#Crocodylus palustris

[great-and-small]

Wow! Look at all those sticks! That’s exactly what I need for my nest and they’re all perfectly sized omg. How lucky they just fell on that big log like that! Just gonna grab these bad boys for the nest and hop on ov-

[herpsandbirds]

What are your favorite apex predators?

Apex predators?

Oh buddy, have i got some apex predators for you...

Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), family Crocodylidae, Chobe River, Botswana

photograph by Marco Buegel

Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), family Crocodylidae, India

photograph by Yash Chopda

American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), family Alligatoridae, Georgia, USA

photograph via: UGA Coastal Ecology Lab

Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus), family Alligatoridae, Modulo Chititera, Apure state plains (Llanos), Venezuela

photograph by Berrucomons 

[games-gamesdesign]

Species

There are a total of 18 extant species have been recognized.

American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)

Hall's New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus halli)

Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius)

Freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni)

Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)

Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii)

Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)

New Guinea crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae)

Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)

Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

Borneo crocodile (Crocodylus raninus)

Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer)

Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis)

West African crocodile (Crocodylus suchus)

Osborn’s dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus osborni)

Dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis)

West African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus)

Central African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops leptorhynchus)

[rhianna]

Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) head.jpg

Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Gal Oya Reservoir, Sri Lanka

Charles J. Sharp

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0

Featured picture, Quality image, Valued image

Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) head.jpg

[tolulopekode23]

Safety Precautions for Crocodile Encounters at Tila Lake in Pakistan

Introduction

Tila Lake, located in Pakistan, is a place of extraordinary natural beauty and home to crocodile populations. While visiting this pristine location can be a memorable experience, it's crucial to prioritize safety, especially when sharing the water with these ancient reptiles. This article will explore essential safety precautions for encounters with crocodiles at Tila Lake, ensuring you can enjoy this unique destination while minimizing risks.

Understanding the Tila Lake Ecosystem

Before delving into safety precautions, it's essential to understand the Tila Lake ecosystem and its crocodile population. Tila Lake, situated in the Sindh province of Pakistan, is renowned for its rich biodiversity. It's a habitat for various wildlife species, including the marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), found in and around the lake. These crocodiles play a vital role in maintaining the region's ecological balance.

Safety Precautions for Crocodile Encounters

1. Local Guidance

When visiting Tila Lake, it's advisable to seek guidance from local experts or tour operators familiar with the area. They can provide invaluable insights into crocodile activity and the best times to visit. Always follow their recommendations and instructions.

2. Keep Your Distance

Crocodiles are wild and potentially dangerous animals. It's imperative to maintain a safe distance from them at all times. Please do not attempt to approach or provoke them in any way. Observe these majestic creatures from a distance and use binoculars or a camera with a telephoto lens for a closer view.

3.No Swimming

Swimming in Tila Lake is highly discouraged due to the presence of crocodiles. Even if the water appears inviting, the risk of a crocodile encounter is too significant. Respect the danger and prioritize safety over a quick swim.

4. Be Cautious During Nighttime

Crocodiles are known to be more active at night, especially near water bodies like Tila Lake. If you explore the area after dark, exercise extra caution and avoid going too close to the water's edge.

5. Do Not Feed Crocodiles

Feeding crocodiles is a dangerous practice and can habituate them to human presence. Feeding crocodiles can lead to aggressive behavior and jeopardize the safety of visitors and the crocodiles.

6. Secure Accommodations

If you plan to stay overnight near Tila Lake, ensure your accommodations are secure and follow all safety guidelines provided by the lodging staff. Being aware of your surroundings, even within your accommodations, is crucial.

7. Stay on Marked Paths

When exploring the surrounding areas of Tila Lake, stay on designated paths and trails. This helps minimize the risk of unexpected encounters with crocodiles. Avoid wandering into unmarked, potentially risky territory.

8. Do Not Approach Nesting Sites

During certain times of the year, crocodiles may be nesting. It's vital to avoid any nesting sites you come across. Disturbing nesting crocodiles can lead to aggressive behavior, endangering both you and the offspring.

9. Emergency Equipment

In case of unforeseen circumstances, it's wise to carry emergency equipment such as a first-aid kit and a communication device. Ensure that you are prepared for any emergencies that might arise.

Conclusion

Tila Lake in Pakistan is a unique and breathtaking natural destination that allows visitors to witness the fascinating wildlife, including the crocodiles that call it home. To fully enjoy this experience while staying safe, taking the precautions outlined in this article is essential. Always respect the natural habitat of these incredible creatures and prioritize your safety and the well-being of the crocodiles. Tila Lake can offer a memorable experience if you approach it with the knowledge and caution required for a safe visit.

