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livin-the-history-avec-moi · 2 years

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Biografía completa de Louis de Végobre y una pincelada de Charles de Végobre

Louis de Végobre, de nombre competo Pierre-Louis-Joshep Antonie Manöel de Végobre nació el 12 de noviembre de 1752 en Ginebra, Suiza y falleció el 27 de septiembre de 1840. Fue un profesor abogado, nagistrado, profesor y escritor que destacó en áreas como la física y la poesía. Participó activamente en las protestas repúblicanas de Ginebra en las asambleas nacionales.Louis de Végobre en 1840

Sus padres de Charles Manoël de Végobre (20 de agosto de 1713-25 de octubre de 1801, Lasalle, Cevennes, Francia) y Louise de Vignolles-de-La-Valette, ambos franceses, tuvieron seis hijos, de los cuales Louis es el segundo. Solo tres de los hermanos superaron la niñez: Anne-Charlotte (4 de septiembre de 1752-28 de septiembre de1840), fundadora del primer orfanato de Ginebra, y Phillipe (24 de junio de 1762-2 de mayo de 1778)Lasalle

Su padre fue un importante abogado en la zona centro europea, trabajando con grandes figuras históricas relevantes como Voltaire. Fue el menor de los hijos de Etienne de Manoël y de Dauphine Bousanquet. El abuelo paterno de Louis de Végobre, un hugonote, envió a Charles a un colegio católico. Tuvo que comenzar los estudios de latín sin maestro. Voltaire

Cuando hubo algunos progresos, sus padres decidieron a Ginebra para ver a una tía que se había refugiado allí por motivos de religión que podrían atraer severos castigos; pero los desafiaron por el bien de la educación de sus hijos. Su tía, ya anciana, recibió bastante mal a su sobrino Charles, quien, sin embargo, por la bondad de su carácter, pronto se ganó su favor, ingresó primero a la universidad, donde hizo rápidos progresos en el estudio de la jurisprudencia. Fue admitido como abogado el 23 de agosto de 1740, con la condición de que "no pudiera postularse, ya que no era burgués". Así que tuvo que contentarse con abrir un consultorio. Fallecida su tía en 1749, a la edad de 93 años, Charles de Végobre logró obtener un pasaporte de Saint-Florentin y viajó a Languedoc para arreglar los asuntos de la sucesión. Permaneció allí durante casi un año.

En el mes de noviembre de 1750, fue a Lausana y contrajo matrimonio con Louise de Vignolles-de-La-Valette; donde, inmediatamente después de la celebración de la boda, regresó a Ginebra, donde recordó sus hábitos y ocupaciones.

Durante los siguientes el matrimonio prosperó y tuvieron seis hijos: Louis de Végobre siendo el segundo de los hijos, teniendo un hermano mayor nacido el septiembre del año anterior, pero murió joven; después Anne-Charlotte, nacida el 4 de septiembre de 1754 que fue seguida por otro hermano llamado Jean que también falleció a temprana edad. La quinta hija fue Madelaine, nacida en 1759 y fallecida a temprana edad. Philippe fue el último hijo, nacido en 24 de junio de 1762, que dio grandes esperanzas a la familia, falleció el 2 de mayo de 1778.

Ante la historia del espantoso drama de un asesinato legal representado en Toulouse, se le ocurrió la feliz idea de pedir a Voltaire el decreto del parlamento.

En 1766 y en 1782, Charles de Végobre realizó dos nuevos viajes a Francia, para escapar del espectáculo doloroso de los disturbios que agitaban a Ginebra, y en el que intervino con la publicación de unos folletos sacados a la luz bajo el velo de lo anónimo, entre los años 1777 y 1781. Sin embargo, las luchas políticas no le hicieron descuidar obras más importantes desde el punto de vista literario. Publicó las diversas Obras de Abauzit (1679-1767, físico, teólogo y filósofo francés), precediéndolas con una biografía y un discurso preliminar. Al año siguiente, se ocupó de la edición del tratado de Addissou sobre la verdad de la religión cristiana , traducido y comentado por Seigneux de Correvon (1695-1776). También había escrito un elogio histórico de Court de Gébelin(1725-1784, escritor y esotérico francés), su amigo, un panegírico que ha quedado manuscrito. Abauzit

Falleció conservado hasta sus últimos momentos todas sus facultades y su gusto por la poesía, mismo que compartió con su hijo. Había perdido a su esposa en 1794. Gabriel Manigault

Desde su infancia, Louis de Végobre anunció los arreglos más felices en la familia. Sus padres viajaron por Alemania y Francia, quedándose con sus dos hermanos en Ginebra. Trabajó como maestro desde los 19 y completó con éxito sus estudios como abogado a los 24. Estudió con su amigo François-André Naville (1752-1794) y ambos prosperaron en la prefesión. Era amigo de la familia Chauvet, que lo recomendaron para ser el maestro de matemáticas de John Laurens (1754-1782, soldado americano), que a la vez fue su primer profesor de lengua inglesa, y Francis Kinloch (1755-1826, abogado americano), y posteriormente maestro de geometría de Gabriel Manigault (1758-1806, arquitecto). Con todos ellos forjó y mantuvo una amistad durante los siguientes años.John Laurens

Louis de Végobre también ejerció como abogado, pero sufrió una pérdida económica que le obligo ir hasta Etoy, Suiza para continuar siendo maestro. A la par, fue autor de varios libros y ensayos, donde, posteriormente publicaría un ensayo. Continúo formandose de forma autodidacta en ciencias Etoy

Los asuntos domésticos, luego las circunstancias políticas lo mantuvieron fuera de casa durante varios años, donde no regresó hasta 1784. Pero por asuntos y acontecimientos políticos lo despojaron de su puesto de trabajo y su fortuna, donó lo poco que le quedaba a algunos parientes arruinados de Francia por el terror, y, en nada, el mismo se vio obligado a huir de Ginebra hasta el cantón de Vaud y llegó a Etoy. Sin tener nada de más que las cosas que llevaba en el cuerpo, aceptó la silo que ofreció generosamente Albert Turrettinni (su antiguo compañero de trabajo, miembro del Conseil des Deux-Cents y otros cargos que poseería más adelante), pero con la condición de que debía ser maestro del mayor de sus hijos y educar al menor de ellos. Posteriormente, también ingresó como maestro en una familia ginebrina establecida en el cantón de Vaud. Y finalmente pasó algún tiempo refugiado en el castillo de Coppet. Castillo de Coppet

Poco después se convirtió en maestro de física en la universidad de Ginebra debido a que Marc-Auguste Pictet, un amigo suyo que era profesor de ciencias, cayó enfermo. Louis aprovechó su estabilidad económica y escribió a la par algunos panfletos políticos. Tras la recuperación de Pictet, participó en la controversia que genero el experimento de Pictet durante 1790 y 1804, donde superpuso la ciencia a su trabajo como abogado aunque en 1793 se convirtió en diputado. Pproporcionó numerosas al trabajo de Prevost y notas sobre el calor radiante.Naville

Durante la independencia de Ginebra escribió una obra en presentación de otra de su amigo François-André Naville que fue condenado a fusilamiento en 1794 por cuestiones políticas que ambos compartían, donde tanto Végobre como Naville fueron encarcelados tras la revuelta de 1792, pero la única condena que se presentó fue la de Naville. Francis Kinloch

Francis Kinloch, su alumno, regresó de Ginebra con su familia en 1804, en esta misma fecha, escribe una carta a Johannes von Müller, hablando sobre Végobre, en la cual, se encuentra reflexionando sbre sus primeros tiempos en Ginebra. Hecho que da entender que Müller conocía, o, como mínimo sabía de Végobre. De esta misma forma, el amante de Johannes Müller, Charles Victor de Bonstetten, también mencionó a Végobre, ya que ellos compartieron correspondencia.Charles Victor de BonstettenJohannes von Müller,

En 1814, tras la recuperación de la indipendencia de Ginebra, Végobre se convirtió en miembro del consejo de representantres, cargo que le duró hasta 1833 e iba compaginando durante su cargo de juez de la corte suprema, que duró desde 1815 hasta 1826, donde sus fuerzas se declinaron y decidió dimitir. El último trabajo que ejerció antes de jubilarse fue el de Juez del tribunal de Justica Civil y Penal de Ginebra y fue maestro del hijo de James Watt.Pictet

Después de años trabajando, ayudó a grandes físicos y matemáticos en sus cálculos y experimentos en sus últimos años. Siguió trabajando con Marc-Auguste Pictet y otros amigos. Antes de fallecer llevó todos sus libros a la biblioteca de Ginebra como donación. Nunca se llegó a casar y vivió con su hermana, quien falleció 24h después de su hermano. Se afirmó que dejaron hermosos recuerdos, y a pesar de su pequeña fortuna, tenían una caridad inagotable.

Libros y obras de Louis de Végobre:

El jurado en juicios penales

Dos ediciones fueron publicadas en frances alrededor de 1827 y están en poder de 9 bibliotecas.

Análisis: Louis de Végobre se opone al jurado donde los juicios penales

Extracto de las mezclas de religión moral y sagrada: entrega de marzo de 1824.

Tuvo una unica edición publicada en 1824 en francés que se encuentra en dos bibliotecas.

Análisis: La defensa de la iglesia protestante y del gobierno de ginebra, cuyo objetivo es denunciar varios atentados de la iglesia en la prensa francesa.

La Biblioteca Británica y las Mezclas religiosas del pastor Samuel Vincent también contienen algunos artículos de su pluma

Discurso para servir de introducción a una obra póstuma de François-André Naville, ex Consejero del Estado de la República de Ginebra.

Se publicaron cuatro ediciones en frances en 1803, en poder de 23 bibliotecas, que empezaron a ser escritas en 1794.

Primera página de la obra:

Durante mucho tiempo, me dejé llevar por los consejos de varios amigos cuya opinión debe ser de gran importancia.

Al peso cedo el sentimiendo del deber por el que me setí impulsado durante mucho tiempo a rendir este homenaje fúnebre a la memoria de mi amigo y a la de los magistraes virtuosos que perecieron con el homenaje fúnebre que también reclama para sí la patria de estas augustas víctimas.

Es una deuda que la Nacion de Ginebra todavia tiene con las melenas de sus magistados y sus ciudadanos inmolados en tiempos de terros y que se debe a sí misma. Es hora de que sea absuelra. Que lamentablemente no es por un monumento que es digno de su objetivo, de este objetivo que reúne para los ginebrinos los recuerdos más queridos, respetados y más dolorosos.

