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Inside nuclear reactor meltdown
Some of the Tepco staff had lost homes, and even families, in the tsunami, and were initially living in temporary accommodation under great difficulty and privation, with some personal risk. This was undertaken by hundreds of Tepco employees as well as some contractors, supported by firefighting and military personnel. Thereafter, many weeks of focused work centred on restoring heat removal from the reactors and coping with overheated spent fuel ponds. The three units lost the ability to maintain proper reactor cooling and water circulation functions. This disabled 12 of 13 backup generators onsite and also the heat exchangers for dumping reactor waste heat and decay heat to the sea. The other three, at Fukushima Daiichi, lost power at 3.42 pm, almost an hour after the earthquake, when the entire site was flooded by the 15-metre tsunami. Power, from grid or backup generators, was available to run the residual heat removal (RHR) system cooling pumps at eight of the eleven units, and despite some problems they achieved 'cold shutdown' within about four days. The reactors proved robust seismically, but vulnerable to the tsunami. The main problem initially centred on Fukushima Daiichi 1-3. Fukushima Daiichi units 4, 5&6 were not operating at the time, but were affected. The operating units which shut down were Tokyo Electric Power Company's (Tepco's) Fukushima Daiichi 1, 2, 3, and Fukushima Daini 1, 2, 3, 4, Tohoku's Onagawa 1, 2, 3, and Japco's Tokai, total 9377 MWe net. Subsequent inspection showed no significant damage to any from the earthquake. The tsunami inundated about 560 km 2 and resulted in a human death toll of about 19,500 and much damage to coastal ports and towns, with over a million buildings destroyed or partly collapsed.Įleven reactors at four nuclear power plants in the region were operating at the time and all shut down automatically when the earthquake hit. Japan moved a few metres east and the local coastline subsided half a metre. An area of the seafloor extending 650 km north-south moved typically 10-20 metres horizontally. The earthquake was centred 130 km offshore the city of Sendai in Miyagi prefecture on the eastern coast of Honshu Island (the main part of Japan), and was a rare and complex double quake giving a severe duration of about 3 minutes. The Great East Japan Earthquake of magnitude 9.0 at 2.46 pm on Friday 11 March 2011 did considerable damage in the region, and the large tsunami it created caused very much more. Disaster-related deaths are in addition to the about 19,500 that were killed by the earthquake or tsunami. Official figures show that there have been 2313 disaster-related deaths among evacuees from Fukushima prefecture.Government nervousness has delayed the return of many. There have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident, but over 100,000 people were evacuated from their homes as a preventative measure.This task became newsworthy in August 2013. Apart from cooling, the basic ongoing task was to prevent release of radioactive materials, particularly in contaminated water leaked from the three units.Official 'cold shutdown condition' was announced in mid-December. After two weeks, the three reactors (units 1-3) were stable with water addition and by July they were being cooled with recycled water from the new treatment plant.All four Fukushima Daiichi reactors were written off due to damage in the accident – 2719 MWe net.The accident was rated level 7 on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, due to high radioactive releases over days 4 to 6, eventually a total of some 940 PBq (I-131 eq).All three cores largely melted in the first three days. Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident beginning on 11 March 2011.
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Đồng hồ Casio Edifice EQS-940DB-1AVUDF
Đồng hồ Casio Edifice EQS-940DB-1AVUDF dành cho nam với dây đeo kim loại sang trọng, chống nước WR100M, pin năng lượng mặt trời, thiết kế 6 kim, size mặt 45,5mm
Những tính năng này đang vận chuyển đồng hồ bấm giờ vào các lĩnh vực mới và mở ra những khả năng tiềm ẩn mà chúng chứa đựng. Đồng hồ Casio EDIFICE, chiếc đồng hồ ghi nhận giá trị của tốc độ và thời gian, dành cho những người sống trong thời điểm hiện tại!
EDIFICE thiết kế hình thức táo bạo, lôi cuốn và các chi tiết tinh xảo, kết hợp với kiểu dáng đơn giản làm nổi bật bản chất của kim loại, đã cho ra đời những sản phẩm có thiết kế đặc trưng rõ ràng. Hệ thống năng lượng mặt trời nguyên bản này biến đổi ngay cả ánh sáng yếu từ các nguồn như đèn huỳnh quang thành năng lượng dồi dào để cung cấp hoạt động ổn định cho các chức năng tải cao khác nhau.
https://casiovietnam.net/dong-ho-casio-edifice-eqs-940db-1av-nam-day-kim-loai-pin-nang-luong-chong-nuoc-wr100m
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電腦軟體應用-EXCEL電子試算表教學3-函數(3)count、countif、rank.EQ、相對位址及絕對位址
本篇延續函數介紹，佩珊老師所介紹函數皆為算成績單、進銷貨常用之函數，並且本篇將介紹絶對位址及相對位址概念。例如本次小考有幾人考試？排名？如果公式進行複製後，參照的範圍被變更了，該如何處理？如何利用快速鍵進行相對與絕對參照位址切換？最後為如何進行搜尋該使用何種函數。
本篇延續函數介紹，佩珊老師所介紹函數皆為算成績單、進銷貨常用之函數，並且本篇將介紹絶對位址及相對位址概念。例如本次小考有幾人考試？排名？如果公式進行複製後，參照的範圍被變更了，該如何處理？如何利用快速鍵進行相對與絕對參照位址切換？最後為如何進行搜尋該使用何種函數。
Count(範圍) 計數該範圍含有數值資料共幾格
如果一成績單內有人缺考，想要利用登計之分數統計到考人數，我們可以利用count進行統計，其至可搭配 countif，進行有條件的統計，例如，不及格人數有多少人，以下我們分為二個例子進行示範。
圖1:count計數 範例
進行計數統計利用之函數：=count(範圍)
於C12儲存格鍵入
=count(c3:c7)
再利用填滿控點進行公式複製至F12， 複製後如下表示：檔案在此
C12=count(C3:C7)
D12=count(D3:D7)
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Đồng hồ Casio Edifice EQS-940BL-1AVUDF
Đồng hồ Casio Edifice EQS-940BL-1AVUDF dành cho nam với dây da, pin năng lượng mặt trời, nhiều kim, chống nước WR100M, size mặt 45,5mm
Dây đeo bằng da cao cấp. Một số kiểu chống nước (10BAR) có núm vặn. Khi bạn cần thực hiện thao tác vương miện, hãy xoay nó về phía bạn để tháo nó ra. Sau đó kéo vương miện ra ngoài. Tránh tác dụng lực quá mức khi kéo.
Đồng hồ bấm giờ không có dung lượng lớn ở đây [chỉ 10 phút], nhưng nó có thể đo thời gian và thời gian đã trôi qua của 1,2 địa điểm. Các phút được hiển thị trong cửa sổ quay ngược ở vị trí 10 giờ và giây ở cửa sổ phía dưới. Một mặt số riêng biệt được phân bổ cho thời gian ở định dạng 24 giờ - gần vị trí 3 giờ. Có hiển thị ngày và chỉ báo pin [cao, trung bình, thấp]. Khả năng chống nước 100 mét.
Đồng hồ Casio Nam EQS-940BL-1AVUDF lớp vỏ bên ngoài sử dụng nguyên liệu chính là thép không gỉ điểm nhấn gờ mạ ion đen tạo nên sự mạnh mẽ và trở thành lựa chọn hoàn hảo cho các tay đua và người hâm mộ đua xe thực thụ. Hãy cùng khám phá thông số kỹ thuật của dòng sản phẩm này.
https://casiovietnam.net/dong-ho-casio-edifice-nam-eqs-940bl-1av-day-da-pin-nang-luong-chong-nuoc-wr100m
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Video: Mercedes EQS Concept Puts on an Awesome Light Show at the 2019 Frankfurt Auto Show
The Mercedes-Benz Vision EQS concept shows its possible to have fun and be responsible at the same time. The new 2019 Frankfurt auto show debut previews Mercedes’ electrified future that has already begun: Read about the new 2020 Mercedes-Benz GLC 350e plug-in here, and check out our review of the fully electric EQC SUV here. If you’re easily mesmerized by light shows, the EQS concept should be right up your alley.
It’s hard not to look at a grille that features 940 LEDs in a three-dimensional plane. In the EQS concept’s case, 188 circuit boards composed of five individual LEDs all come to life, in the shape of a three-pointed star, of course. As a show car, the three-pointed star references in the 229 LEDs of the taillights, at the top and center of the rear glass, and in the grille are wonderfully excessive. Not every brand can flaunt its cachet the way Mercedes can. Having said that, we hope that if such design details make it to a production car, they do so in a much more restrained way.
Then there are the headlights, which have 500 LEDs and four holographic lens modules each. We don’t expect nor do we want such tech on a production car, but it’s still fun to see on an electric car that hints at what the S-Class of electric cars might look like.
Along with the digital pinstriping that runs the entire length of the EQS concept (Mercedes calls it a “lightbelt”), the grille’s light show is a cool show-car effect. Will such technology influence future cars at Mercedes? Who cares! Check out the video below to get an idea of what happens when you install 940 LEDs on a luxury car’s grille.
The post Video: Mercedes EQS Concept Puts on an Awesome Light Show at the 2019 Frankfurt Auto Show appeared first on MotorTrend.
https://www.motortrend.com/news/video-mercedes-eqs-concept-leds-2019-frankfurt-auto-show/ visto antes em https://www.motortrend.com
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Elegance.
The variety of overweight as well as obese individuals in US is increasing. Coming from 2008-2009, Trulli partnered Timo Glock Again, Trulli was actually in advance in qualifying, this moment 25-8, and again he was carefully matched with his teammate in race results, responsible for Glock 15-14 in competitions and also ahead of time 53.5-49 in factors.
Nevertheless, corporate records and sources revealed Cohen set up a business referred piekna-Szczupla.info to as Essential Consultants LLC in Delaware in October 2016 and sent out the $130,000 off a savings account in the provider's name to an account urled to Clifford's legal representative, baseding on the Journal.
Though there are investors among those in the buyer course, consider that the wealthiest 10 percent from Americans have 84 percent from the securities market Thus when somebody states that tax cuts benefit inventory possession, the interpretation is that it is actually terrific for the richest ten percent, as well as permits a handful of additional crumbs collapse to the various other 90 per-cent.
The miso salmon may appear like a well-balanced selection, yet this clocks in at much more than 1,180 fats, offers 60 per-cent from your advised daily salt intake (940 away from 1,500 milligrams) as well as contains pair of whole times' really worth of hydrogenated fat (32 grams).
The results are actually not especially conscious the selection of 3 successive years; the top 5 drivers in the list appear in the particular same order accordinged to top functionalities over 4 or 5 consecutive years.
Massa began his occupation fast however crash-prone, before becoming among the sport's greatest drivers under the assistance of Michael Schumacher In his debut year, Massa collapsed out 5 times as well as was significantly surpassed by Nick Heidfeld After a year screening, he came back together with Giancarlo Fisichella Massa presented indications of renovation, however was once more outmatched by his teammate.
