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AIOU Solved Assignment MA code 673 Spring 2020 Assignment 1& 2 Course:Handicapped Persons in the Community (Code 673)M.A Special education Spring 2020. AIOU past papers

AIOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Code 673 No: 1& 2 Handicapped Persons in the Community (673)M.A Special education Spring, 2020

Cycling is another adaptable sport where individuals without the use of their legs use hand cranks to power the bike. Basketball is often played by persons in wheelchairs, and soccer has emerged as a growing sport for the blind.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 673 Spring 2020

Speech and Communication Issues The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association notes that communication disabilities such as speech and hearing issues are some of the most common disorders found in children and adults. According to the educational experts at Learning Seed, between 3 percent and 5 percent of children in the middle childhood period have some form of a speech-type special need. ASHA’s statistics on childhood communication disabilities show that more than 1.4 million school children in the U.S. — as of 2003 — participated in speech or language assistance services. These disabilities that children in middle childhood might face include an array of issues such as stuttering, voice disorders, including hoarseness, and hearing loss or difficulties. During the elementary years, these disabilities can have a serious effect on the child’s ability to communicate in the social arena and maintain adequate understanding at school. check also: aiou

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 673 Spring 2020

Learning Disorders and Delays As children move into the middle childhood years, the academic expectations begin to grow. Learning disorders and special needs might become visible in the face of increased scholastic requirements such as homework or standardized testing. Learning disorders encompass an array of cognitive delays and might include problems reading, writing or doing math problems. Reading disorders — according to the mental health professionals at Seven County Services — affect roughly 20 percent of school-age students. These disorders might include dyslexia — reading letters and words backward — problems with comprehension or issues in accurately identifying and recognizing words. Children who have trouble in mathematics that goes above and beyond typical computational errors might have the learning disorder known as dyscalculia. Attention and Focusing Needs Unlike toddlers and preschoolers — who have a normal amount of inattentiveness — children in the middle childhood period who can’t sit still or focus for extend periods might have attention or hyperactivity disorders. The American Academy of Pediatrics, on its Healthy Children website, notes that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders are impulsive and inattentive beyond what is expected for their age. During middle childhood, ADHD can affect the child’s ability to learn, behave in an appropriate manner at school or finish homework. check also: aiou tutor

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Physical Issues During middle childhood, special needs aren’t confined to mental or emotional types of disorders. Kids who have physical disabilities such as cerebral palsy or spina bifida might have difficulties keeping up with their classmates when it comes to motor actions such as getting from class to class and more complex tasks such as athletics. For example, children with spina bifida might have muscle weakness that prevents them from starting team sports or even walking up the stairs at school. TYPES OF DISABILITIES AFFECTING CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD): Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) is a condition that can make it hard for a person to sit still, control behavior, and pay attention. Autism/ Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD): Autism/PDD is a neurological disorder that affects a child’s ability to communicate, understand language, play, and relate to others. PDD represents a distinct category of developmental disabilities that share many of the same characteristics. Blindness/ Visual Impairment: The terms partially sighted, low vision, legally blind, and totally blind are used in the educational context to describe students with visual impairments.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 673

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AIOU Solved Assignment Code 673 Spring 2020

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AIOU Solved Assignment MA code 672 Spring 2020 Assignment 1& 2 Course:Perspectives of Special Education (Code 672) MA/M.Ed, Special Education Spring 2020. AIOU past papers

AIOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Code 672 No: 1& 2 Perspectives of Special Education (Code 672) MA/M.Ed, Special Education Spring, 2020

