wore a purple dress and white figure skating skates. 

Anna Khnychenkova (Ukraine) - She wore a black dress with some portion of it gold and some red along with nude figure skating skates.  

Diana Nikitina (Latvia) - She wore a black costume with glitter on the sides and white figure skating skates.  

Kim Hanul (Republic of Korea) - She wore a white and brown colored dress with yellow designs along with nude figure skating skates. 

Anite Oestlund (Sweden) - She wore a red dress with white designs and white figure skating skates. 

Li Xiangning (People's Republic of China) - She has an ocean-themed dress with light blue, grey, gold, and dark blue colors along with white figure skating skates. 

Alexia Paganini (Switzerland) - She wore a light blue and blue colored dress with white, red, and gold sequins along with white figure skating skates. 

Aiza Mambekova (Kazakhstan) - She wore a dark blue dress and white figure skating skates. 

Emmi Peltonen (Finland) - She wore a gold dress and white figure skating skates. 

Larkyn Austman (Canada) - She had a black sparkly dress and white figure skating skates. 

Mae Berenice Meite (France) - She wore a black and gold costume along with white figure skating skates. 

Kailani Craine (Australia) - She wore a pink dress with designs on it along with white gloves and white figure skating skates. 

Ivett Toth (Hungary) - She went for a biker's theme and wore a black costume along with white figure skating skates. 

Giada Russo (Italy) - She wore a dark blue sparkly dress and white figure skating skates. 

Loena Hendrickx (Belgian) - She wore a blue costume with a bunch of patterns and white figure skating skates.

Nicole Schott (Germany) - She wore a light blue colored dress and white figure skating skates.   

Nicole Rajicova (Slovakia) - She wore a magenta-colored dress and white figure skating skates.

Kaori Sakamoto (Japan) - She had a light blue, gray, and blue colored dress along with white figure skating skates. 

Mirai Nagasu (USA) - She wore a red dress and white figure skating skates. 

Gabrielle Daleman (Canada) - She wore a black and red colored dress along with white figure skating skates. 

Karen Chen (USA) - She wore a white-colored dress along with white gloves and white figure skating skates. 

Elizabet Tursynbaeva (Kazakhstan) - She wore a dark red dress along with gloves and white figure skating skates.  

Choi Dabin (Republic of Korea) - She wore a green dress and white figure skating skates. 

Evgenia Medvedeva (Russia) - She had a stary-themed dress with light blue, dark blue, and black colors along with white figure skating skates. 

Satoko Miyahara (Japan) - She wore a pink dress and white figure skating skates. 

Kaetlyn Osmond (Canada) - She wore a navy blue dress and white figure skating skates. 

Alina Zagitova (Russia) - She wore a black, white, and light blue colored dress along with white figure skating skates. 

Carolina Kostner (Italy) - She had a red dress and white figure skating skates.  

Maria Sotskova (Russia) - She wore a pink dress and white figure skating skates. 

Basic Skills: 

Bradie Tennel (USA): She had great yet long spins which are difficult to do but she executed them perfectly. She also had great strokes on the ice. She also has full control over her movements which was very impressive. Lastly, I liked her hops and the fact that she moves so gracefully on the ice, I can see that she is very comfortable and confident. 

Isadora Williams (Brazil): She had a powerful execution of all the spins and loops. She had great strokes and blade control as well. She also completed all her hops which increased her score.  

Anna Khnychenkova (Ukraine): She executed her spins well. She also had good strokes and blade control which I didn't find any errors with. She didn't do a lot of hoops however I noticed that she still needs to work on her speed before the hops and her landing after the hops. 

Diana Nikitina (Latvia): She has performed all of her spins well and her entire performance was powerful throughout. She also had great strokes and blade control which increased her score. I also noticed that she needed to work on the number of spins she does when doing her hops. However, she did not fail to execute these hops with gracefulness and ease. 

Kim Hanul (Republic of Korea): She had a good and fast entry to her lay-back spin and throughout the rest of her spins. She exhibited high-quality strokes on the ice and she had full control over her movements, which was very enjoyable to watch. She also portrayed excellent hops which were fully rotated and quickly transitioned. 

Anite Oestlund (Sweden): She had good spins throughout her performance which increased her score. She had excellent strokes and blade control as well. Although she only had a few hops, I think that she still needs to work on the landing of her jumps. 

Li Xiangning (People's Republic of China): She had fast and high-quality even spins which made her score increase. She exhibited proper stroke and footwork and she can control her movements very well. She also had good hops but she still needs to work more on her landing. Overall, she has completed all her positions and movements which made it more appealing to watch. 

Alexia Paganini (Switzerland): She did excellent spins which increased her score. She also portrayed good speed and proper footwork while gliding along the ice. She started with an excellent high triple toe lift and she had a good landing. Overall, she had excellent lifts and a great choreography accompanied by amazing music. She was also very powerful throughout the choreography.

Aiza Mambekova (Kazakhstan): Her spins were done well. She also had good strokes and blade control, along with her fast transitions and incredible footwork. She was very successful in her hops, not to mention she is very graceful as well. She has a good height in her hops, however, she needs to work on her rotations and make sure that it is fast enough.

 Emmi Peltonen (Finland): She successfully performed all her spins which increased her score. She also had good strokes and blade control which were accompanied by graceful body movements. She had really good speed and performed a high-quality triple toe. Overall, she had quick transitioning, and high and fast hops which are very impressive.

Larkyn Austman (Canada): She excelled in her spins, strokes, and blade control, however, I think she needs to work on her confidence since she kept on slowing down before her hops and she also needs to work on her balance as well. However, the height of her hops were amazing. 

Mae Berenice Meite (France): She had great spins. Her strokes and blade control were also very successful and she was so graceful throughout her performance. She also had great footwork and speed which allowed her to perform the loop hop well. Overall, she had impressive high hops and she never failed to keep that upbeat energy until the very end. 

Kailani Craine (Australia): She had portrayed high-quality spins. She also had good strokes and blade control. She had quick transitioning and good body movements to go along with her facial impressions. Not to mention, she had really good speed throughout the choreography. She also did an outstanding job on the triple flip at the very start which was very impressive and to the rest of her hops as well. 

Ivett Toth (Hungary): She had high-quality spins. Her turns were also really fast and she had excellent footwork throughout the choreography. Not to mention, she has a good step sequence, proper strokes, and excellent blade control. She had good speed which caused her to execute the triple toe perfectly and the rest of her hops as well. 

Giada Russo (Italy): She executed her spins, strokes, and footwork perfectly. She also had transitions that she didn't fail to match with the music. However, I noticed that her hops were incomplete, and in some of them, she lost her balance. Nevertheless, I loved how unique her choreography was and how well she delivered it.

Loena Hendrickx (Belgian): She had high-quality jumps and spins which made her get high points. She was also very graceful and fast on the ice. Not to mention, she portrayed excellent footwork. Overall, she executed these basic skills perfectly. 

Nicole Schott (Germany): She had great spins, strokes, blade control, and hops which affected her score in a good way. She had a very neat triple flip to start her performance off and clean hops in the rest of her performance. Although her hops are not that high she still managed to execute her jumps well and she is very graceful and fast while moving across the ice. 

Nicole Rajicova (Slovakia): She had high-quality hops and spins, and quick transitions to the different moves she had. She had good heights for the hops. Her strokes and blade control were also done well. Overall, she had a clean and well-delivered choreography. 

Kaori Sakamoto (Japan): She had a fast and center-laid backspin which she executed perfectly. She had proper strokes and blade control with good footwork. She also had good speed and high-quality jumps which have good heights thus, increasing her score. Overall, she executed the choreography well with no errors which caused her to win fifth place. 

Mirai Nagasu (USA): She had high-quality fast spins which were successfully done. She also had good strokes and blade control. As well as high powerful jumps which were impressive to watch.

 Gabrielle Daleman (Canada): She had really good spins, strokes, and blade control. She also exhibited good footwork and excelled in some of her hops which were quite majestic and high. Not to mention, she was also very graceful while gliding across the ice. 

Karen Chen (USA): She had high-quality hops and spins which I liked. She had very fast turns accompanied by the proper speed and footwork. She was also very great at her strokes and blade control. Overall, she was very majestic throughout the performance. 

Elizabet Tursynbaeva (Russia): She had a very fast yet neat combination spin which was highly enjoyable to watch. She also had proper strokes and blade control. She had a good triple toe hop and triple axel, and her pace is very fast while gliding across the ice which was impressive to watch. 

Choi Dabin (Republic of Korea): She had really good spins, strokes, and blade control which caused her score to increase. She also had an outstanding triple toe to start her performance and good hops throughout the rest of her performance. Overall, she was able to bring all her energy into this choreography and it was just so magical to watch, her performance was also neatly well done. 

Evgenia Medvedeva (Russia): She had beautiful combination spins which were executed well. She also excelled in her strokes and blade control. In addition, she executes her triple flip and triple toe excellently. Overall she did an outstanding job. 

Satoko Miyahara (Japan): She had high-quality spins. She also portrayed good strokes and impressive blade control. She had a good speed and was graceful at the same time, her hops were also so secure and well done. Overall, she mastered four of these basic skills and performed the composition beautifully. 

Kaetlyn Osmond (Canada): She had great spins and good speed. There were also no errors in her strokes and blade control. In addition, she had high-quality jumps that were very powerful and high, throughout her performance which caused her score to increase. 

Alina Zagitova (Russia): She had fast and high-quality spins. She also had good speed, hops, strokes, and blade control which made her receive high points. Overall, she was so graceful throughout her performance. 

Carolina Kostner (Italy): She had good spins, strokes, and blade control. However, I think that she needs to work on her balance and speed while doing the different hops. Nonetheless, I loved the emotion that she put into her performance, it made it so lively to watch. 

Maria Sotskova (Russia): She executed her spins, strokes, and blade control well, however, I think she still needs to work on her balance and speed while doing the hops. Other than that, she was able to successfully perform her choreography. 