• Jamie Dimon (JPMorgan Hunt): At Harvard Company University, Dimon said: "You all learn about Intelligence Quotient and also EQ. Your Intelligence Quotient's are all high enough for you to become very successful, but where people typically fall short gets on the EQ. This is actually one thing you build with time.
The business commercials have actually been actually all over the TELEVISION for some time today as well as besides this time a great deal of people are only beginning to get to know the solution that MagicJack supplies. It has to be kept in mind, having said that, that 3 stocks are actually trading listed below their reduced intendeds.
If you require to, as well as I imply take the whole entire fucking night to create up to that. Your body system gets utilized to sensations, however other individuals receive utilized to them at other rates. Individuals I have actually discovered carrying out LifeForce, BodyBalance, etc tend to be actually Reliv representatives which obtained caught cracking marketing regulations and were actually thrown out from the firm, or even their trainees.
For the first time in his progress, Ickx was adequately defeated by his ally, shedding 21-3 in training, 7-3 in nationalities, and also 38-15 in points. Research shows that individuals that battle most with their body weight are actually much more susceptible to their atmosphere, consisting of meals pictures that can easily cause them to consume even when they typically aren't starving.
At times they will open. These instants are the best vital, considering that they are especially effective. Based upon his functionality for Arrows, the design anticipates that he will have scored 42 aspects for Ferrari, 44 points for McLaren, as well as 46 points for Benetton.
Buffett's change in shade on money gains is actually pretty impressive given that Buffett has specified Berkshire's buyback plan at spending no greater than 1.2 times book value, (its own 1.63 today). When was the final opportunity you believed, Do I TRULY have to consume this?" Through noticing your refreshment patterns alone, researchers can inform you whether you go to danger for becoming over weight later on.
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Video: Mercedes EQS Concept Puts on an Awesome Light Show at the 2019 Frankfurt Auto Show
Video: Mercedes EQS Concept Puts on an Awesome Light Show at the 2019 Frankfurt Auto Show
Mercedes’ electric show car must be seen to be fully appreciated
It’s hard not to look at a grille that features 940 LEDs in a three-dimensional plane. In the EQS concept’s case, 188 circuit boards composed of five individual LEDs all come to life, in the shape of a three-pointed star, of course. As a show car, the three-pointed star references in the 229 LEDs of the taillights, at the top and…
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Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities?
There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women. – Kofi Annan
Women in India constitutes nearly 48.35% (approx.) while men constitutes 51.64% (approx.), on the other hand sex ratio of India is 940 females per 1000 males in 135 Cr. of population. The yearly change in the population is less in comparison to early stages, like in 2016 it was 1.21% (approx.) while in 2000 it was at 1.86% (approx.) but in 2019 it has been further reduced to 1.20% (approx.).[1].
Women Empowerment means overall development of women so that they become strong enough to face the difficulties and live a fearless and unbiased life. It refers to giving what they desire as a human and be treated equal to men. This can be done by equal opportunities to women. The empowerment of women is nowadays a burning issue in our country and heavily depends upon the various types of variables like social, educational, political, etc. Women empowerment helps in grooming the women who will further help in developing the society because as per a research by TalentsMart women have more Emotional Intelligence (EQ) so, they have ability to analyze the situation and person with whom they are dealing with quickly and use this knowledge to get best results in life[2]. It is also stated by Manu Goyal at Washington University School of Medicine that a woman’s brain is younger and youthful then that of men and that is the reason why they are treated smarter than men but in India women are not given equal opportunity to prove themselves[3].
So, women empowerment is important and Indian Government and Judiciary is taking efforts in this regard that is helping in opening new gates for them.
NEED FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT:
In India, there are comparatively less number of females who get education. The ratio is just 940 girls per 1000 boys which have led to very low attainment of education. There has been a slow rise in the percentage of women who are married and attained education of 10 or more than 10 years that is from 11% in NFHS-1 to 17% in NFHS-3. Women of age between15-49 are mostly being employed in the farm fields and only 7% of them are employed in other fields of employment and most them are working due to bad economic condition of their family. Furthermore, some of the women are paid but only some part of their salary, the ratio of employed women between ages 15-49 is just 43% vs. 87%.[4]
OVERALL DEVELOPMENT:
The women in India if given equal opportunities can earn and contribute to GDP which will make them more confident and independent. This will also lead to an increase in participation of women in national development. Also, they will make the country proud in every sphere like medical sciences, engineering, social science, etc.
DECISION MAKING POWER:
As per a research, women are smarter than man but in India women are not allowed to take decisions in the family matters or any other matters. Furthermore, in many houses women has to give her earnings to their spouses or family over which they cannot say no.
These are some of the reasons due to which the need for equal opportunities raises.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION
ARTICLE 14
It states that every person should be treated equally before law. There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, caste, race, etc. Women are protected under this article.
ARTICLE 15
It deals with prohibition on discrimination against any person. Clause 1 deals with the Prohibition of discrimination against women and further clause 2 says that a state can make any special provision for building equal opportunities for women in the society.
ARTICLE 16
Clause 2 of this article specifically mentions that no women should be discriminated at the workplace on the ground of gender.
ARTICLE 39
Clause a, d, e of this article specially deals with women rights. It states that men and women should be given equal rights in terms of living standards, remuneration and working atmosphere.
ARTICLE 40
This article gives special reservation to women in panchayats seats. According to this article, the reservation is up to 1/3rd of seats of panchayats. Further article 243D and 243T gives further reservation in legislative and municipality.
ARTICLE 42
This article helps in securing rights of the women by providing maternity relief and gentle working condition.
ARTICLE 51A
This article states that every citizen should live with peace and harmony and women should get respect in the country. No women should be disrespected due to any reason[5].
LEGAL PROVISION RELATING TO WOMEN
1. SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT (2013)
This act helps women to feel safe at the workplace as they were earlier exploited at their office but after the Vishaka Case[6], some guidelines were stated which further got legal sanction in 2013 after being passed by both the houses and the President of India. As per this act every company having more than 10 employees has to create an Internal Complaints Committee in every branch or office so that they can feel safe and perform better at their jobs[7].
2. PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT (2005)
This act was enacted to protect women from domestic violence and was enforced on 26 October 2006. This act is different from Section 498Aof Indian Penal code and helps women to live fearlessly. It has also helped in extending their services in the development of the society[8].
3. THE MUSLIM WOMEN (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS ON MARRIAGE) BILL, 2017
This bill is for the protection of Muslim women from the devil of Triple Talaq and other exploitation. It is a step forward towards securing justice to women which will help in increasing women’s access in the country. As per this bill, a husband who gives Instant Triple Talaq to his wife will be penalized with three years of imprisonment or fine[9].
4. HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955
It deals with the provisions relating to marriage of two Hindus. It has some section specifically to protect women from harassment caused to them from marriage. It prohibits bigamy or polygamy, domestic violence and other related offences[10].
5. HINDU SUCCESSION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005
This gives equal share to women in the ancestral property which they were deprived off before coming of this amendment[11].
Many more laws have been formulated for the protection and development of women in the society.
JUDICIAL APPROACH TOWARDS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
VISHAKA AND OTHERS VS. STATE OF RAJASTHAN AND OTHERS[12]:
In this case, in 1992, Bhanwari Devi also known as Vishaka, a social worker of the Rajasthan society was gang raped by upper class men because she tried to stop a child marriage. She suffered from many injuries. Later after getting mentally and emotionally stable she filed a petition in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the state and Union of India under Article 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution for availing the fundamental rights of women in the society at workplace.
The court on 13th August 1997, consisting of three judge’s Constitutional Bench gave the definition of sexual harassment at workplaces:-
“Any unwelcome sexually determined behavior (whether directly or by implication) as physical contact and advances, a demand or request for sexual favors, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography or any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature”
The Court also made some guidelines for protection and upliftment of women at their office. It was directed that every office should have a Grievance Redressal Committee where there are more than 10 employees and should conduct proper inquiry and make further rules for protection of female employees.
MOHD. AHEMED KHAN VS SHAH BANO BEGUM [13](SHAH BANO CASE):
It was a landmark judgment in securing the rights of Muslim women. This case was a milestone in the fight for rights by Muslim women in India and launching the battle against Muslim Personal Law.
In this case, Shah Bano, the wife of Mohammed Ahmed Khan was given divorce on April 1978 and later, he refused to give her maintenance of Rs 200 so she filed a plea against him under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and court fixed the maintenance of Rs 25 per month to be paid by the husband. On July 1908 she filed another plea for maintenance in Hon’ble High Court and Madhya Pradesh High court fixed at Rs 179.20 and later on February 1981 her case was referred to a larger bench by two judge bench and on April 1985 Hon’ble Supreme Court gave his landmark judgment.
Chief Justice of India, Y.V. Chandrachud said in his decision: “Section 125 was enacted in order to provide a quick and summary remedy to a class of persons who are unable to maintain themselves. What difference would it then make as to what is the religion professed by the neglected wife, child or parent? Neglect by a person of sufficient means to maintain these and the inability of these persons to maintain themselves are the objective criteria which determine the applicability of section 125. Such provisions, which are essentially of a prophylactic nature, cut across the barriers of religion. The liability imposed by section 125 to maintain close relatives who are indigent is founded upon the individual’s obligation to the society to prevent vagrancy and destitution. That is the moral edict of the law and morality cannot be clubbed with religion”.
SHAYARA BANO VS. UNION OF INDIA (TRIPLE TALAQ CASE)[14]:
The brief facts of the case are that the victim Shayara Bano went to meet her parents in Uttrakhand in the year 2015. Her husband, on October 2015 sends her a letter with word Talaq written thrice and ended their 15 years marriage. Later on, the victim filed a petition in the court where her husband opposed her on the grounds of religious practice and personal laws of Muslim.
So, she filed a Writ Petition in Hon’ble Supreme Court on February, 2016 against Triple Talaq and other irrational practiced under Islam as it violates fundamental rights given to them by Constitution of India, these rights are under Article 14, 15, 21 and 25.
On Tuesday 22nd August, 2017, Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the Muslim practice of Triple Talaq is an unconstitutional and irreligious practice as it is not written anywhere in the Quran about Triple Talaq. The Muslim Law Board also stated that there is no such specification in Quran about Triple Talaq and hence the apex court struck down the custom with a ratio of 3:2. Later, a bill was formed in the name of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) and in December 2018 it was passed in Lok Sabha and is ordinance according to which a husband can get penalized for giving Instant Triple Talaq to his wife till it is passed in both the houses.
INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION VS. THE STATE OF KERALA[15]
In this case, a Public Interest Litigation was filed in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the practice followed in Sabrimala Temple which banned the entry of women aged in between 10 to 50 years because this is their menstruate age and the god who is worshipped there named as Lord Ayyappa was a Naishthik Brahmacharya. This practice infringed women rights to movement, worship, equality, freedom which are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This case was filed by five young lawyers of Indian Young Lawyers Association to protect the right of women devotees of that Temple.
