#Car Damage Assessment API

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Car Damage Assessment API: Automating Damage Detection for Faster Claims Processing

Processing vehicle damage claims can be a time-consuming and complex task. Traditional methods rely on manual inspections, subjective evaluations, and long wait times, leading to customer frustration and inefficiencies. Inconsistencies in assessments can result in increased operational costs, inaccurate claim settlements, and a higher risk of fraud.

The Car Damage Assessment API transforms this process by enabling real-time, automated damage detection, significantly improving vehicle inspection and claims accuracy. Leveraging AI-powered image analysis and machine learning, this API eliminates manual evaluations, ensuring precise, data-driven damage assessment.

Designed for speed and efficiency, this API benefits insurers, fleet managers, and repair centers by streamlining damage evaluations, reducing delays, and enhancing customer satisfaction. Insurers can process claims faster, fleet operators can reduce vehicle downtime, and repair shops can offer transparent, data-backed repair estimates—creating a hassle-free experience for all stakeholders.

The Need for Automation in Car Damage Assessment

Assessing car damage manually involves significant effort, often requiring physical inspections, manual photo evaluations, and expert analysis. This process is not only slow but also susceptible to inconsistencies. By utilizing a Car Damage Assessment API, insurance companies can automate damage assessment, ensuring faster and more reliable results.

Eliminating Subjectivity in Evaluations

Manual damage assessments rely on human judgment, leading to inconsistencies and errors. Automation ensures standardized evaluations, reducing disputes and improving accuracy.

Reducing Claims Processing Time

Traditional damage assessment can take days, delaying claims settlements. Automated systems analyze damage in real time, significantly speeding up the process.

Lowering Operational Costs

Hiring inspectors and managing manual evaluations increase costs for insurers and repair shops. Automation minimizes labor expenses and optimizes resource allocation.

Enhancing Fraud Detection and Prevention

Fraudulent claims cost the insurance industry billions. AI-powered assessments detect anomalies and inconsistencies, reducing fraudulent payouts.

Improving Customer Experience

Long wait times and complex procedures frustrate policyholders. Automation streamlines claims processing, providing faster settlements and a hassle-free experience.

How Car Damage Assessment API Works

The Car Damage Assessment API is designed to be seamless, efficient, and highly accurate. By integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision, it automates the entire vehicle inspection and damage detection process. Here’s how it works:

1. Submit Vehicle Images

Users—whether insurance agents, fleet managers, or customers—can upload high-resolution images of the vehicle needing assessment. These images can be captured via a mobile device, drone, or dash camera, ensuring flexibility and ease of use.

2. Real-Time Damage Analysis

Once images are uploaded, the API employs advanced machine learning algorithms to analyze them. The system accurately detects visible damages such as dents, scratches, cracks, and other impairments, classifying them based on severity.

3. Generate Detailed Reports

The API instantly generates a comprehensive damage report, detailing affected areas, severity, and potential repair costs. This eliminates the need for manual evaluations, ensuring a standardized and unbiased damage assessment process.

4. Cost Estimation and Repair Suggestions

Based on the damage detected, the API provides estimated repair costs aligned with industry standards. This helps insurance companies make quick and informed decisions regarding claim settlements, repair approvals, or vehicle replacements.

5. Seamless Claims Processing

The final Car Damage Assessment report is directly integrated into the insurance claims system. Insurers receive automated insights, allowing them to process claims efficiently, reducing delays, and improving customer satisfaction.

By automating these steps, insurance companies and fleet operators can enhance workflow efficiency, reduce costs, and accelerate decision-making in claims settlements.

Key Benefits of Automating Vehicle Inspection

Automating vehicle inspection with an AI-driven API offers numerous advantages for insurance companies, fleet managers, and even car rental businesses.

1. Faster Claims Processing

With manual damage evaluation taking days, customers often face frustration due to delayed settlements. The Car Damage Assessment API ensures near-instant analysis, reducing claim processing time from days to hours.

2. Improved Accuracy in Damage Assessment

Human error is a common challenge in manual damage assessment. AI-driven models eliminate bias and inconsistency by applying standardized criteria across all evaluations, ensuring precise results.

3. Cost Reduction for Insurers

By minimizing the need for human intervention in routine car damage assessment, insurers save on labor costs, reduce fraudulent claims, and optimize resources more effectively.

4. Enhanced Customer Experience

In an era where digital convenience matters, customers appreciate quick and hassle-free claim processing. The API simplifies the submission process, ensuring policyholders receive faster payouts without unnecessary delays.

5. Fraud Detection and Prevention

Insurance fraud is a growing concern, costing companies billions annually. AI-powered car damage assessment helps detect inconsistencies in claims, reducing fraud risks and ensuring fair settlements.

Use Cases of Car Damage Assessment API

Insurance Companies

Insurers can automate claims processing by integrating the API into their customer portals. This streamlines assessments, enhances efficiency, and reduces operational costs.

Car Rental Businesses

Rental companies can utilize the API for pre-rental and post-rental inspections, ensuring transparency in damage reports and avoiding disputes with customers.

Fleet Management Firms

Fleet operators can monitor vehicle conditions regularly, minimizing maintenance costs and ensuring vehicles remain in top condition.

Auto Repair Shops

Workshops can leverage the API to provide instant repair estimates, allowing customers to make informed decisions about their vehicle repairs.

Key Features of TagX Car Damage Assessment API

The Car Damage Assessment API automates vehicle inspections, providing fast and precise damage evaluations. Here’s how it benefits your operations:

Real-Time Damage Detection

The Car Damage Assessment API analyzes vehicle images in real time, delivering accurate reports on damages such as dents, scratches, and cracks. This allows for faster decision-making and more efficient claims processing.

AI-Powered Accuracy

Leveraging advanced AI technology, the API ensures that vehicle damage is detected with high precision. This reduces human error and ensures consistent, reliable assessments for every claim.

Accelerated Claims Processing

Automate your claims workflow by using the Car Damage Assessment API to instantly assess vehicle damage. This streamlines the process, reducing the time spent on manual inspections and speeding up claims settlement.

Seamless Integration

The API is easy to integrate with your existing claims management or fleet tracking systems. With minimal setup required, you can quickly start automating your damage assessments without disrupting your current processes.

Scalable and Reliable Performance

Whether you're managing a few claims or processing thousands, the Car Damage Assessment API handles large volumes of data with ease, offering consistent and reliable results across all your operations.

Secure Data Processing

Data security is a priority. The Car Damage Assessment API uses encryption and complies with industry standards to ensure that sensitive vehicle information is processed securely at all times.

Future of Vehicle Inspection with AI-Powered APIs

With advancements in AI, deep learning, and image recognition, the future of vehicle inspection is set to become even more efficient and accurate. Emerging trends in automated damage detection include:

Integration with Blockchain

Blockchain technology enables secure, tamper-proof storage of vehicle damage reports and claims history. By leveraging blockchain, insurers and policyholders can access an immutable record of past inspections, ensuring transparency and preventing fraudulent claims. Additionally, blockchain integration streamlines verification processes, reducing administrative burdens for insurance companies.

Augmented Reality (AR) Assistance

Augmented reality is set to play a crucial role in vehicle damage assessment by assisting insurance agents and repair professionals in real-time verification. Using AR-powered applications, insurers can overlay digital damage assessments onto physical vehicles, improving accuracy in evaluations. This technology allows for a more interactive and detailed review of damages, ensuring claim settlements are more precise and efficient.

Predictive Maintenance with AI-Powered Analytics

Predictive maintenance utilizes AI-driven data analysis to forecast potential vehicle damages before they occur. By analyzing historical vehicle data, driving patterns, and wear-and-tear trends, AI can proactively suggest maintenance or repairs, reducing unexpected breakdowns and costly repairs. This technology benefits fleet managers and car rental companies by keeping vehicles in optimal condition, minimizing downtime, and lowering overall maintenance expenses.

As these technologies continue to evolve, the Car Damage Assessment API will become an industry-standard tool for insurers and automotive businesses alike, driving efficiency and improving claim management systems.

