#Embedded LTE Cat 1 router

[inhandnetworks-blog]

Conformational Changes of EF-G on the Ribosome During tRNA  magento themes  Translocation

www.inhandnetworks.com

New research from Yale University provides insights into the conformational space that EF-G samples on the ribosome and reveals that tRNA translocation on the ribosome is facilitated by a structural transition of EF-G from a compact to an elongated conformation, which can be prevented by the antibiotic dityromycin.

The ribosome is the protein-making “factory” within cells responsible for knitting together amino acids into polypeptide chains that form proteins.

This process requires numerous factors. One of the most crucial is elongation factor G (EF-G), shown in color in the accompanying illustration of the ribosome. EF-G is responsible for movement within the ribosome of messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), the molecules that carry out instructions contained in DNA. But ho vending retrofit w does this happen?

In this simplified illustration, Yale research scientist Jcredit card vending machineinzhong Lin and colleagues in the lab of Nobe Remote PLC programming  l laureate Thomas Steitz in the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry show that portions of EF-G (in green, yellow and red) function something like a motor and force tRNA to move forward after the addition of each amino acid, a necessary step to add to the developing polypeptide chain.

Publication: Jinzhong Lin, et al., “Conformational Changes of Elongation Factor G on the Ribosome during tRNA Translocation,” Cell, Volume 160, Issues 1–2, 15 January 2015, Pages 219–227; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.049

Image: Yale University

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[elinstechnology]

An Insight on 4G Wireless Routers

4G Wireless Router is a kind of router with a 4G network module for 4G network. 4G/LTE Router is a wireless gateway for your wireless terminals to access the internet. The 4G router connects to the mobile network with the latest 4G technology and can distribute it in different ways, for example via separate LAN ports or WiFi. Depending on your type of 4G router, you can share the connection with multiple users. The feature of the 4G router is that it has one or two SIM card slots. Some may also have Ethernet port or not. Usually, the 4G wireless router would provide internet connection through WiFi. The LTE WiFi router usually has one SIM card slot, after SIM card plugin, it could be the access point for multiple WiFi-enabled devices, such as PC, laptop, tablets, smart phones etc...

 The 4G Routers with Ethernet ports and SIM card slot are usually 4G Stationary router for home or office use in a small group of people. However, some new 4G pocket WiFi routers are configured with Ethernet port for WAN or LAN or together. These 4G portable WiFi routers with Ethernet port make the gadget could be taken for outdoor activities. It's a new series of the 4G Router. 

In this case, it's also called 4G WiFi Router. Usually, the 4G Router with Ethernet ports are for LAN, and there are 4 LAN ports, sometimes, there may be 1 or 2 ports. The most important is that it must have two external antenna port to support MIMO data transmission. For the LTE router without any LAN ports, we call them 4G LTE Mobile Hotspot, 4G LTE MiFi or 4G Mobile WiFi. Some people call them portable 4G router and they can support at least 5 users to access the internet with peak speed up to 100Mbps. 4GLTEmall.com offers all kinds of 4G Router per customers' preference and their network status. They are all unlocked to make the 4G Routers could roam in different LTE networks. 

A 4G LTE Router usually has an input slot for SIM card, some 4G LTE Routers are with dual SIM card slots. With the data plan of your mobile provider, you can connect to the internet anytime and anywhere. Sometimes, you may need log in the web interface of the LTE router to do some simple settings for the network. After connecting with the wireless 4G network, your 4G LTE Router could provide internet access through LAN port or WiFi. Your devices can get connected to the router and surf.

A 4G Wireless router uses the 4G mobile network and under optimal conditions, it supports 4G network speeds of up to 100 Mbps download and 50 Mbps upload. You, therefore, benefit from mobile broadband connections that are up to ten times faster than the 3G connections. With the LTE network and technology development, the 4G LTE WiFi router could provide much faster speeds than ever. According to the LTE Category, 4G LTE Routers can be divided to LTE Cat.3 router, LTE Cat.4 router, LTE Cat.6 router, LTE Cat.11, Cat.12, Cat.13 router, LTE Cat.16 router and LTE Cat.18 routers. The latest LTE Cat.16 routers and LTE Cat.18 routers are also called LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) routers. The 4G LTE Router provide download speeds up to 100Mbps(LTE Cat.3), 150Mbps(LTE Cat.4), 300Mbps(300Mbps), 450Mbps(LTE Cat.9), 600Mbps(LTE Cat.11), or 1Gigabit/s(LTE Advanced Pro) based different LTE technologies.

Previously, WAN support was a service that was only offered to large companies to recover from very serious failures. It was very expensive and only served to recover critical data.

However, today, almost all companies (regardless of their size or field of activity) need to have a failure recovery system to stay connected. Not having WAN support means losing connections between offices, customers and suppliers.

Not only does data transmission fail, but telephony over IP (ToIP) also stops working. For many years, the option that was proposed was to hire a second operator to enjoy a double fixed line installation as a measure of resistance to failures.

However, this solution was very expensive because the wiring of the alternative fixed line had to be installed and the expenses associated with it had to be paid. The real alternative came with the implementation of the 3G mobile network and, later, with the 4G / LTE networks.

Industrial routers have been widely used in the M2M industry in the IoT industry chain, such as smart grid, intelligent transportation, smart home, finance, mobile POS terminals, supply chain automation, industrial automation, intelligent building, fire protection, public safety, environmental protection, weather , digital medical, remote sensing, military, space exploration, agriculture, forestry, water, coal, petrochemical and other fields.