[tolulopekode]

Essential Safety Precautions for Crocodile Encounters at Tila Lake in India: Protecting Visitors and Preserving Wildlife

Introduction

Tila Lake, located in the picturesque landscapes of India, is a tourist attraction and a natural habitat for various wildlife species, including the formidable crocodile. These magnificent creatures are an integral part of the lake's ecosystem, making it essential for visitors to understand and follow safety precautions to ensure both their safety and the well-being of the crocodiles.

As someone with expertise in wildlife conservation and firsthand experience with crocodile behavior, I am here to provide you with essential safety precautions to follow when visiting Tila Lake.

Understanding the Crocodile Population at Tila Lake

Before delving into safety precautions, it's essential to have a basic understanding of the crocodile population at Tila Lake. The lake is home to the Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), a species known for its adaptability to freshwater environments. Mugger crocodiles are apex predators and play a vital role in maintaining the region's ecological balance.

Safety Precautions for Visitors

Maintain a Safe Distance: Crocodiles are mighty and swift in water. Maintaining a safe distance from the water's edge is crucial, at least 30 meters or more. Never approach a crocodile; do not provoke or attempt to feed them.

Observe from Designated Viewing Areas: Tila Lake often has designated viewing areas or watchtowers that allow visitors to observe crocodiles safely. Use these facilities to view these majestic creatures without risking your safety.

Avoid Swimming: Swimming in Tila Lake is not advisable due to the presence of crocodiles. Even if the water appears inviting, resist the temptation and stay out of the water.

Please respect the Environment: Do not litter, as it can attract scavengers and disrupt the ecosystem. Maintaining a clean environment helps in preserving the natural habitat of crocodiles.

Follow Local Guidelines: Pay heed to any specific guidelines or instructions provided by local authorities or park rangers. They are knowledgeable about the area and can offer valuable advice.

Stay Alert: Keep a watchful eye on your surroundings, especially if you have children with you. Supervise them closely and ensure they understand the importance of following safety rules.

Conservation Efforts at Tila Lake

Tila Lake is a tourist destination and a significant conservation area for Mugger crocodiles. Efforts are continually made to protect and conserve these creatures and their habitat. These initiatives include:

Research and Monitoring: Researchers regularly monitor the crocodile population to understand their behavior, habits, and health. This data helps in implementing effective conservation strategies.

Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities is crucial to ensure the coexistence of humans and crocodiles. Awareness programs and education about safety precautions are conducted regularly.

Habitat Preservation: Preserving the natural habitat of crocodiles is a priority. Wetland conservation efforts help maintain a healthy ecosystem for crocodiles and other wildlife.

Rescue and Rehabilitation: In cases where crocodiles are injured or need assistance, dedicated teams are in place for recovery and rehabilitation. These efforts aim to release healthy crocodiles back into the wild.

Conclusion

Tila Lake in India is a unique destination where visitors can witness the beauty of nature and the remarkable Mugger crocodile. By following the safety precautions outlined in this article, you can enjoy a safe and memorable experience while respecting the importance of preserving the crocodile's natural habitat. Remember that our actions play a vital role in ensuring the continued existence of these magnificent creatures. Respect their space, and you will contribute to conserving Tila Lake's invaluable ecosystem.

For more information and up-to-date details about Tila Lake, please refer to reliable sources such as official wildlife conservation websites and local authorities. Your safety and the conservation of crocodiles are of utmost importance.

[greenescape]

Mugger or Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable Another member of the Crocodylidae family, the Mugger or Marsh Crocodile is a species largely restricted to the Indian subcontinent. They are found in various freshwater habitats, including rivers, lakes, marshes, irrigation canals and even coastal saltwater lagoons and estuaries. Marsh Crocodiles in India have been reported from over ten states, and the population in the wild is tentatively estimated at 3,000-5,000 adult individuals. Medium-sized crocodiles (max. length of 4-5m) with the broadest snout of any living Crocodylus species, Mugger Crocodiles are hole-nesting species, with egg-laying taking place during the dry season. Adults are grey to brown in colour, and juveniles are a light tan with black cross banding on tail and body. Muggers are also known to take overland treks over large distances. #withgreenescapeuttarakhand #tadoba #withgreenescape #wildlifephotography #animalplanetindia #wildlifeonearth #indianjungle #forestofindia #indianwildlife #bbcwildlife #bbcearth #bbctravel #nikon #nikonphotography #inkonindiaofficial #corbett #netgeoindia #indianbirdlifeofficial #photooftheday #animalplanetindia #natureinfoucs #earthcapture #jimcorbettnationalpark #incredibleindia #uttarakhand #animals #indianwildlifeofficial #corbetttigerreserve (at Tadoba - Andhari Tiger Reserve) https://www.instagram.com/p/CpCMFmqSJQm/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[techurdu]