In this case, a bench consisting of CJI Dipak Misra for himself and J. A.M. Khanwilkar, J. R.F. Nariman and Dr D.Y. Chandrachud, J. Indu Malhotra by 4:1 majority gave a decision that his practice violates a women right to worship, equality, movement, freedom which are guaranteed under Articles 14, 15, 17, 25, 26 of the Indian Constitution and thereby removed this barrier.
The biggest irony in this case was that the only women Justice Indu Malhotra gave a contrary statement. She stated that this case is not maintainable because no person who has filed a case has a direct effect or has suffered earlier due this.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR WOMEN UPLIFTMENT
The Government in India is taking several measures and steps in the path of women empowerment. Some of these steps and schemes are mentioned below:-
BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO SCHEME:
The concept of this scheme was introduced and discussed on 7thJuly 2014 and later it was addressed to nation on 15th August 2014. It was being implemented in the budget speech of 2014-2015. It was later launched on 22nd January 2015.
Its main goal was to give and relish the girls with knowledge and skills. It has an objective to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender under Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PC&PNDT Act). Also to exercise the right to life and privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as well as the right to free education till elementary level[16].
INDIRA GANDHI MATRITVA SAHYOG YOJANA (IGMSY) – A CONDITIONAL MATERNITY BENEFIT SCHEME:
The scheme was introduced in the 11th 5 year plan documents (Vol. II) as Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2010 which was later being renamed as Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2014 and it was further shortened to Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojna in 2017. Prime Minister detailed the scheme in 2017 in his new year’s speech.
It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women to provide them part of their wage as compensation to them so that they can rest and get proper nutrition for their child. The main objective of this scheme is to provide better care and nutrition as well as promoting them to have necessary nutrition and early nourishment of their new born babies for six months. Under this scheme only women above 19 years can claim the fund for their first two live births[17].
SWADHAR GREH:
In India, there is an exploitation of women in many ways so the basic goal of this scheme is to create a supportive framework for all exploited women through different ways and let them live their lives with dignity and conviction. It will help them in providing shelter, food, clothing, etc. This scheme will also provide women and girls who are being exploited, rehabilitation centres which will help them in regaining emotional strength and provide legal aid and guidance to start a fresh and happy life.
These objectives can be attained only by providing accommodations with food, clothing, medical facilities, etc. and vocational and verbal counseling through phone as well as by trained professionals.[18]
WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL:
Working Women Hostel is similar to Swadhar Greh as it helps in providing hostels for accommodation to women who work at some place and they can also stay with children upto an age of 18 years. Those women who are under training must have a training period not exceeding 1 year and collectively as a group should not acquire more than 30% of the total capacity. Children with these women can reside in the hostels up to an age limit that is for girls up to 18 years and boys up to 5 years.
There has been some special treatment given to some women like first preference must be given to disadvantaged women’s and physically handicapped women must be provided some reservation but no reservation on any other basis[19].
EFFECTS OF THE SCHEME LAUNCHED BY GOVERNMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF UPLIFTMENT OF WOMEN
The schemes implemented by government in the path of upliftment of women have been proven effective. These schemes have enabled women in living a better life. Collectively the schemes or steps taken by the Government will help women in all fields and which will result in increasing their contribution in GDP of nation and growth of economy.
CONCLUSION
Women employment is a way through which they can become independent, confident and can enjoy equal status in the society. It is a process of overall development of women in the society. Women in India have to face a lot of challenges in our country but Indian Judiciary and Legislative has been taking many steps in uplifting women in our society. These steps have been taken so that women gets equal opportunities as that of men and which will help in knowing the real potential of the women in the society.
The empowered woman is powerful beyond measure and beautiful beyond description.
– Steve Maraboli
[1] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[2] Travis Bradberry, Why Women Are Smarter Than Man, FORBES (June 21, 2016, 08:13 AM), http://bit.ly/2XtCJse.
[3] Women seems to have younger brains than men the same age, NEWSCIENTIST (February 5, 2019), http://bit.ly/2IuP7VA.
[4] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[5] INDIA CONST.
[6] Vishaka Ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan and Ors, 1997 6 SCC Cri 932.
[7] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, Redressal Act) 2013, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).
[8]Protection of Women from Domestic Violence 2005, No. 43, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[9] The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage), 2017 (India).
[10]Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, No. 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).
[11] Hindu Succession Act (Amendment), 2005, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[12]1997 6 SCC Cri 932
[13]1985 SCR (3) 844.
[14] (2017) 9 SCC 1
[15] 2018 SCC OnLine SC 1690.
[16] Beti Bachao, Beti Padha,, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (April 26, 2018), http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20BBBP%20-26th%20April%2C%202018_2.pdf.
[17] Quick Evaluation Study on Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, NITI AAYOG (April, 2017), http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/IGMSY_FinalReport.pdf.
[18] Swadhar Greh, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20Swadhar%20Greh%2C2015%20%28%20English%29.pdf.
[19]Working Women Hostel, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://bit.ly/2XvEohb.
The post Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities? appeared first on Legal Desire.
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Quality of life in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) randomized to maintenance pazopanib or placebo after first-line chemotherapy in the AGO-OVAR 16 trial. Measuring what matters - patient centered endpoints in trials of maintenance therapy
Abstract
Background
Health related quality of life (HRQOL) was a secondary endpoint in AGO-OVAR 16, which randomized 940 patients with EOC after first-line chemotherapy to maintenance pazopanib (PZ) or placebo (P). Additional post hoc analyses were carried out to investigate additional patient centered endpoints.
Patients and Methods
HRQOL was measured with EORTC-QLQ-C30, QLQ-OV28 and EQ-5D-3L. Pre-specified endpoints included mean differences in HRQOL between treatment arms. Exploratory analyses included quality-adjusted progression-free survival (QAPFS), impact of specific symptoms and progressive disease (PD) on HRQOL and time to second-line chemotherapy. The objective was to provide clinical perspective to the significant median PFS gain of 5.6 months with PZ.
Results
There were statistically significant differences between PZ and P in QLQ-C30 global health status (GHC) (5.5 points; 95%CI, 0.7 to 10.4, P=0.024) from baseline to 25 months, but not EQ-5D-3L (0.018 points; 95%CI, -0.033 to 0.069, P=0.485). The impact of diarrhea was captured in QLQ-OV28 Abdominal/GI-Symptoms scale (8.1 points; 95% CI, 3.6 to 12.5, P = 0.001). QAPFS was 386 days (95%CI, 366 to 404 days) with PZ vs 359 days (95%CI, 338 to 379 days) with placebo (P=0.052). PD was associated with a decline in HRQOL (P<0.0001). Median time to second-line chemotherapy was 19.7 months with PZ and 15.0 months with P (HR 0.72, 95%CI 0.69 to 0.86, P=0.0001).
Conclusions
There were small to no significant mean score differences in global HRQOL and EQ5D-3L between PZ and placebo respectively despite the increased toxicity of PZ. Exploratory endpoints including QAPFS, impact of specific symptoms on HRQOL during treatment and at PD help place the PFS gain with PZ in context and interpret the results. Additional patient centered endpoints should be considered in trials of maintenance therapy in EOC beyond mean differences in HRQOL scores alone, to support the benefit to patients of prolongation of PFS.
Clinical Trials Registration Number
NCT00866697
http://ift.tt/2B9PAJq
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Beats Executive Wired Over-Ear Headphone – Silver
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Beats Executive
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Unboxed
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At a Glance:
Weight (kg): 0.34
Height (mm): 203.2
Length of Cable (m): 1.361
Type of Jack: 3.5mm
About Beats Audio
The company’s mission is to provide a superior end-to-end music experience – with headphones, speakers, devices, and services – so fans feel the emotion and hear the music the way artists intended it to sound from the studio. This experience is aided by partnerships with HP, Chrysler Group and HTC Mobile. Led by Co-founder & CEO Jimmy Iovine, Co-founder Dr. Dre, and President & COO Luke Wood, Beats Electronics is based in Santa Monica, CA.
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Hot Breaking News - Fukushima 160 Tons Of Melted Fuel Rods Leaking Radiation Japan
Fukushima 160 Tons Of Melted Fuel Rods Leaking Radiation Japan - Hot Breaking News
Visit my channel at https://goo.gl/iZ5TOi
Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. All three cores largely melted in the first three days.
The accident was rated 7 on the INES scale, due to high radioactive releases over days 4 to 6, eventually a total of some 940 PBq (I-131 eq).
Four reactors were written off due to damage in the accident – 2719 MWe net.
After two weeks, the three reactors (units 1-3) were stable with water addition and by July they were being cooled with recycled water from the new treatment plant. Official 'cold shutdown condition' was announced in mid-December.
Apart from cooling, the basic ongoing task was to prevent release of radioactive materials, particularly in contaminated water leaked from the three units. This task became newsworthy in August 2013.
There have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident, but over 100,000 people were evacuated from their homes to ensure this. Government nervousness delays the return of many.
Official figures show that there have been well over 1000 deaths from maintaining the evacuation, in contrast to little risk from radiation if early return had been allowed.
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Đồng hồ Casio Edifice EQS-940DC-1AVUDF
Đồng hồ Casio Edifice EQS-940DC-1AVUDF dành cho nam với dây đeo kim loại mạ ion đen, pin năng lượng mặt trời, nhiều kim, chống nước WR100M, size mặt 45,5mm
Các ký hiệu chỉ số dày, sắc nét tạo thêm điểm nhấn mạnh mẽ và gây chú ý. Thiết kế thể thao lấy ý tưởng từ chủ đề xe đua EDIFICE, toát lên tốc độ, khả năng kiểm soát cũng như tiện ích thực tế. Lớp mạ ion đen tạo nên phần vỏ và dây đeo chống trầy xước, đồng thời hệ thống sạc năng lượng mặt trời dự trữ đủ năng lượng cho 5 tháng sử dụng bình thường sau khi sạc đầy.
Đồng hồ Casio có đủ năng lượng mặt trời để giúp bạn luôn đúng giờ, nhờ vào các tấm năng lượng mặt trời nguyên bản, hỗ trợ tán sắc trong bóng râm và hút ánh sáng qua ba mặt số lồng nhỏ. Khi được sạc đầy, đồng hồ sẽ lưu trữ đủ năng lượng trong năm tháng ở mức sử dụng bình thường.
Tốc độ & Trí tuệ . Công nghệ tiếp tục phát triển, với EDIFICE dẫn đầu. Đồng hồ bấm giờ đa chức năng này của CASIO đang tích cực chuyển tiếp sự phát triển của công nghệ điện tử. EDIFICE kết hợp sự kết hợp của các hình thức năng động với thiết kế mặt phức tạp và cung cấp tính năng tiên tiến hàng đầu, đi kèm với các biểu hiện nguyên bản độc đáo được tạo ra bởi chuyển động của nhiều bàn tay khác nhau.
https://casiovietnam.net/dong-ho-casio-edifice-eqs-940dc-1av-day-kim-loai-ma-ion-den-pin-nang-luong-chong-nuoc-wr100m
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Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities?