An industrial router is a rugged device used to connect two or more networks to transmit signals only to the desired port. The gateway converts standard Ethernet to Industrial Ethernet protocols, wireless and wired interfaces, or Ethernet and fieldbus communication protocols. Processor performance ranges from 200 to 1500 MIPS, and on-chip memory capacity is typically greater than 256 KB L2 cache. This factory automation unit is rugged and suitable for use in harsh industrial environments where fan cooling is required.

Industrial router WCDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA Router wireless router adopts high-performance 32-bit industrial-grade ARM9 communication processor, with embedded real-time operating system as software support platform, and the system integrates a full range of communication links from logic link layer to application layer. Support static and dynamic routing, PPP server and PPP client, VPN (including PPTP and IPSEC), DHCP server and DHCP client, DDNS, firewall, NAT, DMZ host and other functions. Provide users with secure, high-speed, stable and reliable wireless routing network for routing and forwarding of various protocols. This product has been widely used in finance, water conservancy, environmental protection, electricity, postal, meteorological and other industries.

It has three-layer system protection: On the basis of the original two-level (software protection + CPU built-in watchdog protection, external hardware watchdog protection) system protection, the first-level system monitoring and protection SWP (System Watch Protect) is added, completely solved. Industry "fake online", "fake crash", "downtime" and other difficult issues.

Perfect VPN: The new router fully supports all the VPN functions in the industry (PPTP+MPPE, IPSEC+L2TP), and solves the problem that the original router cannot support IPSEC due to system problems.

large cache: can provide 32M customer transmission data cache to solve data loss caused by network bottlenecks

High-speed processing CPU: It adopts industrial-grade CPU with more high-speed ARM9 than the original, which can process various protocol data conversions at higher speed and avoid data re-transmission and loss caused by slow CPU processing.

Memory management MMU: new CPU with memory management MMU, can prevent system instability caused by system memory abnormalities

Real-time operating system: The new system uses real-time operating system RTOS, which can receive and send data more quickly and in real time, avoiding data loss problem.

Complete protocol stack: The new system is loaded with a complete TCP/IP protocol stack, and the network communication performance is excellent.

Support real-time clock: support real-time clock SNTP protocol, online update time

Support a variety of wake-up methods: phone, SMS, local data wake up

Support online time period management

Excellent EMC performance: It is tested by electric power 3000V electric shock test, which is especially suitable for use in industrial environment. The system is stable and reliable.

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Source: https://modem-routers-manufacturer.blogspot.com/2018/10/an-insight-on-4g-wireless-routers.html

[inhandnetworks-blog]

Carbon Microthreads Could Link Machines & Human B Industrial IoT Router/Gateway  rains

www.inhandnetworks.com

An electrode made from a carbon fiber thread is 7 micrometers wide.

In order to link human brains to computers, the interface needs to be delicate enough not to damage nerve tissue, but resilient enough to last for decades.

The scientists published their findings in the journal Nature Materials. Scientists have come up with a stealthy neural interface made from a single carbon fiber and coated with chemicals to make it resistant to proteins in the brain.

This new microthread electrode is designed to pick up signals from a single neuron as it fires and is only 7 micrometers in diameter. This is the thinnest electrode that has ever been developed, and is about 100 times as thin as conventional metal electrodes used to study animal brains.

Researchers need long-lasting electrodes so that they can improve brain-machine interfaces. These systems, which are currently in preliminary studies, allow paralyzed people to control robotic limbs or a computer mouse. Using electrodes to record the firing of individual brain cells, scientists have learned to decode these signals as representing the movement of a rat’s whiskers or a quadriplegic’s effort to move his arms.

It could prove difficult to insert such a fin Dual SIM M2M router  e, flexible electrode into brain tissue and to secure them. But the researchers believed the small fibers are &ldqu remote diagnostics  o;a good thing, because they seem to be ‘ignored’ by the brain.” Conventional electrodes stop recording after a couple of years once scar tissue builds up around them. They researchers also coated its tip with a polymer that helps it pick  VPN router  up electrical signals.

[via MIT Technology Review]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

att certified

  www.inhandnetworks.com VPN router

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Atomic-Scale Structure of Ribosome  industrial wireless  Could Lead to Better Antibiotics

www.inhandnetworks.com

Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have imaged the atom-by-atom structure of the ribosome attached to a molecule that controls its motion for the first time, providing a step forward for the development of better antibiotics.

The above image may look like a tangle of squiggly lines, but you’re actually looking at a molecular machine called a ribosome. Its job is to translate DNA sequences into proteins, the workhorse compounds that sustain you and all living things.

The image is also a milestone. It’s the first time the atom-by-atom structure of the ribosome has been seen as it’s attached to a molecule that controls its motion. That’s big news if you’re a structural biologist.

But there’s another way to look at this image, one that anyone who’s suffered a bacterial infection can appreciate. The image is also a roadmap to better antibiotics. That’s because this particular ribosome is from a bacterium. And somewhere in its twists and turns could be a weakness that a new antibiotic can target.

“We’re in an arms race with the resistance mechanisms of bacteria,” says Jamie Cate, a staff scientist in Berkeley Lab&rsq Vending Telemetry  uo;s Physical Biosciences Division and a professor of biochemistry, biophysics and structural biology at UC Berkeley.