The Challenges of Traditional Damage Assessment

Before diving into the benefits of automation, it's crucial to understand the limitations of manual damage assessment. Insurance companies and vehicle inspectors typically rely on visual inspections and manual documentation to evaluate damages. This process is prone to human errors, discrepancies, and prolonged evaluation times.

Subjective Evaluations

Manual damage assessment is often influenced by human judgment, leading to inconsistencies in evaluation. Different inspectors may have varying opinions on the severity of damage, which can result in disputes between insurers and policyholders. This subjectivity can lead to unfair claim settlements and create frustration for customers seeking accurate assessments.

Lengthy Processing Times

Traditional vehicle inspections involve multiple steps, from scheduling an inspection to filing paperwork and waiting for approval. This process can take several days or even weeks, causing delays in claims settlements. For policyholders who rely on quick resolutions, prolonged processing times can be a major inconvenience, leading to dissatisfaction and loss of trust in the insurer.

Higher Operational Costs

Employing skilled inspectors, managing paperwork, and manually verifying claims require significant financial and human resources. Insurance companies and fleet operators spend considerable amounts on staffing, logistics, and administrative work to ensure proper assessments. These operational costs contribute to overall higher expenses, which can ultimately impact profitability and efficiency.

Potential Fraud Risks

Without standardized evaluation criteria, fraudulent claims can go undetected. Some individuals may exaggerate damages, submit false claims, or tamper with inspection reports to receive higher payouts. The lack of automation makes it difficult to verify the authenticity of claims, increasing the risk of financial losses for insurance providers.

To overcome these obstacles, insurers are now leveraging automation through the Car Damage Assessment API.

Conclusion

The Car Damage Assessment API is transforming the way vehicle damages are assessed. By automating damage assessment, insurers, rental companies, and fleet managers can accelerate claims processing, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction.

With automation, insurers can deliver faster payouts, minimize disputes, and reduce manual errors. Fleet managers can benefit from quicker repairs and minimized downtime, improving overall business continuity. Repair centers can also provide more accurate repair cost estimates, improving customer trust and transparency.

As a trusted leader in AI-driven damage detection solutions, TagX offers cutting-edge technology designed to enhance accuracy and efficiency in car damage assessment. Their innovative API simplifies evaluations, detects fraudulent claims, and streamlines insurance operations.

By integrating the Car Damage Assessment API, businesses can modernize their processes, improve operational efficiency, and deliver a superior experience to customers. Don’t let outdated manual inspections slow you down—embrace automation today and experience faster, smarter claims processing.

Contact us now to learn more about how the Car Damage Assessment API can revolutionize your claims process!

Original Source, https://www.tagxdata.com/car-damage-assessment-api-automating-damage-detection-for-faster-claims-processing

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Choosing the Best Automotive Engine Oil Supplier in Kenya

Engine oil is the lifeblood of any vehicle, ensuring smooth operation, protecting components, and enhancing overall performance. In Kenya, where transportation and logistics are critical for businesses and individuals, finding a reliable automotive engine oil supplier is essential. High-quality engine oil not only improves engine efficiency but also extends the lifespan of vehicles. In this blog, we will explore the importance of automotive engine oil, its benefits, and key factors to consider when choosing a trustedAutomotive engine oil supplier in Kenya.

Why Automotive Engine Oil is Important

Automotive engines operate under extreme conditions, requiring proper lubrication to function effectively. Automotive engine oil plays a crucial role in:

Reducing Friction and Wear: By creating a protective layer between moving parts, it minimizes metal-to-metal contact.

Cooling the Engine: Engine oil helps dissipate heat generated during combustion, preventing overheating.

Cleaning the Engine: It removes sludge, dirt, and debris, keeping the engine clean and efficient.

Preventing Corrosion: High-quality oil prevents rust and oxidation of engine components.

Enhancing Fuel Efficiency: Proper lubrication reduces energy loss, improving fuel economy.

Using the right automotive engine oil ensures that your vehicle runs efficiently, reducing maintenance costs and enhancing performance.

Key Benefits of Using Premium Automotive Engine Oil

Choosing a high-quality engine oil can provide numerous benefits for both personal and commercial vehicles:

1. Improved Engine Performance

Premium engine oils ensure smoother operation by reducing internal friction, leading to optimal engine performance.

2. Longer Engine Lifespan

By reducing wear and protecting vital engine parts, high-quality oil helps extend the life of the engine.

3. Enhanced Fuel Economy

Efficient lubrication reduces energy waste, improving fuel efficiency and reducing operational costs.

4. Protection Against Deposits and Sludge

High-quality oils contain detergents that prevent sludge buildup, keeping the engine clean and running efficiently.

5. Better Temperature Control

Engine oil regulates temperature by dissipating heat, preventing engine damage due to overheating.

How to Choose the Best Automotive Engine Oil Supplier in Kenya

Selecting the right automotive engine oil supplier is crucial for ensuring that you get high-quality lubricants for your vehicles. Here are some key factors to consider:

1. Product Quality and Certification

Ensure that the supplier offers certified engine oils that meet international standards such as API (American Petroleum Institute) and SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers).

2. Wide Range of Engine Oils

A good supplier should offer a variety of engine oils, including synthetic, semi-synthetic, and conventional oils for different vehicle types.

3. Reputation and Experience

Look for suppliers with a proven track record in the lubricant industry. Customer reviews and testimonials can help assess reliability.

4. Competitive Pricing

While cost is important, never compromise on quality. Choose a supplier that provides value for money without sacrificing performance.

5. Technical Support and Expertise

A trusted supplier should provide expert advice on choosing the right engine oil, application guidance, and maintenance tips.

Why Choose Turvo Oil as Your Automotive Engine Oil Supplier in Kenya?

Turvo Oil is a leading automotive engine oil supplier in Kenya, offering high-quality lubrication solutions for various vehicles. Here’s why Turvo Oil is the best choice:

High-Performance Engine Oils: Designed for superior lubrication, cooling, and efficiency.

Wide Range of Products: Suitable for passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and heavy-duty trucks.

Affordable and Reliable Solutions: Competitive pricing without compromising on quality.

Technical Support: Expert guidance to help you choose the best engine oil for your vehicle.

Final Thoughts

Choosing a reliable automotive engine oil supplier in Kenya is crucial for ensuring smooth vehicle operation, improved fuel efficiency, and long-term cost savings. High-quality engine oil enhances engine performance, reduces wear and tear, and extends the life of your vehicle. Turvo Oil provides premium automotive engine oils designed to meet the needs of car owners, businesses, and industries.

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Copart API - IAAI API Data | Copart CSV Sales Data

In the fast-paced world of auto auctions, data is king. Whether you’re a car dealer, insurance company, or an enthusiast looking to score a great deal, having access to comprehensive and timely data is crucial. This is where the APIs from major auto auction companies like Copart and Insurance Auto Auctions, Inc. (IAAI) come into play. These APIs offer a treasure trove of information that can help you make informed decisions, streamline your operations, and gain a competitive edge.

Understanding Copart and IAAI

Before diving into the specifics of their APIs, it’s important to understand what Copart and IAAI are and what they offer.

Copart is a global leader in online vehicle auctions, offering services to insurance companies, dealerships, and individuals. They provide a wide range of vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and even boats and RVs. Their platform is known for its extensive inventory and user-friendly interface.

IAAI, on the other hand, is another major player in the vehicle auction industry, specializing in total-loss, damaged, and low-value vehicles. Like Copart, IAAI serves a diverse clientele, including insurance companies, fleet operators, and the general public.

The Value of Auction Data

The data provided by Copart and IAAI is invaluable for several reasons:

Pricing Trends: Understanding the historical and current prices of vehicles can help you identify trends and make better purchasing decisions.

Vehicle History: Access to detailed vehicle history reports can help you assess the condition and value of a vehicle more accurately.

Inventory Management: For dealers, having real-time data on available inventory can streamline operations and improve sales strategies.