Si presneto este discurso tal como fue compuesto, sin deslizarlo como tuve la primera idea de las dos primeras conferencias que tratar solo con el trabajo de mi amigo, es porque estas dos partes no son ajenas a si alabanza, que es mi principal objetivo.

Tomaré una idea de la obra del Sr. Naville, del tipo y finalidad de su obra y sobre todo veremos que juicio, un muy excelente juez que debería haber sid el editor de la misma. Sin embargo, no es frente al público que puedo difunfir estas lágrimas de las que riefo las tumbas de mis amigos y de los buenos ciudadanos de mi país que han sido víctimas de sus conciudadanos, no es en los oídos de un público ligero al que quiero hacer oir mis lamentos por encima de los crimenes qu ehan profanado y la catástrofe que ha borrado un gran número de naciones, una patria tan querida. Pero es a los amigos de las víctimas a los que lloro, es la los ginebrinos cuyo corazón responde al mío, que presento como regalo esta debíl expresión de los sentimietos que siento y que es dulce para mí encontrar en esta casa que acepten el homenaje y la pureza de sus motivos sea un titulo a su indulgencia.

Louis de Végobre. Ginebra, marzo del 1803

Visita mi blog para más informaciónhttps://louisdevegobre.blogspot.com/

#louis manoel de vegobre #john laurens #louis de végobre #francis kinloch #louis de vegobre

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joseandrestabarnia · 17 days

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Francesco Diofebi (1781-1851) La entrada lateral del Capitolio a S. María en Aracoeli en Roma Tener una cita: 1825 Numero de inventario: B70 Numero de catalogo: B70

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Dueño: Museo de Thorvaldsen Método de adquisición: Donación testamentaria de Bertel Thorvaldsen Año de adquisición: 24 de marzo de 1844

Información e imagen de la web del Museo de Thorvaldsen.

#art #pintura

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mebelland · 1 year

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pushing-lulus-daisies · 1 year

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revolutionarywarhistory · 1 year

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"...the new Regiment now raising": Continuing the story of the Extra Regiment [Part 2]

Continued from part 1.

Reprinted from my History Hermann WordPress blog.

Notes

[1] Beverly W. Bond, Jr., "Chapter III: Military Aid" within "State Government in Maryland 1777-1781," Johns Hopkins University Studies, Series 23, Nos. 3-4 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, March-April 1905), p. 38-39.

[2] While Mr. Alexander Smith resigned from the position of Lieutenant Colonel on September 1st, 1780, he was re-promoted by the Council of Maryland the following day to the same position!

[3] Journals of Congress, From January 1st, 1780 to January 1st, 1781 (Philadelphia: David C. Claypoole, 1781), 341-342.

[4] Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1780-1781, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 45, 56, 241, 367, 370, 444; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1779-1780, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 43, 233, 234, 338; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1781-1784, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 48, 54, 60; "Autograph Letters," American Historical Record Vol. I, No. 4, April 1872, p. 175. As Thomas Johnson notes in this July 16, 1780 letter, Mr. Cock requested to a captain in the regiment in July. Also see the pensions of Robert Green, Solomon Turner, Aquilla Smith, Wilson Moore, William Nick, John Ferguson, and Patrick Connolly for other mentions of Mr. Bayley, who has a service card on Fold3, but apparently no pension. He would later be listed as living in Frederick County, just like the rest of the Bayley/Bailey family in Maryland, and lived a total of 81 years.

[5] Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1779-1780, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 43, 335; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1780-1781, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 45, 250, 253, 371; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1781-1784, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 48, 54, 94.

[6] Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1779-1780, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 43, 233, 234, 262; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1780-1781, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 45, 325, 367, 370, 415; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1781-1784, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 48, 58, 60. A man named Edward Hood was "awarded a pension as a 'maimed' soldier in the 1st Regt. of the Maryland line" and says he "served under Captains Samuel Griffin, Samuel Jones and Nicholas Gassaway."

[7] Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1780-1781, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 45, 294, 334, 367; Journal and Correspondence of the Council of Maryland, 1781-1784, Archives of Maryland Online Vol. 48, 60, 94, 129; Congressional serial set (Washington: G.P.O, date not known), 133. Page 25 of Lawrence E. Babits's A Devil of a Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens, notes that Edward Giles is part of the Extra Regiment.

[8] Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, folder 28, roll 0034. Courtesy of Fold3.com. Here are the 29 listed on the first and second pages of the record: Jonathan Deare, Jacob Hofselton, John Burk, William Devine, Jacob Guttinger, Jacob Hofselton (different from above), Christopher Hambert, Thomas Ball, John Smith, Thomas Burk, George Hamilton, Michael McGowery, Michael Redmond, William Gillisby, John Desmond, Michael Moon, ? Graydy, John Flowson, John Barker, Isam Coleman, Thomas Glifson?, James Hopkins, Isiah Mason, John Clark, Lenard Smith (close, but not his pension), John Jackson, Josias Miller, John Anderson, and ? Gibson (crossed out). Here are the 18 soldiers listed on pages 3 and 4 (and 5?) of the document: Michael Garner, Henry Savage, Christopher Miller, Michael Longisfetter?[full name cannot be read], Michael Redman, John Barker, Thomas Burke, William Devine, John Butler, John McCarty, John Burk, Morris Leary, Gary Hamilton, Chris? Lamford, Michael McGowan, John Morris, William Falton, and Philip Fitzpatrick.

[9] The following are those listed in the full return: William Ewing, Patrick Pharple? [unreadable], Theophilus Cumford, Joseph McLain, Michael Cofner, Laughlin Fannen, Michael Longisfetter [unreadable], Henry Savage, John Butler, John Morris, William Patton, William Preft, Joseph Wright, James Thomson/Thompson who was recommended for captain of the regiment by William Hemsley, Roger Swanson, Michael Mann, John Derr who is pardoned by the governor later on (there is a John Derr with a pension who served in the Maryland Line, number S. 12762, but it is not known if this is him although some indications seem to indicate it could be; he is described as a deserter at one point), Jacob Hartman, John Burk, William Devine (some indications that pension number R.2906 is him but this cannot be confirmed), Jacob Citleringer, Jacob Hofselton, Christopher Flamb, Thomas Ball, John Smith (there are eight John Smiths who have MD pensions as an ancestry search shows, but none of them seem to be him), Thomas Burk, George Hammilton, Michael McGowan, Michael Redmond, William Gibson, John Desmond, John McCarty, Philip Fitzpatrick, William Siggs [unreadable], John Enerson [unreadable], Michael Stoelker, Peter Pomish?, John Reyler, William Deyler, John Ellison, Jonathan Parker, James Woodward, James Neel, Jacob Meyers, Morris Leary, Henry Creger, William Diach, David Crady, John Flower, John Barker, Thomas Gibson, John Colman, John C[?]Millan, James Hopkins, and John Clare.

[10] John Allison Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see pages 4-5. Courtesy of Fold3.com; John Burke Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 5. Courtesy of Fold3.com; William Divine Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com; John Clare Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com; William Gilasby Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com; Leonard Smith Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see pages 2-4. Courtesy of Fold3.com; William Ewing Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com; John Smith Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com; Michael Steeker Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com; Roger Sullivan Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com; Joseph White Service Card; Rolls of Extraordinary Regiment, 1780, Revolutionary War Rolls, 1775-1783, National Archives, NARA M246, Record Group 93, see page 2. Courtesy of Fold3.com. Specifically, the Fold3 muster rolls, not the serve cards, show that John Clare "deserted from Annapolis" three were sick in an Annapolis Hospital, six deserted at Head of Elk on Sept. 3 (William Ewing, Joseph White, Roger Sullivan, John Smith, Michael [last name cannot be made out], and James Hopkins), six hadn't joined (John Jackson, Josias Miller, John Anderson, Morris Leary, Thomas Gibson, John Neale), three were sick in Philly Hospital (William Gillaspie, Christopher Lambert, and Patrick Charro?), and four were on command (Josiah Mason, Thomas Burke, ? Woodward, and Michael Redman), leaving a company which is supposed to be 60, of actually only 37. Service Cards confirm this, showing that John Burke and William Devine were sick in an Annapolis hospital, that John Clare deserted from Annapolis, that William Gillaspie/Gilasby was sick in Philly hospital and Leonard Smith was sick on furlough, and having records of five who deserted at "Head of Elk": William Ewing, John Smith, Michael Streeker, Roger Sullivan, and Joseph White. Also, a man named John Allison is mentioned on a return of Sept. 29, 1780 as present, but noting else is known.

[11] These men were Thomas Pendoor, James Bigwood, George Clarke, John Higgins, John Pickering, William Stewart (close, but not his pension), Daniel Bulger, John McGuire, Edward Daw, William Cox, John Maginnis, James Barrow, Joseph Floyd, John Harvey, Jesse McCarty, Henry Crane, William Curtin (related to Thomas Certain?), John Whealand, Thomas McBride, John McCoune in place of William Quinton, Thomas Maddin, John Buller, Patrick Smith, Richard Downes, John Smith, Patrick Cavenough, Thomas Shears, Thomas Ahair, Thomas Pennifield, and Richard Kisby.

[12] These seventeen others, not including dead James North or deserter John Tucker, are: Richard Whiley, Patrick Riley, John Butcher, John Robbins, Robert Ferrell, John Jones, Elijah Clarke, John Freeman, Anthony Wedge, William Groves, Thomas Elliss, Thomas Matthews, Stephen Fennell, Thomas Burch, Charles Reynolds (possibly mentioned in this pension), Timothy McLamar, and John Clayton.

[13] The list of "recruits and deserters," were acquired by Queen Ann's County officers, including William Hemsley, for the regiment, raised in July shows 2 people who deserted before joining (Thomas Fox and Valentine Saint Tee), three former deserters who never joined (Thomas Trew, Joseph Crouch, and James Chittendon), while three former deserters did join (David Willon, Thomas Terrett, and Benjamin Loftsman). Then there are the 25 regular people recruited who are not deserters: Thomas Yewell, George Duncan, Edward Legg, Charles White, Job Sylvester, Robert Legg, Thomas Gadd, William Aller, Daniel Dulany, John West Tate, Benjamin Lee, Richard Gemmeson, Edward Vickers, Elijah Barn, John Oliver (possibly him but cannot be confirmed), William Carter, John Moore, John West, Joseph Paggat, James Baver, Lambert Phillips, John Hickins, Richard Murphy, Timothy Connor, and Edward Dominie.

