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Computer Fundamentals - 2073

Example of a laptop computer   Attempt (Any Ten) questions: - What is computer? Write down the features of 4th generation computer. Computer is an electronic machine which accepts data and instructions given by the user (input), processes them according to the given instructions (processing) and produces 100% accurate result(output) which can be further stored for current as well as future uses(storage). Various features of 4th generation computer are as listed below: - Its speed of processing is very high. - It consumes extremely low amount of electricity in comparison of its predecessor generations. - The main component used for processing in this computer is microprocessor. - It is very smaller in size. - The latest computers of this generation are so much small that they can be either easily transported from one place to another or even worn on hands. - It has very large storage capacity. - Write down the characteristics of computer. The characteristics of computer are as listed below: - It should be faster in processing speed. - It should be able to handle a large amount of data. - The output produced by a computer should be 100% accurate and reliable. - A computer be versatile i.e. it should be applicable in various fields. - A computer should be diligent i.e. it should get bored or tired of doing works. - A computer should not have any feelings. - It should operate on electricity. - It should be programmable i.e. it can be used to achieve any goal with respect to its programmability. - Differentiate between RAM and ROM. RAM and ROM are as differentiated below: RAM ROM It is a temporary memory. It is a permanent memory. It is volatile memory i.e. its content gets deleted once the electricity cuts off. It is non-volatile memory i.e. its contents remain unchanged even if the electricity cuts off. It is generally used for loading system files and temporary application files. It is generally used to store the vendor's information and contact details as well. It can easily be upgraded with respect to the demand of user. It remains inbuilt into the motherboard hence can't be further upgraded easily. - Explain the term BIOS. BIOS is an abbreviation for Basic Input Output System. This system mainly deals with the checking of various input and output peripherals at the time of system booting. It also notifies in case any important peripheral is missing or damaged. This is the topmost instruction being carried out once the power button of a computer is pressed. It also tells the computer about the addresses from where the devices or system logs can be accessed for further processing. Loading device driver into computer's memory is also a step being defined in BIOS. - What is hardware? Write about CPU and motherboard. The physical components of computer that can be touched or felt is known as hardware. As the name suggests, hardware can be physically touched or stored in a physical location. Various examples of computer hardware are: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPU, Hard Disk, etc. - CPU:- CPU is an abbreviation for Central Processing Unit. It is the main component of processing in fourth generation computer. The major task of CPU is to perform the instructions being fed into the computer system. It is the only place that carries out processing action of the instructions. Hence it is also called as "the brain" of a computer system. A CPU can be further divided into three parts. They are: - ALU(Arithmetic & Logic Unit):- This part of CPU is responsible for carrying out various arithmetical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc. as well also the logical operations such as Logical AND, OR, NOT, etc. Any number system is converted into binary number system and then performed operation. Then once again, the result is converted into original number system for easy understanding of the user. - CU (Control Unit):- This part of CPU is responsible for controlling the various the instructions to be processed by a CPU. This unit also defines the priority for any task and then arranges the instructions sequentially to perform any task. This unit is also responsible to take decision for the devices where the data or information should reach. For e.g.: displaying operation is sent to VGA, playing sound is sent to speaker, printing documents is sent to printer, etc. - MU (Memory Unit):- This part of CPU is responsible for storing the data and instructions that is related to CPU. Various data and instructions prior to processing or even after processing are stored into this unit for further transmission. Memory Unit can be further divided into two categories: Primary Memory and Secondary Memory where the data to be processed or operated by CPU are stored in Primary Memory whereas the result produced after processing by CPU is stored in Secondary Memory. - Motherboard:- As the name implies, motherboard can be termed as "mother" of all the boards i.e. it connects every devices together for further communication. Since individual connection of every devices to remaining devices would form a meshy structure, hence motherboard is used to attach or connect every devices together. Almost all the devices are directly connected to motherboard either for power supply or for data transmission. The circuit is not possible by using individual wires for every connection, hence the circuit is being printed on a plastic body with metallic material that results the conduction