“The better we understand how bacterial ribosomes work, the better we can come up with new ways to interfere with them,” he adds.

Cate developed the structure with UC Berkeley’s Arto Pulk. Their work is described in the June 28 issue of the journal Science.

Their image is the latest advance in the push for more effective antibiotics. The goal is new drugs that kill the bacteria that make us sick, stay one step ahead of their resistance mechanisms, and leave our beneficial bacteria alone.

One way to do this is to get to know the bacterial ribosome inside and out. Many of today’s antibiotics target ribosomes. A better understanding of how ribosomes function will shed light on how these antibiotics work. This could also lead to even “smarter” molecules that quickly target and disable a pathogen’s ribosomes without affecting friendly bacteria.

Cate and Pulk used protein crystallography beamlines at Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source to create diffraction patterns that show how the ribosome’s molecules fit together. They then used computational modeling to combine these patterns into incredibly high-resolution images that describe the locations of the individual atoms.

The result is the colorful structure at the top of this article. Those blue and purple halves are ribosomes. They’re from E. coli bacteria, but they work in similar ways throughout nature. Ribosomes move along messenger RNA and interpret its Vending Computer  genetic code into directions on how to stitch amino acids into proteins.

But sometimes ribosomes want to move backward, which isn’t good when you’re in the protein-making business. That’s where that yellow-red-green squiggle wedged between the two ribosome halves comes in. It’s elongation factor G. It acts like a ratchet and prevents the ribosome from slipping backward. It also pushes the ribosome forward when it’s sluggish.

Scientists knew that elongation factor G performs these jobs, but they didn’t know how. Now, with an atomic-scale structure in hand, they can study the chemical and molecular forces involved in this ratcheting process. Cate and Pulk found that the ratchet controls the ribosome’s motion by stiffening and relaxing over and over. This is the kind of insight that could lead to new ways to monkey-wrench the ribosome.

“To create better antibiotics, we need to learn how bacterial ribosomes work at the smallest scales, and this is a big step in that direction,” says Cate.

The National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute supported the research. The U.S. Department of Energy provides support for the Advanced Light Source, where this research was conducted.

Publication: Arto Pulk, et al., “Control of Ribosomal Subunit Industrial 3g router   Rotation by Elongation Factor G,” Science 28 June 2013: Vol. 340 no. 6140; DOI: 10.1126/science.1235970

Image: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

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Astronomers Find Hydrocarbon i compiere erp  n the Horsehead Nebula

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The distinct Horsehead Nebula in the Orion constellation is not only a favorite object of astronomy photographers all over the world, but apparently also a cosmic petroleum refinery. ESO

Scientists have discovered l-C3H+ hydrocarbon in the interstellar medium for the first time, finding this molecule in the Horsehead Nebula in the Constellation of Orion. The results of their study are published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

What sounds like science fiction is actually reality: using the 30m-telescope of the Institute for Radio Astronomy for astronomical observations in the millimeter range of wavelengths, astronomers have detected, for the first time, the interstellar molecule C3H+, in our galaxy. It belongs to the hydrocarbon family and is thus part of major energy resources of our planet, i.e. petroleum and natural gas. The discovery of this molecule at the heart of the famous Horsehead Nebula in the Constellation of Orion also confirms that this region is an active cosmic refinery.

The Horsehead Nebula, 1,300 light-years from Earth, is located in the Orion constellation, which will become more and more visible in the night skies over the next few weeks. Due to its famous and easily-recognizable shapes which gave the Nebula its name, is one of the most photographed objects by astronomers. But the Horsehead Nebula is also a fantastic interstellar chemistry lab, where high density gas and intense stellar light continuously interact and trigger many-layered chemical reactions.

Using the 30m-radiotelescope near the Pico del Veleta in the Spanish Sierra Nevada, IRAM-astronomers Jérôme Pety and his team for the first time undertook a systematic survey of the chemical content of the Horsehead’s mane. The international project, called “Whisper”, would not have been possible without the recent technical upgrades of the telescope instruments. “Earlier, such a c plc programming  omprehensive enterprise would have taken at least one year of observations. Now we could complete me LTE cat 1 Connectvityasurements after one week”, says Arnaud Belloche at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy. This opens new possibilities to classify the different kinds of gas in the universe, based on the molecules they contain.

In their current survey, the scientists were able to detect 30 molecules in the region, including many small hydrocarbons, the smallest molecules that compose petroleum and natural gas. The researchers were surprised by the unexpectedly high levels of hydrocarbons. “The nebula contains 200 times mor transformer monitoring  e hydrocarbons than the total amount of water on Earth!”, said astronomer Viviana Guzman. In addition, one of these small hydrocarbons, the propynylidyne ion (C3H+), was observed for the first time in space as part of this work – even though this positively charged ion is a key player in the chemical reactions which link the small hydrocarbons together.

But how do these hydrocarbons form? In their article, Jérôme Pety and his colleagues propose that they result from the fragmentation of giant carbonaceous molecules named PAHs. These giant molecules could be eroded by ultra-violet light, giving a large amount of small hydrocarbons. This mechanism would be particularly efficient in regions like the Horsehead Nebula where the interstellar gas is directly exposed to the light of a nearby massive star. “We observe the operation of a natural refinery of petroleum of gigantic size”, concludes Jérôme Pety.