[14] The other 22 men are William Clements, James Bartclay, William Jeffries, Francis Rogers, Dennis Larey, John Cooper, Elisa Huff, George Plumbley, Bauer Wibb, Frederick James, Jesse Power (close but not his pension) William Hickin, Joseph Points, William Simmons (close but not his pension), Benjamin Smith (related to the other Smiths?), John Bryan, William Campbell, John Muir, William Holt, John Lewin, John Moore, and John Newton ("wounded in two instances" as a result of his fighting in the war).

[15] Pension of Alexander Lawson Smith, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, Record Group 15, Roll 2208, pension number W. 4247. Courtesy of Fold3.com.

[16] Pension of Charles Smith, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, W 25,002, from Fold3.com.

[17] Pension of Mountjoy Bayly, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, S-12094, BLWt 685-300. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[18] Pension of Sarah and Archibald Golder, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, W.943. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

[19] Pension of Samuel Luckett, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, S 36,015. From Fold3.com.

[20] Pension of John Plant, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, Record Group 15, Roll 1942, pension number W. 26908. Courtesy of Fold3.com.

[21] Pension of Josias Miller, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, Record Group 15, Roll 1728, pension number S. 40,160. Courtesy of Fold3.com.

[22] Pension of Theodore Middleton, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, Record Group 15, Roll 1720, pension number S. 11,075. Courtesy of Fold3.com.

[23] Pension of John Newton, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, National Archives, NARA M804, S.35009. Courtesy of Ancestry.com and HeritageQuest.

#notes #maryland history #maryland #extra regiment #regiment extra #american revolution #revolutionary war #us history #military history

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packedwithpackards · 1 year

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Chapter VI: Zaccheus and Sarah's family [part 1]

… the annals of human history reveal the transcendent importance of marriage. The lifelong union of a man and a woman always has promised nobility and dignity to all persons…Its dynamic allows two people to find a life that could not be found alone, for a marriage becomes greater than just the two persons…Since the dawn of history, marriage has transformed strangers into relatives, binding families and societies together"- Justice Anthony Kennedy in the majority opinion of Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), a Supreme Court case which requires all states to enforce same-sex marriage [88]

Exploring the family of Zaccheus and Sarah continues the story of the Packards. Zaccheus (sometimes called Zacheus or Zacheas) Packard, the third child of Samuel Packard, Sr. and Elizabeth, was reportedly born in Hingham, between 1643 and 1646. As the story goes, in April 1682, he would marry a woman named Sarah Howard, the daughter of John Howard and Martha. [89] They would have nine children, named Israel, Sarah, Jonathan, David, Solomon, James, Zaccheus (II), John, and Abiel, who will be talked later in this chapter more in-depth.

In the years after Samuel Packard, Sr.’s death, Zaccheus would increase his standing in the town. He would purchase land in Bridgewater with a Packard named Sarjeant (relation unknown) in 1686, and be part of the “ways over” committee the same year as John Packard was allowed to build a horse bridge in the town. [90] In the 1690s, Samuel Packard, Jr., Samuel Packard Sr.’s son, would buy 10 acres in the town which sat above the saw mill. He would buy them for Zaccheus, a surveyor of highways in 1696 or 1697, who would “improve” 10 of his 50-acre lot in Bridgewater in 1697. [91] He would continue to live in Bridgewater for years to come as he acquired more land. This would include a land agreement with Josiah Edson in September 1714, and mentioned in passing as Jonathan Packard and Joseph Lathrop agreed on a dividing line of their property. [92] The nine children of Zaccheus and Sarah would have a different experience than he did in Bridgewater.

Israel Packard, the first child of Zaccheus and Sarah, was reportedly born on April 27, 1680. Some claim that Israel married “Hannah” in 1703 and Susannah Fields on November 30, 1735. Varied records point to this as well, with Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988 indicating that he married a woman named Hannah Grosman in 1701. Furthermore, the Family Data Collection says he married Susannah Fields in November of 1735. However, these two sources could have incorrect or have distorted information. Nothing else is known about this man.

On the other hand, Sarah Packard, the second child of Zaccheus and Sarah, was born in 1682, reportedly on August 19. She would marry a man named Josiah Edson supposedly in 1704, who would become a militia captain. [93] One source indicates that Josiah was a town selectman, a Christian man of “large stature, rather above medium height, of dignified deportment, of easy and colciliation [sic] manners” while Sarah was described as a “lady of domestic and retiring habits, amiable and forgiving in her disposition, and ambitious only to promote the welfare and happiness of her husband and children.” The dignified Josiah and “domestic” Sarah would have seven children named Sarah (b. 1705), Abidah (1706 -1749), Josiah (1709-1778), Huldah (1713-1800), Abiezar (b. 1715), Elijah (1720-1781), and Freelove, all with the last name of Edson. [94]

The description of Sarah was in keeping with the norms of the time. British colonial law, specifically the law of coverture, required that women were legally dependent on their husbands, losing their original last names and gaining no civil rights. [95] At the time, almost all women married, with men being the only ones would could vote, and women were supposed to obey their benevolent “protectors.” Some women did not accept the definitions of their lives “by motherhood and domesticity,” rebelling against being “Tyed to a Man,” but this was limited by the fact that hard work within and outside the home restricted lives of women, as did the expectations that women had to tend several children by their twenties or thirties. [96] Even though women performed work which was essential to the working of the household, the husband or father owned the “fruits of that labor” and when they worked in urban areas as “seamstresses, laundresses, and domestics,” they received half of the wages which men were paid. Sarah Packard seems to fall into the “traditional” domestic role if the description of her, as one with “domestic and retiring habits,” who wanted to promote the welfare of her children (and husband), is accurate.

Jonathan Packard, Sr., the third child of Zaccheus and Sarah was a bit different. He was born in 1684, reportedly on December 7, and died on June 7, 1746. [97] He would, as story goes, marry a woman named Susannah Hayward on Dec. 24, 1719, and would marry again to a woman named Abigail Thomson in 1723. He would have a son named Jonathan who would be born in 1730 and live until 1805. In 1708, Jonathan Sr. would make a land agreement with David Packard to gain, for 120 pounds, 127 acres of land on the Northeast side of the Matfield River, near the land of Joseph Hayward, in Bridgewater. [98] Seven years later, in June 1715, he would be part of an agreement with the Snell family. He and his brother James would buy hundreds of acres from Thomas Snell. [99] In 1725, he would become administrator of his father’s estate. After his father’s death, he would expand his political role and land holdings. In the 1730s, he would be implied in agreements between varied Packards (John, Samuel, Jonathan, and Daniel). [100] He may have endorsed the establishment of West Bridgewater as an independent township and advised that West Bridgewater be exempted from ministerial taxes if he was a legislator within the Massachusetts legislature from 1737 to 1738.

In 1746, Jonathan Packard was dead. Abiel, his brother, helped delineate his possessions. [101] On July 4, his inventory would show his lifestyle. While lands with buildings on them would be most of his property value, he would also have books, apparel, arms & ammunition, tables and table linen, tackling and husbandry tools, shoe maker tools & leather, a weavers loom, six ox hides, and nine cow hides, to name a few. [102] His probate would be finalized on May 7, 1747. Four years later, in May 1751, his real estate would be divided up. His wife Abigail, Joseph Edson, Jonathan Howard, David Packard, Abiel Packard, and Josiah Small would all be involved in this process. [103] There is a further historical context to these possessions, just like the possessions of Zachariah outlined in Chapter 3, which needs to be explored in order to further understand the story of the Packard family.

Such land possessions would be in line with what many other Puritan colonists, who were farming in a “cold and infertile region.” They were raising “cattle, sheep, and grain on thousands of small, rocky farms,” shipping modest surpluses of these supplies, after fulfilling their family needs, to the “West Indies to feed planters and their slaves” while New England merchant ships would return with “molasses, rum, and sugar” or carry such cargo to Great Britain where they could be exchanged for manufactured goods. [104] This means that while these Packards did not own enslaved people (except Zachariah Packard, his children named Nathan, Nathaniel, and Abigail, and wife of the same name as discussed in Chapter 3), they participated in the system of slavery in British America through interconnected trade networks. This is further the case considering that slavery was legal in every British colony, with Quakers as one of the only groups that objected to the practice, with the colonies simply a “land of black slavery and white opportunity,” with relatively small port cities. [105]

David Packard was the fourth child of Zaccheus and Sarah. Reportedly born on February 11, 1687, he would marry Hannah Ames, and die on November 3, 1755. [106] Through the years, he would gain prominence in the town of Bridgewater. In September 1725 he would be one of 11 people who would agree to build an “Iron Works or forge” in Bridgewater on the Packard's Mill Dam. [107] Eleven years later, he may have signed a petition requesting that the northern part of Bridgewater’s West District be established as its own township, along with numerous other Packards. In 1738, he would also lead an effort to change Bridgewater’s boundaries. [108] In 1739 and 1740, he would reportedly serve as part of a gospel ministry. He helped to furnish the meeting house and approve certain preachers. [109] If this is accurate, he may have been an influential part of the community. By the later 18th century, the king was be seen as a “champion against their Catholic enemies” and colonists, seeing themselves as “free-born Englishman” would be “proud of their British liberty,” holding up the political consensus which constituted a British constitution. Ministers in established churches preached the “sacredness of social stability” and deference to authority, which would be disturbed by Evangelical religious revivals. This means that David, who would have a son of the same name who acquired gobs of land, was part of this established order and loyal to the British crown. [110]

Solomon Packard was the fifth child of Zaccheus and Sarah. He would be born in 1686, reportedly on March 20th, and would be married to Sarah Lathrop in November 1715, married Susanna Kingman in 1717, and Dorothy Perkins in October 1760. [111] Other sources noted that had a similar role to David in the Bridgewater community. In 1739, he reportedly served as part of the Gospel ministry, listing him as a church member, like his brothers David and Solomon, helping to maintain the local church. [112] He would also be listed as a private in the Revolutionary War. He would serve as a private in the Second Massachusetts Regiment, in Adam Bailey’s company from July 10, 1780 to January 10, 1781, with David Packard enlisting the same day also for a 6-month term. [113] A scanned copy of the History of North Bridgewater would note that he was one of those raised in July 1780 for Continental service, marching on “alarm to Rhode Island” by the order of the Massachusetts legislature. This same resource noted that varied Packards served in Massachusetts units throughout the Revolutionary War. [114] His life after that point is not known. His date of death is reportedly 1782, and is clear that he participated in varied land transactions for years to come. [115]