Technical and Tactical Skills:

Presentation: Based on my observation, they all managed to perform and properly execute the choreography given to them by their choreographers, no matter how hard the various steps were. In addition, I loved how they put all of their practice to good use and that they were able to put on a splendid show.

Technical Elements: Overall, they managed to execute their choreography well, given the number of practices they had. I also think that they all did their best in trying to impress the judges in any way they can which made it very enjoyable to watch. However, I think that those contestants who were in the top 10 were the best at this skill since they managed to catch the eyes of the judges. 

Rules in Figure Skating:

The rules will vary according to the type of figure skating, whether it's women's singles, men's singles, pair skating, or pair ice dance.

Men and women are required to skate two programs during single skating: a short program and a free skate. Figure skaters must perform 8 compulsory elements (double or triple axel, triple or quadruple jump, one combination of jumps, several different types of spins, and two-step sequences) in any order for a short program that can last up to 2 minutes 40-50 seconds. A fine should be imposed for the omission of one of the elements.

The free skate is nearly twice as long as the short program, lasting four and a half minutes for men and four minutes for women. Figure skaters strive to incorporate their most difficult elements into this program to earn more points. 

The rules of pair figure skating are very similar to those of single figure skating, and the only difference is in the required elements. Lifts (when the man lifts the woman), throw jumps (when the man throws the woman), and synchronized jumps and spins.

The dancers' program is slightly different. They are required to perform compulsory, free and original dances. The compulsory dance is the same dance with a set of required elements that all figure skaters must perform. This is followed by an original dance in which each participant is given a specific theme for variations and is free to interpret it however they see it. In free dance, dancers can express their creativity, talent, and skill. Music, costumes, and movements are all chosen by the skaters, which is why it receives the highest number of points – 50%.

Synchronized skating is another sport in which 16 to 20 skaters compete for one team at a time. The discipline's goal is to improve the overall performance of the team. In synchronized skating, the technique, gliding, and elements fully correspond to classical figure skating. Synchronized skating has its own set of required elements, which include circles, lines, wheels, intersections, and blocks.

Figure skating jumps are classified into two types based on which part of the skate is pushing: edge jumps and toe (toothed) jumps. Figure skaters now perform six different jumps, this includes the toe loop, the Salchow, the loop, the flip, the Lutz, and the axel. 

How to Officiate the Sport:

Accountants - Accountants prepare the necessary paperwork in collaboration with the Local Organizing Committee and Chief Referee. They are in charge of providing documents for judges, referees, and technical panel officials to record their decisions. They are also in charge of ensuring that the scoring software is properly configured and that the scores are entered and calculated correctly. 

Announcers - Announcers are in charge of announcing competitors before they perform at a competition. They may also be asked to announce scores, officials' names, and other general competition information as needed.

Ice Technicians - Ice technicians ensure the safety and quality of the ice surface at qualifying and international competitions. The ice technician, who is primarily used at large competitions, acts as a liaison between the event referee and arena personnel, ensuring that each event runs safely and smoothly.

Judges - Judges are important because they make adjudicate competitions and interpret rules and regulations. Based on my observation, the judges in the video did an outstanding job since they interpreted the score without any bias and ensured fair play to all the contestants.  

Music Technicians - Music officials are in charge of setting up, dismantling, and operating the equipment used to play music at competitions. To become a music official one requires basic knowledge of audio equipment, basic knowledge of figure skating competitions and their protocols, basic operational knowledge of computers, and the ability to work as part of a team.

Referees - Referees are the event's designated leaders and spokespeople.  They also manage the judging panel and may serve as one of the event's judges. Their responsibilities include timing the programs, taking certain deductions, deciding on all protests pertaining to their event, conducting pre-event meetings which are usually held at qualifying competitions, and allowing a skater/team to restart a program that has been stopped. 

Technical Panel Officials - There are four technical panel officials in figure skating this includes the technical controller, technical specialist, data operator, and video replay operator, all of which are required for any events using the International Judging System. 

[starletteex]

Artistic Swimming - Full Team Event from Rio 2016 | Throwback Thursday

Court Dimensions:

In the video, the pool is at least 20m wide by 30m long, and at least 2.5m deep. One area, 12x12m or larger, is at least 3m deep, and the slope between depth changes is completed over a distance of 8m or less.

The water in the pool must be clear enough so that the bottom of the pool is visible from above, and its temperature should be at least 27°C (80.6°F) plus or minus one degree. Because goggles are not worn in the competition, the amount of light underwater is also highly important, so a minimum brightness of 1500 lux is required.

Equipment:

Egypt Team - They wore transparent nose clips, brightly colored one-piece swimsuits with an Egyptian theme, uniform make-up, and colorful beads that matched their swimsuits.

Australia Team - They wore red nose clips, matching one-piece swimsuits that had red, yellow, blue, and white colors, uniform make-up, and flowers on top of their hair as head accessories, which was very pretty.

Italian Team - They wore gold nose clips, matching one-piece swimsuits with an earthy theme, uniform make-up, and headpieces that resembled starfishes.

Brazil Team - They wore golden nose clips, matching one-piece swimsuits with a carnival theme, uniform make-up, and headpieces with an orange-like cap covering their bun's.

Russia Team - They wore light pink nose clips, matching one-piece swimsuits with an angel theme, uniform make-up, and white star-shaped headpieces.

Ukraine Team - They wore silver nose clips, matching one-piece swimsuits with an illusionism theme, uniform make-up, and a white headpiece that is also covering their bun's.

People's Republic of China Team - They wore gold nose clips that were round, unlike the rest of the team's nose clips, matching one-piece swimsuits with a dragon theme, uniform make-up, and head accessories which probably serve as the dragon's spikes.

Japan Team - They wore silver nose clips, matching one-piece swimsuits with a sun theme, uniform make-up, and hairpieces on their heads that are similar to their outfit.

Basic Skills:

Egypt

Skulls - I noticed that they managed to perform this skill very well.

Eggbeater kick - They also performed well in this skill, which increased their score.

Position - They had various positions throughout their choreography, however, they were positioned in a neat and orderly manner which shows how organized they are. I also liked how they maintained their power throughout the choreography, even though they had to switch from one position to the next, which can be exhausting.

Lifts - I noticed that they didn't have a lot of lifts because they were mostly in the water. In my opinion, they also needed to work on the pacing of their lifts.

Australia

Australia Skulls - They performed admirably in this skill. They took advantage of this skill to perform quick foot movements.

Eggbeater Kick - I only saw this a few times, but they were also very good at it.

Position - Their positioning throughout the entire routine was very organized.

Lifts - I was astounded when they entered the pool because they performed impressive lifts and movements, at the same time they were so on beat with the music, making it more enjoyable to watch.

Italy

Skulls - They executed this skill well.

Eggbeater Kick - They utilized this skill to their advantage by making quick transitions throughout the choreography.

Position - They had quick transitions and, despite their simple positions, they didn't fail to portray their theme, which made it so entertaining to watch. They also demonstrated proper spacing and synchronization.

Lifts - They performed high-quality lifts that were perfectly timed to the music.

Brazil

Skulls - They performed admirably in this skill. They also had good balance and they were always in sync, even when moving their feet quickly.  

Eggbeater Kick - They had high-quality eggbeater kicks and I liked how they've maintained their powerful energy throughout their entire performance.

Position - They had quick transitions. I noticed that they had proper spacing as well.

Lifts - They performed successful lifts, however, I think that they need to work on their strength because I noticed once that one of them was struggling to lift the other player.

Russia

Skulls - In my opinion, they have fully mastered this skill, which has resulted in them gaining a large number of points.

Eggbeater Kick - They executed this skill flawlessly even when the transitions were extremely fast. They were also never out of sync with one another.

Position - They demonstrated proper spacing, as well as originality, uniqueness, and perfectionism throughout their entire performance, which I believe contributed to their victory.

Lifts - They had amazing lifts at the beginning, which was very impressive. I also liked how they incorporated their feet into these lifts; it demonstrated how tremendous their flexibility is.

Ukraine Team

Skulls - They had quick foot transitions and excellent synchronization. You can see that they took full advantage of their flexibility, which enhanced every move they made.

Eggbeater Kick - They fully utilized this skill as an advantage to showcase their gracefulness and originality.

Position - They had great positioning and spacing, as well as a unique choreography to go with it. They also displayed so much energy throughout their incredible performance.

Lifts - They portrayed originality in the choreography, especially in their lifts, which impressed me. I also noticed that one of them was standing on another person's back, which can pose serious injuries, but luckily no one got hurt during the process.

People's Republic of China

Skulls - Their choreography included fast foot movements that they executed flawlessly with synchronization. Their massive skulls undoubtedly boosted their artistic impression.

Eggbeater Kick - They also had very good eggbeater kicks, which added to their overall performance.

Position - They are very quick in changing formations which is always a good thing.

Lifts - They had a strong lift at the start which powerfully started their performance, and they continued these strong lifts until the end.

Japan

Skulls - They had quick foot transitions and great synchronization.

Eggbeater Kicks - I noticed a slight delay in two of the girls during their choreography, which required them to have their arms on top of the water. However, they were tenacious in maintaining that high-level energy throughout their performance.

Position - They had good positions and are quick at transitioning to the next formation.

Lifts - They had fantastic lifts from the beginning to the end.

Technical and Tactical Skills:

I've observed three technical and tactical skills from the video, and they are complexity, artistic impression, and execution of movements.

Complexity - they all had very complex yet original choreography, but in my opinion, Russia had the most complex and difficult choreography, which helped the team win first place.

Artistic impression - they were all very artistic, as were their coaches who devised the choreography, but Russia scored the highest in artistic impression, thus increasing their chances of winning.

Execution of movements - They executed the movements that their coaches gave them correctly, and I can confidently say that all of their practices paid off because I thoroughly enjoyed watching all of their performances and the effort that they put into their choreography.