Market Analysis: Comprehensive data allows for better market analysis, helping businesses identify opportunities and risks.

Exploring Copart API

The Copart API is a powerful tool designed to provide access to a wide range of auction data. Here are some key features:

Real-Time Auction Data: Get up-to-date information on ongoing auctions, including vehicle details, current bids, and auction times.

Vehicle Details: Access comprehensive data on each vehicle, including make, model, year, VIN, damage reports, and photos.

Sales Data: Retrieve historical sales data to analyze pricing trends and market dynamics.

Search and Filter: Use advanced search and filtering options to find specific vehicles based on criteria like location, condition, and type.

Leveraging IAAI API

The IAAI API offers similar capabilities, allowing users to tap into a vast database of auction data. Key features include:

Auction Listings: Access detailed listings of upcoming and ongoing auctions with full vehicle descriptions.

Bid Information: Get real-time updates on bid statuses and auction outcomes.

Vehicle History: Detailed vehicle history reports, including previous auction results and damage assessments.

Custom Queries: Use custom queries to extract specific data points relevant to your needs.

Utilizing Copart CSV Sales Data

In addition to APIs, Copart provides CSV sales data, which can be extremely useful for analysis. Here’s how you can leverage this data:

Data Import: Import the CSV data into your preferred data analysis tool, such as Excel, Google Sheets, or a more advanced database system.

Trend Analysis: Perform trend analysis to understand price movements and identify peak auction times.

Inventory Valuation: Use the sales data to assess the value of your current inventory and make informed purchasing decisions.

Custom Reporting: Create custom reports and dashboards to visualize key metrics and track performance over time.

Practical Applications

Dealers: By integrating Copart and IAAI data into their inventory management systems, dealers can keep track of market trends, optimize pricing strategies, and improve stock turnover rates.

Insurance Companies: Insurers can use vehicle history and damage data to more accurately assess claims and set premiums.

Investors: Investors looking to buy and flip vehicles can use historical sales data to identify the most profitable types of vehicles and optimal buying times.

Researchers and Analysts: Auto industry researchers can leverage auction data to study market dynamics, consumer behavior, and economic trends.

Conclusion

The APIs and data services provided by Copart and IAAI are invaluable tools for anyone involved in the auto auction industry. By harnessing the power of these APIs and CSV sales data, users can gain deeper insights, make more informed decisions, and ultimately drive greater success in their operations. Whether you’re a seasoned dealer, an insurance adjuster, or a data enthusiast, these resources open up a world of possibilities for maximizing the value of auction data.

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How To Look After Your Turbocharged Car|USA|(MAINE)

Despite the truth that turbocharged automobiles had been spherical for a prolonged time. They are, despite the fact, more complicated than the regular road car.Turbocharged Especially even as computer-controlled engines don’t require as much maintenance as previous turbo-powered automobiles. It’s nevertheless in reality nicely really well worth being attentive to the system’s upkeep. Even if you have a cutting-edge automobile, guarantee it lasts as long as possible. We will be discussing a manner to see after your Turbocharged Car.Three additives are wanted for engine combustion: gasoline, ignition, and oxygen. Turbocharging works further to a hairdryer in that it offers extra air into the pistons to maximise the power of the gasoline in a quick duration of time. The gadget accomplishes this by drawing in air from outside the car.

 CONTENT

Oil

Warm Up 

the EngineCool Down

Use Gear Over Turbo

Conclusion  1. OIL

 The oil continues the running elements of your faster lubrication. And your engine desires a regular delivery of the correct kind of exceptional oil to characteristic properly. Before you purchase oil. Check your vehicle’s owner’s guide to make sure you’re getting the right API grade on your engine. The oil continues the running elements of your faster lubrication. And your engine desires a regular delivery of the correct kind of exceptional oil to characteristic properly. Before you purchase oil, test your vehicle’s owner’s guide to make sure you’re getting the right API grade on your engine.Turbocharged engines have shifting additives that rotate at extraordinarily excessive speeds and function beneath intense warmth and pressure. To save you put on and assist them function at their high-quality. Turbocharged engines require a persistent float of exceptional engine oil to lubricate the compression valve and consumption and output fan. The significance of engine oil is so top notch that a few excessive-quit faster structures consist of a separate oil reservoir that circulates oil for the duration of the faster. Fully artificial oil is recommended, and converting oil each 5,000 miles is the high-quality manner to keep away from oil-associated issues together with your turbocharger and engine.

2. WARM UP

 THE ENGINEOil for your vehicle can be characteristic to the wanted degree to preserve the rapid lubrication for that It ought to first heat up. Before running the rapid at better speeds, it's encouraged to run the auto for five to ten mins to get the whole lot as much as an appropriate temperature level. Allow the engine to heat as much as its complete functionality to lessen the threat of rapid damage. This is due to the fact the bloodless oil is thickest whilst you first begin the Car. Therefore the oil stress needs to be better to flow into it across the engine. The oil seals are placed beneath nearly extra stress because of this. Oil temperature rises in tandem with engine temperature. This thins the oil, permitting it to float greater effortlessly and lubricate your engine’s shifting parts. Oil takes more time to warmth up than engine coolant. So place your proper foot down at least 10 mins after your coolant has carried out the most useful temperature. 3. COOL DOWN

If the engine has been using at excessive speeds and is available to a short halt, the rapid would possibly nevertheless be hot. If the motor grows to become off too rapid then the warmth can be a lure with nowhere to get away accurately. This warmth may also virtually warm up the rapid oil, changing it right into a thick, worthless, and sticky sludge which could clog the system, inflicting harm and, withinside the worst-case scenario, rendering it unusable. Simply preserve the engine jogging on idle for a couple of minutes at the belief of the drive. Allowing the rapid to settle down accurately as opposed to being bowled over with the aid of using a speedy loss of warmth, earlier than shutting it off.

4. USE GEAR OVER TURBO

When the engine has that greater mph, it’s clean to fall into the entice of depending too closely at the faster. Sometimes, pushing for greater overtaking energy is probably useful in a few situations, however I hold in thoughts that the transmission and tools machine are the pleasant methods to benefit greater energy out of your engine. When possible, use the gears to get greater velocity in preference to counting on the faster, as this could cause an untimely put on at the component.Downshifting right into a decrease tool is a more secure long-time period preference than relying most effectively at the turbocharger. Whether you’re going up an extended hill, overtaking on a highway, or accelerating into the quick lane at the highway. Gears have been designed to enhance overall performance up and down the rev range.

  CONCLUSION

We’ve mentioned how absolutely each person wishes velocity and improved automobiles, and turbocharged engines can assist us acquire our goals. However, so that you can extend the engine’s life, cutting-edge turbocharged engines require huge attention, care, and maintenance. A mild lapse in judgment can bring about a considerable boom withinside the faster system’s put on and tear. These assessments may also let you know how tough you could push the faster, what form of oil to use, or even in which the warmth dissipates inside your car, all of which let you expand a clean photo of the way to keep and function this high-overall performance system. The records furnished above will help you in keeping your 1Turbocharged Car engine.

  READ MORE  -  https://getcarsnow.com/how-to-look-after-your-turbocharged-car/ 

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Air Pollutants and Their Possible Health Effects at Different Locations in Dhaka City

Authored by Mohammad Zahangeer Alam

Abstract

Air pollution is a major environmental risk. For many decades, air pollutants have increased dramatically in the city of Dhaka. Study of air pollutants in Dhaka, as well as other urban areas, is significantly important for the sustainable environment. The present research is focused on air pollutants and their possible health effects in the areas of Dhaka city. Different pollutants such as, volatile organic compounds (VOC, s), carbon monoxide (CO), relative humidity (RH), nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), sulfur dioxide(SO2), particulate matter (PM10), particulate matter (PM25), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and lead (Pb) were found to be at hazardous levels in this study area. The VOC was found to have a statistically positive correlation with CO, RH, NOx, H2S, CO2, PM10, PM25, SPM, and Pb (p<0.01;0. 012, CO, SO2, NOx, H2S, SPM, PM10, PM25, and Pb. These air pollutants have significantly increased from June 2016 to July 2017 at different locations in Dhaka. According to public perception and health physicians, air pollutants contribute to health concerns such as, eye irritation, headaches, damage to kidneys and central nervous system, skin cancer, cardio vascular diseases, nausea, asthma, and anemia. Regular monitoring of air quality parameters can be effective to protect inhabitants from various illnesses as well as significant help in providing a guideline for the development of a sustainable environment in the city dwellers of Dhaka.