James Packard was the sixth child of Zaccheus and Sarah. Born in 1691, reportedly on June 1, he would marry Jemima Keith, and die on November 22, 1765. [116] He would buy and sell large amounts of land. This ranged in the hundreds of acres. [117] Little else is known about his life. While his probate estate file is empty, there are available probate records issued after his death. [118] On September 24, 1765, he wrote a will in which he says he was in a “declining state of bodily health” but of perfect mind and memory; says he is a Christian, and asks for a “decent Christian burial.” Within this will, he gives his son James 1/8 part of a sawmill which is not far from Packard's Forge in Bridgewater, one half of his right and interest in the Old Cedar Swamp, and a piece of meadow on the Salisbury Plain River, and a meadow lot, formerly belonging to his deceased brother John who will be discussed in the next chapter. [119] He also gave his son James half of his wearing apparel, half of his husbandry tools and implements. For his son Reuben, who he makes the sole executor of his will, he gives 1/8 part of the sawmill near Packard's Forge, his right in the grist mill near Salisbury Plains River, half of his stake in the Old Cedar Swamp, his dwelling house to live in, his quick stock, and half of his wearing apparel. [120]

Zaccheus Packard II was the seventh child of Zaccheus and Sarah. Born in 1693, reportedly on September 4, he would marry Mercy Alden in 1725 and would die in 1775. [121] Zaccheus II and Mercy would have three children. They would be Eleazer Packard (1727-1803) who was later a revolutionary war veteran, Simeon Packard (1726-1815), and Mercy Packard (1738-1775). [122] Little is known about him otherwise. Other than land agreements, he lived in Bridgewater, among 13 other Packards. [123] He was one of the nine Packards who signed a petition in favor of creating a West Bridgewater township.

John Packard was the eighth child of Zaccheus and Sarah. Born on Oct. 6, 1695, he would marry Lydia Thompson in Feb. 1725, and die in 1728. [124] He will be explained more in the next chapter. Abiel Packard was the ninth and final child of Zaccheus and Sarah. Born on Apr. 29, 1699, he would die in 1774, not in 1776, and hence would not be a “famous captain in the revolutionary war” as is asserted in some sources. [125] More about his role as a Captain will be explained later. Other sources would confirm his birth and deaths dates and assert he married Sarah Ames in 1723 and Deliverance Washburn in 1771. [126] Like David and Solomon, he would have a role in the local church, if Bradford Kingman’s History of North Bridgewater has any merit.

Specifically, he would be a treasurer of the North Parish in Bridgewater (1738-1743, 1762), approve certain preachers, sell pews, and help improvement the local church (from 1739-1740). [127] In 1744, he would pay a higher tax than other Packards, possibly indicating he owned more land than them, and would confirm the sale of pews the same year. He would also serve on the committee of the North Parish (1746-1748, 1750, 1752, 1754, 1756-1758, 1760-1761, 1763-1769), vote to furnish the meeting house in 1748, serve as a selectman (1750-1751), and serve in the militia from 1762 to 1774, going from the rank of ensign to captain by the end of his service. [128] On June 19, 1773, he would write his will while he was “weak in body.” He gives his wife Deliverance one cow, 30 pounds, and his estate. His son Josiah received his lands in Bridgewater. He distributed his other possessions to his three of his children, dividing his estate with the following each getting a third: his daughter Sarah (widow of Ebenezer Snell), his daughter, Betty/Bettie (wife of Jacob Edson), and his son Benjamin. [129] He also made Benjamin the executor of his estate. The land acquisition by Abiel was continued by his children. [130]

Joshua, Luther, Thomas, Josiah, Daniel, and Timothy were among those who acquired land. Their land acquisitions were wide and ranging. While the probates of these children and others is not known, it was evident for Timothy. Dying on November 22, 1782, as a “yeoman” his wife Sarah Alden and son Bethuel managed his estate, which was ultimately divided between his children. [131] His inventory, when listed in February 1783, consisted of books, varying apparel, quick stock, hay & oats, hayseed and flax in straw, outdoor movables, and charcoal, among other possessions. It would not be until August 1783 when his estate was settled, by which time Sarah Alden had become the guardian of her three sons Josiah, Timothy, and Perez, and one daughter Sarah Packard, mostly under age 14.

Some talk about how the father of Zaccheus’s wife, Sarah Howard, was one of the first settlers in Massachusetts, settling in Duxbury and becoming “one of the town’s original proprietors and settlers” in Bridgewater, there’s no need to expand upon that here. Zaccheus was described in the same history as dying on August 3, 1723, and was said to be married in Bridgewater, dates which were supported by varied records, including Find A Grave entries. [132] Within the division and inventory of Zaccheus’s estate in May 1725, it used this same date, so it is clear that he died on August 3. His inventory, also reprinted in his estate files, notes that he owned sheets & table linen, a box, chests, barrels, loom with tackling, iron candlesticks, a brown cow, a black cow, an old horse, a cow, and steer, among much more. [133] Like the other Packards mentioned in previous chapters, he was a farmer. There are many more records I could have looked at for this chapter, including land records. [134]

Even without using those records, it is my hope that this chapter shed more light on another part of the Packard family’s story. With available resources I was able to add necessary historical context in order to improve the family story. The next chapter will move onto the next generation, focusing on the family of John Packard and Lydia. Not as much about them is known as the children of Zaccheus and Sarah, but they have the distinction of being the first generation of Packards who participated in the Revolutionary War since most of the Packards of the generation, noted in this chapter, would have been too old to hold any position with a few exceptions. Let us move forward to the story of John, Lydia, and the children of the second generation removed from Samuel Packard, Sr.

Notes

[88] Majority opinion of Anthony Kennedy, Obergefell v. Hodges, Justia, accessed July 8, 2017. It is relevant to the story of the Packards, including the family described in this chapter.

[89] See the Find A Grave entry for Sarah Howard Packard.

[90] Town Records Vol. 1-4, Plymouth, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, p. 107, image 42 of 654; Town Records Vol. 1-4, Plymouth, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, p. 112, image 44 of 654. Who Serjeant Packard is, and his relation to other Packards, is not known.

[91] Plymouth, Bridgewater, Land Records, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Town and Vital Records, p. 257, image 149 of 767; Town records vol 1-2, Plymouth, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, p. 34-35, image 14 of 285; Town Records Vol. 1-4, Plymouth, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, 1626-2001, p. 129, image 58 of 285; Plymouth, Bridgewater, Land Records, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Town and Vital Records, p. 255-256, image 148 of 767. Also in the 1690s, Nathaniel Packard made an agreement for 10 acres with Samuel Lathrop.

[92] Town records vol 1-2, Plymouth, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, p. 131, image 59 of 285; Plymouth, Bridgewater, Land Records, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Town and Vital Records, p. 258, image 149 of 767; Plymouth, Bridgewater, Land Records, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Town & Vital Records, p. 259, image 150 of 767.

[93] See the Find A Grave entries for Sarah Packard Edson and Josiah Edson. He would live from 1682 to 1762. For the source listed in the next sentence, see Kippy Spinelli, which confirms he was a militia captain, but provides information describing Josiah and Sarah. Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988 says that Sarah was born in 1682 and other records indicate that she died in 1754, confirmed by her gravestone which says she was 72 years old, called “Sarah Edson.” That is all that is known at this time.

[94] See the Find A Grave entries for Sarah, Abidah, Josiah, Huldah, Abiezar, and Freelove. Abiezar would have one child named Pollycarpus who would marry a woman named Mary Packard who was the child of Samuel and Anne with Samuel being another child of Nathaniel Packard (1657-1736), discussed in a previous chapter.

[95] Alan Taylor, American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750-1804 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2016), p 27.

[96] Ibid, 27-28. This may have been the situation for many of the Packard women.

[97] Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988 indicate he was born in 1684 and that he died on June 7, 1746. Mayflower Births and Deaths, Vol. 1 and 2 and U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 claims he married Abigail Thomson in 1723. Other sources noted here come from a Packard Family History and cannot be independently verified at the time of this writing. Also see his Find A Grave entry.

[98] Land Agreement between David Packard, Jonathan Packard, and Josiah Snell, 1708, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 6-8, p. 283-285 images 317, 318, and 319 of 504.

[99] Land Agreement involving Snell and Packard families, July 1715, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds 1714-1717 vol 11-12, p. 212-213, images 416 and 417 of 439. The Estate of Zaccheus Packard, 1725, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, Probate Records, Probate Records vol 5-5 T, p. 72-77, images 66, 67, and 68 of 256. In May 1725, a document is signed in the presence of Joseph Edson and Nathaniel Brett. Many Packards signed this document, including Zaccheus Packard II. Proceedings ended on May 19.

[100] Petition Submitted to the General Court by the inhabitants of the Northern Part of Bridgewater North Precinct, Dec. 11, 1736, series 228, Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 114, p. 212; Agreement between varied Packards, 1730-1731, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Vital and Town Records, Plymouth, Bridgewater, Land Records, p. 259-260, image 150 of 767; General Court committee report advising that the inhabitants of the Northern part of Bridgewater West Precinct be exempted from ministerial taxes, Jan. 29, 1737, Massachusetts State Archives, series 228, Vol. 114, p. 216; Notice for a precinct meeting of Bridgewater West Prinict, Dec. 13, 1737, Massachusetts State Archives, series 228, Vol. 114, p. 215. Later that year, this same Jonathan would sign a notice of meeting about if West Bridgewater is to separate.

[101] A True Inventory of Jonathan Packard, May 7, 1747, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, Probate Records vol. 10-10A, p. 408, image 222 of 611. Courtesy of Family Search; Land agreement involving Jonathan Packard and Jonathan Lopeland, Sept. 7, 1757, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 56-57, p. 147-148, image 446 of 575. In later years, his son would be buying land, in an agreement with which the Snell family was involved.

[102] He would also own spinning wheels; sheep wool, flax and yarn; iron vessels & iron utensils; some pieces of cloth woolen & linen; sheep shine; beds & furniture; pewter glass, earthen vessels; indian corn, rye, and other grain; meat tubs, wooden barrels; brass vessels, forks & knives; home furniture, bridles, saddles, and pillory; looking glasses, some silver and knives; and one sled. There are undoubtedly more items not listed here.

[103] Division of Jonathan’s estate, Nov. 15, 1753, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, Probate Records vol 13, p. 85-91, images 54, 55, 56, 57 of 298.