Rules of Artistic Swimming:

No Touching The Bottom

One of the things that add to the spectacle of the lifts is that artistic swimmers are not permitted to touch the bottom of the pool at any point during their routines.

No Bling

Presentation is a distinct and important aspect of artistic swimming, but there are some limitations on what swimmers can wear. Artistic swimmers, for example, are not permitted to wear jewelry, theatrical make-up, or inappropriate costumes.

There are no goggles

Goggles are another restriction during artistic swimming routines. Swimmers competing in figure competitions, on the other hand, are permitted to wear them.

Team Means Team

Teams typically contain eight swimmers, but a team can have as few as four. Teams lose points for each swimmer they have under the full complement because it is easier to synchronize a routine with fewer people.

Stick To The Schedule

Routines can vary in length from two and a half minutes to five minutes, depending on whether they perform alone or as part of a team. Swimmers, on the other hand, are penalized if they take 15 seconds less or more than the specified time.

How to Officiate the Sport:

There are five officials in artistic swimming this includes the timekeeper, clerk of the course, scorer, judge, and referee.

Timekeeper: Checks and records the overall times of the routines and deck movements. The timekeeper also informs the referee if the deck work time limit is exceeded or if there is a deviation from the permitted routine time allowance.

Clerk of the Course: Organizes the competitors so that they are ready for their events on time. During figure competitions, they ensure that the swimmers are performing their figures in the correct order.

Scorer: A synchro scorer's job is to record judges' scores and perform the necessary computations for each routine.

Judge: They are essential for running synchronized swimming competitions because they provide scores based on each routine's performance. They are also in charge of grading grade-level assessments. They did a great job in the video by providing scores for the various teams, and there was no bias in the scores from what I've observed.

Referee: A synchro referee's job is to supervise the control of synchronized swimming competition. The referee ensures that all aspects of the event run smoothly and in accordance with FINA rules.

[starletteex]

Monica Puig (PUR) vs Angelique Kerber (GER) - Women's Tennis Singles Final | Rio 2016 Replay

Court Dimensions:

The court depicted in the video is 23.77m long and 8.23m wide. A net that is suspended by a cord is attached to two net posts that divide the court into two equal sections. The net is 1.07m tall and it stretches in between the two net posts. The net is 0.914m tall in the center and is held down by a white strap. At the top of the net, there is a white band that conceals the cord. The court is consists of lines at the end of the court known as baselines and lines on the side of the court known as sidelines. The baseline can be as wide as 10cm. The service lines are two parallel lines that are in between the single sidelines and measure 6.40m from each side of the net. On each side of the net is an area between the service line and the net, these two equal parts are divided and are known as the service courts. The center service line divides the service courts and is drawn parallel with the singles sidelines and halfway between them. In addition, the center service line is 5cm wide. All court measurements are taken to the outside of the lines and are all white, which contrasts with the surface color.

Equipment:

Monica Puig from Puerto Rico - She had a white tennis grip tape on the racket handle and a racket colored in yellow and black, along with a design on the net of the racket. She also wore a red bandana with a design on it. A short red dress with some parts of it white, with blue stripes, and a symbol. Underneath her dress is white-colored undershorts. She also wore a white sweatband around one of her arms. Lastly, she had white shoes on with black designs and a pair of white socks. 

Angelique Kerber from Germany - She also had a white tennis grip tape on the racket handle and a racket colored in red, white, and black, with a design on the net of the racket. She also wore a white tennis hat with an Adidas logo on it. A white tank top with a red design, an imprinted Adidas logo, and a symbol. A white skirt with an Adidas logo and red shorts at the bottom. Lastly, she had red shoes with a white design along with white socks that have a design. Unlike Monica Puig, I noticed that she didn't wear any sweatbands. Sweatbands are essential because they can wipe away sweat, thus resulting in fewer distractions.

General Equipment:

Tennis Balls - Aside from the racket, the most important piece of equipment used to begin a match is the tennis ball, which can be made of rubber and nylon. The tennis balls in the video are neon yellow with black text.

Tennis Court - A match cannot be played if there is no tennis court. These can be found in parks, clubs, and recreational facilities. Professional courts, on the other hand, will vary depending on the location of the matches. In the video, you can see that the court is green with white lines marking the different spots, it has a net that divides the court into two separate sides, it has benches for the crowd to watch the game, it has a scoreboard that is used to keep track of the scores, and it has an umpire tower that is located at the side of the court and is used for high-level matches like the one shown in the video, this is also where the umpire sits and make calls. 

Tennis Net - The tennis net is the most important piece of tennis court equipment. In the video, the net is black with a white design on it. It measures 1.07m tall and extends between the two net posts. It is also 0.914m tall in the center and is held down by a white strap. 

Basic Skills:

Smashes - It requires you to hit the ball into the court of the opponent at high speeds. They are also very effective because your opponent may not be able to reach the ball in time. I noticed that they both had very powerful smashes that helped them both accumulate more points; however, Monica Puig timed a few of her smashes correctly, so Angelique Kerber was unable to return the ball over the net in time.

Serving - It is essential if you want to take control of any game or match you participate in. Serving the ball takes only a few seconds, but numerous small movements within the act contribute to a successful experience with honing this skill. I noticed that Monica Puig had very good serves in which she scored points, but Angelique Kerber still needed to work on her serves.

Forehand and backhand strokes - There are several strokes in tennis, but the forehand and backhand strokes are the most commonly used. I noticed that Monica Puig and Angelique Kerber both had excellent forehand and backhand strokes. Monica Puig's forehand strokes, on the other hand, were slightly overpowered, causing Angelique Kerber to lose points. On the other hand, I noticed that they both had powerful and successful backhand strokes that helped them gain points.

Technical and Tactical Skills:

Since tennis players are required to walk and run throughout the match, proper footwork is highly essential. I noticed that they executed proper footwork since their movements were so graceful and quick in a short amount of time and over a short distance. They had really good stances, which they used to their advantage as they positioned and moved around the court to execute successful shots. I also noticed that they both performed very well in their offense and defense technique, however, I noticed that Monica Puig had stronger offense techniques which allowed her to win the game. 

Rules of the Game:

The game begins with a coin toss to determine who will serve first and which side they will serve from.

After that, the server must serve each point from opposite sides of the baseline. Before hitting their serve, the server's feet must never move in front of the baseline on the court.

If the server does not get their first serve in, they may use a second serve. If they fail to get their second serve in, a double fault will be called and the point will be forfeited.

If the server clips the net but the ball still enters the service area, a let is called and they are allowed to take the serve again without penalty. If the ball hits the net and does not land in the service area, an out is called and the serve is forfeited.

After receiving the serve, the receiver is free to stand wherever they want. The server will receive the point if the ball is struck without the serve bouncing.

Once a serve is made, the number of shots between the players is limitless. The point is earned by striking the ball so hard that the opponent is unable to return it in the scoring areas.

Points are awarded in scores of 15, 30, and 40. 15 equals one point, 30 equals two points, and 40 equals three points. A game must be won with four points. When a game ends on a score of 40-40, it is referred to as a deuce. From deuce, a player must win two consecutive points to win the game. The player is ahead after winning one point from deuce. If the player wins the next point, the game is over; if they lose, the game goes back to deuce.

To win the set, a player must win 6 games by 2 or more. If the opening sets end in a tie, the game will be decided by a tie break in which players play first to 7 points. There will be no tie break in the final set, and players are required to win by two games with no limits.

If a player touches the net, distracts, or obstructs his opponent in any way, he forfeits the point.

The ball may strike any part of the line for a point to be called in; however, if the ball strikes outside the line, the ball is out.

Every 6 games, the balls in a tennis match are replaced with new balls.

A player loses a point if they do not return the ball in the correct areas of the court, if the ball hits the net and does not go into the opponent's area, or fails to return the ball before it bounces twice in their half.

How to Officiate the Sport:

There are two officials in tennis namely the chair umpire and line umpires. In competitive matches, a chair umpire is appointed to ensure that the rules of a tennis match are implemented and are followed correctly. They are the ones who sit in an elevated chair by the net, such as the one shown in the video. The chair umpire always has the final say on all issues that arise during play, they also make an overrule decision if they believe that a mistake has been made. Line umpires, on the other hand, work as part of a team of one to nine-line umpires on the court. They call shots relating to their assigned line. In addition, throughout professional tennis games, line umpires are required to be present.

Link of the Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-iONJOk4NM

[starletteex]

Men's Singles Table Tennis Final - Full Match | Rio 2016 Replays

Court Dimensions:

The tournament in the video is played indoors, with its court dimensions consisting of a table that measures 9 m in length by 5 m in width. In addition, the playing surface is 2.5 cm high and it stretches 6 cm beyond the width of the table. These tables can be made out of a variety of materials, including plywood, concrete, metal, plastic, and fiber-glass.

Equipment:

The equipment that can be found in the video includes a table tennis shirt, shorts, shoes, socks, and paddles. 

Ma Long - In the video, he wore a red shirt with yellow and dark red lines, a white symbol on the right, and a Chinese flag on the left, his name can also be seen in white text on the back. He wore black shorts with a blue design and a white symbol. He had white socks with white shoes, red ties, and design. If you look closely you can see that his socks had a design as well.

Zhang Jike - In the video, he wore a black shirt with yellow lines, a white symbol on the left, and a Chinese flag on the right, his name can also be seen in white text on the back. He was wearing black shorts with a blue design and a white symbol. He also had white socks with white shoes that consist of a blue and yellow design. If you look closely you can see that his socks had a design as well.

In the video, the paddles are red and black on either side, and there's a little bit of blue in it. They also used paddles that are made of hardwood. Paddles made of wood are known to be the best choice for most players, as the blades have a certain elasticity to them. There is also a rubber surface that comes in contact with the ball, they are called rubbers, they affect the amount of friction applied.