There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women. – Kofi Annan
Women in India constitutes nearly 48.35% (approx.) while men constitutes 51.64% (approx.), on the other hand sex ratio of India is 940 females per 1000 males in 135 Cr. of population. The yearly change in the population is less in comparison to early stages, like in 2016 it was 1.21% (approx.) while in 2000 it was at 1.86% (approx.) but in 2019 it has been further reduced to 1.20% (approx.).[1].
Women Empowerment means overall development of women so that they become strong enough to face the difficulties and live a fearless and unbiased life. It refers to giving what they desire as a human and be treated equal to men. This can be done by equal opportunities to women. The empowerment of women is nowadays a burning issue in our country and heavily depends upon the various types of variables like social, educational, political, etc. Women empowerment helps in grooming the women who will further help in developing the society because as per a research by TalentsMart women have more Emotional Intelligence (EQ) so, they have ability to analyze the situation and person with whom they are dealing with quickly and use this knowledge to get best results in life[2]. It is also stated by Manu Goyal at Washington University School of Medicine that a woman’s brain is younger and youthful then that of men and that is the reason why they are treated smarter than men but in India women are not given equal opportunity to prove themselves[3].
So, women empowerment is important and Indian Government and Judiciary is taking efforts in this regard that is helping in opening new gates for them.
NEED FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT:
In India, there are comparatively less number of females who get education. The ratio is just 940 girls per 1000 boys which have led to very low attainment of education. There has been a slow rise in the percentage of women who are married and attained education of 10 or more than 10 years that is from 11% in NFHS-1 to 17% in NFHS-3. Women of age between15-49 are mostly being employed in the farm fields and only 7% of them are employed in other fields of employment and most them are working due to bad economic condition of their family. Furthermore, some of the women are paid but only some part of their salary, the ratio of employed women between ages 15-49 is just 43% vs. 87%.[4]
OVERALL DEVELOPMENT:
The women in India if given equal opportunities can earn and contribute to GDP which will make them more confident and independent. This will also lead to an increase in participation of women in national development. Also, they will make the country proud in every sphere like medical sciences, engineering, social science, etc.
DECISION MAKING POWER:
As per a research, women are smarter than man but in India women are not allowed to take decisions in the family matters or any other matters. Furthermore, in many houses women has to give her earnings to their spouses or family over which they cannot say no.
These are some of the reasons due to which the need for equal opportunities raises.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION
ARTICLE 14
It states that every person should be treated equally before law. There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, caste, race, etc. Women are protected under this article.
ARTICLE 15
It deals with prohibition on discrimination against any person. Clause 1 deals with the Prohibition of discrimination against women and further clause 2 says that a state can make any special provision for building equal opportunities for women in the society.
ARTICLE 16
Clause 2 of this article specifically mentions that no women should be discriminated at the workplace on the ground of gender.
ARTICLE 39
Clause a, d, e of this article specially deals with women rights. It states that men and women should be given equal rights in terms of living standards, remuneration and working atmosphere.
ARTICLE 40
This article gives special reservation to women in panchayats seats. According to this article, the reservation is up to 1/3rd of seats of panchayats. Further article 243D and 243T gives further reservation in legislative and municipality.
ARTICLE 42
This article helps in securing rights of the women by providing maternity relief and gentle working condition.
ARTICLE 51A
This article states that every citizen should live with peace and harmony and women should get respect in the country. No women should be disrespected due to any reason[5].
LEGAL PROVISION RELATING TO WOMEN
1. SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT (2013)
This act helps women to feel safe at the workplace as they were earlier exploited at their office but after the Vishaka Case[6], some guidelines were stated which further got legal sanction in 2013 after being passed by both the houses and the President of India. As per this act every company having more than 10 employees has to create an Internal Complaints Committee in every branch or office so that they can feel safe and perform better at their jobs[7].
2. PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT (2005)
This act was enacted to protect women from domestic violence and was enforced on 26 October 2006. This act is different from Section 498Aof Indian Penal code and helps women to live fearlessly. It has also helped in extending their services in the development of the society[8].
3. THE MUSLIM WOMEN (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS ON MARRIAGE) BILL, 2017
This bill is for the protection of Muslim women from the devil of Triple Talaq and other exploitation. It is a step forward towards securing justice to women which will help in increasing women’s access in the country. As per this bill, a husband who gives Instant Triple Talaq to his wife will be penalized with three years of imprisonment or fine[9].
4. HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955
It deals with the provisions relating to marriage of two Hindus. It has some section specifically to protect women from harassment caused to them from marriage. It prohibits bigamy or polygamy, domestic violence and other related offences[10].
5. HINDU SUCCESSION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005
This gives equal share to women in the ancestral property which they were deprived off before coming of this amendment[11].
Many more laws have been formulated for the protection and development of women in the society.
JUDICIAL APPROACH TOWARDS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
VISHAKA AND OTHERS VS. STATE OF RAJASTHAN AND OTHERS[12]:
In this case, in 1992, Bhanwari Devi also known as Vishaka, a social worker of the Rajasthan society was gang raped by upper class men because she tried to stop a child marriage. She suffered from many injuries. Later after getting mentally and emotionally stable she filed a petition in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the state and Union of India under Article 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution for availing the fundamental rights of women in the society at workplace.
The court on 13th August 1997, consisting of three judge’s Constitutional Bench gave the definition of sexual harassment at workplaces:-
“Any unwelcome sexually determined behavior (whether directly or by implication) as physical contact and advances, a demand or request for sexual favors, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography or any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature”
The Court also made some guidelines for protection and upliftment of women at their office. It was directed that every office should have a Grievance Redressal Committee where there are more than 10 employees and should conduct proper inquiry and make further rules for protection of female employees.
MOHD. AHEMED KHAN VS SHAH BANO BEGUM [13](SHAH BANO CASE):
It was a landmark judgment in securing the rights of Muslim women. This case was a milestone in the fight for rights by Muslim women in India and launching the battle against Muslim Personal Law.
In this case, Shah Bano, the wife of Mohammed Ahmed Khan was given divorce on April 1978 and later, he refused to give her maintenance of Rs 200 so she filed a plea against him under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and court fixed the maintenance of Rs 25 per month to be paid by the husband. On July 1908 she filed another plea for maintenance in Hon’ble High Court and Madhya Pradesh High court fixed at Rs 179.20 and later on February 1981 her case was referred to a larger bench by two judge bench and on April 1985 Hon’ble Supreme Court gave his landmark judgment.
Chief Justice of India, Y.V. Chandrachud said in his decision: “Section 125 was enacted in order to provide a quick and summary remedy to a class of persons who are unable to maintain themselves. What difference would it then make as to what is the religion professed by the neglected wife, child or parent? Neglect by a person of sufficient means to maintain these and the inability of these persons to maintain themselves are the objective criteria which determine the applicability of section 125. Such provisions, which are essentially of a prophylactic nature, cut across the barriers of religion. The liability imposed by section 125 to maintain close relatives who are indigent is founded upon the individual’s obligation to the society to prevent vagrancy and destitution. That is the moral edict of the law and morality cannot be clubbed with religion”.
SHAYARA BANO VS. UNION OF INDIA (TRIPLE TALAQ CASE)[14]:
The brief facts of the case are that the victim Shayara Bano went to meet her parents in Uttrakhand in the year 2015. Her husband, on October 2015 sends her a letter with word Talaq written thrice and ended their 15 years marriage. Later on, the victim filed a petition in the court where her husband opposed her on the grounds of religious practice and personal laws of Muslim.
So, she filed a Writ Petition in Hon’ble Supreme Court on February, 2016 against Triple Talaq and other irrational practiced under Islam as it violates fundamental rights given to them by Constitution of India, these rights are under Article 14, 15, 21 and 25.
On Tuesday 22nd August, 2017, Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the Muslim practice of Triple Talaq is an unconstitutional and irreligious practice as it is not written anywhere in the Quran about Triple Talaq. The Muslim Law Board also stated that there is no such specification in Quran about Triple Talaq and hence the apex court struck down the custom with a ratio of 3:2. Later, a bill was formed in the name of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) and in December 2018 it was passed in Lok Sabha and is ordinance according to which a husband can get penalized for giving Instant Triple Talaq to his wife till it is passed in both the houses.
INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION VS. THE STATE OF KERALA[15]
In this case, a Public Interest Litigation was filed in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the practice followed in Sabrimala Temple which banned the entry of women aged in between 10 to 50 years because this is their menstruate age and the god who is worshipped there named as Lord Ayyappa was a Naishthik Brahmacharya. This practice infringed women rights to movement, worship, equality, freedom which are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This case was filed by five young lawyers of Indian Young Lawyers Association to protect the right of women devotees of that Temple.
In this case, a bench consisting of CJI Dipak Misra for himself and J. A.M. Khanwilkar, J. R.F. Nariman and Dr D.Y. Chandrachud, J. Indu Malhotra by 4:1 majority gave a decision that his practice violates a women right to worship, equality, movement, freedom which are guaranteed under Articles 14, 15, 17, 25, 26 of the Indian Constitution and thereby removed this barrier.
The biggest irony in this case was that the only women Justice Indu Malhotra gave a contrary statement. She stated that this case is not maintainable because no person who has filed a case has a direct effect or has suffered earlier due this.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR WOMEN UPLIFTMENT
The Government in India is taking several measures and steps in the path of women empowerment. Some of these steps and schemes are mentioned below:-
BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO SCHEME:
The concept of this scheme was introduced and discussed on 7thJuly 2014 and later it was addressed to nation on 15th August 2014. It was being implemented in the budget speech of 2014-2015. It was later launched on 22nd January 2015.
Its main goal was to give and relish the girls with knowledge and skills. It has an objective to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender under Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PC&PNDT Act). Also to exercise the right to life and privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as well as the right to free education till elementary level[16].
INDIRA GANDHI MATRITVA SAHYOG YOJANA (IGMSY) – A CONDITIONAL MATERNITY BENEFIT SCHEME:
The scheme was introduced in the 11th 5 year plan documents (Vol. II) as Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2010 which was later being renamed as Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2014 and it was further shortened to Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojna in 2017. Prime Minister detailed the scheme in 2017 in his new year’s speech.
It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women to provide them part of their wage as compensation to them so that they can rest and get proper nutrition for their child. The main objective of this scheme is to provide better care and nutrition as well as promoting them to have necessary nutrition and early nourishment of their new born babies for six months. Under this scheme only women above 19 years can claim the fund for their first two live births[17].
SWADHAR GREH:
In India, there is an exploitation of women in many ways so the basic goal of this scheme is to create a supportive framework for all exploited women through different ways and let them live their lives with dignity and conviction. It will help them in providing shelter, food, clothing, etc. This scheme will also provide women and girls who are being exploited, rehabilitation centres which will help them in regaining emotional strength and provide legal aid and guidance to start a fresh and happy life.