Keywords: Pollutants; Dhaka; Health; Volatile; Air

Introduction

Pollutants are released into the air from their different sources Daly and Zannetti [1]. Acts have been generated throughout the world in an attempt to regulate these pollutants and keep them from reaching levels that are hazardous to humans Clean Air Act [2]. For instance, the European Commission has developed regulations for monitoring and reduction of air pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere Steven [5]. Several recognized methods are already being used to monitor the levels of SO2, NOx, particulate matter (PM), lead, and ozone (O3) Alvaro, et al. [4] there are usually about 200 air pollutants present in an urban environment. Most of these pollutants are quite hazardous and make it difficult to maintain a sustainable and healthy environment Steven [5]. The concentrations of each pollutant in the atmosphere depend on the emission rates of their sources Steven [5]. Levels of concentration of these pollutants in the atmosphere are also variable with time and location throughout the world Sicard, et al. [6].

The atmospheric chemistry is highly dependent on the living organisms in the biosphere Felix and Anne [7]. The composition of the earth’s atmosphere has been changed over time by human activities Arden, et al. [8]. Some of these fluctuations are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. While humans are the integral part of an ecosystem, the urban ecosystem is unpleasantly affected by increased several air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) Ajayi and Dosunmu, Abam and Unachukwu [9,10]. This air pollution can be observed as haze, smog and acid rain particularly in urban and industrialized cities Olajire, et al. [11]. The real detrimental effects can be seen in the health of people and the environment, for example, PM10 has increased morbidity and mortality rates due to cardiovascular and respiratory illness Lirong, et al. [12]. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause fatigue, headaches, dizziness, loss of consciousness and even death Hopkins, et al. [13]. Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide also impairs the immune system, increases asthma and chronic respiratory diseases, reduces lung function and increases cardiovascular disease Hopkins, et al. [13].

Air pollutants are classified based on the different human activities Olukayode [14]. These pollutants can be categorized as, motor traffic, industry, power plants and domestic fuel Lirong, Olukayode, Mathuros, et al. [15] Olukayode. Road traffic is identified as a major contributor to the air pollution due to the poor maintenance of vehicles, older cars, and two-stroke engine vehicles Enemeri [16] Ajayi and Dosunmu, Olukayode. Dhaka as well as the city of Lagos is a commercial hub, where many industries are located. These industries contribute significantly to air pollution because they emit smokes and gases of various magnitudes from their diesel powered engines. The unplanned growth of several mega cities, including Dhaka, causes housing and industrial locations to arise indiscriminately and haphazardly resulting in additional environmental hazards Dotun [17].

Trace gases in the atmosphere are found at low concentrations; even at this concentration, they can exert considerable influence on a range of environmental processes and health problems Seinfeld [18]. Understanding the interactions between gases is crucial to know their atmospheric concentrations, lifetimes and the environmental impacts. Ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) react with many other compounds such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) leading to changes in atmospheric composition Atkinson [19]. For well over a decade, attempts have been made to introduce an Ambient Quality Index (AQI) based on standard guidelines proposed by international organizations, such as the United States Environment Protection Agency (US-EPA), the European Union (EC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) [20]. For instance, Khanna [21] developed an AQI based on the welfare losses associated with damage from pollution exposure, while [22] introduced a procedure for evaluating the air quality at each monitoring site as well as the overall urban domain. Kyrkilis, et al. [23] proposed an aggregated air quality index in relation to potential health effects, while Cairncross, et al. [24] suggested a novel Air Pollution Index (API) system based on the relative risk and increased daily mortality associated with short-term exposure to common air pollutants. Kassomenos, et al. [25] compared a number of indices for assessing air quality in a medium-size city, as well as a set of bio meteorological indices taking into account the adverse health effects of air pollution, while Llop, et al. [26] proposed functional groups of epiphytic lichens as indicators of air quality in South Portugal Plaia and Ruggieri [27].

Air pollution is also influenced by road traffic Sicard, et al. [28]. For instance, South East France as well as Dhaka city is one of the region's most influenced by atmospheric pollution Plaia and Ruggieri. The population of the city of Dhaka has been increasing dramatically Khondkar Abdus Saleque [29]. This population has been facing obnoxious levels of hazardous air particles; As a result air and water are becoming threatened as well. Currently Dhaka ranks high amongst the world's major cities in terms of poor urban air quality substantially reducing air pollution could save up to 3,500 lives and avoid up to 230 million cases of respiratory disease annually in Bangladesh. In economic terms, this is equivalent to around US$ 500 million in savings due to reduced health care costs and increased productivity per annum The World Bank [48]. We studied air quality parameters at different locations in the mega city of Dhaka and their impacts on health for a sustainable livelihood for the residents. We identified Dhaka as highly polluted due to the large number of vehicles and one of the highest population densities in the world. It is the hypothesis that air pollutants can be reduced through the monitoring of air quality parameters regularly which will be helpful for the reduction of the impact on health.

Materials and Methods

Description of Study Areas

Dhaka is the most densely populated city in Bangladesh, with a density of 23,234 people per square kilometer. Currently, it is recognized as a mega city in comparing its population to other cities throughout the world. This city itself has a population estimated at about 8.5 million World Population Review [

30

]. Several of the air quality parameters were examined in 8 locations of Dhaka. These locations are Brick Fields in Savar, Dhaka cantonment, West rasulpur, Birulia at Savar, North DEPZ of Savar, South DEPZ of Savar, East DEPZ of Savar and West DEPZ of Savar. The Geographical Positioning System of Dhaka city is altitudes 23°42’37.44”N and longitude 90°24'26.78" E. The study area on a Bangladesh map and locations for the detection of air quality parameters are highlighted in

Figures 1

&

2

respectively.

Inception Meeting

An inception meeting was arranged at the office of the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) in Dhaka that lasted for 3 days. This meeting was conducted with government officials, residents, visitors, health physicians, scientists, and many other people who have been living in this city for a long time. This meeting was conducted to discuss air pollutants and their possible health effects in Dhaka. During this meeting, participants contributed their unique perspectives regarding air quality in Dhaka and their own health effects. Through this meeting, major areas of pollution were identified among the different locations in Dhaka.

Public Perception

Based on the inception meeting, we have collected data regarding the effects of pollutants on human health in Dhaka. This information was gathered from different locations in the city of Dhaka. Collected data were noted from the perceptions of the general public including health physicians. Each group consisted of 18-20 people. The people who were interviewed were 40-50 years old and their level of education was from secondary to graduate level. Everyone was in agreement that the health hazards have been increasing tremendously over more than a decade due to the deterioration of air quality in the urban environment.

Toxic Gases

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon mono oxide (CO), oxygen (O2), percentages of relative humidity, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were measured using a real time monitoring system of a toxic gas measuring instrument with PID, NDIR and electrochemical sensors (Direct Sense Advanced Environmental Instrumentation, Grey Wolf Sensing Solutions, USA).

Air Particles

PM25, PM , and SPM were measured through real time monitoring with Casella Micro Dust Pro CEL-712 according to ISO 12103-1 and also the gravimetric method followed by filter sampling. Air dust particles were collected by a low volume air sampler on previously weighted PM2.5, PM10 and repairable filter by microbalance with a minimum resolution of 0.001 mg.