The general equipment are the table tennis ball, net, and table 

Table tennis ball-The ball in the video is white-colored and is made out of a plastic-like material called celluloid. There is air trapped inside the ball which would allow it to bounce after hitting a paddle or a table.

Table tennis net-The net is colored black and stretches across the width of the table surrounded by white posts. It is also made of a stretchy nylon material.

Table tennis tables-The table is probably the largest and most expensive equipment needed to play the sport.  Its color is blue-green with a yellow pillar holding it up, it also consists of white lines which mark the area of play and a net in the center that divides the table into two.

Basic Skills:

The basic skills in table tennis include the forehand drive technique, backhand topspin, forehand push and backhand push, forehand flick, backhand flick, backhand loop of the underspin ball, forehand attack of the semi-long ball, forehand fast serve and forehand pendulum serve. I noticed that they both used the forehand drive technique quite well with the help of proper grip, learning the forehand drive is one of the first basic skills that should be taught to the players. It also serves as the basis for advanced strokes, such as the forehand topspin technique. Next is the backhand topspin, which could also be seen redundantly in the video, this skill should be learned as you learn the forehand drive technique because it's a basic skill that every player should master. In addition, the backhand topspin is a very quick move that can give you an advantage if your opponent doesn't pay close attention to the ball. Next are the forehand push and backhand push, both of them had an aggressive push with a quick pace and a powerful hit, which caught their opponent off guard and helped them score points. Next, is the forehand flick, which requires the players to aggressively return the serve, which both of them executed very well. Next is the backhand flick which is kind of similar to the forehand flick except for the way you hold the paddle is different, it is still a must to exert aggressiveness in doing these various skills. Next is the backhand loop which incorporates the lower part of your body, the concept for using your legs for your backhand attack is known as "power from the ground". In the video both the players widely used their lower body parts during the entire game and not just their upper body. Next is the forehand attack which has a ton of advantages, they can either do a short serve which is not risky, a long serve, and a semi-long serve which allows you to hit the ball off the table. If one of the players utilizes this skill then they will either perform a backhand flick or an aggressive forehand flick technique. Next is the forehand fast serve, which focuses on both the speed and power of the players, utilizing this skill has various advantages, such as giving your opponent a surprise, putting the opponent under a lot of pressure, reducing the quality of the server's return of the opponent, opening rallies and counter-rallies, and lastly, you're most likely to have a higher chance of attacking first. Lastly is the forehand pendulum serve which can be seen at the beginning of each round and is the best serve in table tennis. Overall, all the basic skills I've stated can be seen in the video, and both of the players have managed to perform them very well, along with proper footwork and grip of the paddle. However, I observed that both players need to work on their backhand skills because many faults occurred. 

Technical and Tactical Skills:

Teaching technical and tactical skills is important because it helps give the player who uses them an advantage over their opponent, with that being said, the technical and tactical skills at table tennis include playing on your opponent's weakness, playing consistently and not making unforced mistakes, portraying great stance and proper movement, varying strokes, playing using your strengths, and offense or defense strategies.  Playing on your opponent's weakness requires you to know who your opponent is and use his or her weaknesses to your advantage. Playing consistently requires you to keep practicing and keep the ball in play for as long as you can.  It's important to have the right stance as it gives you balance, stability, and range of movement while playing the game, movement also plays a crucial role in table tennis, in the video you can see that they kept on traversing across the table trying to hit the ball in areas where they could potentially score a point. Varying your strokes is important because playing the same stroke over and over again will give your opponent a greater advantage. Play using your strengths is significant because using your best shots can stop your opponent from dictating the match thus, giving you an advantage while playing. Lastly, is the offense/defense strategy, applying these in the game, requires players to take the initiative and act aggressively to enforce errors due to speed, spin, and placement variations. In the video, Ma Long won because he was better at applying the strategies of offense and defense.

Rules of the Game:

It is very important to know the rules and regulations of a sport before playing, as this gives understanding to all the players involved. That being said, there is a myriad of rules and regulations that players must watch out for while playing table tennis.

To start a point, the server must stand at the back of the table and serve either the forehand or the backhand. The ball must be thrown up either equal to or above the height of the net before the ball is struck, and the ball must be thrown from an open palm to stop finger spin.

If the ball hits the net on the serve but continues on the other side, then a 'let' is played.

Players are allowed to hit the ball around the side of the net.

The ball has to bounce on the player's side of the table before they play their shot.

During play, the competitors are not allowed to touch the table with their non-bat hand. If they do, the point will be conceded.

Players must swap ends at the end of the game, and in the final match, players will switch ends after five points.

How to Officiate the Sport:

There are only two officials in table tennis, the referee and the umpire. The referee is required to be present throughout the tournament and is required to uphold the rules. The umpire, on the other hand, uses their judgment in applying the laws and regulations. Overall, the officials in the video did a great job officiating the tournament, as they made sure that the game was played fairly.

Link of the Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5H-Eq_Kcxw&t=546s

[starletteex]

Philippines vs Thailand Badminton Men's Singles Quarterfinals Sea Games 2019

Court Dimensions: The game is characterized as competitive badminton since it is played indoors, thus the wind cannot affect the course of the shuttlecock. In the video, the badminton court is surfaced with a securing flooring material known as synthetic flooring. Its court dimensions consist of a rectangular court with a length of 44 feet (13.4 meters) and a width of 17 feet (5.2 meters). The net is placed in the center of the court and measures 5 feet (1.5 meters) tall. It is also necessary to have a clear space of 4 feet (1.3 meters) around the court.

Equipment: The equipment found in the video includes badminton attire, shoes, socks, towels, net, racket, shuttlecock, bottles of water, and wristbands. First is the badminton attire, which consists of comfortable t-shirts and shorts. The Philippine players' attire consists of a white top with red shorts, while the Thailand players' attire consists of a red top with black shorts. Next are the badminton shoes, you can tell that the players in the video were wearing great badminton shoes because the shoes provided them with great grip, cushioning, and some forefoot flexibility. The Philippine players' shoes are colored red, while the Thailand players' shoes are colored orange. Next are the badminton socks, they wore a pair of white, thick badminton cotton socks because it helps to assimilate sweat. Next are the towels, which can be seen a few times in the video. Towels play an important role in badminton, as it helps prevent the racket from slipping off their hands, they wiped their entire face as well. Next is the net, other than separating the court into two sides, it makes the game even harder to play because the players had to make sure that the shuttlecock went beyond the net. In the video, I can see that it's harder to play with the net because they kept hitting the shuttlecock towards the net and not over it. Next is the racket, which is essential when playing badminton since it is used to hit the shuttlecock to the opposite side. Next is the shuttlecock, otherwise known as the birdie. It is what the players hit with their racket. Next are the water bottles, which I observed that they only take one break each game, however, water bottles are highly essential while playing any sport because it keeps the players hydrated. Lastly are the wrist bands, they are worn by players to prevent the sweat from streaming down to the racket handle.

There are different basic skills required in badminton. First is the badminton grip, having a proper grip allows them to have more control, it also helps them to dictate their shot. There are various badminton grips that every badminton player needs to master to become a professional, these include the backhand grip, bevel grip, forehand grip, neutral grip, panhandle grip, partial panhandle grip, and thumb grip. In the video, I noticed that they used the forehand grip correctly, this grip is used for forehand overhead shots, and it is an easy grip to learn if you are a beginner. Next is the serve, I noticed that the players executed both the high and the low serve with diligence; a serve allows the opponent to move forward or backward in the court. In addition, a good serve can give the player an advantage and help them score points. Next is the footwork, proper footwork is needed, as there is limited space for players to move around, they have to fully utilize the space given to them. Next is the stance, which requires players to get in a proper position that allows them to return their opponent's shot effectively. The stance consists of three basic stances, namely the defensive stance, the attacking stance, and the net stance. In the video, I noticed that the Philippine player still has to work on his footwork and his posture. Lastly are the strokes, which are essential in becoming a professional badminton player; the proper execution of these shots would give them an advantage. There are two strokes in badminton, namely the forehand shot and the backhand shot, which both players used during the game. Knowing the different strokes in badminton is very important because if you can perform these strokes perfectly then you can perform a good quality shot.

The technical skills of badminton include a forehand and a backhand overhead stroke, a forehand and a clear backhand, a forehand and a backhand drop, a forehand and a backhand break, and a forehand and a backhand drive. While I was analyzing the video, I noticed that both of them did all the strokes, but the most redundant stroke they did was the smash technique, which is an offensive shot that allows the shuttlecock to travel downwards to the opponent's side. Applying a variety of tactics in a badminton game is essential because it can help the players gain an advantage and score points. By watching the video, you can see that both players give maximum returns with minimal effort, in simpler terms, they don't put too much effort into their strokes so that their arms don't get tired easily. They also took advantage of the entire court and tried to return the shuttlecock to the opponent's side with the limited space they had. You can see that most of the time, they hit the shuttlecock in the corners, but not so much that it goes beyond the lines of the court.  In addition to that, I noticed that the Philippine player did a trick shot twice, which he didn't fail to execute.

It is very important to know the rules and regulations of a sport before playing, as it provides understanding to all the players involved. That being said, there is a myriad of rules and regulations that players must watch out for while playing badminton. 1.) The player who serves must wait until his opponent is ready before attempting to serve. 2.) The players' feet should be stationary before the serve. 3.) You must be observant when the shuttlecock is already served, if you miss it, it is not considered as a fault. 4.) Avoid getting the shuttlecock caught and slung with the racket. 5.) Finally, the opponent should not have their racket near the net to interfere with the stroke. Players should make sure that they don't exert too much power while swinging the shuttlecock to the other side, otherwise, they will end up losing a point and giving the point to the opponent.