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 672 Spring 2020

Education sector Like all other sectors the education sector has also been commercialized. To get education for a disable person is only a dream. So a legal provision should be made that all the disable persons who get admission in all universities should be provided education free of cost in such a way that these persons did not consider themselves low among other students. In all Government educational institutions hostel facility is available able. Provision should be made that all disable persons who come from other cities and are not in a positions to go home daily should be provided hostel facility without considering that their admission is in morning , afternoon or evening session. in Punjab university, university authorities refused to provide me hostel that my admission is not in morning session . Check Also: aiou Educational institutions Most of the educational institutions and business offices are multiple storey buildings. In most of these buildings there are no lifts installed. So disable persons face a lot of difficulties to go on other floors. So it should be made compulsory to install lifts in all multiple storey buildings so that disable students as well as employees can be facilitated. If in any educational institution it is not possible to install lifts all disable students should be facilitated and accommodated on ground floors.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 Code 672 Spring 2020

In Pakistan for jobs 2 % seats are reserved for disable persons which means that they can get one job in an organization where 50 persons are working which is not good situation. In Pakistan most of the organizations are small so disable person after getting education are also not in a position to get a job And spend life as a respectable citizen. According to my opinion the quota should be increased to 5% so that disable person can get job in an organization where 20 employees are working. For that time the problems cannot be solved until real representatives are not present at every stage. It is amazing that at the legislation stage in senate and national and provincial assemblies there are no seats reserved for disable persons than how their problems can be solved. According to my opinion some seats should be reserved in all these institutions so that real representation of a large portion of community can be made. Check Also: aiou tutor Solution in federal and provincial government 9-In federal public service commission exam (css) no seats are reserved for disable persons despite the fact that they have proved their capabilities in recent years by competing the other students in these exams. so proper quota should be reserved for disable persons in c.s.s. so that they can also impart their role in society. point out a mismanagement problem in Punjab university. In Punjab university lifts are installed in the what road examination halls and in some departments also but they are not being operated. If a disable person want to go on second floor for examination and to attend class he has to face a lot of difficulty. . Any higher authority has not considered this issue. notice because this is a very simple issue and can be resolved easily. 11-For those persons e.g. deaf &blind who cannot get education in educational instructions for normal persons special institutions should be established at union council level throughout Pakistan.

AIOU Solved Assignment 2 Code 672 Spring 2020

If a disable person starts a small business like shop etc many Govt. officials like market committees WAPDA disturbs that person prior to this that what is his income. Legal protection should be given so that these persons can earn their livelihood in a respectable way. 13-In all educational institutions and other public places all the facilities suitable for special persons such as washroom etc. provided so that disable persons can feel satisfaction on these places performing routine activities. 14-In all public libraries and educational institutions libraries disable persons should be facilitated so that they can benefit from these libraries. The library staff should be trained to cooperate with special persons during library visits. If attention should be given to above highlighted problems and proper legislation should be made and its effective implementation should be made than we can make disable persons useful citizen. These persons can impart properly in progress of the country and lot of money which we spend on life time rehabilitation can be saved.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 672 Spring 2020

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AIOU Solved Assignment code MA 671 Spring 2020 Assignment 1& 2 Course:Educational Psychology (671) M.A Special education Spring 2020. AIOU past papers

AIOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT No: 1& 2 Educational Psychology (671) M.A Special education Spring, 2020

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 8617 Spring 2020

Selecting a Text When selecting a literary work to illustrate your course materials, consider both its applicability and the reading level of your students. If you are considering the psychology of gender, for example, you might choose either Virginia Woolf’s “Orlando” or Ursula K. LeGuin’s “The Left Hand of Darkness.” The Woolf novel, about an Elizabethan courtier who begins life as a man but inexplicably becomes female, is better suited to advanced or college-level students. The LeGuin, a science-fiction novel of a planet where the people are genderless except during their monthly reproductive cycle, is more accessible to high schoolers. Check Also: AIOU Defining a Goal Determine in advance what your goal is for the assignment. You might choose to have your students select a number of characters from the work and categorize their psychological condition. For an alternative approach, you might assign each student a single character, such as Raskolnikov from Dostoyevsky’s “Crime and Punishment,” and have them explain the development of his psychological state through the novel. For a more challenging project, have them analyze an unreliable narrator, such as the protagonist of Kazuo Ishiguro’s “A Pale View of Hills. Critical Thinking