Air Sampling for Monitoring of Lead (Pb)

The Pb in the air sample was determined according to the NIOSH 7105 standard test method [31]. A dust sampling starter kit including filter paper, sampling head, flow meter, air sampling pump and other accessories were used for the analysis of Pb in air samples. First air samples were collected in Mixed Cellulose Esters (MCE) Filters (Diameter: 25mm, Pore Size: 0.8 μim) using a Casella APEX air sampling pump. MCE membrane filters are readily soluble and one of the most widely used filters for atomic absorption analysis. Sampling was done at an accurately known flow rate 3.5 L/Min up to 8 h for a total sample size of 1 to 1500 L.

Laboratory Analysis

The filter paper was kept in a filter holder and transferred into a clean beaker. The 3 mL concentrated HNO3 and 1 mL 30% H2O2 was added and covered with a watch glass. The sample was heated on hotplate at 140° C until volume was reduced to about 0.5 mL. The beaker was cooled down and the watch glass and walls of the beaker were rinsed with 5% HNO3. The solution was quantitatively transferred to a 10-mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with ultra-pure water. Then the sample was taken into a Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu -7000A) for the analysis of lead (Pb).

Statistical Analysis

Significant levels of correlation between air pollutants were analyzed for the validation of data using R Software, version 3.2.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Coefficient trends were analyzed for the increasing of air pollutants in Dhaka city using R software version 3.2.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

The VOC was found to have a statistically positive correlation with carbon monoxide (CO), relative humidity (RH), nitrogen Oxide (NOx), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), particulate matter (PM10), particulate matter (PM25) and lead (Pb) (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<<p≤0.1) at different locations in Dhaka city during August,2016 (Table 1). Similarly, this VOC was found positively correlated with carbon dioxide (CO2), NOx, H2S, suspended particulate matter (SPM), PM10, PM 25, and Pb (p<0.01; 0.01Table 2). In April, 2017 VOC was found significantly correlated with CO2, H2S, PM25, and Pb (Table 3). Since 2016, VOC was significantly increased at Savar Brick Fields, Dhaka cantonment, West rasulpur, Birulia, North DEPZ, South DEPZ, East DEPZ, and West DEPZ areas (p<0.01; 0.01Table 4). According to the public perception, VOC is highly responsible for the development of different health hazards such as eye irritation, headaches, coordination loss, damage to kidneys, liver and the central nervous system (neo-natal), skin cancer (human and animal), and skin allergies. These opinions were also validated through the discussion with a health physician (Tables 5 & 6).

***indicate significant difference at 1% (p<0.01) level of significance, "indicate significant difference at 5% (0.01<p≤0.05) level of significance,

*Indicate Significant difference at 10% (0.05<p≤0.1) level of significance and others indicate insignificant difference.

*** Indicate significant difference at 1% (p<0.01) level of significance, **Indicate significant difference at 5% (0.01<p≤0.05) level of Significance, *Indicate significant difference at 10% (0.05<p≤0.05) level of significance and others indicate insignificant difference.

*** Indicate significant difference at 1% (p<0.01) level of significance, ** Indicate significant difference at 5% (0.01

*** indicate significant difference at 1% (p<0.01) level of significance, ** indicate significant difference at 5% (0.01

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly correlated with relative humidity at different locations in Dhaka city during August, 2016 (Table 1). Positive correlations were found between CO2 and CO, SO2, NOx, H2S, SPM, PM10, PM25, and Pb during December, 2016 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1) (Table 2). This toxic gas was also significantly correlated with RH, SPM, PM2.5, and Pb in April, 2017 (0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1). CO2 was increased significantly at Savar Brick Fields, Dhaka cantonment, West rasulpur, and West DEPZ areas from 2016 to 2017 (0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1). According to the public perception, increased CO2 is accountable for the increase of several health problems such as cardio vascular diseases, impaired blood circulation, equilibrium concentration of oxygen in blood reducing hemoglobin, and damage to the nervous system. These results show an increase in the number of people experiencing dizziness and concentration problems within these communities.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide (CO) was found to have a positive relationship with SO2, NOx, H2S, SPM, PM10, and PM 25 during August, 2016 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1). This gas was also significantly correlated with SO2, NOx, H2S, SPM, PM10, PM25, and Pb during December, 2016 (p<0.01). In April 2017, CO was positively correlated with SO2, NOx, H2S, and PM25 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1). These air pollutants were significantly increased in different locations in Dhaka city such as, Savar Brick Fields, Dhaka cantonment, Birulia, North DEPZ, South DEPZ, East DEPZ, and West DEPZ areas from July 2016 to June 2017. Oxygen carrying capacity is reduced significantly due to the increase of this toxic gas in the atmosphere which is similar to the health physician's perception.

Oxygen (O2)

Significant relationships were found between O2, SO2 and NOx in August 2016 (p<0.01). This relationship was not correlated, however, in December 2016 and April 2017. This O2 was found increased in West rasulpur, Birulia, and South DEPZ from 2016 to 2017 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1). High flow of this gas causes death.

Relative Humidity (RH)

The RH was slightly correlated with, NOx, H2S, and PM10 gases during August 2016 (0.05<p≤0.1). This parameter was also correlated with H2S, SPM, and PM2.5 during December,

2016 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05). In April 2017, it was positively correlated with PM25 gases (0.01

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

This gas was positively correlated with NOx, H2S, SPM, PM10, and PM2.5 during August 2016. This relationship was also found to be significantly correlated in December 2017 (p<0.01; 0.01Tables 1 & .png">2). The SO2 was found to have a highly significant relationship with H2S and PM2.5 in April 2017 (p<0.01) (Table 3). This toxic gas also significantly increased from 2016 to 2017 (p<0.01; 0.01Table 4).

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) was positively correlated with H2S, PM10, PM2.5, and Pb during August, 2016 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05) (Table 1). This gas was also significantly correlated with H2S, SPM, PM10, PM2 5, and Pb in December 2016 (p<0.01; 0.05<p≤0.1) (Table 2). Similarly, NOx was found significantly correlated with H2S, and PM2.5 in April 2017 (0.01#Xp≤0.05) (Table 3). This toxic gas also significantly increased in all study locations of Dhaka from 2016 to 2017 (0.01<p≤0.05) (Table 4). According to the health physician, a lung disorder could be developed due to high increases of this gas in the atmosphere which is similar to the public perception (Tables 5 & 6).

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) was found positively correlated with PM10, PM25, and Pb in August 2016 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05) (Table 1). This gas was also found in positive relationship with SPM, PM10, PM2 5, and Pb during December 2016 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05) (Table 2). Only PM2 5 was found to have a significant relationship with H2S in April 2017 (p<0.01) (Table 3). This gas has been significantly increased in Savar Brick Fields, West rasulpur, Birulia, North DEPZ, and West DEPZ areas of Dhaka from 2016

2017 (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1) (Table 4). This gas is responsible for the development of a bad odor, as well as nausea, throat irritation, and bacterial infection among the people in these communities (Tables 5 & 6).

Particulate Matter and Lead (Pb)

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was positively correlated with PM2.5; PM10 was found to have a positive correlation with PM2 5 and Pb (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05; 0.05<p≤0.1) (Table 1). Similarly, SPM was also found significantly correlated with PM10, PM25 and Pb. Also, PM10 was significantly correlated with PM25 and Pb (p<0.01; 0.01<p≤0.05) (Table 2). Particulate Matter and Pb both were significantly increased from 2016 to 2017 at different locations in Dhaka (Table 4). Bronchitis, chronic cough, respiratory disease, asthma, anemia, and skin cancer is increased due to high increases of PM and Pb in the atmosphere according to public health and physicians (Tables 5 & 6).

Discussion

Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health throughout the world. Deferent air pollutants such as, VOC, CO2, CO, O2, SO2, NOx, H2S, SPM, PM10, PM25, and Pb are significantly correlated between each other. Some of these are positively correlated with each other in the atmosphere (Tables 1-3). Most of these air quality parameters have been significantly increased at different locations in Dhaka (Table 4). Similarly, air pollutants have been escalated in developed and developing countries due to the increasing population density and unplanned urbanization for many years World Health Organization [WHO] [14]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that in developing countries, increasing air pollutants has resulted in more than 2 million deaths per annum along with various respiratory illnesses Cities Alliance [32]. It is reported that over 70-80% of air pollution in mega cities in developing nations is attributed to vehicular emissions caused by a large number of older vehicles coupled with poor vehicle maintenance, inadequate road infrastructure and low fuel quality Wang, et al. [33].