Image: ESO

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Scientists Develop  Grid Monitoring  a Tool for Reading the Minds of Mice in Real-Time

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Stanford scientists have developed a technique for observing real-time brain activity in live mice. The new tool industrial wireless router   may be useful in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s.

As the mouse explores the arena, neurons in its brain flash green when it recognizes a familiar spot. Courtesy of Mark Schnitzer

If you want to read a mouse’s mind, it takes some fluorescent protein and a tiny microscope implanted in the rodent’s head.

Stanford scientists have demonstrated a technique for observing hundreds of neurons firing in the brain of a live mouse, in real time, and have linked that activity to long-term information storage. The unprecedented work could provide a useful tool for studying new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

The researchers first used a gene therapy approach to cause the mouse’s neurons to express a green fluorescent protein that was engineered to be sensitive to the presence of calcium ions. When a neuron fires, the cell naturally floods with calcium ions. Calcium stimulates the protein, causing the entire cell to fluoresce bright green.

A tiny microscope implanted just above the mouse’s hippocampus – a part of the brain that is critical for spatial and episodic memory – captures the light of roughly 700 neurons. The microscope is connected to a camera chip, which sends a digital version of the image to a computer screen.

The computer then displays near real-time video of the mouse’s brain activity as a mouse runs around a small enclosure, which the researchers call an arena.

The neuronal firings look like tiny green fireworks, randomly bursting against a black background, but the scientists have deciphered clear patterns in the chaos.

“We can literally figure out where the mouse is in the arena by looking at these lights,” said Mark Schnitzer, an associate professor of biology and of applied physics and the senior author on the paper, recently published in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

When a mouse is scratching at the wall in a certain area of the arena, a specific neuron will fire and flash green. When the mouse scampers to a different area, the light from the first neuron fades and a new cell sparks up.

“The hippocampus is very sensitive to where the animal is in its environment, and different cells respond to different parts of the arena,” Schnitzer said. “Imagine walking around your office. Some of the neurons in your hippocampus light up when you’re near your des industrial cellular modem  k, and others fire when you’re near your chair. This is how your brain makes a representative map of a space.”

The group has found that a mouse’s neurons fire in the same patterns even when a month has passed between experiments. “The ability to come back and observe the same cells is very important for studying progressive brain diseases,” Schnitzer said.

For example, if a particular neuron in a test mouse stops functioning, as a result of normal neuronal death or a neurodegenerative disease, researchers could apply an experimental therapeutic agent and then expose the mouse to the same stimuli to see if the neuron’s function returns.

Although the technology can’t be used on humans, mouse models are a common starting point fo Android vending computer r new therapies for human neurodegenerative diseases, and Schnitzer believes the system could be a very useful tool in evaluating pre-clinical research.

The work was published February 10 in the online edition of Nature Neuroscience. The researchers have formed a company to manufacture and sell the device.

Publication: Yaniv Ziv, et al., “Long-term dynamics of CA1 hippocampal place codes,” Nature Neuroscience 16, 264–266 (2013); doi:10.1038/nn.3329

Image:

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Scientists Demonstrate New Method to industrial iot connectivity Control the Behavior of Light

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Sound waves are used to scatter light between two channels within a silicon photonic wire. (Illustration by Eric Kittlaus)

Yale scientists have demonstrated a new method to control the behavior of light on a silicon chip — specifically, its direction — by using sound waves. This discovery appears Sept. 17 in the journal Nature Photonics.

For decades, researchers have tried to adapt widely used optical technologies — including lasers, transmitters, and receivers — to microchip-based devices. “The field of integrated photonics offers potential breakthroughs for applications ranging from energy-efficient communications to precision sensing and quantum information,” explained Peter Rakich, an associate professor of applied physics at Yale, who led the research team. “It’s very exciting because we’re already seeing these technologies used in practical commercial systems.”

A major challenge is the lack of chip-scale technologies that can produce so-called non-reciprocal operations. These include isolators, which are “diodes” for light that permit transmission in only one direction, and circulators, which separate forward- and backward-moving light waves into separate channels. Eric Kittlaus, the study’s first author, said, “These kinds of devices are technologically important because they allow us to control and route light on a chip. For example, if we have an on-chip laser and some of its emitted light gets reflected back inside, this can severely impact the device’s performance. Using an isolator, we can make sure that light is only allowed to exit our laser.”

In most materials, light behaves the same whether it is traveling forward or backward. Existing approaches to produce commercial benchtop optical isolators typically involve synthetic garnet crystals interfaced with permanent magnets. However, when building on-chip devices, neither exotic crystals nor magnetic fields are readily available.

As a result, alternate proposals have sought to use electrical or acoustic control of chip-based optical circuits to demonstrate non-reciprocal light propagation. Thus far, these promising approaches have been hindered by problems such as excess loss of light signal or working only for light that is a s Industrial VPN router  ingle color.

By coupling light  cellular router  and sound on a silicon chip, Rakich’s team demonstrated that traveling ultrasound waves can produce non-reciprocal propagation for light over wavelength ranges 100 times greater than previously observed, and with practically no excess loss of the light signal. The same system has another benefit: The sound waves themselves were created using light, allowing the researchers to control the shape and direction of the ultrasound emission at will. This extra “knob” allows the same device to operate on light signals of practically any color, according to the researchers.

“Beyond the practical uses, it’s an example of very interesting and non-intuitive physics — seeing these different parts come together is very elegant,” Kittlaus said.