Marsh Crocodiles (Mugger Crocodiles) in Sulaiman Range Lakes of Rajanpur District

Marsh Crocodiles (Mugger Crocodiles) in Sulaiman Range

Marsh Crocodiles (Mugger Crocodiles) in Sulaiman Range Sulaiman Range Sulaiman Range, mountain mass in central Pakistan, extending southward about 280 miles (450 km) from the Gumal Pass to just north of Jacobabad, separating Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab from Balochistan. Its heights gradually decrease toward the south, with summits averaging 6,000–7,000 feet (1,800–2,100 metres), the highest…

[fatehbaz]

The distinctive traits and behaviors of gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) and muggers (Crocodylus palustris) benefit not just themselves, but also the ecosystem in general. For example, fishing communities living in areas where gharial populations have increased have reported improved fish stocks as the crocodiles prey on the big fish that would otherwise feed on their preferred catch species. Similarly, the burrows made by muggers have been found to be used by other animals as well. Griffith says this led her to think about the diversity of the 28 crocodilian species that exist around the world today, and the different ecological roles they play. So she decided to explore it further. 

The results were published recently [4 August 2022] in the journal Functional Ecology, in which Griffith and her colleagues built a global trait database for all existing, or extant, crocodilians. They looked at measurable characteristics linked to how each species functions in its environment, such as skull shape, body size and habitat use, and assigned scores based on the traits that influence one or more aspects of their functioning in the ecosystem and their uniqueness in an evolutionary sense. The team then identified four functional groups of crocodilians that had similar ecological roles. However, the gharial, because of its distinctive ecological functions, stood out and didn’t fit well into any of the groups. [...]

“We used data from the IUCN Red List as well as data from ongoing assessments of crocodilians around the world,” Griffith says. Gharials scored the highest on this new metric, known as EcoDGE, or ecologically distinct and globally endangered, followed by the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), of which fewer 100 are left in the wild.

“We found the gharial was the most functionally distinct species, the species with the most unusual ecological role,” Griffith says. “The loss of the species would mean there’s nothing like gharials in the world today.”

Gharials, known for their long slender snouts that end in a comically bulbous nose, were once abundant in the Ganges River Basin that runs through Nepal and India. Today, they’re limited to a handful of tributaries, and are threatened by fishing, changes in river flow due to dams, and poaching.

Fewer than 200 breeding adults are believed to live in the wild in Nepal. Since 1978, Nepal has run a program to raise gharial hatchlings in captivity, in an effort to boost the wild population. Officials in Chitwan and Bardiya national parks collect eggs from riverbanks, provide a suitable environment for them to hatch in, and feed and raise the young gharials until they’re around 5 years old, at which point they’re released into the wild.

It’s not just gharials and Chinese alligators that are in need of urgent conservation efforts. According to Griffith and her colleagues, 15 of the 28 extant crocodilian species are threatened with extinction. The EcoDGE ranking they developed suggests that conservation of species such as the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius), the Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer), the Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) and the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) also need to be prioritized.

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Headline, images, captions, and all text published by: Abhaya Raj Joshi. “Gharials, most distinctive of crocs, are most in need of protection, study shows.” Mongabay. 25 August 2022.

[captainswaglord500]

Snaggletooth Crocodile

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Crocodilia

Family: Pseudoanomalosuchidae

Genus: Dilophosuchus

Species: D. horridus (”horrid two-crested crocodile”)

Ancestral species: Crocodylus palustris (Mugger crocodile)

Time period: late Nyctocene to early Solocene (97 million years to 110 million years in the future)

Information: similarly to the Giant Panda of our times, despite having the teeth and gut of a carnivore, the Snaggletooth Crocodile is actually an herbivore, feeding primarily on shrubs and grasses high up in the mountains of Thalassia. It is around the size of a water buffalo, and is a dull greyish-brown in color while their crests are brown but can turn red in an attempt to ward off predators. The crests on its head are what distinguish males and females, as males have the crests as a part of their display during the mating season. Their main defense against predators is their claws and sharp teeth, as well as its aforementioned ability to change its crests’ color to red in an attempt to appear more-threatening.