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A potential criticism of literary works as a teaching tool is that they can be misleading. While the characters can present vivid and apparently realistic examples of specific behaviors or psychological conditions, it’s important to remember that they are not real, living people and their actions are limited by the author’s imagination. However, this apparent weakness can constitute an important strength. It requires students to exercise critical thinking, exactly as they would when interviewing a patient or research subject. If you can guide them to an understanding of this during classroom discussions, their education will be enriched by it. If you become a regular classroom teacher, you will come into contact with one or more students who are exceptional. There are many different types of exceptional students, including the gifted and talented, as well as students experiencing sensory handicaps, communication disorders, physical and health impairments, behavior disorders, learning disabilities, and mental retardation. Check Also: AIOU Tutor Examples of education psychology Every academic discipline, from literature and history to sociology and theology, has competing theories or schools of thought: perspectives from which to study the subject. Psychology, the study of the mind, has hundreds of theories and sub theories, but it is possible to identify six main schools of thought every psychology student should know.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 8617 Spring 2020

Functionalism Functionalism has the most influence of any theory in contemporary psychology. Psychological functionalism attempts to describe thoughts and what they do without asking how they do it. For functionalists, the mind resembles a computer, and to understand its processes, you need to look at the software — what it does — without having to understand the hardware — the why and how underlying it. Gestalt Psychology According to Gestalt psychologists, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines; your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic theory, which originated with Sigmund Freud, explains human behavior by looking at the subconscious mind. Freud suggested that the instinct to pursue pleasure.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 8617

AIOU Solved Assignment code 671

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AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 8628 Spring 2020

Aiou Solved Assignments code B.ed 8628 Spring & Autumn 2020 assignments 1 and 2 Course: Assessment in Science Education (8628) spring 2020. aiou past papers

Assessment in Science Education (8628) B. Ed (1/5 Years) Spring & Autumn, 2020

AIOU Solved Assignments 1 & 2 Code 8628 Spring 2020

Q.1 What are the characteristics of a good assessment? Also describe the limitations of assessment.

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AIOU Solved Assignment MA code 673 Spring 2020 Assignment 1& 2 Course:Handicapped Persons in the Community (Code 673)M.A Special education Spring 2020. AIOU past papers

AIOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT Code 673 Spring No: 1& 2 Handicapped Persons in the Community (673)M.A Special education code 673 Spring, 2020

history of familial criminality. Youths who engage in high levels of antisocial behaviour are much more likely than other youths to have a biological parent who also engages in chronic antisocial behaviour. Farrington, Barnes and Lambert (1996) followed 411 males from 397 London families from eight to 40 years of age. They found that half of the criminal convictions recorded in the sample were accounted for by only 6% of the families. Fifty-three percent of males with a convicted family member were themselves convicted, compared with only 24% of those without a convicted family member. Robins et al (1975) found similar results in the US. check also: aiou

AIOU Solved Assignment 2 Code 673 Spring 2020

Variance in physically aggressive behaviour Family effects explained 38% of total variance in physically aggressive behaviour after controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status and family structure. Siblings are more similar to each other than to children of other families. The odds of a second child being highly physically aggressive if the first child was aggressive were found to be three or four times higher than if the first child was non-aggressive. Twin studies have been conducted to identify the extent to which genetic and environmental naming effects are involved. A recent US twin study found that there were no genetic effects of social traits during adolescence, but important genetic effects on anti-social traits during adulthood, Goldberg, Meyer. The authors concluded that the similarity of antisocial behaviour during adolescence was mainly due to family environments, while the similarity during adulthood, when siblings have left the common family environment, was due to genetic similarity. Birth to Two Years of Age Infant distress is recognizable through moods of fussiness and disturbed eating and sleeping patterns. Toddlers can revert to separation anxiety and become clingy, fearful or withdrawn.