[104] Alan Taylor, American Revolutions, p 19, 25. As Taylor explains on page 25, colonial farms produced crops for “household needs and for the external market” which burst the myth of colonialists as self-sufficient “yeoman farmers.” He later adds on page 66 that most “free [white] men” in the colonies owned land by “freehold title” meaning that this “promised a cherished independence from a landlord, employer of master” but that that cost of land grew exponentially between 1750 and 1770 with only one of big families inheriting a whole farm in many cases.

[105] Ibid, p 21-22. Small port cities included Boston, Philadelphia, and many others.

[106] David’s gravestone on Find A Grave and Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records assert that he died on Nov. 3, 1755. The date of his marriage to Hannah Ames was reportedly 1612, but nothing verifies or disproves this date.

[107] Agreement to build an iron works or forge, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 18-20, p. 142-143, images 396 and 397 of 679; Petition Submitted to the General Court by the inhabitants of the Northern Part of Bridgewater North Precinct, Dec. 11, 1736, series 228, Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 114, p. 212. Another Israel Packard mentioned. His relation is not known.

[108] Petition submitted by David Packard and others requesting for their land to be annexed to the North Precinct of Bridgewater, Nov. 24, 1738, Massachusetts State Archives. Series 228, Vol. 114, p. 234; Petition submitted to the General Court by Jacob Allen and others of Bridgewater West Precinct, Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 114, p. 247.

[109] Bradford Kingman, History of North Bridgewater, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, From its First Settlement to the Present Time with Family Registers (Bradford Kingman: Boston, 1866), p 20, 85.

[110] For this paragraph, see Alan Taylor, American Revolutions, p 13, 29-32, 55. For David’s son (1713-1783) see book 44, p. 2-3; book 47, p. 39; book 51, p. 252-253; book 55, p. 117; book 65, p. 251 of Massachusetts Land Records for a source for the “gobs of land” assertion.

[111] The Abstract of Graves of Revolutionary Patriots; Volume: 3; Serial: 11999; Volume: 8 says he was buried in East Bridgewater. Massachusetts, Marriages, 1633-1850 says he married Dorothy Perkins in Oct. 1760 and Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988 says he was born in 1689. The New England Historical & Genealogical Register, 1847-2011 says he married Sarah Lathrop in Nov. 1715, and U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 says he married Susanna Kingman in 1717.

[112] Bradford Kingman, History of North Bridgewater, p 85

[113] U.S., Revolutionary War Rolls collection on Ancestry, which consists of scanned original documents.

[114] The scanned copy of the History of North Bridgewater also says that “Solomon Packard was in service in Captain Benjamin Edgell's company, Colonel John Jacobs's regiment, five months and sixteen days, 1777.” This book notes that the following Packards served in varying Massachusetts units throughout the war: Nathan Packard (1st Lt.), Reuben Packard (Sgt.), William Packard (Corporal), Silvanus Packard (Drummer), Jonathan Packard (Private), Lemuel Packard (Private), Luke Packard (Private), Asa Packard (Fife), Oliver Packard (Private), Daniel Packard (Minuteman), Elijah Packard (Private), Ichabod Packard (Private), Josiah Packard (Private), Jonas Packard (Private), Ephrahim Packard (Private), Benjamin Packard (Private), Simeon Packard (Private), Shepard Packard (Private), Hezekiah Packard (Fifer), Thomas Packard (Private), Abiah Packard (Private), Levi Packard (Private), Adin Packard (Private), Phillip Packard (Private), and many more. It is hard to know if any of these men are the same ones as written about in this family history.

[115] Agreement between Jonathan and Solomon Packard, May 1, 1721, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 38-39, p. 169, image 183 of 585; Agreement between Zacheus Packard and Jonathan Packard, Mar. 1, 1721, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 38-39, p. 114-115, images 414 and 415 of 585; Agreement between Solomon Packard and Icabod Edson, Apr. 24, 1765, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 50-51, p. 35-36, images 47 and 48 of 576; Agreements involving Solomon Packard, Feb. 13, 1770, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 54-55, p. 93-94, images 388 and 389 of 593.; Agreement between Solomon Packard and Matthew Belcher, Nov. 1, 1773, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 56-57, p. 196, image 495 of 595.

[116] See the Find A Grave entry for James Packard. Massachusetts, Marriages asserts that James Packard married Jemima in 1722. One source says he married her on June 22, 1722. Hence, no date is put in the main text.

[117] Land Agreement involving Snell and Packard families, July 1715, Massachusetts Land Records, Plymouth, Deeds vol 11-12, p. 212-213, images 416 and 417 of 439. Also see book 30, p. 138; book 33, p. 131; book 44, p. 148; book 51, p. 160 within Massachusetts Land Records 1620-1986.

[118] Probate of James Packard of Bridgewater, 1765, Case no. 15107, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, Probate Estate Files, Plymouth, image 460 of 1362. File is empty, only says “see records.”

[119] Will of James Packard, Sept. 24, 1765, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, Probate Records, 1633-1967, Probate records 1763-1771 vol 19-20, p. 356-358, images 212 and 213 of 641. Courtesy of Family Search. In the last two pages is a letter by the estate’s administrator, Reuben Packard on Dec. 3, 1785. He also issued an executive account in 1766, showing who had been paid from the estate’s funds, the following year.

[120] He also gives him half of his husbandry tools, all of his household goods and indoor movables, and all of his estate other than what he has given his son James. He gives his daughters Hezia, Jemima, and Rebecca 24 pounds, five shillings collectively plus four pence a piece to be paid to them in cattle or iron bars at market price in cash, meaning that they would receive six pounds, one shilling each for the next four years, along with all the money which is due to him.

[121] See Zaccheus Packard II’s gravestone on Find A Grave which says he died in his 82nd year of age. U.S. and International Marriage Records, 1560-1900 says he was born in 1693 and married Mercy in 1725. There is also a gravestone for his wife Mercy saying she died in May 12, 1775, while he died in Nov. 8, 1775 and was married to Zaccheus.

[122] See the gravestones for Eleazer, Simeon, and Mercy. They apparently had three other children.

[123] Plymouth, Bridgewater, Land Records, 1672-1834, Massachusetts, Town Clerk, Town and Vital Records, 1626-2001, p. 260, image 150 of 767. Courtesy of Family Search; Tax List of the Inhabitants of the Northern Part of Bridgewater West Precinct, 1738, Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 114, p. 230; List of Inhabitants of Bridgewater West Precinct, Feb. 1738, Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 114, p 226; Petition submitted to the general court by inhabitants of West Bridgewater, June 15, 1738, Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 114, p. 203; Tax valuation of inhabitants of Bridgewater and Stoughton, 1739, Massachusetts State Archives, Vol. 114, p. 207. Abiel, David, David (Jr.), George, James, John, Jonathan, Seth, Solomon, and William Packard signed the petition.

[124] This comes from Family Data Collection - Individual Records. Also see his Find A Grave entry.

[125] See his gravestone on Find A Grave. This proves he died in 1774.

[126] The Family Data Collection – Births and Family Data Collection - Individual Records says he was born in 1699, the latter asserting he married Sarah Ames. Massachusetts, Marriages, 1633-1850 and the Millennium File says he married Sarah Ames in 1723. Massachusetts, Marriages, 1633-1850 says he married Deliverance Washburn in 1771. Massachusetts, Town Death Records, 1620-1850 says he died on June 1, 1774. Mayflower Births and Deaths, Vol. 1 and 2 just gives general information. Mayflower Deeds and Probates, 1600-1850 summarizes his deeds and probates. Also see the gravestones of Sarah Ames and Deliverance Washburn.

[127] Kingman, History of North Bridgewater, p 20, 85, 88, 113, 206, 211-212.

[128] Ibid, 88, 94, 112-113, 201, 203, 206, 292-293. By 1774, he was militia captain (originally he was ensign in 1762, serving from that point) with Issac Packard. Other militia captains included: David Packard in 1780, Robert and Lennel Packard in 1783 (Robert again in 1796), Adin Packard (1817), Abiel Packard (1819) & Charles T. Packard (1862).

[129] Probate of Abiel Packard of Bridgewater, 1774, Case no. 15026, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, Probate Estate Files, images 159 and 160 of 1563; Last will and testament of Abiel Packard, 1774, Massachusetts, Plymouth County, Probate Records vol 21-23, p. 624-625, images 299 and 300 of 827. His probate estate records are non-existent, just saying “see records” but other records as noted here and here fill in the gaps. He calls Joshua a yeoman, gives him 5 shillings to be delivered within 12 months of his death, the same for Thomas, Timothy, Daniel, and Eliab?. Betty also gets a bed and case of drawers. He also gave Benjamin a land grant 2 miles north Bridgewater called [something] brook and he gives his son Timothy the orchards, buildings, and such on the same premises as his house. Elizabeth Edson and Josiah Packard not mentioned. Neither is Abiel Packard, Jr., since he is dead by this point.

[130] Within Massachusetts Land Records see: Book 24, 95; book 47, p. 144; Book 51, p. 67-69; Book 52, p. 170; book 56, p. 92; Book 57, p. 155, 165, 178-179, 218; book 58, p. 41, 56; book 62, p. 13; book 68, p. 113; book 69, p. 165; book 71, p. 83; book 89, p. 10.

Note: This was originally posted on August 8, 2018 on the main Packed with Packards WordPress blog (it can also be found on the Wayback Machine here). My research is still ongoing, so some conclusions in this piece may change in the future.

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twigstarpikachutroll22 · 2 years

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I posted 44,885 times in 2021

763 posts created (2%)

44122 posts reblogged (98%)

For every post I created, I reblogged 57.8 posts.

I added 12,467 tags in 2021

#tma - 1877 posts

#spoiler - 1795 posts

#spoilers - 1781 posts

#cupcakes and rainbows - 1715 posts

#the magnus archives - 1509 posts

#amphibia - 917 posts

#the owl house - 800 posts

#tma spoilers - 765 posts

#the magnus archives spoilers - 677 posts

#dreamworks trolls - 631 posts

Longest Tag: 124 characters

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My Top Posts in 2021

Tim, episode 117: “ All right. I don’t know what you are, I don’t even know if you’re listening. I don’t care. Just, if you’re there, I want you to know that I hate you. I hate you for, for witnessing what’s happened to us.”

Me: “.............................................................I’m sorry.”

196 notes • Posted 2021-08-24 07:21:40 GMT

HE ADMITS IT

(by the way, this is the most recent episode i've listened to, don't say anything about anything past this okay?)