[cyanocoraxx]

interesting cases of tool use in animals

- desert ants (conomyrma bicolor) pick up stones to deliberately throw into the entrance of rival colony nests.

- green herons (butorides virescens) use bread crusts and leaves to bait fish.

- mugger crocodiles (crocodylus palustris) bait birds by balancing sticks on their heads. when birds come to take sticks for their nests the crocodile attacks.

- sea otters (enhydra lutris) carry a rock in their pouch which they use to break open shellfish, abalones and clams.

- western gorillas (gorilla gorilla) can measure how deep a pool of water is using a long stick before crossing.

- elephants (elephas sp.) have been known to drop large rocks onto electric fences to either destroy the fence or cut off the electricity.

- brown-headed nuthatches (sitta pusilla) have been observed to methodically use bark pieces to remove other flakes of bark from a tree. the birds insert the bark piece underneath an attached bark scale, using it like a wedge and lever, to expose hiding insects.

- degus (octodon degus) can be taught to use tiny rakes to reach food.

[great-and-small]

Me: oh my god it’s Crocodylus palustris what an incredible specimen!

Crocodylus palustris: give me your fucking money

[herpsandbirds]

Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), family Crocodylidae, India

photograph by Yash Chopda

[freaksnature]

In memory of Steve Irwin here are 10 Crocodilians

Saltwater Crocodile - Crocodylus porosus

IUCN Status: Least Concern

Cuban Crocodile - Crocodylus rhombifer

IUCN Status: Critically Endangered

Chinese Alligator - Alligator sinensis

IUCN Status Critically Endangered

Philippine Crocodile - Crocodylus mindorensis

IUCN Status Critically Endangered

Malayan Gharial - Tomistoma schlegelii

IUCN Vulnerable

Indian Gavial - Gavialis gangeticus

IUCN Status Critically Endangered

Siamese Crocodile - Crocodylus siamensis

IUCN Status Critically Endangered

Orinoco Crocodile - Crocodylus intermedius

IUCN Status Critically Endangered

Mugger Crocodile - Crocodylus palustris

IUCN Vulnerable

West African Dwarf Crocodile - Osteolaemus tetraspis

IUCN Vulnerable

[ainawgsd]

Mugger Crocodile

The mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris = "crocodile of the marsh"), also called the Indian, Indus, Persian, Sindhu, marsh crocodile or simply mugger, is found throughout the Indian subcontinent. The name "mugger" is a borrowing of magar, the Hindi word for "crocodile". This is in turn derived from makara, a Sanskrit name for a mythical water monster that is sometimes depicted as a crocodile. The mugger crocodile has the broadest snout of any extant crocodile, giving it an alligator-like appearance. It is a more heavily armored species with enlarged scutes around the neck. Adults are dark grey or brown, while hatchlings are tan colored. The mugger is the only crocodilian found in Iran and Pakistan and  is the national reptile of Pakistan.

The mugger crocodiles is considered a medium-sized species, said to grow up to 13–16 ft long. The mugger crocodile possesses the size to be a serious threat to humans, but they are not as aggressive as some other species.  Muggers are fairly social species and tolerate their conspecifics during basking and feeding. Like other crocodilians they are ambush hunters and wait for their prey to come close. They wait camouflaged in the murky waters to launch the attack in the suitable moment. They mostly prey on fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Mugger crocodiles have been documented using lures to hunt prey such as birds. This means they are among the first reptiles recorded to use tools. By balancing sticks and branches on their heads, Mugger crocodiles are able to lure birds looking for suitable nesting material. This strategy, which is shared by the American alligator, is particularly effective during the nesting season, in which birds are more likely to gather appropriate nesting materials.

Mugger crocodiles are a freshwater species found in lakes, rivers and marshes. Muggers prefer slow-moving, shallower bodies of water rather than fast-flowing, deep areas. They area also known to thrive in man-made reservoirs and irrigation canals. Although they prefer freshwater, they have some tolerance to saltwater therefore are occasionally found in saltwater lagoons. Muggers are known to be more mobile on land, can migrate considerable distances over land in search of a more suitable habitat, and can chase prey on land for short distances. They are also known to dig burrows as shelters during the dry seasons.