AIOU Solved Assignments Code 673 Spring

Two to Four Years of Age Distress signs in this age group are marked by verbal outbursts of anger, power struggles and tantrums. Children may also regress to earlier behaviors such as bed wetting, thumb sucking and needing to be held. Five to 12 Years of Age School age children may show signs of withdrawal and have a difficult time concentrating in school. Emotions can range from sadness to anger. Difficulty with friendships and aggressive behaviors are not uncommon. There is a tendency for children to develop physical symptoms of stress, such as stomachaches and headaches. check also: aiou tutor 12 to 15 Years of Age Preteens and early adolescents have a difficult time with parent loyalty and can often pit one parent against the other in an attempt to control the situation. They may refuse to live with one parent or another. Children in this age group may become defiant with moodiness and depression setting in. Escapism through drinking, drugs and sexual activity may arise. 16 to 18 Years of Age An unstable home may derail the normal steps toward independence in this age group. Children may experience depression and loss of interest in school, social activities and life in general. They may get into problems with the law, drop out of school and attach themselves to the wrong peer groups. Helping a Child through the Stress of Divorce Talk to your child, invite questions and help him to express his thoughts and feelings. Be supportive and acknowledge his right to grieve. Seek help from a family or child therapist should emotions and negative behaviors become a real concern. Stay positive. Most behavior issues are temporary; 80 percent of children of divorce go on to lead successful, well-adjusted lives. Placing a child with a learning disability into the appropriate classroom is an important step in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. There are several steps that must happen for a child to step into the proper classroom, and coordination between the parent, teachers and other professionals at the school is essential.

AIOU Solved Assignments Code 673 Spring 2020

Q.2 Discuss the need of rehabilitation professional during education and training of handicapped children. (20) It cannot be denied that a significant part of the world’s population is living with either a mental or physical disability. While many individuals cannot function on their own without constant care provided by either family or a special facility, there are others who have the ability to be productive, selfdetermined members of society. Vocational rehabilitation programs are one of the main ways of teaching life and work skills to these disabled, but functioning, individuals. Definition Vocational rehabilitation, at its core, is a set of services provided to individuals who suffer from mental or physical disorders, but who still have the ability and desire to learn and function productively. These services include education, job training and skills that will be needed to get and keep a job. Vocational rehabilitation services are sometimes offered to those who have undergone an injury, or who have endured a mental disorder to try and retrain them for work again.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 673 Spring 2020

Participation Requirements There are certain standards that a person must meet in order to be enrolled into a vocational rehabilitation program. Requirements can include a participant’s age (usually 16 years old and up), having a disability that is a significant barrier to employment (like a psychotic disorder, learning disorders, etc.), being unemployed or under employed, among others. Regulations Vocational rehabilitation services are most often provided by the state, but oftentimes private organizations wish to provide them as well. To make sure that an organization is offering legitimate vocational rehabilitation services, the government issues operating permits. The organization must show that its facilities, staff, training and services are all on par with the requirements of the local and state governments. Additionally, government officials make regular visits, checking up on the progress and standards of vocational rehabilitation services.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 Code 673 Spring 2020

Services The services offered are tailored to each individual who needs them. For instance, a person who suffers from a learning disability may be assigned a job coach to help them locate a job, and then stay with them until they’re comfortable in their position. An individual who suffers from a physical disorder, like a blind person, may need other services, such as technology that reads a computer screen to them so that they have the ability to type. Difficulties As with any system, vocational rehabilitation has its share of problems. The programs tend to gear those who are rehabilitated for low-end, low-paying jobs, such as food service or janitorial work. Additionally, it is the decision of the counselor as to whether a person’s disorder is too severe to allow them to gain any benefit from rehabilitative services. For those who believe they can do more, or who feel that they’re being patronized by the slow pace of vocational rehabilitative services, the system is also likely to discourage them from continuing training. Identification Vocational rehabilitation is a service that helps people with physical or mental disabilities find employment and retain it. It usually is offered through state government agencies. There also is a federal program for disabled veterans.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 673 Spring 2020