or passing of electricity to every electronic devices. Hence motherboard is also known as PCB (Printed Circuit Board). - Explain the types of storage devices. The various types of storage devices are as explained below: - Magnetic tapes: The storage devices in which magnetic tapes are used to store data are known as magnetic tapes. Data and information are written or read in sequential mode i.e. the part of the tape under the read/write head is only accessed at a time. So collecting data from this type of devices is time consuming and slower in comparison to other storage devices. They are also known as primitive types of storage devices which are out of use at present. Any physical touch to the magnetic tapes of the devices may corrupt the data and result in corruption of data. The chances of spreading viruses is also very high as a single touch may result corruption of data. Example: VCR, audio cassettes, etc. - Magnetic disks: The storage devices in which magnetic disks are used and are divided into the form of tracks and sectors are known as magnetic disks. Since the data are not accessed sequentially, these types of storage devices are also known as Random Storage Devices. But storage or accessing process require the physical movement of disks inside the device, so it may be prone to get damaged soon. In comparison to magnetic tapes, magnetic disks are more reliable and faster for data communication as it supports Random Access of data. Example: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, etc. - Flash memory: The storage device that uses semiconductor chips for storage of data is known as flash memory. Semiconductor memories are generally smaller and portable in size. So they are also called removable disks. They have no any physical movement related parts for read/write process. Hence they are also long time durable in case of proper uses. Example: pen drive, memory cards, etc. - Optical Storage Devices: The devices in which data or instructions are stored optical form and require laser reader to access the stored data. They are generally write once type of storage devices i.e. the data once written can neither be edited nor any new data can be added. But also RW (Re-Writable) optical storage devices are available in which data can be written as many times as required. But the problem is that, adding any newer data needs to delete all the older data. Generally write once type of devices are cheap and mostly used in the market which is the root cause of virus transmission. So the newer computer systems have completely eliminated the use of optical storage devices and the current trend of storage is shifting towards external magnetic disks such as external hard disk, pen drives, memory cards, etc. Some of the examples of optical storage devices are Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), etc. - Solid State Drive (SSD): It is the most trending storage devices till date. It uses various semiconductor memories together being connected using NAND gates. No any magnetic disk is used that results no any physical movement inside the disk while accessing this device. In comparison to other storage devices, it is extremely fast and results a better a computer experience. - Differentiate between serial port and parallel port. Serial Port Parallel Port Data is transmitted serially through this port. Data is transmitted parallel through this port. Data transmission speed is slower than parallel port. Data transmission speed is faster than serial port. It has generally less number of wire connections. It has generally large number of wire connections. It sends data bit by bit streams after sending a bit at a time. It sends multiple bit streams at a time. It generally uses male jacks. It generally uses female jacks. Modems, device controllers, security cameras, etc. use serial port. CD Drivers, printers, hard drives, etc. use parallel port. - What is Operating System? Write down its functions. The system software that manages the overall functions of a computer system and also tells the computer what to do and how to do is known as an operating system. The various functions of Operating System are as follows: - Memory management: It manages the amount of memory required by any application and also frees that memory when the application is closed. - File management: Although the data or information is stored in various storage devices, Operating System defines creates a cluster or a system pattern to store files and directories. - Security management: The administrative rights of a computer are defined by an operating system. Hence it enables to secure the computer system on the basis of various levels of users. - Resource management: It queries the conditions and checks the availability of various resources available to a computer system such as hard disk, printer, etc. - User interface: An operating system provides an interface where a user can interact with computer resources. - Batch execution: An operating system also provides the facilities to perform a same type of task on various data or files which is concluded as batch execution. - Define application program. Explain about device driver and its importance. The program designed to meet the specific goal of user rather than the smooth functioning of computer system is called application program. For example: mspaint is developed for users to draw, microsoft word is developed to type various letters and official documents, etc. The utility software that helps the computer to identify