These objectives can be attained only by providing accommodations with food, clothing, medical facilities, etc. and vocational and verbal counseling through phone as well as by trained professionals.[18]
WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL:
Working Women Hostel is similar to Swadhar Greh as it helps in providing hostels for accommodation to women who work at some place and they can also stay with children upto an age of 18 years. Those women who are under training must have a training period not exceeding 1 year and collectively as a group should not acquire more than 30% of the total capacity. Children with these women can reside in the hostels up to an age limit that is for girls up to 18 years and boys up to 5 years.
There has been some special treatment given to some women like first preference must be given to disadvantaged women’s and physically handicapped women must be provided some reservation but no reservation on any other basis[19].
EFFECTS OF THE SCHEME LAUNCHED BY GOVERNMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF UPLIFTMENT OF WOMEN
The schemes implemented by government in the path of upliftment of women have been proven effective. These schemes have enabled women in living a better life. Collectively the schemes or steps taken by the Government will help women in all fields and which will result in increasing their contribution in GDP of nation and growth of economy.
CONCLUSION
Women employment is a way through which they can become independent, confident and can enjoy equal status in the society. It is a process of overall development of women in the society. Women in India have to face a lot of challenges in our country but Indian Judiciary and Legislative has been taking many steps in uplifting women in our society. These steps have been taken so that women gets equal opportunities as that of men and which will help in knowing the real potential of the women in the society.
The empowered woman is powerful beyond measure and beautiful beyond description.
– Steve Maraboli
[1] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[2] Travis Bradberry, Why Women Are Smarter Than Man, FORBES (June 21, 2016, 08:13 AM), http://bit.ly/2XtCJse.
[3] Women seems to have younger brains than men the same age, NEWSCIENTIST (February 5, 2019), http://bit.ly/2IuP7VA.
[4] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[5] INDIA CONST.
[6] Vishaka Ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan and Ors, 1997 6 SCC Cri 932.
[7] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, Redressal Act) 2013, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).
[8]Protection of Women from Domestic Violence 2005, No. 43, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[9] The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage), 2017 (India).
[10]Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, No. 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).
[11] Hindu Succession Act (Amendment), 2005, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[12]1997 6 SCC Cri 932
[13]1985 SCR (3) 844.
[14] (2017) 9 SCC 1
[15] 2018 SCC OnLine SC 1690.
[16] Beti Bachao, Beti Padha,, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (April 26, 2018), http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20BBBP%20-26th%20April%2C%202018_2.pdf.
[17] Quick Evaluation Study on Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, NITI AAYOG (April, 2017), http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/IGMSY_FinalReport.pdf.
[18] Swadhar Greh, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20Swadhar%20Greh%2C2015%20%28%20English%29.pdf.
[19]Working Women Hostel, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://bit.ly/2XvEohb.
The post Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities? appeared first on Legal Desire.
Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities? published first on https://immigrationlawyerto.tumblr.com/
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Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities?
There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women. – Kofi Annan
Women in India constitutes nearly 48.35% (approx.) while men constitutes 51.64% (approx.), on the other hand sex ratio of India is 940 females per 1000 males in 135 Cr. of population. The yearly change in the population is less in comparison to early stages, like in 2016 it was 1.21% (approx.) while in 2000 it was at 1.86% (approx.) but in 2019 it has been further reduced to 1.20% (approx.).[1].
Women Empowerment means overall development of women so that they become strong enough to face the difficulties and live a fearless and unbiased life. It refers to giving what they desire as a human and be treated equal to men. This can be done by equal opportunities to women. The empowerment of women is nowadays a burning issue in our country and heavily depends upon the various types of variables like social, educational, political, etc. Women empowerment helps in grooming the women who will further help in developing the society because as per a research by TalentsMart women have more Emotional Intelligence (EQ) so, they have ability to analyze the situation and person with whom they are dealing with quickly and use this knowledge to get best results in life[2]. It is also stated by Manu Goyal at Washington University School of Medicine that a woman’s brain is younger and youthful then that of men and that is the reason why they are treated smarter than men but in India women are not given equal opportunity to prove themselves[3].
So, women empowerment is important and Indian Government and Judiciary is taking efforts in this regard that is helping in opening new gates for them.
NEED FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT:
In India, there are comparatively less number of females who get education. The ratio is just 940 girls per 1000 boys which have led to very low attainment of education. There has been a slow rise in the percentage of women who are married and attained education of 10 or more than 10 years that is from 11% in NFHS-1 to 17% in NFHS-3. Women of age between15-49 are mostly being employed in the farm fields and only 7% of them are employed in other fields of employment and most them are working due to bad economic condition of their family. Furthermore, some of the women are paid but only some part of their salary, the ratio of employed women between ages 15-49 is just 43% vs. 87%.[4]
OVERALL DEVELOPMENT:
The women in India if given equal opportunities can earn and contribute to GDP which will make them more confident and independent. This will also lead to an increase in participation of women in national development. Also, they will make the country proud in every sphere like medical sciences, engineering, social science, etc.
DECISION MAKING POWER:
As per a research, women are smarter than man but in India women are not allowed to take decisions in the family matters or any other matters. Furthermore, in many houses women has to give her earnings to their spouses or family over which they cannot say no.
These are some of the reasons due to which the need for equal opportunities raises.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION
ARTICLE 14
It states that every person should be treated equally before law. There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, caste, race, etc. Women are protected under this article.
ARTICLE 15
It deals with prohibition on discrimination against any person. Clause 1 deals with the Prohibition of discrimination against women and further clause 2 says that a state can make any special provision for building equal opportunities for women in the society.
ARTICLE 16
Clause 2 of this article specifically mentions that no women should be discriminated at the workplace on the ground of gender.
ARTICLE 39
Clause a, d, e of this article specially deals with women rights. It states that men and women should be given equal rights in terms of living standards, remuneration and working atmosphere.
ARTICLE 40
This article gives special reservation to women in panchayats seats. According to this article, the reservation is up to 1/3rd of seats of panchayats. Further article 243D and 243T gives further reservation in legislative and municipality.
ARTICLE 42
This article helps in securing rights of the women by providing maternity relief and gentle working condition.
ARTICLE 51A
This article states that every citizen should live with peace and harmony and women should get respect in the country. No women should be disrespected due to any reason[5].
LEGAL PROVISION RELATING TO WOMEN
1. SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT (2013)
This act helps women to feel safe at the workplace as they were earlier exploited at their office but after the Vishaka Case[6], some guidelines were stated which further got legal sanction in 2013 after being passed by both the houses and the President of India. As per this act every company having more than 10 employees has to create an Internal Complaints Committee in every branch or office so that they can feel safe and perform better at their jobs[7].
2. PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT (2005)
This act was enacted to protect women from domestic violence and was enforced on 26 October 2006. This act is different from Section 498Aof Indian Penal code and helps women to live fearlessly. It has also helped in extending their services in the development of the society[8].
3. THE MUSLIM WOMEN (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS ON MARRIAGE) BILL, 2017
This bill is for the protection of Muslim women from the devil of Triple Talaq and other exploitation. It is a step forward towards securing justice to women which will help in increasing women’s access in the country. As per this bill, a husband who gives Instant Triple Talaq to his wife will be penalized with three years of imprisonment or fine[9].
4. HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955
It deals with the provisions relating to marriage of two Hindus. It has some section specifically to protect women from harassment caused to them from marriage. It prohibits bigamy or polygamy, domestic violence and other related offences[10].
5. HINDU SUCCESSION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005
This gives equal share to women in the ancestral property which they were deprived off before coming of this amendment[11].
Many more laws have been formulated for the protection and development of women in the society.
JUDICIAL APPROACH TOWARDS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
VISHAKA AND OTHERS VS. STATE OF RAJASTHAN AND OTHERS[12]:
In this case, in 1992, Bhanwari Devi also known as Vishaka, a social worker of the Rajasthan society was gang raped by upper class men because she tried to stop a child marriage. She suffered from many injuries. Later after getting mentally and emotionally stable she filed a petition in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the state and Union of India under Article 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution for availing the fundamental rights of women in the society at workplace.
The court on 13th August 1997, consisting of three judge’s Constitutional Bench gave the definition of sexual harassment at workplaces:-
“Any unwelcome sexually determined behavior (whether directly or by implication) as physical contact and advances, a demand or request for sexual favors, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography or any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature”
The Court also made some guidelines for protection and upliftment of women at their office. It was directed that every office should have a Grievance Redressal Committee where there are more than 10 employees and should conduct proper inquiry and make further rules for protection of female employees.
MOHD. AHEMED KHAN VS SHAH BANO BEGUM [13](SHAH BANO CASE):
It was a landmark judgment in securing the rights of Muslim women. This case was a milestone in the fight for rights by Muslim women in India and launching the battle against Muslim Personal Law.
In this case, Shah Bano, the wife of Mohammed Ahmed Khan was given divorce on April 1978 and later, he refused to give her maintenance of Rs 200 so she filed a plea against him under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and court fixed the maintenance of Rs 25 per month to be paid by the husband. On July 1908 she filed another plea for maintenance in Hon’ble High Court and Madhya Pradesh High court fixed at Rs 179.20 and later on February 1981 her case was referred to a larger bench by two judge bench and on April 1985 Hon’ble Supreme Court gave his landmark judgment.
Chief Justice of India, Y.V. Chandrachud said in his decision: “Section 125 was enacted in order to provide a quick and summary remedy to a class of persons who are unable to maintain themselves. What difference would it then make as to what is the religion professed by the neglected wife, child or parent? Neglect by a person of sufficient means to maintain these and the inability of these persons to maintain themselves are the objective criteria which determine the applicability of section 125. Such provisions, which are essentially of a prophylactic nature, cut across the barriers of religion. The liability imposed by section 125 to maintain close relatives who are indigent is founded upon the individual’s obligation to the society to prevent vagrancy and destitution. That is the moral edict of the law and morality cannot be clubbed with religion”.
SHAYARA BANO VS. UNION OF INDIA (TRIPLE TALAQ CASE)[14]:
The brief facts of the case are that the victim Shayara Bano went to meet her parents in Uttrakhand in the year 2015. Her husband, on October 2015 sends her a letter with word Talaq written thrice and ended their 15 years marriage. Later on, the victim filed a petition in the court where her husband opposed her on the grounds of religious practice and personal laws of Muslim.
So, she filed a Writ Petition in Hon’ble Supreme Court on February, 2016 against Triple Talaq and other irrational practiced under Islam as it violates fundamental rights given to them by Constitution of India, these rights are under Article 14, 15, 21 and 25.
On Tuesday 22nd August, 2017, Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the Muslim practice of Triple Talaq is an unconstitutional and irreligious practice as it is not written anywhere in the Quran about Triple Talaq. The Muslim Law Board also stated that there is no such specification in Quran about Triple Talaq and hence the apex court struck down the custom with a ratio of 3:2. Later, a bill was formed in the name of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) and in December 2018 it was passed in Lok Sabha and is ordinance according to which a husband can get penalized for giving Instant Triple Talaq to his wife till it is passed in both the houses.
INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION VS. THE STATE OF KERALA[15]
In this case, a Public Interest Litigation was filed in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the practice followed in Sabrimala Temple which banned the entry of women aged in between 10 to 50 years because this is their menstruate age and the god who is worshipped there named as Lord Ayyappa was a Naishthik Brahmacharya. This practice infringed women rights to movement, worship, equality, freedom which are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This case was filed by five young lawyers of Indian Young Lawyers Association to protect the right of women devotees of that Temple.
In this case, a bench consisting of CJI Dipak Misra for himself and J. A.M. Khanwilkar, J. R.F. Nariman and Dr D.Y. Chandrachud, J. Indu Malhotra by 4:1 majority gave a decision that his practice violates a women right to worship, equality, movement, freedom which are guaranteed under Articles 14, 15, 17, 25, 26 of the Indian Constitution and thereby removed this barrier.
The biggest irony in this case was that the only women Justice Indu Malhotra gave a contrary statement. She stated that this case is not maintainable because no person who has filed a case has a direct effect or has suffered earlier due this.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR WOMEN UPLIFTMENT
The Government in India is taking several measures and steps in the path of women empowerment. Some of these steps and schemes are mentioned below:-
BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO SCHEME:
The concept of this scheme was introduced and discussed on 7thJuly 2014 and later it was addressed to nation on 15th August 2014. It was being implemented in the budget speech of 2014-2015. It was later launched on 22nd January 2015.
Its main goal was to give and relish the girls with knowledge and skills. It has an objective to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender under Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PC&PNDT Act). Also to exercise the right to life and privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as well as the right to free education till elementary level[16].
INDIRA GANDHI MATRITVA SAHYOG YOJANA (IGMSY) – A CONDITIONAL MATERNITY BENEFIT SCHEME:
The scheme was introduced in the 11th 5 year plan documents (Vol. II) as Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2010 which was later being renamed as Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2014 and it was further shortened to Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojna in 2017. Prime Minister detailed the scheme in 2017 in his new year’s speech.
It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women to provide them part of their wage as compensation to them so that they can rest and get proper nutrition for their child. The main objective of this scheme is to provide better care and nutrition as well as promoting them to have necessary nutrition and early nourishment of their new born babies for six months. Under this scheme only women above 19 years can claim the fund for their first two live births[17].
SWADHAR GREH:
In India, there is an exploitation of women in many ways so the basic goal of this scheme is to create a supportive framework for all exploited women through different ways and let them live their lives with dignity and conviction. It will help them in providing shelter, food, clothing, etc. This scheme will also provide women and girls who are being exploited, rehabilitation centres which will help them in regaining emotional strength and provide legal aid and guidance to start a fresh and happy life.
These objectives can be attained only by providing accommodations with food, clothing, medical facilities, etc. and vocational and verbal counseling through phone as well as by trained professionals.[18]
WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL:
Working Women Hostel is similar to Swadhar Greh as it helps in providing hostels for accommodation to women who work at some place and they can also stay with children upto an age of 18 years. Those women who are under training must have a training period not exceeding 1 year and collectively as a group should not acquire more than 30% of the total capacity. Children with these women can reside in the hostels up to an age limit that is for girls up to 18 years and boys up to 5 years.
There has been some special treatment given to some women like first preference must be given to disadvantaged women’s and physically handicapped women must be provided some reservation but no reservation on any other basis[19].
EFFECTS OF THE SCHEME LAUNCHED BY GOVERNMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF UPLIFTMENT OF WOMEN
The schemes implemented by government in the path of upliftment of women have been proven effective. These schemes have enabled women in living a better life. Collectively the schemes or steps taken by the Government will help women in all fields and which will result in increasing their contribution in GDP of nation and growth of economy.
CONCLUSION
Women employment is a way through which they can become independent, confident and can enjoy equal status in the society. It is a process of overall development of women in the society. Women in India have to face a lot of challenges in our country but Indian Judiciary and Legislative has been taking many steps in uplifting women in our society. These steps have been taken so that women gets equal opportunities as that of men and which will help in knowing the real potential of the women in the society.
The empowered woman is powerful beyond measure and beautiful beyond description.
– Steve Maraboli
[1] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[2] Travis Bradberry, Why Women Are Smarter Than Man, FORBES (June 21, 2016, 08:13 AM), http://bit.ly/2XtCJse.
[3] Women seems to have younger brains than men the same age, NEWSCIENTIST (February 5, 2019), http://bit.ly/2IuP7VA.
[4] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[5] INDIA CONST.
[6] Vishaka Ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan and Ors, 1997 6 SCC Cri 932.
[7] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, Redressal Act) 2013, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).
[8]Protection of Women from Domestic Violence 2005, No. 43, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[9] The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage), 2017 (India).
[10]Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, No. 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).
[11] Hindu Succession Act (Amendment), 2005, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[12]1997 6 SCC Cri 932
[13]1985 SCR (3) 844.
[14] (2017) 9 SCC 1
[15] 2018 SCC OnLine SC 1690.
[16] Beti Bachao, Beti Padha,, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (April 26, 2018), http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20BBBP%20-26th%20April%2C%202018_2.pdf.
[17] Quick Evaluation Study on Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, NITI AAYOG (April, 2017), http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/IGMSY_FinalReport.pdf.
[18] Swadhar Greh, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20Swadhar%20Greh%2C2015%20%28%20English%29.pdf.
[19]Working Women Hostel, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://bit.ly/2XvEohb.
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Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities?
There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women. – Kofi Annan
Women in India constitutes nearly 48.35% (approx.) while men constitutes 51.64% (approx.), on the other hand sex ratio of India is 940 females per 1000 males in 135 Cr. of population. The yearly change in the population is less in comparison to early stages, like in 2016 it was 1.21% (approx.) while in 2000 it was at 1.86% (approx.) but in 2019 it has been further reduced to 1.20% (approx.).[1].
Women Empowerment means overall development of women so that they become strong enough to face the difficulties and live a fearless and unbiased life. It refers to giving what they desire as a human and be treated equal to men. This can be done by equal opportunities to women. The empowerment of women is nowadays a burning issue in our country and heavily depends upon the various types of variables like social, educational, political, etc. Women empowerment helps in grooming the women who will further help in developing the society because as per a research by TalentsMart women have more Emotional Intelligence (EQ) so, they have ability to analyze the situation and person with whom they are dealing with quickly and use this knowledge to get best results in life[2]. It is also stated by Manu Goyal at Washington University School of Medicine that a woman’s brain is younger and youthful then that of men and that is the reason why they are treated smarter than men but in India women are not given equal opportunity to prove themselves[3].
So, women empowerment is important and Indian Government and Judiciary is taking efforts in this regard that is helping in opening new gates for them.
NEED FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT:
In India, there are comparatively less number of females who get education. The ratio is just 940 girls per 1000 boys which have led to very low attainment of education. There has been a slow rise in the percentage of women who are married and attained education of 10 or more than 10 years that is from 11% in NFHS-1 to 17% in NFHS-3. Women of age between15-49 are mostly being employed in the farm fields and only 7% of them are employed in other fields of employment and most them are working due to bad economic condition of their family. Furthermore, some of the women are paid but only some part of their salary, the ratio of employed women between ages 15-49 is just 43% vs. 87%.[4]
OVERALL DEVELOPMENT:
The women in India if given equal opportunities can earn and contribute to GDP which will make them more confident and independent. This will also lead to an increase in participation of women in national development. Also, they will make the country proud in every sphere like medical sciences, engineering, social science, etc.
DECISION MAKING POWER:
As per a research, women are smarter than man but in India women are not allowed to take decisions in the family matters or any other matters. Furthermore, in many houses women has to give her earnings to their spouses or family over which they cannot say no.
These are some of the reasons due to which the need for equal opportunities raises.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION
ARTICLE 14
It states that every person should be treated equally before law. There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, caste, race, etc. Women are protected under this article.
ARTICLE 15
It deals with prohibition on discrimination against any person. Clause 1 deals with the Prohibition of discrimination against women and further clause 2 says that a state can make any special provision for building equal opportunities for women in the society.
ARTICLE 16
Clause 2 of this article specifically mentions that no women should be discriminated at the workplace on the ground of gender.
ARTICLE 39
Clause a, d, e of this article specially deals with women rights. It states that men and women should be given equal rights in terms of living standards, remuneration and working atmosphere.
ARTICLE 40
This article gives special reservation to women in panchayats seats. According to this article, the reservation is up to 1/3rd of seats of panchayats. Further article 243D and 243T gives further reservation in legislative and municipality.
ARTICLE 42
This article helps in securing rights of the women by providing maternity relief and gentle working condition.
ARTICLE 51A
This article states that every citizen should live with peace and harmony and women should get respect in the country. No women should be disrespected due to any reason[5].
LEGAL PROVISION RELATING TO WOMEN
1. SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT (2013)
This act helps women to feel safe at the workplace as they were earlier exploited at their office but after the Vishaka Case[6], some guidelines were stated which further got legal sanction in 2013 after being passed by both the houses and the President of India. As per this act every company having more than 10 employees has to create an Internal Complaints Committee in every branch or office so that they can feel safe and perform better at their jobs[7].
2. PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT (2005)
This act was enacted to protect women from domestic violence and was enforced on 26 October 2006. This act is different from Section 498Aof Indian Penal code and helps women to live fearlessly. It has also helped in extending their services in the development of the society[8].
3. THE MUSLIM WOMEN (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS ON MARRIAGE) BILL, 2017
This bill is for the protection of Muslim women from the devil of Triple Talaq and other exploitation. It is a step forward towards securing justice to women which will help in increasing women’s access in the country. As per this bill, a husband who gives Instant Triple Talaq to his wife will be penalized with three years of imprisonment or fine[9].
4. HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955
It deals with the provisions relating to marriage of two Hindus. It has some section specifically to protect women from harassment caused to them from marriage. It prohibits bigamy or polygamy, domestic violence and other related offences[10].
5. HINDU SUCCESSION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005
This gives equal share to women in the ancestral property which they were deprived off before coming of this amendment[11].
Many more laws have been formulated for the protection and development of women in the society.
JUDICIAL APPROACH TOWARDS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
VISHAKA AND OTHERS VS. STATE OF RAJASTHAN AND OTHERS[12]:
In this case, in 1992, Bhanwari Devi also known as Vishaka, a social worker of the Rajasthan society was gang raped by upper class men because she tried to stop a child marriage. She suffered from many injuries. Later after getting mentally and emotionally stable she filed a petition in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the state and Union of India under Article 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution for availing the fundamental rights of women in the society at workplace.
The court on 13th August 1997, consisting of three judge’s Constitutional Bench gave the definition of sexual harassment at workplaces:-
“Any unwelcome sexually determined behavior (whether directly or by implication) as physical contact and advances, a demand or request for sexual favors, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography or any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature”
The Court also made some guidelines for protection and upliftment of women at their office. It was directed that every office should have a Grievance Redressal Committee where there are more than 10 employees and should conduct proper inquiry and make further rules for protection of female employees.