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AIOU Solved Assignment MA code 672 Spring 2020 Assignment 2 Course:Educational Psychology (Code 672 Spring) M.A Special education Spring 2020. AIOU past papers

AIOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT No: 2 Educational Psychology (Code 672 Spring) M.A Special education Code 672 Spring, 2020

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• Venue to speak openly and honestly about your feelings • Reduction in stress, depression or anxiety • Better understanding of what to expect with your situation • Information about new medical research • Opportunity to gain information about treatment options check also: aiou A support group usually focuses on a specific situation or condition. At Burke, there are support groups for ALS, Amputees, Aphasia, Pulmonary, Osteoporosis, Spinal Cord Injury, Traumatic Brain Injury, Stroke, and young-onset Parkinson’s. There’s also a support group dedicated entirely to the “well spouse” that provides peer support and education about the unique issues facing the caregiving partner in a couple. Some of Burke’s support groups have been formed by community members with the same condition or by someone interested in it, such as a family member. In some cases, support groups are organized by nonprofit organizations. Others are provided by Burke staff who are considered experts in a particular area of healthcare.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 672 Spring 2020

In addition to joining a support group, there are several ways that you as a family member can ease the day-to-day stress of caregiving. First, don’t be afraid to ask your family and friends for assistance. It may help ahead of time to make a list of all the caregiving tasks required, and then determine which activities you can realistically accomplish on your own and which ones you’ll need help with. Second, take care of yourself: exercise regularly, eat right, get enough sleep and keep up with regularly scheduled doctor’s appointments. Third, make it a priority to meet regularly with friends and do things you enjoy. By taking time to relax and recharge, you’ll feel more energized and better able to care of your loved one. check also: aiou tutor Improvement of community positivism towards special children Health research about impairment and disability is dominated by positivist theories. It focuses on searches for cures, means of reducing impairments, or assessments of clinical interventions and uses methods such as controlled trials, random statistical samples, and structured questionnaires. Even when researching disability (in the sense given above), positivist research tends to use the World Health Organisation’s classification,6 now being revised at the insistence of disabled people,7 which is difficult if not impossible to apply in research terms and yields few useful data. Disabled people are beginning to influence scientific research.8 This influence poses difficulties for positivist research in questioning one of its bedrocks: the notion of objectivity. Although positivist researchers accept that subjectivity can be studied objectively, they resist involving subjects for fear of bias. However, scientific researchers often use the words “suffering” and “victim” as if they are accurate descriptions and not untested, biased assumptions which many disabled people do not experience. In contrast, social constructionism sees experience and subjectivity as central to the research process, and critical theory sees disabling barriers as a key research issue. Though these theories pose intellectual challenges, almost all funding goes to positivist research.

AIOU Solved Assignment 2 Code 672 Spring 2020

The influence of implicit and explicit positivism on the Department of Health which, it seems, has discovered the “user,” is shown in a recent report: “The NHS is attaching increasing importance to seeking out and acting upon the views of its users on the coverage and delivery of the services it provides.”9 The programme has spent £3.9 million on 30 projects; all are located in universities or the health service. Despite consumer views being the second named priority for selecting research proposals, disabled people have not been involved. None of their organisations have received funding, and no projects could be said to be based on the social model of disability—they are all based on positivist theories. Social approaches within positivism very little understanding of the reality of disabled people’s lives.” With the lack of systematic evidence, why should doctors assume, for example, that life with Down’s syndrome is not worth living?