a specific device and also instructs the way how to interact with that device is known as device driver. It mainly introduces the device to computer. In case device driver of a device is not present in computer, that computer cannot work with that device as it can't identify the device. The absence of proper device driver may result in the malfunctioning of computer as well as that device too. Device driver is very much important for a computer. Device driver also preserves the right to identify the administrative rights and decide either to send or receive data to/from that device into computer. Every computer must have device driver of every devices connected to it. Generally most of the devices' device drivers are installed by default but in some cases such as adding new printer, scanner, fax, etc. may require the computer to have its device driver. - What do you mean by browser? Highlight the concept of WWW and FTP. A computer program that helps us to open various websites is simply referred to as browser or web browser. Examples of browser are: opera mini, UC browser, Google Chrome. Browser understands the language of HTML (HyperText MarkUp Language) and converts it into an attractive and responsive page called webpage. WWW:- WWW is an abbreviation for World Wide Web. It is one of the most important services of internet. This features enables the user to open various websites. WWW follows the HTTP (HyperText Transmission Protocol) to open any webpage. The page being stored in any web server throughout the world can be accessed by a local computer if it is connected to internet. Because of this feature, nowadays various daily life activities have become easier such as news reading, incidents happening in any corner of the world, make research and collaborate with people anywhere in the world, etc. FTP:- FTP is an abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol or File Transmission Protocol. This protocol is used to access any files or directories being shared in a network. It defines the rules according to which a file can be accessed in a network. It is also followed at the time of uploading or downloading any file to/from internet. - Define the term internet. Also explain the services provided by internet. Internet is the network of networks that does not have any geographical limitation. It is also known as international network. It was first developed by ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) and was called ARPANet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) which was then handed over to the defense ministry of USA and was named as DARPANet where D stood for Defense. Later on, various governmental organizations and universities, schools were also provided this facility. Finally, now it is available throughout the world where anyone can communicate with one another by the means of internet. It has also helped in various sectors like: internet banking, e-commerce, e-mail, instant chatting, distance learning, online classes, etc. Various services provided by internet are as follows: - E-mail:- E-mail stands for Electronic mail where a sender can send message to receiver instantly without paying any cost. Not only the text but also various components of multimedia such as video, audio, images, animations, etc. can be easily sent to one another. - E-commerce:- E-commerce stands for Electronic commerce where a user can easily purchase any product online and also pay through online modes. This reduces the time to whirl around in the market in search of a specific product. Users can easily compare the price and quality of product for better shopping or purchase of any items. - Online classes:- This is also one of the best feature of internet where a student need not physically attend the class. He/she can study from home easily irrespective of their location from the institution. This has caused the students to join their interested classes globally. - Instant messaging:- This feature instantly sends the message to the receiver as soon as the sender presses the send button. Because of this feature, the world of communication has fully modernized and has become very fast. In case the receiver is online, he/she can respond to the message instantly else whenever he/she sees the message, then he/she can respond. It is also free of cost. - What is computer network? Write down the advantages and disadvantages of computer network. The interconnection between various computers to share any resources either software or hardware resources along with the communication is known as computer network. Computer network generally reduces effort, time, cost, etc. Various advantages of computer network are as follows: - Resources can be shared easily. - Sharing of resources reduces the cost. - Since data can also be shared sitting in one computer, it reduces the effort and time to copy same data to another computer. - The main computer (server) can easily monitor the performance of other computers connected to the network. Various disadvantages of computer network are as follows: - Trained professionals are required to setup computer network. - Extra devices and wires are required to setup computer network that may increase setup cost. - Failure of a computer may negatively affect all the computers in the network. - Security breach may result virus infection to all the computers in the network. - Explain the structure and working mechanism of hard disk. - Write short notes on: (Any Two) - VRAM - MODEM - Office Package Read the full article