196 notes • Posted 2021-08-26 18:40:01 GMT

Episode 106 be like...

201 notes • Posted 2021-04-26 17:45:32 GMT

What she says: I’m fine

What she means: Tim’s all broken up about Sasha being gone, only at the same time he can’t remember anything about her, he doesn’t have any memory of what the real Sasha was like, only that they were apparently pretty close, and he misses her real bad while at the same time having no real memory of her, the way he says “Who am I even sad for?” makes me want to cry. And on top of that, WE don’t even know who he’s sad for. She was barely with us for a handful of episodes of one season and how much did we really get to know about her in that time? Barely anything, really. And now she’s gone, permanently, and we’ll never get to know her any more than that, and nocreature who knew her in-universe will ever remember her, including Tim who was apparently pretty dang close to her, and excuse me I need to go listen to sad music and cry now

408 notes • Posted 2021-04-10 20:09:23 GMT

Jon: "I am not, nor have I ever been, 'adorable.'"

Also Jon, episode 39: ”We’re - clearly doing a whole,, heart-to-heart,, thing...”

Also Jon, episode 39 again: *momentarily thinks Martin's a ghost and asks him "You didn't die here, did you?"*

Also Jon, episode 83: “I could be on drugs!”

Also Jon, episode 93: *that scene of him petting the Admiral*

Also Jon, episode 102: *that part of the conversation with Martin where he mentions his skin's been in better condition than ever after the kidnapping*

Also Jon, episode 111: *the way he says "Oh, er, I can do that too!" when Gerry mentions Gertrude being able to make people tell her things (the transcript puts the tone indicator "perky" in parentheses before it kdsjlk)*

Also Jon, episode 117: *stuttering up a storm when he mentions the "workplace gossip" jksdgskg*

Also Jon, episode 133: *that laugh after it's cleared up that Daisy's "I'll rip her throat out" line was a joke*

Also Jon, a bunch of other season 4 episodes: *has to keep asking people "Was that a joke?" after they make jokes*

Also Jon, episode 154: *the entirety of THAT scene*

Also Jon, episode 165: *talks about a merry-go-round he enjoyed riding some years back*

Also Jon, episode 166: *hears Martin say "Let's go full Kill Bill!" and responds "I-I haven't seen it*

Also Jon, episode 167: *is prompted to describe his emotional state and can’t do any better than "I feel very sad"*

[note: i haven’t listened past mag 167 yet, so, don’t tell me anything from past there]

898 notes • Posted 2021-08-06 01:34:08 GMT

Get your Tumblr 2021 Year in Review →

#my 2021 tumblr year in review #your tumblr year in review

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malkalaila · 4 years

Photo

The Duchess of Cambridge’s handbags | 93/?

Handbag: Asprey “1781" pochette in blueberry

#kate middleton #duchess of cambridge #cambridge queue-tie pie #kates handbags #kates handbags blue #kates handbags asprey

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15spd · 5 years

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◆日本の歴代元号◆

　　元号　　西暦 ---------------- ＜飛鳥時代＞ 1　大　化　　645　 2　白　雉　　650　 3　朱　鳥　　686　 4　大　宝　　701　 5　慶　雲　　704　＜奈良時代＞ 6　和　銅　　708　 7　霊　亀　　715　 8　養　老　　717　 9　神　亀　　724　 10　天　平　　729 11　天平感宝　749 12　天平勝宝　749 13　天平宝字　757 14　天平神護　765 15　神護景雲　767 16　宝　亀　　770 17　天　応　　781 ＜平安時代＞ 18　延　暦　　782 19　大　同　　806 20　弘　仁　　810 21　天　長　　824 22　承　和　　834 23　嘉　祥　　848 24　仁　寿　　851 25　斉　衡　　854 26　天　安　　857 27　貞　観　　859 28　元　慶　　877 29　仁　和　　885 30　寛　平　　889 31　昌　泰　　898 32　延　喜　　901 33　延　長　　923 34　承　平　　931 35　天　慶　　938 36　天　暦　　947 37　天　徳　　957 38　応　和　　961 39　康　保　　964 40　安　和　　968 41　天　禄　　970 42　天　延　　973 43　貞　元　　976 44　天　元　　978 45　永　観　　983 46　寛　和　　984 47　永　延　　987 48　永　祚　　989 49　正　暦　　990 50　長　徳　　995 51　長　保　　999 52　寛　弘　　1004 53　長　和　　1012 54　寛　仁　　1017 55　治　安　　1021 56　万　寿　　1024 57　長　元　　1028 58　長　暦　　1037 59　長　久　　1040 60　寛　徳　　1044 61　永　承　　1046 62　天　喜　　1053 63　康　平　　1058 64　治　暦　　1065 65　延　久　　1069 66　承　保　　1074 67　承　暦　　1077 68　永　保　　1081 69　応　徳　　1084 70　寛　治　　1087 71　嘉　保　　1094 72　永　長　　1096 73　承　徳　　1097 74　康　和　　1099 75　長　治　　1104 76　嘉　承　　1106 77　天　仁　　1108 78　天　永　　1110 79　永　久　　1113 80　元　永　　1118 81　保　安　　1120 82　天　治　　1124 83　大　治　　1126 84　天　承　　1131 85　長　承　　1132 86　保　延　　1135 87　永　治　　1141 88　康　治　　1142 89　天　養　　1144 90　久　安　　1145 91　仁　平　　1151 92　久　寿　　1154 93　保　元　　1156 94　平　治　　1159 95　永　暦　　1160 96　応　保　　1161 97　長　寛　　1163 98　永　万　　1165 99　仁　安　　1166 100　嘉　応　　1169 101　承　安　　1171 102　安　元　　1175 103　治　承　　1177 104　養　和　　1181 105　寿　永　　1182 106　元　暦　　1184 107　文　治　　1185 ＜鎌倉時代＞ 108　建　久　　1190 109　正　治　　1199 110　建　仁　　1201 111　元　久　　1204 112　建　永　　1206 113　承　元　　1207 114　建　暦　　1211 115　健　保　　1213 116　承　久　　1219 117　貞　応　　1222 118　元　仁　　1224 119　嘉　禄　　1225 120　安　貞　　1227 121　寛　喜　　1229 122　貞　永　　1232 123　天　福　　1233 124　文　暦　　1234 125　嘉　禎　　1235 126　暦　仁　　1238 127　延　応　　1239 128　仁　治　　1240 129　寛　元　　1243 130　宝　治　　1247 131　建　長　　1249 132　康　元　　1256 133　正　嘉　　1257 134　正　元　　1259 135　文　応　　1260 136　弘　長　　1261 137　文　永　　1264 138　建　治　　1275 139　弘　安　　1278 140　正　応　　1288 141　永　仁　　1293 142　正　安　　1299 143　乾　元　　1302 144　嘉　元　　1303 145　徳　治　　1306 146　延　慶　　1308 147　応　長　　1311 148　正　和　　1312 149　文　保　　1317 150　元　応　　1319 151　元　享　　1321 152　正　中　　1324 153　嘉　暦　　1326 154　元　徳　　1329 ＜南北朝時代＞南　元　弘　　1331 南　建　武　　1334 南　��　元　　1336 南　興　国　　1340 南　正　平　　1346 南　建　徳　　1370 南　文　中　　1372 南　天　授　　1375 南　弘　和　　1381? 南　元　中　　1384 北　正　慶　　1332 北　暦　応　　1338 北　康　永　　1342 北　貞　和　　1345 北　観　応　　1350 北　文　和　　1352　北　延　文　　1356　北　康　安　　1361 北　貞　治　　1362 北　応　安　　1368 北　永　和　　1375 北　康　暦　　1379 北　永　徳　　1381 北　至　徳　　1384　北　嘉　慶　　1387 北　康　応　　1389 ＜室町～戦国時代＞ 181　明　徳　　1390 182　応　永　　1394 183　正　長　　1428 184　永　享　　1429 185　嘉　吉　　1441 186　文　安　　1444 187　宝　徳　　1449 188　享　徳　　1452 189　康　正　　1455 190　長　禄　　1457 191　寛　正　　1461 192　文　正　　1466 193　応　仁　　1467 194　文　明　　1469 195　長　享　　1487 196　延　徳　　1489 197　明　応　　1492 198　文　亀　　1501 199　永　正　　1504 200　大　永　　1521 201　享　禄　　1528 202　天　文　　1532 203　弘　治　　1555 204　永　禄　　1558 205　元　亀　　1570 ＜安土桃山時代＞　　 206　天　正　　1573 207　文　禄　　1593 ＜江戸時代＞ 208　慶　長　　1596 209　元　和　　1615 210　寛　永　　1624 211　正　保　　1645 212　慶　安　　1648 213　承　応　　1652 214　明　暦　　1655 215　万　治　　1658 216　寛　文　　1661 217　延　宝　　1673 218　天　和　　1681 219　貞　享　　1684 220　元　禄　　1688 221　宝　永　　1704 222　正　徳　　1711 223　享　保　　1716 224　元　文　　1736 225　寛　保　　1741 226　延　享　 1744 227　寛　延　　1748 228　宝　暦　　1751 229　明　和　　1764 230　安　永　　1772 231　天　明　　1781 232　寛　政　　1789 233　享　和　　1801 234　文　化　　1804 235　文　政　　1818 236　天　保　　1831 237　弘　化　　1845 238　嘉　永　　1848 239　安　政　　1855 240　万　延　　1860 241　文　久　　1861 242　元　治　　1864 243　慶　応　　1865 ＜近現代＞ 244　明　治　　1868 245　大　正　　1912 246　昭　和　　1926 247　平　成　　1989 248　令　和　　2019 ※西暦は開始年

https://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20190401-03310459-nksports-soci

#令和 #元号

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rabbitcruiser · 1 year

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Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the United States Constitution on December 12, 1781, five days after Delaware became the first.

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nordleuchten · 1 year

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Your good Lady was so kind as to make me a charitable Visit, when I was laid up by the Gout last Winter, and brought with her the sweet little Girl [Anastasie], who prattles very prettily, & talks of you & General Washington.

Dr. Benjamin Franklin to the Marquis de La Fayette, May, 14, 1781

Idzerda Stanley J. et al., editors, Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790, Volume 4, April 1, 1781–December 23, 1781, Cornell University Press, 1981, p. 93-95.