Due to human activity and a long drought in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the mugger had been pushed to the brink of extinction over the past few years. In the 1980s, the largest population of wild crocodiles in Tamil Nadu, South India lived in the Amaravathi Reservoir, and in the Chinnar, Thennar and Pambar rivers that drain into it. Their total population was estimated to be 60 adults and 37 sub-adults. The Amaravati Sagar Crocodile Farm, established in 1975, is the largest crocodile nursery in India. Eggs are collected from wild nests along the perimeter of the reservoir to be hatched and reared at the farm. There were up to 430 animals maintained in captivity at one time. Hundreds of adult crocodiles have been reintroduced from there into the wild. The estimated population in Pakistan is between 400 and 450 animals found in the coastal areas and rivers of Sindh and Baluchistan provinces.

[juniperpublisherswb]

Juniper publishers- A Survey of the Abundance, Population Structure, and Distribution of Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) using day Ground Surveys in District Bhopal and its impact on Community

Abstract

Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) are one of the planets oldest living creatures, thought to be around 200 million years old which means that crocodiles were around in dinosaur times. The Indian Maggar crocodile is a critically endangered species of freshwater Crocodilians were once abundant in many tropical waters around the world. The dangerous levels of exploitation came with the rise in demand for crocodile leather throughout the world especially in the European countries. Crocodiles were killed illegally every year to make wallets, shoes, handbags, and belts. With rising demand, hunters turned to more lethal methods. Using high-powered rifles, spotlights, and power boats, hide-hunters have pushed many species to the edge of extinction.

Mugger is common in many parts of India and is reported over 12 states. Presently the mugger population is estimated over 4,500+ in the wild, excluding 5000+ in captivity [1]. In the Pre-historic period only seven species resided in India, and the number has decreased to Due to hunting and habitat destruction, the Maggar population was reduced significantly. Now only three primary species: Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), estuarine (coast) crocodile (Crocodylus porous) and Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)

The reptile fauna of India consists of about 460 species; with 244 snakes, 178 lizards, three crocodiles, and 35 turtles. In the previously research study regarding Madhya Pradesh Publish in zoo print journal there are 01 crocodile, 01 Ghariyal, 11 turtle & tortoise, 32 lizard/Gecko/Agama/Skink 19 frog and 38 species, of snake [2]. In Madhya Pradesh first time preliminary assessment (survey)to know the population and habitat distribution of Maggar Crocodile was conducted in the aquatic bodies of the Bhopal city. Result of this study repotted 1 Ghariyal & 12 Crocodile species The population of crocodile Estimated by interview method & Direct Day count, method in winter of 2017- 2018.

The area under Biotic pressure due to urbanization, tourism development project and local community. All aquatic bodies are traditionally used by local people for fishing, bathing, washing of cloths. activities resulted in shrinkage, degradation and destruction of natural habitat. Conclusion of study is given develop a method to estimated population, recognized the habitat for conserve the mugger Crocodile species in future and helpful to draw effective management plan.

Aims & Objective: The main objective of the proposed study is to conduct an assessment and determine the status/distribution of mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) inhabiting the Bhopal region, investigate human-mugger crocodile interaction situation, promote activities for crocodile conservation and ultimately propose actions that should be taken to conserve the species in this region.

a) To update the status of Mugger Crocodile through surveys, Study of habitat features and population structure behavioral biology including reproduction, thermo-regulation, feeding, water-orientation, locomotion etc.

b) To protect and conserve the remaining population of crocodilians in their natural habitat and identify habitat that would be suitable for restoration.

c) To identify the causes of declining Species status, To take-up research and

d) use Finding for future Best and effective management.

e) To build up Awareness among local people for conservation of Maggar Crocodile.

Status/Threats: The Muggar Crocodile is classified as Vulnerable (VU AI aC2a) on IUCN Red Data list 2004 and is listed on Appendix I of Cites. The mugger crocodile greatly decreased in number until the early 1970s. Killing of the species for skins was the primary cause of their decline in India [3]. It was most vulnerable to this during years of drought when hunters could track and kill the animals more easily. Habitat destruction and alteration was another primary cause of species loss. Many dam construction projects that occurred during the 1900s to the 1950s destroyed habitat by removing areas of deep water that provided good cover. Timber operations also destroyed habitat during this same time, by damaging forest ponds and rivers. Egg collection, hunting of crocodiles for meat and medicine, and death from fishing nets also have contributed to their decline [4] (Britton A, 1995). Throughout the 1960s, surveys indicated that numbers of the mugger crocodile were on a swift decline. However, conservation and restoration did not begin in earnest until 1972, when three crocodile species, including the mugger, the saltwater crocodile, (Crocdylus porosus) and the Gharial, (Gavialis gangeticus) were placed in IUCN’s Red Data Book. Also, during this year, the mugger crocodile was included in the schedule for the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, [5]. This act provided for greater protection of habitat.