Dhaka’s growth has increased over the last several decades. Due to the unplanned urbanization, air pollutant parameters have been escalated in these areas. Similarly, research was conducted on 20 urban hot spots in 20 European cities and it was found that air pollutants have exceeded the urban background concentrations due to an increase in traffic volume Moussiopoulos, et al. [34]. Also, motorized road transport in UK has been categorized as one of the largest single pollution sources in 92% of declared air quality management areas (AQMAs) which accounts for 33% emissions of NOx and 21% of PM10 Faulkner and Russell [35]. Similarly, NOx and PM10 both are significantly increasing in Dhaka city area (Table 4) as well as in North American megacities like, Los Angeles, New York, and Mexico City U.S. EPA [36]. In New South Wales (NSW) Australia, road transport is the single largest source of NOx emissions that contributes more than 71% of total emissions US EPA [37].

In the Asian subcontinent, some developed countries, for instance, Singapore, Japan and Hong Kong, are facing street- level air pollution problems due to an increase in the number of motorized transport Edesess,. In developing countries, mega cities are facing acute problems due to an increase in the ambient PM and NO2 concentrations as a result of rapid urbanization. In Shanghai, New Delhi, Mumbai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Calcutta, Beijing, and Bangkok the ambient PM and NO2 concentrations frequently violate WHO guidelines Baldasano, et al. [38]. Chan and Yao [39] have reported that ambient concentrations of PM10 and SO2 in the Chinese cities of Shanghai and Pearl River Delta are four to six times higher than concentrations observed in any of the cities in developed countries. One of the studies carried out recently has found that the annual average PM10 concentrations in Asian cities are four times higher than WHO guidelines Atash [40]. Air pollutants have been significantly increased at different locations in Dhaka also in comparison with other cities throughout the world.

Air pollutants are a major environmental health problem. The studied air pollutants such as, VOC, CO2, CO, SO2, NOx, H2S, SPM, PM10, PM2.5, and Pb are responsible for the development of various health hazards in communities (Tables 5 & 6). Yelda and Mustafa [41] report that sulfur dioxide (SO2), particle substances (PM), and nitrogen oxides (NOX) in the air can create negative effects on the environment and human health. This air pollution is the result of human activities. This pollution damages the natural processes in the atmosphere, and negatively affects public health. Currently, several cities in Africa are recognized as having unsustainable levels of pollutants negatively affecting their air quality. Yelda and Mustafa was found that until the 1980s, 1.3 billion people lived in cities where pollution was above the air quality standards Yelda and Mustafa. According to the WHO about 98% of cities in low- and middle income countries with more than 100000 inhabitants do not meet standard air quality parameters. Dhaka is also included in cities whose pollution has a negative effect on the residents. However, this percentage decreases to 56% in high income countries.

Air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O3), heavy metals, and particulate matter (PM25 and PM10), differ in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, time of disintegration and ability to diffuse in long or short distances. These air pollutants have both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs. It ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults, aggravating pre-existing heart and lung disease, or asthmatic attacks WHO. In addition, short- and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy Marilena and Elias [42]. A similar result was also found from this study in Dhaka through the discussion with a health physician and public perception (Tables 5 & 6). Urban people are usually exposed to the particulates in air through their regular activities. In general human activities also largely cause an increase in air pollutants in urban areas. In this situation, people exposed to toxic air pollutants at sufficient concentrations and durations may have an increased chance of getting cancer or experiencing other serious health effects.

These health effects can include damage to the immune system, as well as neurological, reproductive (e.g., reduced fertility), developmental, respiratory and other health problems EPA [43]. Not only human, some toxic air pollutants such as lead (Pb) can deposit onto soils or surface waters, where they are taken up by plants and ingested by animals and are eventually magnified up through the food chain. Like humans, animals may experience health problems if exposed to sufficient quantities of air toxins over time EPA [43]. Similarly, Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs [44] reported that air pollution levels are unlikely to have serious short term effects. However, elevated levels and/or long term exposure to air pollution can lead to more serious symptoms and conditions affecting human health. This mainly affects the respiratory and inflammatory systems, but can also lead to more serious conditions such as heart disease and cancer. People with lung or heart conditions may be more susceptible to the effects of air pollution. In the city of Dhaka people have been suffering from various health diseases due to the significant effect of air pollution as well (Tables 5 & 6). It is concluded that urban people should show concern regarding air pollution and its effects on health including maintaining a sustainable environment.

Causes of Air Pollution in Dhaka City

Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances in the air that have detrimental impacts to the environment and humanity. It occurs when harmful substances such as foreign gases, odor, dust, or fumes are present in the air that can be harmful to human beings. Several causes have been identified for air pollution in Dhaka.

Population Density

Dhaka is one of the most densely populated cities in the world, with an estimated population of more than 8 million. Air pollution has emerged as an acute problem in the city of Dhaka. There is a significant relationship between population and pollution in different regions. For example, a European city of 1 million people is exposed to six times higher nitrogen dioxide pollution than a city of 1 million people in India Smith [45]. Different regions showed a wide range of nitrogen dioxide surface concentrations in urban areas of around 1 million people. Europe was ranked highest at over 1.3 parts per billion, while India's 1-million population cities came in at just over 0.2 parts per billion. For cities with population of 10 million people, the results were similar: 3.9 parts per billion in Europe versus 0.5 parts per billion in India. Air pollution has been a major issue in China as well as Dhaka city Smith, WHO [46].

Unplanned Industrialization and Urbanization

Unplanned urbanization and industrialization is a common scenario in the city of Dhaka. This city is expanding towards the periphery without consideration of environmental degradation. This is one of the major causes of increasing pollution levels of the air in Dhaka. With the current rate of industrialization and increased manufacturing activities in Dhaka city, high levels of smoke, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, organic compounds, and carbon monoxide are released into the air. The air has become increasingly unhealthy in Dhaka. Higher amounts of harmful particles have been found in the air of the city of Dhaka. Bangladesh is the fourth, among 91 countries with the worst urban air quality in its recent air pollution monitoring report WHO, 2016. Almost 90 per cent of the people living in these cities were being exposed to dangerous levels of air pollution. Unplanned industrialization and urbanization can be identified as factors that are responsible for increases in air pollutants in Dhaka Haque [47].

Traffic Pressure

A high number of motorized vehicles are clogging up roads and contributing further to poor air quality. Besides the large number of cars, the ever-present conflict between motorized and non-motorized transport such as rickshaws means urban traffic is often brought to a standstill for long periods of time resulting in not only health and environmental damage but huge economic losses due to lost time The World Bank, [48]. These groups of people have been suffering in an unhealthy environment due to traffic pressure in Dhaka. The daily total emissions of NOx, HC, CO, PM, and SOx are estimated using the daily fuel consumption and total traffic flows in Dhaka. Estimated daily emissions are 42, 39, 314, 14, and 42 t for NOx, HC, CO, PM, and SOx, respectively Karim, et al. [49].

Brick Fields

In Bangladesh, the brick kiln industry is one of the fastest- growing sectors, supporting the booming infrastructure and construction industry, with current manufacturing capacity of 12 billion bricks a year from 4,500 brick kilns surrounding all major cities of Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Chittagong, and expected to grow 50% by 2020 World Bank 2007 [50]; UNDP 2011 [51]. The total emissions are estimated at 23,300 t of PM25, 15500 t of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 302,000 t of carbon monoxide (CO), 6000 t of black carbon, and 1.8 million t of CO2 from these clusters, to produce 3.5 billion bricks per year, using a fixed chimney bull trench kiln technology that is not energy efficient and predominantly using coal and agricultural waste as fuel. The associated health impacts largely fall on the densely populated districts of Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) Sarath, et al. [52].