There are four officials in badminton, the referee, the umpire, the service judge, and the line judge. The role of these officials is to govern over and regulate the fouls and rule infringements. First is the referee, which has full authority over the entire game. Next is the umpire, which has a myriad of roles, however, the main focus of the umpire is to monitor and have governance of the whole game. While I was watching the video, the umpire called out two "outs" with her hand stretched out. Thus, she signals, records, and announces any misconduct that will occur during the game. The main role of the service judge is to call out service faults and hand out shuttlecocks, this can be observed at any point in the game. Lastly is the line judge, there are a ton of line judges placed at the edge of the court to monitor the service, the sidelines, and even the baseline of the court.

[starletteex]

USA vs Serbia Full Game | Basketball Men's Gold Medal Match | Olympic Games Rio 2016

Court Dimensions: The basketball court in the video denotes a 28m sideline, which runs the length of the court. The ends of the court running behind the goals otherwise known as the baseline and endline measure 15m. The middle court is used to denote offensive playing during the game, and it is 14m from each end-line. The center circle is used for the opening tip-off and has a diameter of 3.6m. The three point lines that can be seen in the video are arcs that mark the range boundary from each hoop, and they measure 6.75m from the basket. The free throw line is 4.6m away from the backboard and it signifies where the player can stand when shooting free throws. The free throw circle is 3.6m in diameter, just like the center circle. However, in this circle, shooters must stay inside it when they take a free throw; it can also be used for jump balls. Lane lines run from the free throw line to the baseline and measure 4.9m by 5.8m rectangle.

Equipment: The types of equipment found in the video include balls, basketball backboards, hoops, rings and rims, headbands, jerseys, knee pads, shoes, shorts, sleeves, and socks. First is the ball, which is what the players are using to play the game with. The ball in the video is made of rubber and has orange and yellow stripes with black lines. The ball measures 29.5 inches in circumference. The basketball backboard in the video is made out of transparent glass and it measures 6 feet wide and 3.5 feet high. It serves as a support for the rim to provide a stable goal. There are two hoops in the video, these hoops consist of a backboard, a rim, a net, and a metal post to hold them in the air. A basketball court needs to have a hoop, otherwise, they wouldn't be basketball courts. Next are the rings and rims, basket rims have a pressure release which allows them to bend when players dunk and hold onto it. The rim is a metal ring measuring 18 inches in diameter and is attached to a backboard that is 10 feet above the ground.  Next are the headbands, which I noticed that only a few are wearing. Headbands, however, are not just for fashion purposes, they can also stop your sweat from streaming down your entire body and interfering with the game. Next are the jerseys, a jersey is important to every player because it represents their identity when they are on the court. The Serbian jersey is white with blue stripes, letters, and add-on designs, while the US jersey is blue with red stripes, white letters, and other add-on designs. Next are the knee pads, which I observed some players wearing, knee pads can soften the impact from falls and can prevent a lot of injuries to the person wearing them. Next are the shoes, which are essential when playing basketball, a good pair of basketball shoes will give players an edge on the court and at the same time provide safety. They allow lateral movement and it will help them beat defensive players. Next are the shorts, which have the same color as each team's jerseys. Wearing shorts is better than wearing pants when playing indoors, as players start to sweat while playing the game. Next are the shooting sleeves which only a few are wearing, this piece of clothing aids in muscle recovery whether on or off the court. Lastly are the socks, which help prevent friction between both your feet and shoes. A good pair of socks will prevent blisters on your heels and toes.

Basic Skills Basketball is known to be one of the simplest sports in the world because its only objective is to get the ball into the hoop more times than the other team. However, it is far more complex than that, players need to master some of the most important basketball skills to reach the highest levels of the sport that most aspire to play at; these basic skills include shooting, dribbling, defense, rebounding, and passing. First is dribbling, which is when the player moves the ball around the court, it can be seen a lot in the video since all of the players had to transfer the ball to the opponent's side. Next is shooting, which involves players to score points for their respective teams. Next is defense, which allows players to prevent the other team from getting good shots and score points. I noticed that every team utilized the defense skill quite often. Next is rebounding, which is the process of controlling missed shots at both offensive and defensive ends. Controlling more missed shots will lead you to more shooting opportunities, thus allowing your team to score more points. Lastly is passing, which is another way to move the ball across the court. In the video, I noticed that the players in both teams had good passing skills, which made them score points for their teams.

Technical and Tactical Skills of Basketball Some of the basic basketball skills are quite similar to the technical skills because these are the fundamentals that give each player the tools needed to fulfill the physical requirements of the game. As a result, proper execution of the basic skills can help players improve their performance. There are three technical skills in basketball such as dribbling, shooting, and rebounding; which are used redundantly by players on both teams. First is dribbling, it is known as a repetitive action in which a player uses only one hand to bounce the basketball continuously on the court. Next is shooting, it's the most important skill in basketball, because if you can't shoot the ball in the basket then you cannot score a point for your team. Lastly is rebounding, otherwise referred to as a board, it is an awarded player who retrieves the ball after a missed field goal or free throw. In the video, the players of both teams had good rebounds since they all managed to gather the ball after it missed the basket. Knowing the fundamental skills of dribbling, shooting, rebounding, even passing and defense is necessary because it allows you to get a higher percentage of shots. There are also three tactics in basketball, such as the give-and-go, backdoor cut, and trapping. The give-and-go tactic is one of the oldest yet prettiest plays in basketball. It's an isolation offense that involves keeping the ball in the hands and control of the two best ball handlers. The backdoor cut tactic is an offensive motion concept in which a player sets the defender up by attempting to get open for a pass and then making a sharp cut to the basket. This is a great opportunity to take advantage of a team that overplays the passing lane and refuses hard to disrupt ball movement. The trap tactic in basketball is a defensive strategy and it is utilized to force a turnover by surrounding the ball-handler at a specific location on the court, thus making it difficult for them to escape. I observed both teams use the trap tactic a lot, and it truly does make it harder for the person trapped to score a shot, so instead of scoring one, they pass it on to another free player.

Rules of the game Knowing the rules and regulations of a sport before playing it is highly essential, as it provides understanding to all of the players involved. With that being said, there are a myriad of rules and regulations that the players must watch out for while playing basketball. 1.)  There should be no more than five players on each team. Substitutions may be made at any point in the game. 2.) The ball can only be moved through dribbling or passing. Once a player puts both of his hands on the ball, they cannot dribble or move with the ball, thus the ball must be passed or shot. 3.) After the ball goes into a team's half and they win back possession, the ball must return to the halfway line within 10 seconds. If it fails to do so then a foul will be called and the ball will be turned over. 4.) Each team has 24 seconds to shoot the basketball to the basket. A shot constitutes either going in the basket or just hitting the rim. If the shot is taken and the ball fails to go in the basket then the shot clock would have to restart for another 24 seconds. 5.) The team trying to score a basket is called the offense, while the team trying to prevent them from scoring is known as the defense. The defense must do everything they can to stop the other team from scoring either by blocking the shot or by preventing a shot from being fired. 6.) After a successful basket, the ball is handed over to the opposition. 7.) Fouls committed throughout the game will be accumulated, and when it reaches a certain number, it will be awarded as a free throw. A free throw involves a player from the offensive team, otherwise known as the player fouled, to take a shot unopposed from the free-throw line. Depending on where the foul was committed, will depend on the number of free throws a player gets. 8.) Basketball violations include traveling, double dribble, goaltending, and back-court violation.

How to Officiate the Sport Basketball officials are responsible for identifying any rule violations, and they also enforce the appropriate penalties in basketball. They are essential to any basketball game, as they help to ensure a level playing field that prevents either team from having an unfair advantage. Basketball officials include the crew chief, the referee, and the umpire. First is the crew chief who is the head of the entire officiating crew. They aim to make a final ruling when other officials come to a disagreement, they also maintain a strong relationship between coaches, scorers, and statisticians. Next is the referee who deals with conduct violations. While they call contact fouls and illegal positioning, they often settle disputes and hand out technical fouls if a player or coach behaves badly and loses control of their emotions. Lastly is the umpire who handles the clock, they ensure that the timer knows when to pause and restart the game, they also handle basic foul calls. In additament, they give a ruling when a defensive player comes into contact with an opposing shooter. I noticed in the video that the referee isn't that good because he kept on calling out unnecessary fouls.

Link to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtm0khT1qec&t=927s

[starletteex]

SEA Games 2019: PHL VS VIE Volleyball Women's Opener (Full) | Volleyball

While watching the video, there were a few factors that I needed to keep in mind, such as the court dimensions, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each team, rules of the game, and how to officiate the sport. 

Court Dimensions:

The volleyball court in the video consists of a symmetrical rectangle measuring 18 meters long and 9 meters wide. Each side of the court is measured at a square of 9 m × 9 m with a 1 meter net in the center of the court. Attack lines divide the front and the back rows and are marked 3 meters parallel to the net. Free zones also measure 3 meters and can be seen around the entire court, which has a clearance of 5 meters on the sides and 6.5 meters in the back. 

Equipment:

The types of equipment shown in the video include ankle braces, arm sleeves, elbow pads, knee pads, volleyball jerseys, volleyball socks, volleyball shoes, volleyball balls, volleyball courts, and volleyball nets.

Philippine Team:

Ankle braces - They wore black ankle braces. Ankle braces are necessary to prevent injuries. 

Arm sleeves - Some of them were wearing black arm sleeves. Arm sleeves are used for comfort and protection as they can protect their arms from floor burns and it can improve their blood flow. 

Elbow Pads - Some of them were wearing black elbow pads.  Elbow pads are required when the players tend to dive more during the game. 

Knee Pads - All of them were wearing black knee pads. Knee pads are necessary when playing volleyball because they prevent bruising and floor burns and at the same time make players comfortable.

Volleyball Jerseys - The Philippine team is wearing a sleeveless top filled with blue and white lines. While their libero wears a full-on white sleeveless top with black lines.

Volleyball socks - All of the players on the Philippine team wore white socks.  Good volleyball socks provide cushioning and keeps your feet dry.

Volleyball shoes - They were wearing blue, white, and red shoes. Volleyball shoes are designed for lateral movements. 