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Computer Repair and Maintenance 2074

Group - "A" Attempt any ten questions: 1. Write the full form of SMPS. The full form of SMPS is Switch Mode Power Supply. 2. What is UPS? UPS is an Uninterruptible Power Supply that protects computer from uncertain shutdown during the electricity blackout. 3. Write the full form of PCI. The full form of PCI is Peripheral Component Interconnect. 4. What is hard disk? Hard Disk is a secondary storage device which stores data and all the necessary programs of the computer system and user. 5. What is the voltage of Vss of processor? Vdd is normally was used to be 5V but nowadays is 3.3V or even lower 1.8V or 1.2V. Vss is referred to be zero volts. 6. What is interface? Interface is the slot or jack through which various resources can be interconnected for data and signal transmission. 7. Write any two names of antivirus? They are Quick Heal Antivirus and Kaspersky Antivirus. 8. What is backup? The process of keeping a duplicate copy of data that helps when the original data gets damaged is known as backup. 9. What is virus scanning? The process of searching programs which may produce some damage to the computer resources is known as scanning. 10. Define 'cooling'? The process of eliminating large amount of heat, which is created while a computer system is running is called cooling. 11. What is 'Boot time error message'? Boot Time Error Message refers to the warning or message simply denoting the abnormal functionality of computer or missing of any important peripherals during the starting up of a computer. 12. What is troubleshooting specific component? Troubleshooting specific component means dealing with the problem and resolving the issues in that specific component. 13. What is configuration? The definition or the structural representation of the working process of computer or its resources is known as configuration. Group - B Attempt any five questions only. 14. List the types of monitors available in the market. The types of monitor available in the market are as listed below: a. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor b. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitor c. LED (Light Emitting Diode) Monitor d. Plasma Monitor (bigger sized monitors). 15. Write any two names of power supply. The two names of power supply are as listed below: a. AC (Alternating Current) : It has a fluctuating value and is normally used by heavy mechanical machines. b. DC (Direct Current): It has a discrete value i.e. it is not fluctuating. It remains constant throughout the power supply. It is generally used by almost all the electronic devices being used today. 16. Differentiate between CD-R and CD-RW. CD-R: a. It stands for Compact Disk Recordable. b. It can record data only once and read as much time as required. c. If the CD-R is not filled completely once while recording, the remaining part gets unusable anymore. CD-RW: a. It stands for Compact Disk Re-Writable. b. It can record and read the data as much time as required. c. The remaining empty part of CD-RW can be reused next time while recording. 17. Write two symptoms of virus infection. The symptoms of virus infection are as follows: a. Computer responds slowly to the given instructions. b. Unwanted applications get executed automatically. c. Various unknown files and folders get created. d. The availability of the computer resources get decreased that may finally result to the crashing of system. 18. What is motherboard? List any two types of motherboard. Motherboard is such a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) that provides an interface to connect various resources together and communicate with each other and also the power supply is controlled from SMPS through it. Any two types of motherboard are as follows: a. Full AT motherboard b. ATX motherboard 19. What may be the cause that your system produces continuous beep sound? Any system produces continuous beep sound in case of any hardware fault or damage. Specially, this happens with the memory related problems i.e. fault in Random Access Memory. 20. What do you mean by system case? Write its types. System case is defined as such an enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer system i.e. motherboard, SMPS, Hard Disk, RAM, Microprocessor, etc. excluding external peripherals like keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. The different types of system case are as listed below: a. Full Tower Case b. Mid Tower Case c. Mini Tower Case Group - C Attempt any five questions: 21. What is system BIOS? Write the function of BIOS and explain them. System BIOS refers to Basic Input Output System that performs the operation of handling various input and output devices. The function of BIOS is to check the presence of various input and output devices required to run a computer system. This process mainly starts at the time of booting. Its main goal is to check either the computer has all the necessary input and output devices or not. 22. Write about the construction and operation of HDD. Describe cylinder, sector and track also. HDD refers to Hard Disk Drive. It consists of a spindle that holds flat circular disks, called platters which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from non-magnetic material usually aluminum alloy, glass or ceramic. The tracks are the concentric circles around the disk and the sectors are segments within each circle. The smallest part of a storage location is called sector. The combination of various such sectors make a track. Similarly, the combination of various tracks together is known as a cylinder. 23. Why backup scheduling is needed to computer? Which device and media do you use for backup? Explain any one. Backup simply refers to the duplication of data for future uses. It must be scheduled so that the changes occurred in the data from time to time gets refreshed and re-arranged automatically so that the chances of losing data gets reduced even if the system gets damaged. We can use various devices and media such as any other partition of the same hard disk but it not efficient because the damage of the hard disk damages all the partitions. Hence the devices to be used for data backup are any external or secondary hard disk or pen drives or flash drives so that it can easily be used to recover the data in case of any system damage. 24. Write the causes and solution that your system could not recognize newly purchased scanner. A system could not recognize a newly purchased scanner because it may not be installed into that system i.e. the device driver of the scanner might not be present in the system because of which the computer can not recognize the device about what it is and how to work along with it. So, the only solution to such problem is either to install the device driver that comes with the newly purchased scanner or using windows updates to check if the operating system can automatically recognize and install it. 25. What may be the causes of monitor failure? Write down the appropriate solution. The monitor mainly operates upon two cables: power cable and a video cable. The possible causes of monitor failure may be lack of electricity supply to the monitor or failure in the video cable that is connected to the motherboard. Its appropriate solution is to check either the monitor blinks first or not because it confirms the power cable and the second one is then to check the video cable either it is disconnected or it is damaged. After analyzing the problem, if the monitor does not get power supply, then the power cable needs to be replaced or if the video cable is not responding, it needs to be replaced rather than getting repaired. 26. Write the causes and solution of system slowdown. Some of the causes of system slowdown are as listed below: a. Fragmentation of data may be high. b. Various unwanted applications may be installed. c. Various ad supporting programs installed while using internet may also have slowed down the computer. d. Installing games from game disk may contain various virus that may slow down the computer. Some of the solutions of the system slowdown are as listed below: a. Disk defragmentation should be performed time to time. b. Avoid using pirated software. c. Use antivirus i.e. paid version. d. Update the virus definition of antivirus time to time. e. Check for windows update and uninstall the unwanted applications from the computer. Read the full article