Climate Changes

Atmospheric warming associated with climate change has the potential to increase ground- level ozone in many regions, which may present challenges for compliance with the ozone standards in the future. Emissions of pollutants into the air can result in changes to the climate. Ozone in the atmosphere warms the climate, while different components of particulate matter (PM) can have either warming or cooling effects on the climate. For example, black carbon, a particulate pollutant from combustion, contributes to the warming of the Earth, while particulate sulfates cool the earth’s atmosphere (US Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] [43]. Due to the changes of climatic parameters, air quality in Dhaka has been changing for many decades Bilkis, et al. [53-57].

Conclusion

Air pollutants are increasing in the Mega city of Dhaka in Bangladesh. This is an awful threat for the sustainable living of human beings in this city. People have been facing various diseases due to the increase of toxic air pollutants. Air pollutants such as, volatile organic compound (VOC), carbon dioxide(CO2), carbon monoxide(CO), oxygen (O2), sulfur dioxide(SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), suspended particulate matter(SPM), particulate matter(PM10), and particulate matter (PM2.5) have increased significantly in Dhaka. Due to the increasing levels that exceed the standard limits of each pollutant, different health concerns have developed among the community people in this city. In this manner, rate of mortality has been increasing also. As a result, research on air quality parameters and their impacts on human health are absolutely important. It is expected that the monitoring of air quality parameters regularly and discovering their impacts on a sustainable environment will provide standard guidelines for the improvement of urbanization in relation to the sustainable livelihood.

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[savetopnow]

2018-04-05 06 TECH now

TECH

Ars Techica

Bay Area: Join us 4/11 to discuss the tech boom and the fate of democracy

Porous silk fiber traps heat, hides a rabbit from IR camera

Woman takes Ancestry.com DNA test, learns her real dad is her mom’s doctor

Facebook: It wasn’t 50M hit by Cambridge Analytica breach, but rather 87M

CenturyLink fights billing-fraud lawsuit by claiming that it has no customers

Buzzfeed Tech

Facebook Now Says Cambridge Analytica Accessed Up To 87 Million People's Data

Nasim Aghdam Opened Fire On YouTube Because She Was "Upset" With Its Policies And Practices

This Country Said It Would Punish Journalists For Writing Fake News But Changed Its Mind

Grindr Is Letting Other Companies See User HIV Status And Location Data

Chick-Fil-A Will Soon Be Bigger Than Taco Bell, Burger King, And Wendy's

CNet

Facebook's Zuckerberg talking privacy after Cambridge Analytica - CNET

See Virgin Hyperloop One's new travel pod video - CNET

Facebook, Cambridge Analytica and data mining: What you need to know - CNET

Mars landscape looks like bacteria in this bizarre image - CNET

After YouTube shooting, how prepared is Silicon Valley for the worst? - CNET

Clean Technica

Maine Auto Dealer Blasts Trump & EPA As States Gear Up For Legal Challenges

French Utility Company EDF Plans Energy Storage Push

Denmark’s Largest Space Project, The ASIM Climate Observatory, Has Arrived At The International Space Station

Electric Cars = 37% of New Car Sales in Norway in March

Electric, Gas, Diesel & Hybrid: Life Cycle Assessment Of Passenger Cars — New ADAC Report

Hacker News

Introducing Fly Edge Apps

Death's Best Friend

MailChimp's Ban on Cryptocurrency Marketing Is Causing Collateral Damage

Instagram deprecates majority of their API

An Update on Our Plans to Restrict Data Access on Facebook

Mashable

Gendry confirms he'll be at 'Game of Thrones' climax and that's huge

There is a new instrument in town and it's a saxophone/harmonica hybrid

Mark Zuckerberg to Tinder users: GTFO

Which fabulous Afghan hound are you?

The Blackberry email signature of a subpoenaed Trump aide is too perfect

Motherboard

License Plate Surveillance Company Attacks Nonprofits For Filing FOIA Requests

Indonesia Calls State of Emergency After Giant Oil Spill Catches Fire

Around 10,000 Black Holes Are at the Center of the Galaxy, Study Says

This Dad Made His Kids Manually Generate Electricity to Power Their Wii

This Interactive Tool Lets People See How Climate Change Will Screw Up Their Towns

New York Times Technology

Executive Who Sold Self-Driving Truck Start-Up to Uber Departs

A Quick Online Divorce for $60? Not So Fast, Denmark Says

YouTube Attacker Was Sometimes Admired, Sometimes Mocked in Iran

Facebook Says Cambridge Analytica Harvested Data of Up to 87 Million Users

As Spotify Goes Public, Sony Cashes In

Recode

Facebook will stop sharing as much of your personal data with people outside of Facebook

Facebook says Cambridge Analytica may have had data from as many as 87 million people

Facebook rewrote its terms of service and data policies to better explain what data it is collecting about you

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Recode Daily: The YouTube HQ shooter was apparently upset about YouTube’s new rules

Reddit Technology

Facebook now says Cambridge Analytica’s data trove may be bigger than we all thought

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Panera Information Security Director, an ex-Equifax Director, accused security researcher of “scam” when he reported a major flaw

Congress Is Trying to Stop Ajit Pai from Taking Broadband Assistance Away from the Poor: "The Lifeline program provides subsidized communications services to low-income Americans, many of whom rely on it as their only way to access the internet."

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Slashdot

Facebook's Privacy Fixes Have Broken Tinder

CenturyLink Fights Billing-Fraud Lawsuit By Claiming That It Has No Customers

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Cambridge Analytica May Have Had Facebook Data From 87 Million People

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App Store shrank for first time in 2017 thanks to crackdowns on spam, clones and more

Zuckerberg says Facebook will offer GDPR privacy protections everywhere

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The Next Web

Facebook confesses Cambridge Analytica breach could affect 87 million users

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All of Facebook’s privacy fixes have broken Tinder

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Zuckerberg Says He Made 'Huge Mistake' Not Focusing on Potential Abuse

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Wired

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[koryglowacki82-blog]

DOJ Swears It Will Definitely Receive Hard On The Upcoming Commercial Wreck.

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[megatechcrunch]

How to enable non-programmer business users to create their own data applications.

Companies are increasingly asking their IT staffs for rapid turn-around on tasks that require programming. The most likely path to attaining quick turn-around would be to let non-programmers create their own applications—an approach that can be achieved with a combination of microservices, APIs, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

The goal of letting non-programmers manipulate data is an old one. When IBM released early versions of the SQL programming language, they intended it for business users. They really expected a mid-level manager to sit down in the morning and type UPDATE PRODUCT.SPEC SET WIDTH = 19, HEIGHT = 12, DEPTH = 4 WHERE PRODUCT_NUM LIKE 'GK145%' onto a green screen. More realistically, though, SQL was hidden behind various forms that eventually moved to the web. But these forms do not offer the full power of the language.

Visual programming, using some technique such as moving boxes around a screen to create control flows, has also been researched for decades. It is best known in children's educational tools such as Alice and MIT's Scratch. The problem with trying to create large-scale applications using visual programming—and the reason I'm guessing that visual programming hasn't won a large user base—is that programming's complexity lies more in the mind than in the syntax. Exposing the complexity of control flow and math through boxes and lines doesn't make it easier than using words and punctuation.

It may be quite a different matter, however, when powerful chunks of functionality, already hooked up to an organization's data sets and control structure, are offered in a visual interface, also known as a “low-code development platform.” For instance, an auto insurance assessor can do something really useful if she can automate part of her job by drawing a line between client information and a tool that calculates how much to pay for each part of a car.

Where do microservices enter the picture? They work at a higher level than function or library calls, offering precise access to specific data and services in the organization. I talked about microservices with Bruno Trimouille, a senior marketing executive at TIBCO Software. He spoke of an airline that has microservices for travel services, customer profile data, flight information, and other elements of their workflow. Visual programming exposes all these things to the average employee. If someone in the luggage department thinks up an application that can find a bag more quickly or send a voucher to a customer's mobile phone, he can hook up services to create the application.