MOHD. AHEMED KHAN VS SHAH BANO BEGUM [13](SHAH BANO CASE):
It was a landmark judgment in securing the rights of Muslim women. This case was a milestone in the fight for rights by Muslim women in India and launching the battle against Muslim Personal Law.
In this case, Shah Bano, the wife of Mohammed Ahmed Khan was given divorce on April 1978 and later, he refused to give her maintenance of Rs 200 so she filed a plea against him under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and court fixed the maintenance of Rs 25 per month to be paid by the husband. On July 1908 she filed another plea for maintenance in Hon’ble High Court and Madhya Pradesh High court fixed at Rs 179.20 and later on February 1981 her case was referred to a larger bench by two judge bench and on April 1985 Hon’ble Supreme Court gave his landmark judgment.
Chief Justice of India, Y.V. Chandrachud said in his decision: “Section 125 was enacted in order to provide a quick and summary remedy to a class of persons who are unable to maintain themselves. What difference would it then make as to what is the religion professed by the neglected wife, child or parent? Neglect by a person of sufficient means to maintain these and the inability of these persons to maintain themselves are the objective criteria which determine the applicability of section 125. Such provisions, which are essentially of a prophylactic nature, cut across the barriers of religion. The liability imposed by section 125 to maintain close relatives who are indigent is founded upon the individual’s obligation to the society to prevent vagrancy and destitution. That is the moral edict of the law and morality cannot be clubbed with religion”.
SHAYARA BANO VS. UNION OF INDIA (TRIPLE TALAQ CASE)[14]:
The brief facts of the case are that the victim Shayara Bano went to meet her parents in Uttrakhand in the year 2015. Her husband, on October 2015 sends her a letter with word Talaq written thrice and ended their 15 years marriage. Later on, the victim filed a petition in the court where her husband opposed her on the grounds of religious practice and personal laws of Muslim.
So, she filed a Writ Petition in Hon’ble Supreme Court on February, 2016 against Triple Talaq and other irrational practiced under Islam as it violates fundamental rights given to them by Constitution of India, these rights are under Article 14, 15, 21 and 25.
On Tuesday 22nd August, 2017, Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the Muslim practice of Triple Talaq is an unconstitutional and irreligious practice as it is not written anywhere in the Quran about Triple Talaq. The Muslim Law Board also stated that there is no such specification in Quran about Triple Talaq and hence the apex court struck down the custom with a ratio of 3:2. Later, a bill was formed in the name of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) and in December 2018 it was passed in Lok Sabha and is ordinance according to which a husband can get penalized for giving Instant Triple Talaq to his wife till it is passed in both the houses.
INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION VS. THE STATE OF KERALA[15]
In this case, a Public Interest Litigation was filed in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the practice followed in Sabrimala Temple which banned the entry of women aged in between 10 to 50 years because this is their menstruate age and the god who is worshipped there named as Lord Ayyappa was a Naishthik Brahmacharya. This practice infringed women rights to movement, worship, equality, freedom which are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This case was filed by five young lawyers of Indian Young Lawyers Association to protect the right of women devotees of that Temple.
In this case, a bench consisting of CJI Dipak Misra for himself and J. A.M. Khanwilkar, J. R.F. Nariman and Dr D.Y. Chandrachud, J. Indu Malhotra by 4:1 majority gave a decision that his practice violates a women right to worship, equality, movement, freedom which are guaranteed under Articles 14, 15, 17, 25, 26 of the Indian Constitution and thereby removed this barrier.
The biggest irony in this case was that the only women Justice Indu Malhotra gave a contrary statement. She stated that this case is not maintainable because no person who has filed a case has a direct effect or has suffered earlier due this.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR WOMEN UPLIFTMENT
The Government in India is taking several measures and steps in the path of women empowerment. Some of these steps and schemes are mentioned below:-
BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO SCHEME:
The concept of this scheme was introduced and discussed on 7thJuly 2014 and later it was addressed to nation on 15th August 2014. It was being implemented in the budget speech of 2014-2015. It was later launched on 22nd January 2015.
Its main goal was to give and relish the girls with knowledge and skills. It has an objective to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender under Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PC&PNDT Act). Also to exercise the right to life and privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as well as the right to free education till elementary level[16].
INDIRA GANDHI MATRITVA SAHYOG YOJANA (IGMSY) – A CONDITIONAL MATERNITY BENEFIT SCHEME:
The scheme was introduced in the 11th 5 year plan documents (Vol. II) as Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2010 which was later being renamed as Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2014 and it was further shortened to Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojna in 2017. Prime Minister detailed the scheme in 2017 in his new year’s speech.
It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women to provide them part of their wage as compensation to them so that they can rest and get proper nutrition for their child. The main objective of this scheme is to provide better care and nutrition as well as promoting them to have necessary nutrition and early nourishment of their new born babies for six months. Under this scheme only women above 19 years can claim the fund for their first two live births[17].
SWADHAR GREH:
In India, there is an exploitation of women in many ways so the basic goal of this scheme is to create a supportive framework for all exploited women through different ways and let them live their lives with dignity and conviction. It will help them in providing shelter, food, clothing, etc. This scheme will also provide women and girls who are being exploited, rehabilitation centres which will help them in regaining emotional strength and provide legal aid and guidance to start a fresh and happy life.
These objectives can be attained only by providing accommodations with food, clothing, medical facilities, etc. and vocational and verbal counseling through phone as well as by trained professionals.[18]
WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL:
Working Women Hostel is similar to Swadhar Greh as it helps in providing hostels for accommodation to women who work at some place and they can also stay with children upto an age of 18 years. Those women who are under training must have a training period not exceeding 1 year and collectively as a group should not acquire more than 30% of the total capacity. Children with these women can reside in the hostels up to an age limit that is for girls up to 18 years and boys up to 5 years.
There has been some special treatment given to some women like first preference must be given to disadvantaged women’s and physically handicapped women must be provided some reservation but no reservation on any other basis[19].
EFFECTS OF THE SCHEME LAUNCHED BY GOVERNMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF UPLIFTMENT OF WOMEN
The schemes implemented by government in the path of upliftment of women have been proven effective. These schemes have enabled women in living a better life. Collectively the schemes or steps taken by the Government will help women in all fields and which will result in increasing their contribution in GDP of nation and growth of economy.
CONCLUSION
Women employment is a way through which they can become independent, confident and can enjoy equal status in the society. It is a process of overall development of women in the society. Women in India have to face a lot of challenges in our country but Indian Judiciary and Legislative has been taking many steps in uplifting women in our society. These steps have been taken so that women gets equal opportunities as that of men and which will help in knowing the real potential of the women in the society.
The empowered woman is powerful beyond measure and beautiful beyond description.
– Steve Maraboli
[1] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[2] Travis Bradberry, Why Women Are Smarter Than Man, FORBES (June 21, 2016, 08:13 AM), http://bit.ly/2XtCJse.
[3] Women seems to have younger brains than men the same age, NEWSCIENTIST (February 5, 2019), http://bit.ly/2IuP7VA.
[4] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[5] INDIA CONST.
[6] Vishaka Ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan and Ors, 1997 6 SCC Cri 932.
[7] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, Redressal Act) 2013, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).
[8]Protection of Women from Domestic Violence 2005, No. 43, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[9] The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage), 2017 (India).
[10]Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, No. 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).
[11] Hindu Succession Act (Amendment), 2005, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[12]1997 6 SCC Cri 932
[13]1985 SCR (3) 844.
[14] (2017) 9 SCC 1
[15] 2018 SCC OnLine SC 1690.
[16] Beti Bachao, Beti Padha,, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (April 26, 2018), http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20BBBP%20-26th%20April%2C%202018_2.pdf.
[17] Quick Evaluation Study on Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, NITI AAYOG (April, 2017), http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/IGMSY_FinalReport.pdf.
[18] Swadhar Greh, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20Swadhar%20Greh%2C2015%20%28%20English%29.pdf.
[19]Working Women Hostel, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://bit.ly/2XvEohb.
The post Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities? appeared first on Legal Desire.
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Is Indian System Effective in Increasing Women’s Access to Equal Opportunities?
There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women. – Kofi Annan
Women in India constitutes nearly 48.35% (approx.) while men constitutes 51.64% (approx.), on the other hand sex ratio of India is 940 females per 1000 males in 135 Cr. of population. The yearly change in the population is less in comparison to early stages, like in 2016 it was 1.21% (approx.) while in 2000 it was at 1.86% (approx.) but in 2019 it has been further reduced to 1.20% (approx.).[1].
Women Empowerment means overall development of women so that they become strong enough to face the difficulties and live a fearless and unbiased life. It refers to giving what they desire as a human and be treated equal to men. This can be done by equal opportunities to women. The empowerment of women is nowadays a burning issue in our country and heavily depends upon the various types of variables like social, educational, political, etc. Women empowerment helps in grooming the women who will further help in developing the society because as per a research by TalentsMart women have more Emotional Intelligence (EQ) so, they have ability to analyze the situation and person with whom they are dealing with quickly and use this knowledge to get best results in life[2]. It is also stated by Manu Goyal at Washington University School of Medicine that a woman’s brain is younger and youthful then that of men and that is the reason why they are treated smarter than men but in India women are not given equal opportunity to prove themselves[3].
So, women empowerment is important and Indian Government and Judiciary is taking efforts in this regard that is helping in opening new gates for them.
NEED FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT:
In India, there are comparatively less number of females who get education. The ratio is just 940 girls per 1000 boys which have led to very low attainment of education. There has been a slow rise in the percentage of women who are married and attained education of 10 or more than 10 years that is from 11% in NFHS-1 to 17% in NFHS-3. Women of age between15-49 are mostly being employed in the farm fields and only 7% of them are employed in other fields of employment and most them are working due to bad economic condition of their family. Furthermore, some of the women are paid but only some part of their salary, the ratio of employed women between ages 15-49 is just 43% vs. 87%.[4]
OVERALL DEVELOPMENT:
The women in India if given equal opportunities can earn and contribute to GDP which will make them more confident and independent. This will also lead to an increase in participation of women in national development. Also, they will make the country proud in every sphere like medical sciences, engineering, social science, etc.
DECISION MAKING POWER:
As per a research, women are smarter than man but in India women are not allowed to take decisions in the family matters or any other matters. Furthermore, in many houses women has to give her earnings to their spouses or family over which they cannot say no.
These are some of the reasons due to which the need for equal opportunities raises.
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION
ARTICLE 14
It states that every person should be treated equally before law. There should be no discrimination on the basis of gender, caste, race, etc. Women are protected under this article.
ARTICLE 15
It deals with prohibition on discrimination against any person. Clause 1 deals with the Prohibition of discrimination against women and further clause 2 says that a state can make any special provision for building equal opportunities for women in the society.
ARTICLE 16
Clause 2 of this article specifically mentions that no women should be discriminated at the workplace on the ground of gender.
ARTICLE 39
Clause a, d, e of this article specially deals with women rights. It states that men and women should be given equal rights in terms of living standards, remuneration and working atmosphere.