Vietnam Team: 

Ankle braces - They utilized black ankle braces. Ankle braces are needed to prevent injuries.

Arm sleeves- I noticed that only one person wore black arm sleeves while the rest did not. Arm sleeves are used for comfort and protection as they can protect their arms from floor burns and improve their blood flow. 

Elbow pads - Some of them were wearing black elbow pads. Elbow pads are required when the players tend to dive more during the game. 

Knee pads - All of them are wearing black knee pads. Knee pads are necessary when playing volleyball because they prevent bruising and floor burns and at the same time make the players comfortable.

Volleyball jerseys - It can be seen that the Vietnam team is wearing a red top with sleeves and white lines. While their libero is wearing a yellow top with sleeves and black lines. 

Volleyball socks - They wore either black or white socks. Good volleyball socks provide cushioning and keeps your feet dry.

Volleyball shoes - They were wearing blue, black, red, and white shoes. Volleyball shoes are designed for lateral movements. 

General Equipment:

Volleyball Ball - The ball is yellow and is covered with blue stripes. It is what the players use to hit over the net.

Volleyball Court - Consists of rubber flooring and is red with white lines. It is where the players play volleyball. 

Volleyball Net - Consists of black and white lines with a blue and white colored pole. It is used to separate the court and it signifies how high the player has to hit the ball. 

I noticed that some of the members of both teams needed to work on their uniforms because some of them lack elbow pads and arm sleeves. 

Basic Skills

 Knowing basic volleyball skills can help a player improve the way they play volleyball. Based on the video I watched, I can say that both teams have effectively utilized the basic skills known as passing, setting, spiking, blocking, digging, and serving. The first is passing, both teams were very good at passing since all the members of both teams could pass the ball to the other side and score a point. Next is setting, which comes after passing, it can be done to dump the ball into an undefended spot, or it can set the ball to a position that allows the hitter to spike the ball over. Next is spiking, which is a great strategy to score a point because it's an offensive shot, thus, it requires the player to hit the ball in such a way that the opponents can't return the shot. I've noticed that the Vietnam team, redundantly utilized this stroke which made them score a point for their team. Next is blocking, which requires the players to deflect the ball from the opponent. Next is blocking, which requires the players to deflect the ball from the opponent. Next is digging, which comes after a spike made by the opposing team. Lastly is serving, I noticed that the Vietnam team sometimes serves too strong, so it goes beyond the boundaries of the court, causing them to lose points. Serving, on the other hand, requires players to hit the ball over the net and into the side of the opposing team.

Technical and Tactical Skills of Volleyball

The basic skills of volleyball are quite similar to the technical skills because these are the fundamentals that grant each player the tools necessary to accomplish the physical requirements of the game. As a result, proper execution of the basic skills can help players improve their performance. While technical skills are crucial, tactical volleyball skills also play a crucial role in taking advantage of your opponents. I've noticed that a lot of the members of both teams know the defensive tactics in volleyball which include blocking, diving, rolling, and sliding, knowing that these tactics are important because they can help with the team's success. Next is the passing tactic, which requires you to pass the ball and prepare for the next hit. Passing tactics refer to both digging and setting, which both teams were very good at doing. Next is the attacking volleyball tactic, the attacking tactic is all about serving and carrying out attack hits, it consists of the serve and the spike. Serving is one of the most important volleyball shots, although both teams had great serves, the Vietnam team had to work on theirs since it would occasionally go beyond the boundaries of the court. Based on the video, I noticed that they utilized the spiking tactic a lot, thus, making it harder for the opposing team to return their strokes. Last but not least, good communication can be seen in the video. Good communication is essential for the entire team since it incorporates cooperation and teamwork between the members.

Volleyball Rules

Knowing the rules and regulations of a sport before playing is highly essential, as it provides understanding to all of the players involved. That being said, there is a myriad of rules and regulations that the players must watch out for while playing volleyball. 

There are 6 players in a team, 3 on the front row and 3 on the back.

No more than 3 hits per side is allowed.

Players are not allowed to hit the ball twice in a row.

The ball can be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.

When the ball hits the boundary line, it is counted as "in".

A ball is considered to be out if it hits the antennae, net, or cables outside the antennae, ceiling above a non-playable area,  floor outside the court, and the referee stand or pole. 

It is legal to contact the ball with any part of the body of the player. 

It is illegal to catch, hold or even throw the ball. 

If two or more players get in contact with the ball at the same time, it is considered as one play and either of the two players involved may make the next contact.

A player cannot attack or block a serve on or inside the 10-foot line. 

After a serve is played, the front line players can switch positions at the net.

At a higher competition, the officiating crew may have up to two refs, line judges, a scorer, and an assistant scorer. 

How to Officiate the Sport

Volleyball officials have a ton of responsibilities, one of them is to keep a close eye on the match. Two people form an officiating team for each match, one of them acting as a head referee standing on the referee stand, while the other is a "down" referee helping to monitor substitutions and plays at the net. You can see in the video that the officials are on the sidelines or in the back corners of the net. They ensure that the game is played fairly and that points are given when they are earned. These officials are the referees, the scorekeeper, the assistant scorekeeper or libero tracker, and the line judges. The referees for the first match are Leung Yin Yan and Agung Purwantoro, they are stationed at the center of the court and are dressed in blue and black. Their duties include signaling when the rally starts and ends. They are also responsible for recognizing team requests, substitutions, time-outs, and communicating with the coaches at the right time. Next is the scorekeeper, the scorekeeper creates records of volleyball games. Before the game starts, the scorekeeper records all of the information of the various players. Once the game begins, the scorekeeper not only keeps track of the points but also of the substitutions, penalties, and time-outs. The scorekeeper keeps an eye on the person who serves the ball to keep track of the rotation and to inform the referees of any potential lapses. The scorekeeper records the final score at the end of the game. Next is the assistant scorekeeper or libero tracker, who is responsible for updating the scoreboard and keeping track of the libero. Lastly are the line judges, the line judges are stationed at the end of the court in opposite corners, based on the video there are 4 line judges dressed in green and brown. These line judges work with the referees, signaling assistance in making judgment calls. I have observed that they are always ready to use their flags to signal whether the ball is in or out, hits the antennae of the net, and when the server commits a foot fault.

Link to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gm4kGC_d-i8&t=2252s

[starletteex]

Philippines vs Thailand Badminton Men's Singles Quarterfinals Sea Games in 2019

As I was watching the video, there were a few factors that I needed to keep in mind, and those were the court dimensions, equipment, basic skills, technical and tactical skills of each team, rules of the game, and how to officiate the sport.

The badminton court in the video is surfaced with a secure flooring material such as synthetic flooring. Its court dimensions consisted of a rectangular court that is 44 feet (13.4 meters) long and 17 feet (5.2 meters) wide. The net is 5 feet (1.5 meters) tall, and it extends across the width of the court at its center. A clear space of 4 feet (1.3 meters) around the court is also required. This game is characterized as competitive badminton since it is played indoors because the wind can affect the course of the shuttlecock.

The equipment that can be seen in the video is their badminton attire, bags, shoes, socks, towels, net, racket, shuttlecock, water bottles, and wrist band. First is the badminton attire, which consists of comfortable t-shirts and shorts. Next are the badminton bags, which is where they place their racket and shuttlecocks, along with their shoes and even attire. Next are the badminton shoes, you can tell that the players in the video had great badminton shoes because it provides great grasp, cushioning, and some flexibility on the forefoot. Next are the badminton socks, they wore a pair of thick badminton cotton socks as it can help assimilate sweat. Next are the towels, which plays an important role in badminton since it would help prevent the racket from slipping off their hands, based off the video, you can see that they wipe their entire face as well. Next is the net, other than the obvious job of it separating the court into two sides, it makes the game even harder to play because they had to make sure that the shuttlecock goes beyond the net; in the video, I can observe that it is harder to play with the net there because they kept on hitting the shuttlecock towards the net and not over it. Next is the racket, which is essential while playing badminton since it is used to strike the shuttlecock to the opposing side. Next is the shuttlecock, otherwise known as birdie, which is what the players hit with their racket. Next are the water bottles, I observed that they take only one break for each game, however, water bottles are still essential while playing any sport since it keeps the players hydrated. Lastly are the wrist bands, it is worn by players to prevent the sweat from streaming down to the racket handle.

By analyzing the video carefully, I get to obtain further knowledge on the different basic skills required in badminton. First is the badminton grip, having a proper grip can allow them to have more control, and it can help dictate their shot. However, there are various badminton grips that every badminton player needs to master to become a professional; these are the backhand grip, bevel grip, forehand grip, neutral grip, panhandle grip, partial panhandle grip, and the thumb grip. In the video, I noticed that they used the forehand grip correctly, this grip is used for forehand overhead shots and is an easy grip for beginners. Next is the serve, I noticed that the players executed both the high and low serve; which allows the opponent to move forward or backward. In addition to that, a good serve can give a player an advantage and help them score points. Next is the footwork, proper footwork is required seeing as there is limited space for the players to move around. Next is the stance, which requires the players to get in a proper posture that allows them to return their opponent's shot effectively. The stance consists of three basic stances namely the defensive stance, the attacking stance, and the net stance. In the video, I noticed that the one in white needed to work on both his footwork and his stance. Lastly are the strokes, which are essential in becoming a professional badminton player; executing these shots will give them an advantage. There are two strokes in badminton, namely the forehand shot and the backhand shot, which both of the players have utilized during the game.

Knowing the various strokes in badminton is highly essential because if they can perform these strokes perfectly then it can lead them to perform a good quality shot. With that being said, the technical skills of badminton include forehand and backhand overhead stroke, forehand and backhand clear, forehand and backhand drop, forehand and backhand smash, and forehand and backhand drive. While I was analyzing the video, I noticed that both of them did all of the strokes, however, the most redundant stroke that they did was the smash technique, which is an offensive shot that allows the shuttlecock to travel downwards to the opponent's side.