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Example of auto sharing on social network

I am using the plugin Blog2Social for the first time to check either it automatically posts the contents to my social networks or network. I am also attaching an image hereby.

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The Real Economy Has Never Been Tested by a Pandemic

The Real Economy Has Never Been Tested by a Pandemic

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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How to Think and Act in the Plummeting Stock Market

How to Think and Act in the Plummeting Stock Market

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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More and More People Stay Home as Coronavirus Spreads

More and More People Stay Home as Coronavirus Spreads

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Companies Are Putting Profits Ahead of Public Health

Companies Are Putting Profits Ahead of Public Health

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Duo's Epic Win Will Be Commemorated with Yacht Photoshoot

Duo’s Epic Win Will Be Commemorated with Yacht Photoshoot

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Alice Pattinson Has Been Designing Clothes for Over 40 Years

Alice Pattinson Has Been Designing Clothes for Over 40 Years

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Shock: Blockbuster Filmmaker Bruce Knox Comes Out as Transgender

Shock: Blockbuster Filmmaker Bruce Knox Comes Out as Transgender

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Witnessing the Birth of the New Coronavirus Economy

Witnessing the Birth of the New Coronavirus Economy

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Major Network is Anouncing Another Modelling TV Show This Fall

Major Network is Anouncing Another Modelling TV Show This Fall

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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The Healthiest Way to Behave in this Pandemic Situation

The Healthiest Way to Behave in this Pandemic Situation

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Oscar's Best Winning Actresses All Had a Pijama Party on Sunday

Oscar’s Best Winning Actresses All Had a Pijama Party on Sunday

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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The Dos and Donts of the 'Social Distancing' Behavior

The Dos and Donts of the ‘Social Distancing’ Behavior

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Quarantines Spark Confusion and Worries About Precedent

Quarantines Spark Confusion and Worries About Precedent

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…

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Know the Simptoms: What Will You Do If You Start Coughing?

Know the Simptoms: What Will You Do If You Start Coughing?

People live better in big houses and in big clothes. I try to contrast; life today is full of contrast. We have to change! I am not interested in the past, except as the road to the future. Give me time and I’ll give you a revolution. I think the idea of mixing luxury and mass-market fashion is very modern. I want people to be afraid of the women I dress.

Mass-market fashion is very modern

I…