Keywords: Reptile; Diversity; Habitat; Endangered Species; Conservation; Protected Area; Population; Monitoring; Faunal diversity

Go to

Protection Status

The International union for conservation of Nature & Natural recourses (IUCN) Placed the Maggar Crocodile (Crocodylis palustris) as vulnerable under in Red data Book of endangered species in 1972 in Schedule - I given high degree protection.

Go to

Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris)

Muggar are in some report Largest modern reptile back bone (vertebrate) cold blooded (depends on outside source for its body temp) lay shelled egg breath air (well develop long) four chamber hearts teeth filmy set in long flat jaws with their extraordinary range of body size. Due to Four chambered heart & well develop lungs they can also stay underwater for extended time because they can slow their heart rate; allowing them to hold their breath for longer. Crocodiles can see underwater due to a transparent lid that closes over their eye to protect it. They also have excellent night vision; due to a specialized retina; as well as a good sense of smell. Small sensory buds around the top and bottom jaws allow crocodiles to detect vibrations-crucial when hunting in murky water.

Crocodiles are large and skillful predators that hunt by stealth. Their muscular tail propels them through water and allows them to lunge forward with great power and speed. It can also be used to thrust them vertically to capture a bat or bird in mid-flight or in foliage. However; they cannot maintain strenuous activity for long periods and can easily become exhausted while capturing prey or fighting other crocodiles. Extreme exertion is done an aerobically (without oxygen) and must be followed by a period of rest so that the ‘oxygen debt’ can be repaid to their muscles. The result of anaerobic activity is a build-up of lactic acid in the blood. Although crocodiles can withstand higher levels of blood acidity than other animals; sometimes it can be fatal.

Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) scenario in India

Madhya Pradesh the land of diversity is one of the most exiting wild life destinations of India. The protected area (included National Park; Project Tiger and Sanctuary) in Madhya Pradesh is 14324.844 (in Sq. Kms). The reptile fauna of India consists of about 460 species with 244 species of snakes; 178 lizards; three crocodiles; and 35 turtles.

The mugger crocodile is a freshwater (Vulnerable) species found sparsely in various lakes; rivers and marshes in the Indian subcontinent. They have also been found in reservoir irrigation cannels and other human made fresh water bodies [6]. Presence of crocodile is recorded in most parts of the India Mugger crocodile. The notable mugger population is recorded in Tamil Nadu; Kerala; Maharashtra; Goa; Uttaranchal; Uttar Pradesh; Orissa; Gujarat and Rajasthan. but presently in 12 states of India; the total population of crocodile population is estimated at 4000+ in Natural habitat as per inventory of Central Zoo Authority for the year 2016-17 in 23 states the captive population of 185 Males; 186 female and 2121 unknown i.e. total 2492 in captivity. [7] Central zoo authority of India; inventory; 2017-2018. The average mortality is 23.333 % and birth rate is 43.598 birthrate and mortality are show the draw the effective management to multiply pollution program.

Mugger Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) scenario in Madhya Pradesh

Three Crocodilians Species is a home many parts of India Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris); Salt water crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) & Gharial (Ganvialis gangeticus) in which 1 species of Maggar crocodile (Crocodylus Polustris) and Ghariyal (Ganvialis gangeticus) are found in Madhya Pradesh. The Crocodile population in protected areas Management plan in Madhya Pradesh are very less in number Population & status data is not available in others working plan aquatic bodies eg. lake river pond lakes; dam nala; Nala stops dam of nearest local residents have direct and indirect evidence regarding presence of mugger different part of state in revenue area however; at present there is no effective management plan prepare for conservation of Mugger.

Apart from this there is 3 medium zoos in Madhya Pradesh. As per the central zoo authority inventory of zoo animals’ analysis the data from 2011-2015 which reported there is 3 male; 4 female and 36 unknown gender crocodile in captivity (Table 1). The birth rate is 0.692% and the mortality is 3.889% due to which the mortality is greater than the birth rate shows that the management is not proper.

Ghariyal population scenario in Madhya Pradesh

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) the only survivor of the Gavialidae family is one of the most endangered crocodile in the world. The Madhya Pradesh Government has declared three sanctuaries for the conservation of crocodiles. They are:

a) National Chambal Sanctuary

b) Son Gharial Sanctuary

c) Ken Gharial Sanctuary

In National Chambal Sanctuary sanctuaries habitat area (length x river width) is 128 Sq. kms with small patches of Ghriyal Habitat and as per survey of 2007 the total population is 208 adults. Son Gharial Sanctuary is 13.5 sq.km and the population is (survey 2006) more than 38 adults. With the best management practice the population of gharial will be increase.