#quotes #letters #1781 #benjamin franklin #marquis de lafayette #la fayette #adrienne de lafayette #adrienne de noailles #anastasie de lafayette #george washington #american revolution #american history #french history

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harry-leroy · 4 years

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2020: Year of Opera

So, in order to expand my cultural horizons (and do this because I’ve been wanting to do this), I’m going to be trying to get through some operas this year! I’ll definitely be listening to these, and I’m going to try and find staged versions if I can - because opera is a form of theatre and performance is an important part of it. This list is based off of The Guardian’s List of Top 50 Operas, but if there’s one that you don’t see on here and recommend, let me know!

Crossed out titles will be the ones I’ve already listened to/watched, and ones with asterisks (*) by them will be ones that I’ve listened to parts of, but need to listen to the whole thing.

1) L’Orfeo - Claudio Monteverdi (1607)

2) Dido and Aeneas* - Henry Purcell (1689)

3) Guilio Cesare (Julius Caesar) - George Frideric Handel (1724)

4) Serse (Xerxes) - Handel (1738)

5) Orfeo ed Euridice (Orpheus and Eurydice)* - Christoph Willibald Gluck (1762)

6) Idomeneo - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1781)

7) Le Nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro) - Mozart (1786)

8) Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute)* - Mozart (1791)

9) Il Barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville)* - Gioachino Rossini (1816)

10) Guillaume Tell (William Tell)* - Rossini (1829)

11) Norma - Vincenzo Bellini (1831)

12) L’Elisir d’Amore (The Exilir of Love) - Gaetano Donizetti (1832)

13) Lucia di Lammermoor - Donizetti (1835)

14) Rigoletto - Giuseppe Verdi (1851)

15) La Traviata - Verdi (1853)

16) Don Carlos/Don Carlo - Verdi (1867)

17) Falstaff* - Verdi (1893)

18) Pagliacci - Ruggero Leoncavallo (1892)

19) La Bohème - Giacomo Puccini (1896)

20) Tosca* - Puccini (1900)

21) Madama Butterfly - Puccini (1904)

22) Turandot* - Puccini (1926)

23) Fidelio - Ludwig van Beethoven (1805)

24) Der Freischütz - Carl Maria von Weber (1821)

25) Lohengrin* - Richard Wagner (1850)

26) Tristan und Isolde* - Wagner (1865)

27) Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg - Wagner (1868)

28) Der Ring des Nibelungen - Wagner (1876)

29) Die Lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) - Franz Lehár (1905)

30) Salome* - Richard Strauss (1905)

31) Der Rosenkavalier* - Strauss (1911)

32) Les Troyens - Hector Berlioz (1863/1890)

33) Carmen* - Georges Bizet (1875)

34) Manon* - Jules Massenet (1884)

35) Pelléas et Mélisande - Claude Debussy (1902)

36) The Bartered Bride - Bedrich Smetana (1866)

37) Boris Godunov - Modest Mussorgsky (1874)

38) Eugene Onegin - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1879)

39) The Queen of Spades - Tchaikovsky (1890)

40) Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk - Dmitri Shostakovich (1934)

41) War and Peace - Sergei Prokofiev (1944)

42) The Rake’s Progress - Igor Stravinsky (1951)

43) Jenufa - Leoš Janáček (1904)

44) Bluebeard’s Castle - Béla Bartók (1918)

45) Wozzeck - Alban Berg (1925)

46) Porgy and Bess - George Gershwin (1935)

47) Peter Grimes - Benjamin Britten (1945)

48) The Turn of the Screw* - Britten (1954)

49) King Priam - Michael Tippett (1962)

50) Le Grand Macabre - György Ligeti (1978)

Some Additional Operas not on that list that I want to listen to/finish listening to:

51) Armide - Jean Baptiste Lully (1686)

52) Proserpine (Proserpina) - Lully (1680)

53) Phaëton - Lully (1683)

54) Roland - Lully (1685)

55) Aida* - Verdi (1871)

56) Otello* - Verdi (1887)

57) Così fan tutte - Mozart (1790)

58) Parsifal - Wagner (1878)

59) Faust - Charles Gounod (1859)

60) Les contes d’Hoffmann* - Offenbach (1881)

61) Elektra - Strauss (1909)

62) Rusalka* - Antonin Dvorák (1901)

63) La clemenza di Tito* - Mozart (1791)

64) Lakmé* - Léo Dilibes (1883)

65) La sonnambula - Bellini (1831)

66) Die Fledermaus - Johann Strauss II (1874)

67) Roméo et Juliette* - Gounod (1867)

68) Andrea Chénier - Umberto Giodano (1896)

69) Semiramide - Rossini (1823)

70) Dialogues of the Carmelites - Francis Poulenc (1956)

71) Anna Bolena - Donizetti (1830)

72) Les Huguenots - Giacomo Meyerbeer (1836)

73) Peer Gynt* - Edvard Grieg (1876)

74) Ariadne auf Naxos - Richard Strauss (1912)

75) Billy Budd - Britten (1951)

76) HMS Pinafore - Arthur Sullivan (1878)

77) Béatrice et Bénédict* - Berlioz (1862)

78) Edgar - Puccini (1889)

79) Hippolyte et Aricie - Jean-Philippe Rameau (1733)

80) The Merry Wives of Windsor - Otto Nicolai (1849)

81) Alceste - Gluck (1767)

82) Amahl and the Night Visitors - Gian Carlo Menotti (1951)

83) King Arthur* - Purcell (1691)

84) The Nose - Shostakovich (1929)

85) Castor et Pollux - Rameau (1737)

86) The Tempest - Thomas Adès (2004)

87) Die tote Stadt - Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1920)

88) Alfonso und Estrella - Franz Schubert (1822)

89) L’étoile - Emmanuel Chabrier (1877)

90) The Fairy Queen - Purcell (1692)

91) Where the Wild Things Are - Oliver Knussen (1983)

92) The Nightingale - Igor Stravinsky (1914)

93) L’enfant et les sortilèges* - Maurice Ravel (1925)

94) Punch and Judy - Harrison Birtwistle (1968)

95) Death in Venice - Britten (1973)

96) We Come to the River - Hans Werner Henze (1984)

97) Einstein on the Beach - Philip Glass (1976)

98) Taverner - Peter Maxwell Davies (1972)

99) A Midsummer Night’s Dream - Britten (1960)

100) The Prodigal Son - Britten (1968)

#moving along!#these mozart operas were lovely #i liked così slightly more than the marriage of figaro #which probably makes me *controversial*#but i don't care hehehe #i still liked marriage of figaro though #that part where figaro finds his parents #i could not stop laughing #and i just love cherubino with all of my heart #(now it's time for some rusalka - and then some merry wives of windsor!)#i realize that i am terribly behind on notes but i will get to them eventually :)#year of opera 2020 update