ARTICLE 40
This article gives special reservation to women in panchayats seats. According to this article, the reservation is up to 1/3rd of seats of panchayats. Further article 243D and 243T gives further reservation in legislative and municipality.
ARTICLE 42
This article helps in securing rights of the women by providing maternity relief and gentle working condition.
ARTICLE 51A
This article states that every citizen should live with peace and harmony and women should get respect in the country. No women should be disrespected due to any reason[5].
LEGAL PROVISION RELATING TO WOMEN
1. SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION AND REDRESSAL) ACT (2013)
This act helps women to feel safe at the workplace as they were earlier exploited at their office but after the Vishaka Case[6], some guidelines were stated which further got legal sanction in 2013 after being passed by both the houses and the President of India. As per this act every company having more than 10 employees has to create an Internal Complaints Committee in every branch or office so that they can feel safe and perform better at their jobs[7].
2. PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT (2005)
This act was enacted to protect women from domestic violence and was enforced on 26 October 2006. This act is different from Section 498Aof Indian Penal code and helps women to live fearlessly. It has also helped in extending their services in the development of the society[8].
3. THE MUSLIM WOMEN (PROTECTION OF RIGHTS ON MARRIAGE) BILL, 2017
This bill is for the protection of Muslim women from the devil of Triple Talaq and other exploitation. It is a step forward towards securing justice to women which will help in increasing women’s access in the country. As per this bill, a husband who gives Instant Triple Talaq to his wife will be penalized with three years of imprisonment or fine[9].
4. HINDU MARRIAGE ACT, 1955
It deals with the provisions relating to marriage of two Hindus. It has some section specifically to protect women from harassment caused to them from marriage. It prohibits bigamy or polygamy, domestic violence and other related offences[10].
5. HINDU SUCCESSION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2005
This gives equal share to women in the ancestral property which they were deprived off before coming of this amendment[11].
Many more laws have been formulated for the protection and development of women in the society.
JUDICIAL APPROACH TOWARDS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
VISHAKA AND OTHERS VS. STATE OF RAJASTHAN AND OTHERS[12]:
In this case, in 1992, Bhanwari Devi also known as Vishaka, a social worker of the Rajasthan society was gang raped by upper class men because she tried to stop a child marriage. She suffered from many injuries. Later after getting mentally and emotionally stable she filed a petition in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the state and Union of India under Article 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution for availing the fundamental rights of women in the society at workplace.
The court on 13th August 1997, consisting of three judge’s Constitutional Bench gave the definition of sexual harassment at workplaces:-
“Any unwelcome sexually determined behavior (whether directly or by implication) as physical contact and advances, a demand or request for sexual favors, sexually colored remarks, showing pornography or any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature”
The Court also made some guidelines for protection and upliftment of women at their office. It was directed that every office should have a Grievance Redressal Committee where there are more than 10 employees and should conduct proper inquiry and make further rules for protection of female employees.
MOHD. AHEMED KHAN VS SHAH BANO BEGUM [13](SHAH BANO CASE):
It was a landmark judgment in securing the rights of Muslim women. This case was a milestone in the fight for rights by Muslim women in India and launching the battle against Muslim Personal Law.
In this case, Shah Bano, the wife of Mohammed Ahmed Khan was given divorce on April 1978 and later, he refused to give her maintenance of Rs 200 so she filed a plea against him under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and court fixed the maintenance of Rs 25 per month to be paid by the husband. On July 1908 she filed another plea for maintenance in Hon’ble High Court and Madhya Pradesh High court fixed at Rs 179.20 and later on February 1981 her case was referred to a larger bench by two judge bench and on April 1985 Hon’ble Supreme Court gave his landmark judgment.
Chief Justice of India, Y.V. Chandrachud said in his decision: “Section 125 was enacted in order to provide a quick and summary remedy to a class of persons who are unable to maintain themselves. What difference would it then make as to what is the religion professed by the neglected wife, child or parent? Neglect by a person of sufficient means to maintain these and the inability of these persons to maintain themselves are the objective criteria which determine the applicability of section 125. Such provisions, which are essentially of a prophylactic nature, cut across the barriers of religion. The liability imposed by section 125 to maintain close relatives who are indigent is founded upon the individual’s obligation to the society to prevent vagrancy and destitution. That is the moral edict of the law and morality cannot be clubbed with religion”.
SHAYARA BANO VS. UNION OF INDIA (TRIPLE TALAQ CASE)[14]:
The brief facts of the case are that the victim Shayara Bano went to meet her parents in Uttrakhand in the year 2015. Her husband, on October 2015 sends her a letter with word Talaq written thrice and ended their 15 years marriage. Later on, the victim filed a petition in the court where her husband opposed her on the grounds of religious practice and personal laws of Muslim.
So, she filed a Writ Petition in Hon’ble Supreme Court on February, 2016 against Triple Talaq and other irrational practiced under Islam as it violates fundamental rights given to them by Constitution of India, these rights are under Article 14, 15, 21 and 25.
On Tuesday 22nd August, 2017, Hon’ble Supreme Court held that the Muslim practice of Triple Talaq is an unconstitutional and irreligious practice as it is not written anywhere in the Quran about Triple Talaq. The Muslim Law Board also stated that there is no such specification in Quran about Triple Talaq and hence the apex court struck down the custom with a ratio of 3:2. Later, a bill was formed in the name of Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) and in December 2018 it was passed in Lok Sabha and is ordinance according to which a husband can get penalized for giving Instant Triple Talaq to his wife till it is passed in both the houses.
INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION VS. THE STATE OF KERALA[15]
In this case, a Public Interest Litigation was filed in the Hon’ble Supreme Court against the practice followed in Sabrimala Temple which banned the entry of women aged in between 10 to 50 years because this is their menstruate age and the god who is worshipped there named as Lord Ayyappa was a Naishthik Brahmacharya. This practice infringed women rights to movement, worship, equality, freedom which are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This case was filed by five young lawyers of Indian Young Lawyers Association to protect the right of women devotees of that Temple.
In this case, a bench consisting of CJI Dipak Misra for himself and J. A.M. Khanwilkar, J. R.F. Nariman and Dr D.Y. Chandrachud, J. Indu Malhotra by 4:1 majority gave a decision that his practice violates a women right to worship, equality, movement, freedom which are guaranteed under Articles 14, 15, 17, 25, 26 of the Indian Constitution and thereby removed this barrier.
The biggest irony in this case was that the only women Justice Indu Malhotra gave a contrary statement. She stated that this case is not maintainable because no person who has filed a case has a direct effect or has suffered earlier due this.
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR WOMEN UPLIFTMENT
The Government in India is taking several measures and steps in the path of women empowerment. Some of these steps and schemes are mentioned below:-
BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO SCHEME:
The concept of this scheme was introduced and discussed on 7thJuly 2014 and later it was addressed to nation on 15th August 2014. It was being implemented in the budget speech of 2014-2015. It was later launched on 22nd January 2015.
Its main goal was to give and relish the girls with knowledge and skills. It has an objective to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender under Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PC&PNDT Act). Also to exercise the right to life and privacy under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution as well as the right to free education till elementary level[16].
INDIRA GANDHI MATRITVA SAHYOG YOJANA (IGMSY) – A CONDITIONAL MATERNITY BENEFIT SCHEME:
The scheme was introduced in the 11th 5 year plan documents (Vol. II) as Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2010 which was later being renamed as Matritva Sahyog Yojna in 2014 and it was further shortened to Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojna in 2017. Prime Minister detailed the scheme in 2017 in his new year’s speech.
It is a conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant and lactating women to provide them part of their wage as compensation to them so that they can rest and get proper nutrition for their child. The main objective of this scheme is to provide better care and nutrition as well as promoting them to have necessary nutrition and early nourishment of their new born babies for six months. Under this scheme only women above 19 years can claim the fund for their first two live births[17].
SWADHAR GREH:
In India, there is an exploitation of women in many ways so the basic goal of this scheme is to create a supportive framework for all exploited women through different ways and let them live their lives with dignity and conviction. It will help them in providing shelter, food, clothing, etc. This scheme will also provide women and girls who are being exploited, rehabilitation centres which will help them in regaining emotional strength and provide legal aid and guidance to start a fresh and happy life.
These objectives can be attained only by providing accommodations with food, clothing, medical facilities, etc. and vocational and verbal counseling through phone as well as by trained professionals.[18]
WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL:
Working Women Hostel is similar to Swadhar Greh as it helps in providing hostels for accommodation to women who work at some place and they can also stay with children upto an age of 18 years. Those women who are under training must have a training period not exceeding 1 year and collectively as a group should not acquire more than 30% of the total capacity. Children with these women can reside in the hostels up to an age limit that is for girls up to 18 years and boys up to 5 years.
There has been some special treatment given to some women like first preference must be given to disadvantaged women’s and physically handicapped women must be provided some reservation but no reservation on any other basis[19].
EFFECTS OF THE SCHEME LAUNCHED BY GOVERNMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF UPLIFTMENT OF WOMEN
The schemes implemented by government in the path of upliftment of women have been proven effective. These schemes have enabled women in living a better life. Collectively the schemes or steps taken by the Government will help women in all fields and which will result in increasing their contribution in GDP of nation and growth of economy.
CONCLUSION
Women employment is a way through which they can become independent, confident and can enjoy equal status in the society. It is a process of overall development of women in the society. Women in India have to face a lot of challenges in our country but Indian Judiciary and Legislative has been taking many steps in uplifting women in our society. These steps have been taken so that women gets equal opportunities as that of men and which will help in knowing the real potential of the women in the society.
The empowered woman is powerful beyond measure and beautiful beyond description.
– Steve Maraboli
[1] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[2] Travis Bradberry, Why Women Are Smarter Than Man, FORBES (June 21, 2016, 08:13 AM), http://bit.ly/2XtCJse.
[3] Women seems to have younger brains than men the same age, NEWSCIENTIST (February 5, 2019), http://bit.ly/2IuP7VA.
[4] Population of India 2019, INDIAONLINEPAGES.COM, http://bit.ly/xL0ydG.
[5] INDIA CONST.
[6] Vishaka Ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan and Ors, 1997 6 SCC Cri 932.
[7] Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, Redressal Act) 2013, No. 14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).
[8]Protection of Women from Domestic Violence 2005, No. 43, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[9] The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage), 2017 (India).
[10]Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, No. 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).
[11] Hindu Succession Act (Amendment), 2005, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 2005 (India).
[12]1997 6 SCC Cri 932
[13]1985 SCR (3) 844.
[14] (2017) 9 SCC 1
[15] 2018 SCC OnLine SC 1690.
[16] Beti Bachao, Beti Padha,, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (April 26, 2018), http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20BBBP%20-26th%20April%2C%202018_2.pdf.
[17] Quick Evaluation Study on Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana, NITI AAYOG (April, 2017), http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/IGMSY_FinalReport.pdf.
[18] Swadhar Greh, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Guidelines%20Swadhar%20Greh%2C2015%20%28%20English%29.pdf.
[19]Working Women Hostel, MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, http://bit.ly/2XvEohb.
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