In Van Vihar National Park/Zoo since from the year 1995- 96 to 2017-18. According to table; the Captive population of the crocodiles (Mugger) in the Van Vehar National Park Zoo is declining. It is found that efforts have been taken up by bringing male dominant species for increasing the population in year 2012-13. This effort made by the Forest Officials is appreciated and fruitful but the causes behind the declination may be the proper site suitability; lack of management or environment for habitation of crocodiles in the zoo. It is also observed that the ratio of the male dominant is very less to negligible compare to female crocodiles. The present scenario states that only 10 male crocodiles were brought compare to female numbers 149 in total of past 23 years where the ratio is almost 1:15. To increase the population of crocodiles and conserve the life of the endangered species; it is suggested that the ratio of the dominant male compare to female must be 2:5 for the production in numbers. Training programs must be provided by introducing crocodile experts and proper management has to be taken up by the National Park Zoo Authorities.

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Material Method Study Area

The study area selected was aquatic bodies located in Bhopal city the state capital of Madhya Pradesh lay down between Latitude : 23° 15’ 35.7588’’ N & Longitude : 77° 24’ 45.4068’’ E; the total area of Bhopal is 285.9 km2 & the population is 1;798218.8 (As per India census 2011) The terrain of Bhopal is undulating and sildly hilly. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India. The Upper lake is a large lake which lies on the western side of the city have been built by the Paramara Raja Bhoj during his tenure as a king of Malwa (1005-1055). It is a major source of drinking water for the residents of the city; serving around 40% of the residents with nearly 30 million imperial gallons (140;000 m3) of water per day and Lower Lake is located to the east of the Upper Lake. An earthen dam separates the two lakes. 10 other aquatic bodies (Total areas is 43468863.95 selected for the Assessment of crocodile population status & distribution.

Equipment

a. GPS (Garmin)

b. Map of study area 1:50;000 with 30 second interval

c. DCLR Camera (Nikon D-90)

d. Binocular (7×10)

e. Survey sheet (Questionnaire)

f. Scale; Pen; Pencil with Nate book

g. Vernier caliper (for dunk measurement)

h. First aid kit

Based on Daily Newspaper and Media news Repotting crocodile rescue from aquatic body of Bhopal in first survey was carried out from 10 January to 13 January 2016 in result only 7 crocodile and 1 ghariyal is spotted. In year 2017 -2018 final survey was carried out from 2 December to 31 December 2017in the potential area by boat during the day time (10.AM to 1 .00 PM). for estimating Population of crocodile & their distribution by direct count method (Sun Basking Count Method) (Figure 1).

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Primary Data Collection

Questionnaire survey

The primary data collected is based on the information collected though different sources like preparing questionnaire; interviewed of people & group discussion. The questionnaire included question on topography of Area; presence of crocodile and their habitat (Direct and Indirect sighting); Evidence of presence; habitat (Nesting & barrow); Men & Crocodile conflicts; local people knowledge of mugger crocodile; local people dependency on water bodies; in study area population of Mugger Crocodile increase/ decrease in past year; poaching and trading activities etc. (Figure 2).

Interviews and previous data can be helpful for the initial visit to a site as a method to obtain background information or in determining current research needs [8] (Thorbjarnarson 1988; Thorbjarnarson and Hernandez 1988). Questionnaire survey with 237 local resident people. Fishermen; public & tourist in the month of September & October 2017 in which only (28 questionnaire reports 14% of people interviewed have seen crocodile.

Day light ground method; direct sighting

Day time Ground Count is nice method in which least equipment required day time can be done by foot or boat as per size of water body area some time reducing transport & logistic Cost Magansson 1982 [9]. Crocodiles use the water; sun and shade to maintain their preferred body temperature of 30-33°C. When basking; they orientate their bodies to ensure the maximum surface area is exposed to the sun. Crocodiles cannot sweat. To avoid over-heating; they may return to the water or lie with their jaws a gape; allowing cool air to circulate over the skin in their mouths. This process of heating and cooling their bodies is called thermoregulation and is crucial for many bodily functions including digestion and movement. Often observed basking on the banks of watercourses where they are generally inactive; crocodiles are less likely to be seen when they are in the water. Livelier in the water; crocodiles can swim just below the surface; with only their eyes and nostrils visible (Figure 3).