It is significant to apply various tactics in a badminton game since it can help them get an advantage and out win the opponent. In watching the video you can see that both the players give maximum returns with minimal effort, they don't exert too much effort so that their arm wouldn't tire out easily. They also utilized the entire court to their advantage and tried to return the shuttlecock to the opponent's side with the limited space that they have. You can see that most of the time, they hit the shuttlecock on the corners of the court but not so much that it goes beyond the lines of the court. In addition to that, I noticed that the one in white did a trick shot twice, which he didn't fail to execute.

Rules are highly significant in any sport you attend to, and it's important for the players to first know the rules and regulations in a sport before playing. There is a myriad of rules and regulations that the players must watch out for while playing the game. 1.) The one who serves must wait for his opponent to be ready before attempting to serve. 2.) The feet of the players should be stationary before the serve. 3.) You must be observant when the shuttlecock is already served, if you miss it then it is not considered a fault. 4.) Avoid getting the shuttlecock caught and slung with the racket. 5.) Lastly, the opponent should not have his racket near the net to interfere with the stroke. While watching the video, I observed that seldom the shuttlecock goes beyond the boundaries of the court, instead of giving the point to the person who did the shot they gave it to the opponent, which is why badminton players should ensure that the shuttlecock doesn't go beyond the court.

There are four officials in badminton namely the referee, the umpire, the service judge, and the line judge. The role of these officials is to govern over and regulate fouls and rule infringements. First is the referee, the referee has full authority over the entire game. Next is the umpire, which has a myriad of roles, however, the main focus of the umpire is to monitor and have governance over the entire game. While I was watching the video, the umpire called out two "outs" with her hand extended outwards. Thus, she signals, records, and announces any misconduct that will occur during the game. The main role of the service judge is to call out service faults and hand out shuttlecocks, which can be observed at any point in the game. Lastly is the line judge, there are actually a ton of line judges placed at the edge of the court, to monitor the service, sidelines, and baseline of the court.

Link to the Youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTm2dbteyt4&t=749s

[starletteex]

Preserving Paper Through Electronic Textbooks

Introduction

In the old days, people used to consider printed textbooks technology. They were so astonished as to how they can be available in printed form, and they can read and effortlessly carry them, unlike those tablet scripts or writing discovered on the leaves of tree trunks. These textbooks helped make discoveries, promote imagination and intellectual progress, and cultivated a culture. However, in today's generation, technology is expeditiously ameliorating. As a result, there is a major revolution of printed textbooks towards electronic textbooks. Michael Hart who utilized a computer to retrieve, store, and search for information, made a project entitled the "Project Gutenberg" in 1971. Since then, this project has created a myriad of free texts and books which can be downloaded or accessed online. Additionally, the fewer papers we consume, the more trees we will save, thus, reducing the effects of global warming which is already one of the most serious issues we face today. It is recommended that schools should implement the utilization of electronic textbooks to preserve trees, however, these textbooks also have various advantages and disadvantages to students.

Body

Trees are a major part of decelerating the pace of climate change, preserving wildlife, and supporting billions of people. Yet, the mass destruction of trees perpetuates until this day, sacrificing the long-term benefits of standing trees for short-term gain. Logging operations that provide the world's wood and paper products is one of the factors that caused the minimization of trees. It takes about eight trees to get 1,000-2,000 pounds of paper; a 500-sheet paper packet already weighs 5 pounds, which is 10,000 to 20,000 sheets per tree. Additionally, the books sold in the U.S. are estimated to about 40 million trees (https://decoline-shipping.com/qa/do-ebooks-save-trees.html).

Years ago, technology has become suitable among educators as an effective tool for edifying children. Electronic textbooks have special features that can give a ton of input to the cognition process. It can also provide benefits to the students and school administrators. These can help minimize the burden of the students because they wouldn't have to carry as much weight as physical textbooks. Thus, it can reduce any damaging effects such as lower back pain, poor posture, spinal deformity, and back problems when you reach adulthood. E-books allow the students to engage in astonishing features, which can uplift the students' ingeniousness and learning autonomy. E-books are also useful for education administrators since it would allow them to monitor the students' activities.

Dozens of people were amazed as to how they can now read their books on small devices. However, while there are numerous advantages with the utilization of electronic textbooks, they also have several disadvantages. It can provide disadvantages to both the students and school administrators. Some students find it difficult to study with the utilization of electronic textbooks since they get distracted easily. Then again, e-books might not offer them the same pleasure of reading, unlike a physical textbook. On the other hand, teachers or educators may not be adequately trained to conduct a lesson with the utilization of electronic textbooks.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is solely up to the students and teachers if they prefer digital textbooks or not, since it has various advantages and disadvantages. However, more consumption of digital textbooks can save trees from destruction, minimize the utilization of paper, eliminate packing materials and the energy associated with packaging and delivery, and minimize the pollution needed to recycle or dispose of old books. Remember that reducing deforestation is not only a beneficial action against global warming, but it can also make significant contributions to preserving biodiversity and promoting sustainable development.

Works Cited

Do Ebooks Save Trees. (2019, September 19). Retrieved January 24, 2021, from decoline-shipping.com: https://decoline-shipping.com/qa/do-ebooks-save-trees.html

Embong, A. M., Noor, A. M., Hashim, H. M., Ali, R. M., & Shaari, Z. H. (2012). E-Books as Textbooks in the Classroom. Retrieved January 24, 2021, from sciencedirect.com: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812026390

Matthews, D. (October, 2016 12). Sustainability Challenges in the Paper Industry. Retrieved January 24, 2021, from aiche.org: https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2016/10/sustainability-challenges-paper-industry#:~:text=The%20Union%20of%20Concerned%20Scientists,about%2010%25%20of%20total%20deforestation.

Nunez, C. (2019, February 7). Deforestation explained. Retrieved January 24, 2021, from nationalgeographic.com: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/

Should Schools Switch Over to Digital Books? (n.d.). Retrieved January 24, 2021, from 123helpme.com: https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Should-Schools-Switch-Over-to-Digital-Books-402923

Tropical Deforestation and Global Warming. (2008, July 27). Retrieved January 24, 2021, from ucusa.org:  https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/tropical-deforestation-and-global-warming#:~:text=Tropical%20forests%20help%20regulate%20regional,biodiversity%20and%20supporting%20sustainable%20development.

[starletteex]

Analysis of the Three Speeches

Speech 1: The type of speech according to purpose that is present in the video/film is exploratory or informative and persuasive. The reason why Nelson Mandela's speech is exploratory or informative is because he talked about how their country is a developed country. He also stated that they should look upon their own country as one in which citizens, regardless of race, gender, or creed, share equal political rights and opportunities for development. Other than informing the audience, he encourages and inspires us to learn about "Emerging Africa". Nelson Mandela did achieve the purpose of informing the audience, he spoke about the disparity between the developed and developing world, between North and South and how it reflects itself in the sphere of educational and intellectual resources. He also talked about the United States of America and democratic South Africa building a relationship of mutual respect and co-operation. In conclusion, he wanted us to treat each other equally and help one another, he also encourages us to fight for justice and freedom so that there will be no division in this world and we will all be one. The manner used in his speech is Reading or Speaking from a manuscript, from the video you can see that he is reading something pre-written. However, he didn't really make much eye contact with the audience and there weren't any emotions while he was reading his speech, which are a few of the disadvantages when reading or speaking from a manuscript.

Speech 2: For me, the type of speech according to purpose that are present in the video/ film is exploratory or informative and persuasive, because while listening to her speech she informed the audience on the meaning of what being a feminist is, and she talked about how her life unfolded. However, not only did she inform the audience, but she also persuaded them to treat both genders with equal dignity, respect, and fairness. The speaker did achieve the purpose of informing the audience because while I was listening to her speech, her voice was clear, the pacing was slow, and she made eye contact with the audience, which are a few of the qualities you should have in delivering a good speech. While listening, I felt as though men and women should have equal rights, and that we should not let our gender divide us because at the end of the day we are all still human. I believe that women should be given the same amount of respect and opportunities as men whether it is on money, jobs, rights, etc. The manner of delivery of the speech is memorized, and I can tell that it is memorized based on the formality of the speech. Although memorized speech has a lot of downfalls because you may forget the lines, and refrain from looking at the audience due to nervousness. While Emma Watson delivered her speech, she delivered it with confidence and without stuttering; this goes to show that she is well-educated and prepared for the speech that she is about to present.

Speech 3: The speech according to purpose that is present in the video/film is entertainment. It is entertainment because he added jokes into his speech, which made it both amusing and exciting. He also told everyone about his experience regarding his bullies, and that he encourages everyone to face their inner bullies and not run away from them. The speaker did achieve the purpose of informing the audience. He used a lot of non-verbal cues to make his speech both fun and attractive. He first, made eye contact with the audience to gain their attention. Then, he further elaborated on his speech with the use of hand gestures and facial expressions. Lastly, his body language, he was standing up straight to show how confident he is in relaying the speech. Overall he didn't seem nervous in informing the audience that we should face our inner bullies, and the jokes he added to his speech captivated the listeners to further listen to what he had to say. The manner of delivery of the speech is memorized because I've noticed how ready and confident he was in speaking his speech. I can also say that it is memorized because he has to practice the props that he will be using for his speech.

[starletteex]

Ang Mga Cebuano

Ang mga taong Cebuano (Mga Sugbuanon) ay ang pinakamalaking subgroup ng mas malaking grupong ethnolinguistic na Bisaya, na bumubuo ng pinakamalaking pangkat etnolingistiko ng Filipino sa bansa. Nagmula ang mga ito sa lalawigan ng Cebu sa rehiyon ng Gitnang Visayas, ngunit kalaunan ay kumalat sa iba pang mga lugar sa Pilipinas tulad ng Siquijor, Bohol, Negros Oriental, Timog-kanluran ng Leyte, Kanlurang Samar, Masbate, at ang malalaking bahagi ng Mindanao.