Nils Otterstrom, one of the paper’s co-authors said, “We’re thrilled by the scientific and technological implications of this work. Not only does this structure allow us to explore new physical phenomena, but it also represents a significant milestone towards the realization of practical chip-scale isolator and circulator technologies, one of the most significant remaining challenges facing integrated photonics.”

Additional co-authors from the Yale Department of Applied Physics include graduate students Prashanta Kharel and Shai transformer monitoring   Gertler.

Publication: Eric A. Kittlaus, et al., “Non-reciprocal interband Brillouin modulation,” Nature Photonics (2018)

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Martian Meteorite Contains Chemical Implicated in the Origi Grid Analytics System  n of Life

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Thin section of the Martian meteorite MIL 090030 analyzed by the UHNAI researchers.

A newly published study details the discovery of a high concentration of boron in a Martian meteorite that far exceeds that of any previously reported extra-terrestrial object.

Researchers from the University of Hawaii at Manoa NASA Astrobiology Institute (UHNAI) have discovered high concentrations of boron in a Martian meteorite. When present in its oxidized form (borate), boron may have played a key role in the formation of RNA, one of the building blocks for life. The work was published on June 6 in PLOS One.

The Antarctic Search for Meteorites team found the Martian meteorite used in this study in Antarctica during its 2009-2010 field season. The minerals it contains, as well as its chemical composition, clearly show that it is of Martian origin.

Using the ion microprobe in the W. M. Keck Cosmochemistry Laboratory at UH, the team was able to analyze veins of Martian clay in the meteorite. After ruling out contamination from Earth, they determined boron abundances in these clays are over ten times higher than in any previously measured meteorite.

“Borates may have been  smart vending  important for the origin of life on Earth because they can stabilize ribose, a crucial component of RNA. In early life RNA is thought to have been the informational precursor to DNA,” said James Stephenson, a UHNAI postdoctoral fellow.

Electron microscope image  remote secure networking  showing the 700-million-year-old Martian clay veins containing boron (100 µm = one tenth of a millimeter).

RNA may have been the first molecule to store information and pass it on to the next generation, a mechanism crucial for evolution. Although life has now evolved a sophisticated mechanism to synthesize RNA, the first RNA molecules must have been made without such help. One of the most difficult steps in making RNA nonbiologically is the formation of the RNA sugar component, ribose. Previous laboratory tests have shown that without borate the chemicals available on the early Earth fail to build ri Smart Vending bose. However, in the presence of borate, ribose is spontaneously produced and stabilized.

This work was born from the uniquely interdisciplinary environment of UHNAI. The lead authors on the paper, Stephenson, an evolutionary biologist, and Lydia Hallis, a cosmochemist who is also a UHNAI postdoctoral fellow, first came up with the idea over an after-work beer. “Given that boron has been implicated in the emergence of life, I had assumed that it was well characterized in meteorites,” said Stephenson. “Discussing this with Dr. Hallis, I found out that it was barely studied. I was shocked and excited. She then informed me that both the samples and the specialized machinery needed to analyze them were available at UH.”

On our planet, borate-enriched salt, sediment and clay deposits are relatively common, but such deposits had never previously been found on an extraterrestrial body. This new research suggests that when life was getting started on Earth, borate could also have been concentrated in deposits on Mars.

The significance goes beyond an interest in the red planet, as Hallis explains: “Earth and Mars used to have much more in common than they do today. Over time, Mars has lost a lot of its atmosphere and surface water, but ancient meteorites preserve delicate clays from wetter periods in Mars’ history. The Martian clay we studied is thought to be up to 700 million years old. The recycling of the Earth’s crust via plate tectonics has left no evidence of clays this old on our planet; hence Martian clays could provide essential information regarding environmental conditions on the early Earth.”

The presence of ancient borate-enriched clays on Mars implies that these clays may also have been present on the early Earth. Borate-enriched clays such as the ones studied here may have represented chemical havens in which one of life’s key molecular building blocks could form.

UHNAI is a research center that links the biological, chemical, geological, and astronomical sciences to better understand the origin, history, distribution, and role of water as it relates to life in the universe.

Publication: Stephenson JD, et al., “Boron Enrichment in Martian Clay,” 2013, PLoS ONE 8(6): e64624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064624

Images: Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Improving the Electron Microscope b wordpress themes  y Removing the Lens

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Oval shaped gold particles are 5nm diameter with lines, layers of a DIN-Rail router  toms, across them.

Electron ptychography i Distribution Power Line Monitoring  s set to revolutionize the electron microscope. By doing away with the lens, electron ptychography forms the image by reconstructing the scattered electron-waves after they have passed through the sample using computers, which could result in the highest resolution images ever seen.

Researchers at the University of Sheffield have revolutionized the electron microscope by developing a new method which could create the highest resolution images ever seen.

For over 70 years, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which `looks through´ an object to see atomic features within it, has been constrained by the relatively poor lenses which are used to form the image.

The new method, called electron ptychography, dispenses with the lens and instea security  d forms the image by reconstructing the scattered electron-waves after they have passed through the sample using computers.

Scientists involved in the scheme consider their findings to be a `first step´ in a `completely new epoch of electron imaging´. The process has no fundamental experimental boundaries and it is thought it will transform sub-atomic scale transmission imaging.