As per collect survey local resident people in the Questionnaire where crocodile was observed in previously & potential areas selected three water bodies out of ten; (1. Upper Lake 2. Kaliyasot Dam; and 3 Bhdbhada Dam + Smiriti Van Bhadbhada). For counting crocodile; a team of 2-4 local people depending on the size of Aquatic body to be surveyed in the day time 10-AM to 1.00 Noon. Day light count Required the least equipment and area the most easily arrange however many zero count have been associated with day light ground given the crocodile refrain from basking with cloudy weather or when the optimal body temperature is reached [10].

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Result

Day time survey

The Population & their distribution of crocodile are estimated by direct count method (Sun Basking Count Method) survey was carried out from 10 January to 13 January 2016 in the potential area by boat during the day time (10.AM to 1 .00 PM) [11]. The survey revealed a total of only destroys nests of the Crocodile and 07 species found in direct sighting. The Total Count report is given in given below (Table 2).

Distribution of Crocodile Observed (Day light Ground method).

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Discussion

Interview survey

Interview with the residents were conducted to understand attitudes towards muggers and to assess the human-mugger interactions. Interviews and previous data can be helpful upon the initial visit to a site as a method to obtain background information or in determining current research needs10 (Thorbjarnarson 1988; Thorbjarnarson and Hernandez 1988). Figure 4 Questionnaire survey with 237 local resident fishermen; public & tourist in the month of September & October 2017 in which only (28 questionnaire reports 14% of people interview have seen crocodile [12-15] (Table 3).

Distribution of Crocodile Observed (Day light Ground method).

(02 December to 07 December 2017) First Round.

Indirect sighting/evidence of presence:

Crocodile tracks dung; trails; dens; footprints and nest are not found in study area.

Night time survey

Night spot light survey is preferred method of crocodile survey (Magnusson 1982) because of their versatility in habitat and nocturnal nature of the animal. But in night time Survey required special skill and manpower so night survey is not done [16-19].

Mortality

Natural mortality and accidental death of crocodile is not reported in study area.

Human and Crocodile conflict

The incidence of crocodile attack on human is none in study area because the population of crocodile is less in compare to large aquatic body; so, food available and habitat area is enough; so, the territorial difference not seen in wide range of prey so with increasing body size Figure 4a. Crocodile not took a big size prey from body size. Causes for attacking behavior of crocodile are in defense for their nest and siblings; mistakenly identifying animal accompanying with people or Human are considered to have been case of mistaken identifying type of incidence or attack are not recorded in this area [20-23].

Water quality

Water quality of aquatic bodies gets contaminated every year by accumulation of sediments; human waste; and House hold waste organic material (Table 4).

Population & habitat Assessment Survey

Wildlife habitat for Crocodile in year 2017-18 estimate Crocodile wild population is 21. As well as other wildlife (Birds & Reptile) are very good. Encroachments in the habitat or in its fringes is continues process; None Crocodile and men conflicts found in Study area no none people repotted from crocodile attached by minor Injuries or death cattle of human and Domestic animal. Natural mortality of crocodile is not repotted in study area. All identified site location faces due to direct and indirect activity Water sports and similar activities can all have negative impacts on habitat of crocodile (Table 5).

Security

4 No Forest staff engaged or depute to report their status and Protection.

Festival

People generally ignore environmental impact of pollution on Air; Water; Noise; solid Waste; etc Figure 4b. While celebrating Ganesh; Durga Pooja and Muharram; with a Tazia festival water pollution caused by Visarjan i.e. The immersion of lord Ganesh and goddess Durga; Tazia Pop; Cloths; Bamboo stick; wood part paper thermocol jute & poisonous colours Synthetic Non-dissolving paints; Iron.4 in lakes; rivers and Sea which are made from Plaster of Paris (PoP) i.e. calcium sulphate hemi-hydrate. It takes several months to totally dissolve Ganesh Idols made up of PoP into water [24-26].

Ecotourism

The boat club or Zoo road side without consideration use for tourism one Cruse boat and other motor boats activities are responsible for cause of disturbance of habitat of reptiles and their movements. It is an ideal place to enjoy water sport activities like kayaking; canoeing; parasailing; and water-skiing Figure 4c. In winters many migratory birds come from distance of 1000 km of mile but due to human activity; noise & Disturbance causes decreasing of population of migratory birds’ day by day (Table 6-7).

Waste

House hold waste & Impurities are drawn in coming from colony Hotel farm house and Resort.

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