Isa ang Sebwano sa mga pangunahing wika na mayroon sa Pilipinas. Sinasalita ito ng grupong Sebwano sa Cebu at ng iba pang pangkating etniko sa Visayas at Mindanao. Kilala rin ang wikang ito sa tawag na Sugbuhanon, Sugbuanon, Visaya, Bisaya, at Binisaya. Ang Bisaya, ang pangalawa sa pinakamalaking etnolinggwistiko sa Pilipinas, sunod sa Tagalog kahit na hindi pormal na itinuturo sa mga paaralan, pamantasan at institusyon. Humigit-kumulang 25 milyong tao ang gumagamit ng wikang ito. Sinasalita ng mga grupong Sebwano sa Cebu at ng iba pang pangkat etniko sa Visayas at Mindanao. Batay sa librong Ang Sistemang Linggwistika sa Sugbuanong Bisaya ni Angel O. Pesirla, ang Cebuano-Visayan ay mayroon lamang 3 patinig na a/i/u. Batay naman sa Wikipedia mayroong 17 katinig at 4 na patinig.

Nakapamumuhay ang mga Cebuano sa pamamagitan ng pangingisda at pagsasaka. Ang kanilang tirahan ay kadalasang gawa sa kawayan at may dalawa o tatlong kuwarto lamang. Kapag sa pagkain naman, hilig nila ang isda, kanin, prutas at gulay.

Isa din sa nakaaapekto sa kultura at pamumuhay ng mga Cebuano ay ang kanilang mga pista. Una na dito ang Sinulog Festival na ginaganap tuwing ikatlong linggo ng Enero upang bigyan pag-alala si Señor Sto. Niño. Sumunod, Tagbo Festival na ginaganap tuwing ika-19 ng Enero. Ito naman ay para kay Sto. Niño de Poro. Ikatlo ay ang Silmugi Festival tuwing Enero 20 para sa kanilang pagpapasalamat sa kanilang patron para sa isang masaganang ani. Marami pang mga kapistahan sa Cebu tulad na lamang ng mga sumusunod: Palawod, Semana Santa sa Bantayan, Kinsan, Kuyayang, Caballo, Bonga, Siloy, Karansa, Kabuian, Pitlagon Festivals, Bodbod festival, Sarok festival, Soli-Soli festival, Tostado festival, Haladaya festival, Mantawi festival, at Camotes Cassava Festival.

Kilala rin ang Cebu sa kanilang iba’t-ibang pagkain na matatagpuan sa kanila. Isa na dito ay ang Lechon. Ayon sa mga Cebuano hindi kumpleto ang pagpunta sa Cebu kung hindi matitikman ang pinagmamalaki nilang Lechon. Sumunod ang Cruzan Crabs o naglalakihang alimango na isa pa sa mga ipinagmamalaking pagkain ng Cebu. Huli ay ang Bakasi, isang exotic food na gawa sa isang uri ng sea eel.  

Matagal ng tradisyon sa Cebu ang tungkol sa teatro. Ang pagdating ni Ferdinand Magellan noong 1521 at ni Miguel Lopez de Legazpi noong 1565 ang siyang nagging panimula ng mga pagtatanghal ng naglalaman ng mga simpleng elemento ng teatro. Isang dulang espanyol ang ipinalabas noong taong 1894, na pinamagatang Alcalde Interino, at ginanap noong pista ni St. John the Baptist. Kasama sina Lopez, Veloso, Lingatong, Maximo Abadia, Leoncio Avila, at Simplica Alcantara sa palabas.

Maraming mga Cebuano, lalo na sa parteng kanluran at mga rural, ay patuloy nanananatiling matatag sa pananampalataya sa mga espiritu. Sa kabila ng katotohanan ang paniniwalang ito ay nagmula sa tradisyon ng anim na Kristiyano na animist, nagpapatuloy sila hanggang sa na ito araw, at lubos na pinaghalo sa Katolisismo. May matibay napaniniwala sa mga espirituwal na nilalang na may kakayahang ipagpalagay ang anumang anyo at magdulot ng karamdaman sa mga bagay nakakasakit sa kanila. Ang mga masasamang espiritu na sumasanib sa mga tao ay maaaring palayasin sa pamamagitan ng pagsasagawa ng mga ritwal, pagbigkas ng mga panalangin sa linggwaheng Espanyol o Latin, paggawa ng mga handog, at paggamit ng krusipiho at banal na tubig. Kadalasan, ang mga healer o mga dalubhasang katutubong tulad ng babaylan, tambalan, at mananapit ay ang mga kinakailangang magsagawa ng mga ritwal upang palayasin ang mga espiritu.

[starletteex]

Anderson Cooper is a news anchor on CNN, what I like about him is his upbeat personality and his ability to inspire and motivate others. He has proven to the world how courageous, determined, and sincere he is by reporting his influential and hard-hitting news. His dedication not only to his job but being the leader of his own life, is truly admirable. The unlikeable quality I can think of is having a few errors when speaking his speech, but overall he is a great news anchor. My grandmother loves Anderson Cooper, she told me that he delivers the news correctly, and he is very understandable while reporting the news. He is very effective in communicating what he needed to say because of the tone, the words chosen, and the pacing of his speech. In addition to that, he is not afraid to show anger, remorse, or genuine happiness while reporting, which can touch the audience and make them want to listen further.

[starletteex]

Synopsis: The movie started with Prince Albert, Duke of York addressing his speech, where he kept on stuttering which unsettled the listeners. He tried several unsuccessful treatments and gave up until his wife found Lionel Logue. In their first session, Logue wanted him to read a book but he gave up and told him that his condition was hopeless and leaves. He tried broadcasting to try to fill in David's position, but he failed. He listened to the record that he got from Logue which made him go back to his treatments. In January 1936, King George V dies, and David ascends the throne. At the party, Prince Albert tries to convince David not to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson. At his next treatment session, Logue told the prince that he would make a great king, but he disagrees and storms off. David wanted to marry Mrs. Wallis so he abdicates the throne to Prince Albert. While being King, he realized that he needed Logue, so he and the Queen went to his house to apologize. Dr. Cosmo Lang questioned Logue, and he explained that he was never a doctor. The king delivered his final speech shortly after World War II with Logue there to coach him.

Reaction Analysis: As I was watching the movie the King's Speech, I was eager to learn what it was all about and what lessons I would possibly learn from it. The movie started with Prince Albert, Duke of York, trying to confront his stuttering condition. In the movie, he had to undergo sessions of unsuccessful treatments because he was required to speak a lot, but he can't due to his stammering. His wife never lost hope, and she knew that he will be cured. Soon after, he met Lionel Logue who was never a doctor but began practicing speech therapy by informal treatment of shellshocked soldiers in war. There Lionel Logue encouraged Prince Albert to talk about any physiological issues that were troubling him. Logue also instructed his patients to gargle with warm water and to practice intoning vowels with a loud voice, stretching each sound to 15 seconds. During these sessions, there were times where Prince Albert lost hope and said that his condition was hopeless; nevertheless, that didn't stop Logue from trying to treat the Prince. On 1936 in Sandringham Estate, the king died before dinner leading Prince Edward to be the new king. However, he wanted to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson who got a divorce twice, so he decided to abdicate the throne to Prince Albert. Prince Albert who is now known as King George VI learned that Lionel Logue was never a doctor, due to Cosmo Lang questioning his qualifications. King George VI was required to speak a speech regarding World War II, throughout his speech Logue was there to guide him every step of the way, and he finished the speech almost perfectly thanks to the help of Lionel Logue. I'm fond of the line "Because I have the right to be heard. I have a voice" that was said by King George VI because we all have something that we want to say, but we never say it which is pointless if you were gifted to have one; we have the right to use our voices and to say whatever is on our minds. British actor Colin Firth otherwise known as King George VI explores the anguish that people feel when they’re cut off from their natural voice, meaning not just our physical voices, but our feeling that we have the right to express what we think we feel, and we have the right to be heard. Throughout the movie, the king kept on struggling due to his stuttering condition, but that didn't stop him from wanting to get better at speaking. Although there were a lot of times where he wanted to give up, he didn't because it was his duty as King to become a better speaker for his people. The movie wanted to encourage those people with speech problems to never lose hope, and that good things will come to those who keep on trying.

[starletteex]

I’ve truly learned about a lot of things regarding conic sections, while I was performing the task. I noticed that conic sections give detail and structure to the object, which makes it very appealing. While doing the task, I became more captivated to learn more about conic sections. 

In the first picture, I have a cup that forms an upward parabola and it is taken in the dining room.

The second picture is my brother’s basketball that forms a hyperbola, and it opens to the left and right. It was taken in the guest room.

The third picture is a door that forms a downward parabola, and it is taken at the terrace which is an entrance to the inside.

The fourth picture is my badminton racket, that forms an ellipse and is stretched more vertically, it is taken in the guest room.

The fifth picture is the clock that has a radius of 2.65 or 3, it is taken in my room.

Lastly, is the sixth picture that is a chair from the terrace and it forms a downward parabola. 

[starletteex]

What I've analyzed from watching the video is that communication plays a vital role in the whole world. Although, through communicating, a lot of times you may have miscommunication due to lack of information. So, it is very important to be able to express how you're feeling. But, it was because of the lack of communication that leads Jimmy Nelson to continue traveling the world and to further document and understand those indigenous people. In conclusion, whenever we are talking to someone we have to make ourselves clear so that there will be no confusion and misunderstanding; especially since we cannot see each other face to face.

[starletteex]

This is my model of communication, it consists of encoding the message to the receiver, I placed noise interference on top of the message because you never know if the receiver might have heard you wrong while you were conveying the message, and lastly the receiver decodes the message that he/she received. In conveying the message sometimes there may be a car honking nearby, other people talking around you, etc. You need to make sure that you and the person are talking in a quiet place where noise will not interfere with your conversation. After the encoder has encoded his/her message the decoder decodes his/her message and the process goes on.