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Precambrian of Extrapeninsular India: Stratigraphy of india

Composition of Extra Peninsula Extrapeninsular India Extra Peninsula comprises the Himalayas in the North, Arakan Yoma in the East, and foredeep folded beds also known as Shiwaliks or Outer Himalayas in the South. The Himalaya sensu stricto represents the large orogenic belt that covers a length of 2500 km and a width of 300-400 km. They are bounded by the syntaxes or knee-bends of Nanga Parbat…

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Kaladgi Basin and Bhima Basin: Stratigraphy

In northern Karnataka and adjoining Maharashtra, the Kaladgi Basin evolved as a consequence of crustal extension. Kaladgi basin is an E-W trending irregular basin underlain by the basement granitoids (Peninsular Gneiss and Dharwar Batholith) of the Dharwar craton in the south and east and overlain by the Deccan Traps in the north. What are the characteristics and composition of the Kaladgi…

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Stratigraphy of Cuddapah Basin

What is Cuddapah Basin? The crescent-shaped, convex towards the west, easterly concave, and NS trending Cuddapah basin covers an area of 44,000 sq. km in the east-central part of the Dharwar craton. The Cuddapah Basin is an arcuate north-plunging, low-amplitude asymmetrical synclinorium. Cuddapah sedimentation commenced in the interval 1700–1800 Ma. The basin extends for a length of about 450 km…

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Satpura Mobile Belt (SMB)

Satpura Mobile Belt (SMB)   What is the Satpura Mobile Belt? The Satpura Mobile Belt (SMB) is a very long east-west trending orogenic belt that traverses the northern part of Peninsular India. It divides the Indian shield into the northern Bundelkhand protocontinent and the southern Deccan protocontinent. How is the Satpura Mobile Belt divided? The belt is divided into four sectors along its…

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The Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB)

What is the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB)? The Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) extends for about 1000 km in a NE direction from Ongole in Andhra Pradesh in the south to Brahmani River in Orissa in the north, with a maximum width of about 300 km. It lies along the eastern margin of the Deccan Province, comprising the Archean Dharwar, Bastar, and Singhbhum cratons. The belt is…

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Eco-Friendly Technologies for Better Soil Health and Conservation

Deterioration of Land Quality: The United Nations celebrated 2015 as the ‘World Soil Year’ and designated 2015-2024 as the ‘International Decade of Soils.’ India, with the 10th largest cultivable land resource globally, hosts 46 out of 60 soil types found worldwide. National and international agencies predict a future decline in cultivable land and soil fertility as a significant issue. Key…

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Aravalli Craton ||Aravalli Supergroup

Aravalli Craton What areas does the Aravalli Craton cover? The Aravalli Craton covers over one lakh(100000) sq. km, including the entire state of Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and fringes of Delhi and Haryana. What are the main components of the composite Aravalli Craton? The composite Aravalli Craton consists of the Mewar Craton in the east and the Marwar Craton in the west,…

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Descriptive Overview of Bundelkhand Craton

Bundelkhand Craton Overview What is the Bundelkhand Craton? The Bundelkhand Craton, named for the fifteenth-century kingdom of Bundelkhand, is a triangular region with semi-circular sides. It is one of the Archean cratons in the Indian shield, covering 26,000 sq. km and bounded by the Son Narmada lineament in the south. What are the geological boundaries of the Bundelkhand Craton? The…

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The Singhbhum Craton

Singhbhum Craton What is the Singhbhum Craton? Singhbhum Craton covers a triangular area of 50,000 sq. km and consists of a core (8,000 sq. km) of Singhbhum granite, rimmed by supracrustals of varied character and age. It covers Jharkhand, Odisha, and adjoining areas in the eastern part of the Indian Shield. Location and Boundaries The Singhbhum Craton lies in the embrace of two Proterozoic…

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Guide to Chronostratigraphy and the Geological Time Scale: From Chronostratigraphic Units to Modern Dating Techniques

Chronostratigraphy Introduction Lithology (Lithostratigraphy): The stratigraphic units described in the preceding lectures are rock units distinguished by: Magnetic characteristics Fossil content (Biostratigraphy) Seismic reflection characteristics To interpret Earth’s history, stratigraphic units must be related to geologic time. The ages of rock units must be known. Chronostratigraphy:…

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Comprehensive Guide to Biostratigraphy: Principles, Index Fossils, and Stratigraphic Classification for Geological Studies

The characterization and correlation of rock units on the basis of their fossil content is called biostratigraphy. It is fundamentally different from a lithostratigraphic unit that is defined by the lithological properties of the rock. The concept of biostratigraphy is based on the principle that organisms have undergone successive changes throughout geologic time. Thus, any unit of strata can be…

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Hydrological properties of Rocks: Comprehensive Guide to Porosity, Specific Yield, and Storage Coefficient in Rocks

Hydrological properties are the characteristics of rocks and soils that affect the movement, storage, and distribution of water within the Earth’s crust. These properties include porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific retention, and storativity, which determine the capacity of geological materials to store and transmit water. POROSITY (n) The bulk volume of rock includes the grains or…

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Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Coal: Comprehensive Guide to Coal Quality Parameters

Proximate analysis The most common analysis is proximate analysis. A proximate analysis is a common laboratory procedure to provide the fundamental composition of coal. It is used on coal during exploration, mining, and preparation. This analysis is also widely used for industrial purposes and for grading the coals.  Proximate analysis is a measure of the relative percentage of volatile and…

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