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AIOU Solved Assignment MA code 671 Spring 2020 Assignment 2 Course:Educational Psychology (671) M.A Special education Spring 2020. AIOU past papers

AIOU SOLVED ASSIGNMENT No: 2 Educational Psychology (671) M.A Special education Code 671 Spring, 2020

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 671 Spring 2020

At the least, the possibility of physical difference as a fact of longevity requires those who adopt a medical model of disability to consider shadings and degrees of difference in their construction. An either/or paradigm in which one is normal or disabled is inadequate to conceptualise the diversity of ability within the greater population, and across the individual life course. Between “deaf” and “hearing” is a range of potential limitations; between “blind” and “normally sighted” is a spectrum of perception. Some loss may be inherent in the life course—presbyopia, for example—some are not. Persons with strabismus, an inherited neuromuscular disorder, often lose acuity in one eye during early childhood. Even those with sight in both eyes often will not develop binocular vision, and thus are without normal depth perception. And yet, persons with strabismus are rarely labelled as “disabled”. Thus the mere fact of a clinically measurable physical limit is insufficient to permit a distinction based solely on that fact. Certainly, as I argue later, the mere fact of an inherited condition is insufficient in itself to permit an informed and ethical endorsement of eugenic planning. check also: aiou

AIOU Solved Assignment 2 Code 671 Spring 2020

Q.2 Code 671 Spring What is heredity? How heredity plays role in disability, can we control and take measures to control heredity disorders. Support your discussion with examples. (4+8+4+4) Man’s behavior is influenced by two forces: heredity and environment. The biological or psychological characteristics which are transmitted by the parents to their offspring are known by the name of heredity. Heredity is a biological process of transmission of certain traits of behavior of the parents to their children by means of the fertilized egg. Hereditary traits are innate, they are present at birth. The human individual is the progeny of two parent cells that come together when a male sperm fertilizes a female egg. In the nuclei of these parent cells are certain hair like substances called chromosomes. The chromosomes contain chemical substances called gene. These basic substances chromosomes and genes determine characteristics of the individual.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 671 Spring 2020

The essential characteristics inherited by all human beings are physical structure, reflexes, innate drives, intelligence and temperament. There are some scholars who explain that the variations of human beings and the societies are due to differences in environment. A debate has been going on about the relative importance of hereditary and environment in determining the behavior of individuals and groups.

AIOU Solved Assignment 1 & 2 Code 671 Spring 2020

Developments in molecular genetics An expert assessment of striking recent developments in molecular genetics and their implications for medical practice, at present and in the immediate future. Adopting a public health approach, the report aims to help medical decision-makers and practitioners understand both the technical basis of progress and its potential to revolutionize the management of numerous diseases. Advances in the prevention and treatment of classical genetic disorders are considered together with newer opportunities opened by knowledge that many common disorders, including coronary heart disease and certain cancers, have a genetic component. check also: aiou tutor Throughout the report, a special effort is made to help planners, in developing and developed countries alike, reap the full public health benefits of technologies that are becoming increasingly powerful, simple, and inexpensive to use. Information ranges from a discussion of the state-of-the-art in gene therapy, through a tabular summary of treatment results for specific congenital anomalies, to advice on ways to integrate simple genetic approaches into everyday medical practice. Relevant ethical, social, and legal issues are also critically assessed in an effort to provide comprehensive guidance.

AIOU Solved Assignment Code 671 Spring 2020

Natural trajectory of human genome research The natural trajectory of human genome research is toward the identification of genes, genes that control normal biological functions and genes that create genetic disease or interact with other genes to precipitate hereditary disorders. Genes are being localized far more rapidly than treatments are being developed for the afflictions they cause, and the human genome project will accelerate this trend. The acquisition of genetic knowledge is, in short, outpacing the accumulation of therapeutic power — a condition that poses special difficulties for genetic knowing. Our expectation is that the characterization of a disease- instigating gene will greatly assist our understanding of how and why it causes a malfunction in the body. It makes good sense to go to the root of the problem. But to learn a gene’s secret, first you must find it. And finding it is not so simple.

AIOU Solved Assignments Code 671 Spring 2020

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