Project leader Professor John Rodenburg, of the University of Sheffield´s Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, said: “To understand how material behaves, we need to know exactly where the atoms are. This approach will enable us to look at how atoms sit next to one another in a solid object as if we´re holding them in our hands.

“We´ve shown we can improve upon the resolution limit of an electron lens by a factor of five. An extension of the same method should reach the highest resolution transmission image ever obtained; about one tenth of an atomic diameter. No longer does TEM have to be bound by the paradigm of the lens, its Achilles´ heel since its invention in 1933.”

The technique is applicable to microscopes using any type of wave and has other key advantages over conventional methods. For example, when used with visible light, the new technology forms a type of image that means scientists can see living cells very clearly without the need to stain them, a process which usually kills the cells.

The new method also disposes of the need to put a lens very close to a living sample, meaning that cells can be seen through thick containers like petri dishes or flasks. This means that as they develop and grow over days or weeks, they do not have to be disturbed.

Plans are even being put into place with the European Space Agency to take the new, more robust, microscope technology to the moon in 2018 to examine the structure of moon soil.

Professor Rodenburg added: “We measure diffraction patterns rather than images. What we record is equivalent to the strength of the electron, X-ray or light waves which have been scattered by the object – this is called their intensity. However, to make an image, we need to know when the peaks and troughs of the waves arrive at the detector – this is called their phase.

“The key breakthrough has been to develop a way to calculate the phase of the waves from their intensity alone. Once we have this, we can work out backwards what the waves were scattered from: that is, we can form an aberration-free image of the object, which is much better than can be achieved with a normal lens.

“A typical electron or X-ray microscope image is about one hundred times more blurred than the theoretical limit defined by the wavelength. In this project, the eventual aim is to get the best-ever pictures of individual atoms in any structure seen within a three-dimensional object.”

The ground-breaking results were part of a three-year study costing £4.3 million which was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

The investigation was carried out with the help of Phase Focus Ltd, a University of Sheffield spin-out company, and Gatan Inc.

Ptychographic electron microscopy using high-angle dark-field scattering for sub-nanometer resolution imaging was published in Nature Communications on Monday 5 March 2012.

Image: University of Sheffield

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

The Benefits of Backward Runni digital signage  ng

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Credit: Ben Wiseman

Backward running will never be mistaken for the natural way of running, but there are some indications that backward running enables people to avoid or recover from common injuries, burn extra calories and sharpen balance while mixing up their daily routine.

The scientists published their findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences¹. Training with backward running is quite different than usual running. As expected, it was discovered that runners struck the ground near the back of their feet when going forward, and rolled onto the front of their feet for takeoff. When they were going backward, they landed near the front of their feet and took off from the heels. They tended to lean slightly forward, even when running backward. As a result, their muscles fired differently. In forward running, the muscles and tendons were pulled taught during landing an vending computer d responded by coiling, which creates elastic energy that is released during toe-off. When running backward, muscles and tendons were coiled during landing and stretched at takeoff. The backward runners’ legs didn’t benefit from stored elastic energy in their muscles

Running backward required 30% more energy than running forward at the same speed. Backward running also produced far less hard pounding. Giovanni Cavagna, a professor at the University of Milan who led the study, states that reverse running can potentially “improve forwar Verizon Embedded router d running by allowing greater and safer t wireless networking  raining.”

In a second study, researchers found that runners with bad knees also benefited from backward running because it causes far less impact to the front of the knees. And it burns more calories. In a third study, active female college students who replaced their exercise with jogging backward, 15 to 45 minutes three times a week for six week lost almost 2.5% of their body fat.

It has some drawbacks, like not be able to see where you’re going, so it should be done on a track or treadmill at a slow speed to start.

References

[via NYT]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Boxwood Fungus Blight Invades North America After Taking Europe and New Zealan ATM Remote Diagnostic  d by Storm

www.inhandnetworks.com

A boxwood blight, caused by an aggressive fungus disease, has started to invade the North American continent, after it had spread throughout Europe and New Zealand. Last October, US authorities confirmed that the blight had jumped continents, and started infections in North Carolina and Connecticut.

The boxwood blight, caused by the Cylindrocladium fungus, was unknown before the year 2000. By mid-January, the fungus has turned up in at least five more states in the US — Virg digital signage  inia, Maryland, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Oregon — and in British Columbia in Canada.

The blight starts with spots on leaves, as well as black streaks on twigs. In a few weeks, a plump shrub can be transformed into a clump of bare sticks. Younger plants will die while older ones, which do survive, will regrow their leaves for a few cycles of attack by the fungus. However, topiaries and hedges will probably be ruined.

Once the fungus, either C. pseudonaviculatum or C. buxicola, s automation  trikes a garden, plant pathologists recommend drastic measures to fight off long-lasting fungal residue. In North Carolina, a grower burned 15,000 infected MV sensorboxwood plants as well as 15,000 uninfected ones. Boxwood plants haven’t evolved much resistance to this fungus, so it might come from an unfamiliar source. The fungus is difficult to trace, since all samples belong to just two lineages of clones, making a trace not very significant.

However, boxwood has managed to weather the storm in Europe and New Zealand, so the same will most probably apply to North American.