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ken1ymd · 5 years

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元号解析

元号一覧飛鳥時代漢字頻度二文字の元号 645 大化たいか大化 1 安 17 29 永 1 永仁 650 白雉はくち白雉 2 雲 2 27 元 2 永正 686 朱鳥しゅちょう朱鳥 3 永 29 23 天 3 永長 701 大宝たいほう大宝 4 延 16 21 治 4 永徳 704 慶雲けいうん慶雲 5 応 20 20 応 5 永保 708 和銅わどう和銅 6 化 3 19 正 6 永万奈良時代 7 嘉 12 19 長 7 永暦 710 和銅わどう和銅 8 乾 1 19 文 8 永禄 715 霊亀れいき霊亀 9 寛 15 19 和 9 永和 717 養老ようろう養老 10 感 1 17 安 10 永祚 724 神亀じんき神亀 11 観 3 16 延 11 延応 729 天平てんぴょう天平 12 喜 3 16 暦 12 延喜 749 天平感宝てんぴょうかんぽう天平感宝 13 亀 5 15 寛 13 延久 749 天平勝宝てんぴょうしょうほう天平勝宝 14 吉 1 15 徳 14 延享 757 天平宝字てんぴょうほうじ天平宝字 15 久 9 15 保 15 延慶 765 天平神護てんぴょうじんご天平神護 16 亨 1 14 承 16 延元 767 神護景雲じんごけいうん神護景雲 17 享 8 13 仁 17 延長 770 宝亀ほうき宝亀 18 興 1 12 嘉 18 延徳 781 天応てんおう天応 19 慶 9 10 康 19 延文 782 延暦えんりゃく延暦 20 景 1 10 宝 20 延宝平安時代 21 建 9 9 久 21 延暦 794 延暦えんりゃく延暦 22 元 27 9 慶 22 応安 806 大同だいどう大同 23 護 1 9 建 23 応永 810 弘仁こうにん弘仁 24 康 10 8 享 24 応仁 824 天長てんちょう天長 25 弘 8 8 弘 25 応長 834 承和じょうわ承和 26 衡 1 8 貞 26 応徳 848 嘉祥かしょう嘉祥 27 国 1 8 平 27 応保 851 仁寿にんじゅ仁寿 28 至 1 7 明 28 応和 854 斉衡さいこう斉衡 29 字 1 7 禄 29 嘉永 857 天安てんあん天安 30 治 21 6 大 30 嘉応 859 貞観じょうがん貞観 31 朱 1 5 亀 31 嘉吉 877 元慶がんぎょう元慶 32 寿 4 4 寿 32 嘉慶 885 仁和にんな仁和 33 授 1 4 万 33 嘉元 889 寛平かんぴょう寛平 34 勝 1 3 化 34 嘉承 898 昌泰しょうたい昌泰 35 承 14 3 観 35 嘉祥 901 延喜えんぎ延喜 36 昌 1 3 喜 36 嘉禎 923 延長えんちょう延長 37 昭 1 3 政 37 嘉保 931 承平しょうへい承平 38 祥 1 3 中 38 嘉暦 938 天慶てんぎょう天慶 39 神 2 3 養 39 嘉禄 947 天暦てんりゃく天暦 40 仁 13 2 雲 40 乾元 957 天徳てんとく天徳 41 成 1 2 神 41 寛永 961 応和おうわ応和 42 政 3 1 乾 42 寛延 964 康保こうほう康保 43 正 19 1 感 43 寛喜 968 安和あんな安和 44 斉 1 1 吉 44 寛元 970 天禄てんろく天禄 45 泰 1 1 亨 45 寛弘 973 天延てんえん天延 46 大 6 1 興 46 寛治 976 貞元じょうげん貞元 47 中 3 1 景 47 寛仁 978 天元てんげん天元 48 長 19 1 護 48 寛政 983 永観えいかん永観 49 鳥 1 1 衡 49 寛正 985 寛和かんな寛和 50 貞 8 1 国 50 寛徳 987 永延えいえん永延 51 禎 1 1 至 51 寛文 989 永祚うぃそ永祚 52 天 23 1 字 52 寛平 990 正暦しょうりゃく正暦 53 同 1 1 朱 53 寛保 995 長徳ちょうとく長徳 54 銅 1 1 授 54 寛和 999 長保ちょうほう長保 55 徳 15 1 勝 55 観応 1004 寛弘かんこう寛弘 56 白 1 1 昌 56 久安 1012 長和ちょうわ長和 57 武 1 1 昭 57 久寿 1017 寛仁かんにん寛仁 58 福 1 1 祥 58 享徳 1021 治安じあん治安 59 文 19 1 成 59 享保 1024 万寿まんじゅ万寿 60 平 8 1 斉 60 享禄 1028 長元ちょうげん長元 61 保 15 1 泰 61 享和 1037 長暦ちょうりゃく長暦 62 宝 10 1 鳥 62 興国 1040 長久ちょうきゅう長久 63 万 4 1 禎 63 慶安 1044 寛徳かんとく寛徳 64 明 7 1 同 64 慶雲 1046 永承えいじょう永承 65 養 3 1 銅 65 慶応 1053 天喜てんぎ天喜 66 霊 1 1 白 66 慶長 1058 康平こうへい康平 67 暦 16 1 武 67 建永 1065 治暦じりゃく治暦 68 老 1 1 福 68 建久 1069 延久えんきゅう延久 69 禄 7 1 霊 69 建治 1074 承保じょうほう承保 70 和 19 1 老 70 建仁 1077 承暦じょうりゃく承暦 71 祚 1 1 祚 71 建長 1081 永保えいほう永保 72 雉 1 1 雉 72 建徳 1084 応徳おうとく応徳 73 建武 1087 寛治かんじ寛治 74 建保 1094 嘉保かほう嘉保 75 建暦 1096 永長えいちょう永長 76 元永 1097 承徳じょうとく承徳 77 元応 1099 康和こうわ康和 78 元亀 1104 長治ちょうじ長治 79 元久 1106 嘉承かじょう嘉承 80 元亨 1108 天仁てんにん天仁 81 元慶 1110 天永てんえい天永 82 元弘 1113 永久えいきゅう永久 83 元治 1118 元永げんえい元永 84 元仁 1120 保安ほうあん保安 85 元中 1124 天治てんじ天治 86 元徳 1126 大治だいじ大治 87 元文 1131 天承てんしょう天承 88 元暦 1132 長承ちょうしょう長承 89 元禄 1135 保延ほうえん保延 90 元和 1141 永治えいじ永治 91 康安 1142 康治こうじ康治 92 康永 1144 天養てんよう天養 93 康応 1145 久安きゅうあん久安 94 康元 1151 仁平にんぴょう仁平 95 康治 1154 久寿きゅうじゅ久寿 96 康正 1156 保元ほうげん保元 97 康平 1159 平治へいじ平治 98 康保 1160 永暦えいりゃく永暦 99 康暦 1161 応保おうほう応保 100 康和 1163 長寛ちょうかん長寛 101 弘安 1165 永万えいまん永万 102 弘化 1166 仁安にんあん仁安 103 弘治 1169 嘉応かおう嘉応 104 弘仁 1171 承安じょうあん承安 105 弘長 1175 安元あんげん安元 106 弘和 1177 治承じしょう治承 107 至徳 1181 養和ようわ養和 108 治安 1182 寿永じゅえい寿永 109 治承 1184 元暦げんりゃく元暦 110 治暦 1185 文治ぶんじ文治 111 朱鳥 1190 建久けんきゅう建久 112 寿永鎌倉時代 113 承安 1192 建久けんきゅう建久 114 承応 1199 正治しょうじ正治 115 承久 1201 建仁けんにん建仁 116 承元 1204 元久げんきゅう元久 117 承徳 1206 建永けんえい建永 118 承平 1207 承元じょうげん承元 119 承保 1211 建暦けんりゃく建暦 120 承暦 1213 建保けんぽう建保 121 承和 1219 承久じょうきゅう承久 122 昌泰 1222 貞応じょうおう貞応 123 昭和 1224 元仁げんにん元仁 124 神亀 1225 嘉禄かろく嘉禄 125 仁安 1227 安貞あんてい安貞 126 仁治 1229 寛喜かんぎ寛喜 127 仁寿 1232 貞永じょうえい貞永 128 仁平 1233 天福てんぷく天福 129 仁和 1234 文暦ぶんりゃく文暦 130 正安 1235 嘉禎かてい嘉禎 131 正応 1238 暦仁りゃくにん暦仁 132 正嘉 1239 延応えんおう延応 133 正慶 1240 仁治にんじ仁治 134 正元 1243 寛元かんげん寛元 135 正治 1247 宝治ほうじ宝治 136 正中 1249 建長けんちょう建長 137 正長 1256 康元こうげん康元 138 正徳 1257 正嘉しょうか正嘉 139 正平 1259 正元しょうげん正元 140 正保 1260 文応ぶんおう文応 141 正暦 1261 弘長こうちょう弘長 142 正和 1264 文永ぶんえい文永 143 斉衡 1275 建治ｋｒんじ建治 144 大永 1278 弘安こうあん弘安 145 大化 1288 正応しょうおう正応 146 大治 1293 永仁えいにん永仁 147 大正 1299 正安しょうあん正安 148 大同 1302 乾元けんげん乾元 149 大宝 1303 嘉元かげん嘉元 150 長寛 1306 徳治とくじ徳治 151 長久 1308 延慶えんぎょう延慶 152 長享 1311 応長おうちょう応長 153 長元 1312 正和しょうわ正和 154 長治 1317 文保ぶんぽう文保 155 長承 1319 元応げんおう元応 156 長徳 1321 元亨げんこう元亨 157 長保 1324 正中しょうちゅう正中 158 長暦 1326 嘉暦かりゃく嘉暦 159 長禄 1329 元徳げんとく元徳 160 長和南北朝時代 161 貞永　　 162 貞応 1331 元弘げんこう元弘 163 貞観 1331 元徳げんとく元徳 164 貞享 1332 正慶しょうきょう正慶 165 貞元 1334 建武けんむ建武 166 貞治 1334 建武けんむ建武 167 貞和 1336 延元えんげん延元 168 天安 1338 暦応りゃくおう暦応 169 天永 1340 興国こうこく興国 170 天延 1342 康永こうえい康永 171 天応 1345 貞和じょうわ貞和 172 天喜 1346 正平しょうへい正平 173 天慶 1350 観応かんおう観応 174 天元 1352 文和ぶんな文和 175 天治 1356 延文えんぶん延文 176 天授 1361 康安こうあん康安 177 天承 1362 貞治じょうじ貞治 178 天仁 1368 応安おうあん応安 179 天正 1370 建徳けんとく建徳 180 天長 1372 文中ぶんちゅう文中 181 天徳 1375 天授てんじゅ天授 182 天福 1375 永和えいわ永和 183 天文 1379 康暦こうりゃく康暦 184 天平 1381 弘和こうわ弘和 185 天保 1381 永徳えいとく永徳 186 天明 1384 元中げんちゅう元中 187 天養 1384 至徳しとく至徳 188 天暦 1387 嘉慶かぎょう嘉慶 189 天禄 1389 康応こうおう康応 190 天和 1390 明徳めいとく明徳 191 徳治室町時代 192 白雉 1393 明徳めいとく明徳 193 文安 1394 応永おうえい応永 194 文永 1428 正長しょうちょう正長 195 文応 1429 永享えいきょう永享 196 文化 1441 嘉吉かきつ嘉吉 197 文亀 1444 文安ぶんあん文安 198 文久 1449 宝徳ほうとく宝徳 199 文治 1452 享徳きょうとく享徳 200 文政 1455 康正こうしょう康正 201 文正 1457 長禄ちょうろく長禄 202 文中 1460 寛正かんしょう寛正 203 文保 1466 文正ぶんしょう文正 204 文明 1467 応仁おうにん応仁 205 文暦 1469 文明ぶんめい文明 206 文禄 1487 長享ちょうきょう長享 207 文和 1489 延徳えんとく延徳 208 平治 1492 明応めいおう明応 209 平成 1501 文亀ぶんき文亀 210 保安 1504 永正えいしょう永正 211 保延 1521 大永だいえい大永 212 保元 1528 享禄きょうろく享禄 213 宝永 1532 天文てんぶん天文 214 宝亀 1555 弘治こうじ弘治 215 宝治 1558 永禄えいろく永禄 216 宝徳 1570 元亀げんき元亀 217 宝暦 1573 天正てんしょう天正 218 万延安土桃山時代 219 万治 1574 天正てんしょう天正 220 万寿 1592 文禄ぶんろく文禄 221 明応 1596 慶長けいちょう慶長 222 明治江戸時代 223 明徳 1603 慶長けいちょう慶長 224 明暦 1605 225 明和 1615 元和げんな元和 226 養老 1624 寛永かんえい寛永 227 養和 1644 正保しょうほう正保 228 霊亀 1648 慶安けいあん慶安 229 暦応 1652 承応じょうおう承応 230 暦仁 1655 明暦めいれき明暦 231 和銅 1658 万治まんじ万治 1661 寛文かんぶん寛文 1673 延宝えんぽう延宝 1681 天和てんな天和 1684 貞享じょうきょう貞享 1688 元禄げんろく元禄 1704 宝永ほうえい宝永 1711 正徳しょうとく正徳 1716 享保きょうほう享保 1736 元文げんぶん元文 1741 寛保かんぽう寛保 1744 延享えんきょう延享 1748 寛延かんえん寛延 1751 宝暦ほうれき宝暦 1764 明和めいわ明和 1772 安永あんえい安永 1781 天明てんめい天明 1789 寛政かんせい寛政 1801 享和きょうわ享和 1804 文化ぶんか文化 1818 文政ぶんせい文政 1830 天保てんぽう天保 1844 弘化こうか弘化 1848 嘉永かえい嘉永 1854 安政あんせい安政 1860 万延まんえん万延 1861 文久ぶんきゅう文久 1864 元治げんじ元治 1865 慶応けいおう慶応現代 1868 明治めいじ明治 1912 大正たいしょう大正 1926 昭和しょうわ昭和 1989 平成へいせい平成

#元号

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