The low-code application environment can tap microservices to digitize a process that previously was done manually, such as submitting expenses or getting travel approval. It can also extend an existing system, or add some logic that stitches two microservices together.

As another example, Trimouille points to the problem of repricing in insurance. When an auto body shop takes apart a car, it often discovers new damage that the insurance assessor did not originally cover. The insurance company can upgrade its assessment tool to do repricing quickly and save both time and money.

Thus, microservices, APIs, and low-code application development may lead to a new level of productivity. They could provide end users with the deep reach into their corporate data promised by the classic UPDATE statement—but now backed up by full insight into the structure and value of the data.

This post is a collaboration between O'Reilly and TIBCO. See our statement of editorial independence.

Continue reading A graphical user interface to build apps on top of microservices.

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“Data Will Show the Workings of Much More of the Property Industry.”

This is a guest article written by Jonny Britton and first appeared in our collaborative e-book “The Future of Property,” which features 17 thought leadership articles covering PropTech, property investment and housing. You can download your free copy here.

Jonny Britton is the Co-Founder and CEO of Land Insight. He has an MA Landscape Planning and Management and worked as a town planning consultant before becoming a software entrepreneur. He was voted a RICs future leader,  is a black belt in judo and his dream is to watch Newcastle United win the Champions League. Land Insight makes site sourcing and deal management simple. It brings together the core maps, data and tools needed to source new opportunities and manage them through to completion.

“Data will show the workings of much more of the property industry.”

As technology becomes more integrated within the property sector (“PropTech”), the entire industry will move faster. Paper based processes will turn digital, enabling real-time collaboration; virtual viewings will remove the need to travel as much; fit outs and interior design will be simulated over the real world through augmented reality; connecting your personal profile into the range of house bills you need to pay when moving property will be automatic; investment decisions will be based on live market data.

It is better access to data that is at the heart of the speed improvements in the sector. The cloud enabled the infrastructure for data to move faster and Moore’s Law (the processors in computer microchips doubling in power every other year) led to computers getting much smaller. These technology platform trends enabled new forms of web-based structures such as smart phones, APIs (interoperable websites), data rooms, live streaming, social networks and mobile payments.

“There are two trends that will make the tools mentioned above seem like the rocks and bones cavemen used as tools.”

There are two trends that will make the tools mentioned above seem like the rocks and bones cavemen used as tools. They will increase the amount of data currently used exponentially and they will have a dramatic impact on the real estate industry and infrastructure. These are:

1) The Internet of Things – which means actual things connect up to the internet. This could be anything from a smartwatch, to an air conditioning unit to a car. If a building is fully connected to the web multiple advantages happen. From a construction and maintenance point of view, structural problems that threaten to arise can be detected by picking up unexpected activity so they can be fixed before they cause damage. From a building management perspective, cost reductions can be found in the real time usage of environmental controls such as lighting and temperature.

2) Artificial Intelligence (AI) – this is an umbrella term for new techniques that process data without human input. It means that huge amounts of data can be collated, standardised and interpreted that wouldn’t have been possible before. There are many examples of this making a dramatic impact. Google recently made a 40% energy reduction from its server centres using AI. Land Insight aggregates landownership, councils’ planning documents, building and market data from masses of sources, and uses AI to interpret them before mapping them out to find and assess off-market development opportunities. The same technology enables Computer Vision, which lets cars drive themselves. From a property perspective, it can analyse video footage, so it can interpret what it sees in order to detect things  that shouldn’t be there, or recognise particular objects, or people. If people are able to overcome their fear of CCTV (we pretty much accept it being looked at by humans, don’t we?), then adopting AI within building security, or concierge services can create new unique experiences.

“The combining of these two mega trends: exponentially more data being created and having the facility to interpret it at scale, will allow the property industry to make better decisions and move faster.”

The combining of these two mega trends: exponentially more data being created and having the facility to interpret it at scale, will allow the property industry to make better decisions and move faster. New opportunities emerge from new data being made available. Inside the home is an obvious starting point. How a person behaves is now significantly  more trackable now that data about movement, energy use, shopping patterns, health and habits is accessible. With this data being collected about its inhabitants, buildings can react in more personalised ways to provide better experiences.

This already happens, using the data being emitted by the watches or phones of swarms of cyclists through cities. Combine the data of the cyclists route with vehicle emission data and you can offer updated directions that help people avoid congested areas. Amazon uses AI for suggesting items for you to buy. Facebook learns about your likes and photos to understand who you are.

“If real-time decision making can be enabled by a combination of increasing data and advanced processing techniques, what impact does this have to real estate industry?” 

If real-time decision making can be enabled by a combination of increasing data and advanced processing techniques, what impact does this have to real estate industry? It further drives forward the liquidity of the market. With crowdfunding and the sharing economy re-thinking property ownership, widening the base of investors and giving funds access to multi-local markets, access to data will fuel faster decision making. Data will show the workings of much more of the property industry, more informed decisions will be possible and new big opportunities will arise.

– Written by Jonny Britton

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Capital at risk

The post “Data Will Show the Workings of Much More of the Property Industry.” appeared first on Economoose.

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Car Repairs You Should Never Do Yourself

With car repairs getting more expensive these days, the prospect of taking matters into your own hands can be very tempting. With the many DIY videos you can view in YouTube, it would be a piece of cake, right? Being practical in how you spend money does make sense. True, there are some fixes that you can do yourself like changing tires or maybe replacing a spark plug. But there are repairs that should never be taken down the do-it-yourself route. Why? More than saving a few bucks, it's your driving safety that should be the first priority.

Repairs that are best left to the pros

Transmission. This is non-negotiable. Your car's transmission system is probably the most complicated one in the vehicle. It's made of thousands of parts; and without it, a car won't be able to go in forward drive or reverse. Because of how complicated it is, a car's transmission should be handled only by certified car mechanics, even when replacing the fluid. Taking care of car transmission problems yourself is equivalent to courting disaster.

Brakes. Some people think that repairing brakes are doable and they could be right. Brake replacement is not a complex process but if you ever try to do this yourself, make sure you do it absolutely the right way. The consequence of getting it wrong is very dangerous, considering how many accidents have been caused by dodgy brakes. Remember that fixing a vehicle's braking system does not only involve replacing brake pads. You also have to check rotors, bearings, brake fluid and calipers. If you fail to correctly assess any of these parts, you will be putting yourself at risk. If you're not 100% confident, do yourself a favor and take your car to a reliable car service centre like Bosch NDM.

Radiator. The radiator plays a very important function in a vehicle. It forms the core of the cooling system and without it, the car will overheat and the engine will malfunction. The numerous online videos on how to replace a radiator can be enticing because they make the procedure seem very simple. In reality, it's not as effortless as the video narrator would like you to think. Untrained eyes and hands can easily miss a loose connection in the hoses connecting the engine and the radiator. If not promptly corrected, this can result in a blown engine. Seeing how expensive engine replacements are these days, this is a not a situation you want to see yourself in.

Engine Diagnostics. Do you own one of those diagnostic contraptions that service centres use? If the answer is no, better take the car to your local auto repair shop when the dashboard notifies you to “Check Engine.” Although your first instinct would be to pop up the hood and see what's wrong, the chance of you finding out the real problem is very minimal unless you're an experienced mechanic. Besides, the turning on of the engine light could be due to various reasons and only a mechanic operating an automotive diagnostic equipment will be able to identify the specific problem.

Timing belt. If your car has been running for quite some time, you will need to replace the timing belt at one time or another. When this time comes, don't attempt to do it the DIY way. Why? Because when replacing the timing belt, you will need to disassemble a portion of the car engine. The task of disassembling and reassembling a car engine is one that is best done by the pros since a small misstep can do irreparable damage to the vehicle.

No vehicle is free from issues especially when you've had it for a few years. As a car owner, you're bound to encounter some problems; most of them minor and some that require more time and resources to fix. In these times, it is always advisable to let professionals handle them. This will guarantee that each repair is done the right way and you will have more peace of mind.

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