[via ScienceNews, images by the University of Georgia]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

A Cost-Effectiv wireless communication  e Treatment for Salty Water from Fracked Wells

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Water produced from an operating oil or gas well, usually very salty after contacting underground rocks, can be cleaned of its salts and other contaminants using electrodialysis, and then reused to reduce the amount of freshwater needed. This diagram illustrates the process, with salty water in dark blue and fresh water in light blue. The electrodialysis process, using membranes and electric charges, is illustrated inside the circle. Illustration: Jose-Luis Olivares/MIT (inset image courtesy of the researchers)

A newly published study reveals how electrodialysis can provide cost-effective treatment of salty water from oil and gas wells.

The boom in oil and gas produced through hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is seen as a boon for meeting U.S. energy needs. But one byproduct of the process is millions of gallons of water that’s much saltier than seawater, after leaching salts from rocks deep below the surface.

Now researchers at MIT and in Saudi Arabia say they have found an economical solution for removing the salt from this water. The new analysis appears this week in the journal Applied Energy, in a paper co-authored by MIT professor John Lienhard, postdoc Ronan McGovern, and four others.

The method they propose for treating the “produced water” that flows from oil and gas wells throughout their operation is one that has been known for decades, but had not been considered a viable candidate for extremely high-salinity water, such as that produced from oil and gas wells. The technology, electrodialysis, “has been around for at least 50 years,” says Lienhard, the Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Water and Food as well as director of the Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM).

The research team also included graduate Industrial IoT Products   student Adam Weiner, graduate student Lige Sun, and undergraduate Chester Chambers at MIT, and Professor Syed Zubair at KFUPM.

“Electrodialysis is generally thought of as being advantageous for relatively low-salinity water,” Lienhard says — such as the brackish, shallow groundwater found in many locations, generally with salinity around one-tenth that of seawater. But electrodialysis also turns out to be economically viable at the other end of the salinity spectrum, the new analysis shows.

Extra salty

Produced water from fossil-fuel wells can have salinity three to six times greater than that of seawater; the new research indicates that this salt can be effectively removed through a succession of stages of electrodialysis.

The idea would not be to purify the water sufficiently to make it potable, the researchers say. Rather, it could be cleaned up enough to enable i 3G 4G LTE  ts reuse as part of the hydraulic fracturing fluid injected in subsequent wells, significantly reducing the water needed from other sources.

Lienhard explains that if you’re trying to make pure water, electrodialysis becomes less and less efficient as the water gets less saline, because it requires that electric current flow through the water itself: Salty water conducts electricity well, but pure water does not.

McGovern, a postdoc in MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering and lead author of the paper, says another advantage of the proposed system is “flexibility in the amount of salt we remove. We can produce any level cellular router  of output salinity.” The costs of installing an electrodialysis system, he says, appear to compare favorably to other widely used systems for dealing with produced water.

It’s not clear at this point, McGovern says, what the optimal salinity is for fracking fluids. “The big question at the moment is what salinity you should reuse the water at,” he says. “We offer a way to be able to control that concentration.”

Filtration first

Before reaching the desalination stage, the researchers envision that chemical impurities in the water would be removed using conventional filtration. One remaining uncertainty is how well the membranes used for electrodialysis would hold up following exposure to water that contains traces of oil or gas. “We need some lab-based characterization of the response,” McGovern says.

If the system works as well as this analysis suggests, it could not only provide significant savings in the amount of fresh water that needs to be diverted from agriculture, drinking water, or other uses, but it would also significantly reduce the volume of contaminated water that would need to be disposed of from these drilling sites.

“If you can close the cycle,” Lienhard says, “you can reduce or eliminate the burden of the need for fresh water.” This could be especially significant in major oil-producing areas such as Texas, which is already experiencing water scarcity, he says.

While electrodialysis technology is available now, Lienhard explains that this application would require the development of some new equipment.

Jack Gilron, who studies desalination and water treatment at Ben Gurion University in Israel and who was not involved in this research, says the team has “created an impressive demonstration of their systematic approach to analysis of [electrodialysis] performance [in] the produced water system.” However, he adds, “The authors correctly point out that the issues of scaling and organic fouling must be answered to actually put [electrodialysis] into practice for this system.”

The work was supported by KFUPM, the Hugh Hampton Young Memorial Fellowship, and the MIT Energy Initiative.

Publication: Ronan K. McGovern, et al, “On the cost of electrodialysis for the desalination of high salinity feeds,” Applied Energy, Volume 136, 31 December 2014, Pages 649–661; DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.050

Image: Jose-Luis Olivares/MIT (inset image courtesy of the researchers)

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Souvenaid Appears to Stimulate Growth of New Synapses in  cost effective  Patients with Early Alzheimer’s

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A graphic depicting a synapse, a connection between brain cells. Graphic: Christine Daniloff

Comprised of three naturally occurring dietary compounds, choline, uridine and the omega-3 fatty acid DHA, a nutritional supplement known as Souvenaid appears to stimulate growth of new synapses in patients with early Alzheimer’s.

A clinical trial of an Alzheimer’s disease treatment developed at MIT has found that the nutrient cocktail can improve memory in patients with early Alzheimer’s. The results confirm and expand the findings of an earlier trial of the nutritional supplement, which is designed to promote new connections between brain cells.

Alzheimer’s patients gradually lose those connections, known as synapses, leading to memory loss and other cognitive impairments. The supplement mixture, known as Souvenaid, appears to stimulate growth of new synapses, says Richard Wurtman, a professor emeritus of brain and cognitive sciences at MIT who invented the nutrient mixture.

“You want to improve the numbers of synapses, not by slowing their degradation — though of course you’d love to do that too — but rather low-cost cellular router  by increasing the formation of the synapses,” Wurtman says.

To do that, Wurtman came up with a mixture of three naturally occurring dietary compounds: choline, uridine and the omega-3 fatty acid DHA. Choline can be found in meats, nuts and eggs, and omega-3 fatty acids are found in a variety of sources, including fish, eggs, flaxseed and meat from grass-fed animals. Uridine is produced by the liver and kidney, and is present in some foods as a component of RNA.

These nutrients are precursors to the lipid molecules that, along with specific proteins, make up brain-cell membranes, which form synapses. To be effective, all three precursors must be administered together.

Results of the clinical trial, conducted in Europe, appear in the July 10 online edition of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. The new findings are encouraging because very few clinical trials have produced consistent improvement in Alzheimer’s patients, says Jeffrey Cummings, director of the Cleveland Clinic’s Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health.

“Memory loss is the central characteristic of Alzheimer’s, so something that improves memory would be of great interest,” says Cummings, who was not part of the research team.

Plans for commercial release of the supplement are not finalized, according to Nutricia, the company testing and marketing Souvenaid, but it will likely be available in Europe first. Nutricia is the specialized health care division of the food company Danone, known as Dannon in the United States.

Making connections

Wurtman first came up with the idea of targeting synapse loss to combat Alzheimer’s about 10 years ago. In animal studies, he showed that his dietary cocktail boosted the number of dendritic spines, or small outcroppings of neural membranes, Remote Maintenance   found in brain cells. These spines are necessary to form new synapses between neurons.

Following the successful animal studies, Philip Scheltens, director of the Alzheimer Center at VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, led a clinical trial in Europe involving 225 patients with mild Alzheimer’s. The patients drank Souvenaid or a control beverage daily for three months.

That study, first reported in 2008, found that 40 percent of patients who consumed the drink improved in a test of verbal memory, while 24 percent of patients who received the control drink improved their performance.

The new study, performed in several European countries and overseen by Scheltens as principal investigator, followed 259 patients for six months. Patients, whether taking Souvenaid or a placebo, improved their verbal-memory performance for the first three months, but the placebo patients deteriorated during the following three months, while the Souvenaid patients continued to improve. For this trial, the researchers used more comprehensive memory tests taken from the neuropsychological test battery, often used to assess Alzheimer’s patients in clinical research.

Patients showed a very high compliance rate: About 97 percent of the patients followed the regimen throughout the study, and no serious side effects were seen.

Both clinical trials were sponsored by Nutricia. MIT has patented the mixture of nutrients used in the study, and Nutricia holds the exclusive license on the patent.

Brain patterns

In the new study, the researchers used electroencephalography (EEG) to measure how patients’ brain-activity patterns changed throughout the study. They found that as the trial went on, the brains of patients receiving the supplements started to shift from patterns typical of dementia to more normal patterns. Because EEG patterns reflect synaptic activity, this suggests that synaptic function increased following treatment, the researchers say.

Patients entering this study were in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, av remote connectivity  eraging around 25 on a scale of dementia that ranges from 1 to 30, with 30 being normal. A previous trial found that the supplement cocktail does not work in patients with Alzheimer’s at a more advanced stage. This makes sense, Wurtman says, because patients with more advanced dementia have probably already lost many neurons, so they can’t form new synapses.

A two-year trial involving patients who don’t have Alzheimer’s, but who are starting to show mild cognitive impairment, is now underway. If the drink seems to help, it could be used in people who test positive for very early signs of Alzheimer’s, before symptoms appear, Wurtman says. Such tests, which include PET scanning of the hippocampus, are now rarely done because there are no good Alzheimer’s treatments available.

Image: Christine Daniloff

Reprinted with permission of MIT News

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Liquid Inks Create More Ef routers  ficient and Cheaper Solar Cells

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Diagram showing elemental layers of kesterite (CZTS, left) and perovskite. Credit: UCLA

A team of scientists from the California NanoSystems Institute is using liquid inks to create better solar cells, improving efficiency and lowering costs.

The basic function of solar cells is to harvest sunlight and turn it into electricity. Thus, it is critically important that the film that collects the light on the surface of the cell is designed for the best energy absorption. The quest to develop more efficient solar cells has resulted in a fierce competition among scientists to find the lowest cost and highest energy materials.

Toward that goal, a diverse team of UCLA scientists from the California NanoSystems Institute is improving the efficiency of new film materials that are revolutionizing solar cell technology. Researchers led by Professor Yang Yang, the Carol and Lawrence E. Tannas Jr. Professor of Engineering at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, recently published two studies in which they increased the power conversion efficiency of the materials kesterite and perovskite for making highly efficient and low-cost solar cells.

Kesterite

Kesterite is an inorganic substance (not derived from plants or animals) that is made from abundant materials, such as copper, zinc, tin and sulfur. The UCLA team has developed a way to increase the conversion of sunlight to electricity by controlling the composition and dispersion of kesterite nanocrystals in an ink that’s used to create the film used in solar cells.

In a paper published online August 8 in the journal ACS Nano, the Yang group showed that their ability to control and improve the spatial composition and distribution of nanocrystals in the kesterite ink improved its power conversion efficiency to 8.6 percent with a consistent and repeatable technique.

“The device uses copper, zinc and tin, and we were able to control the ratio of WiFi M2M Router  the elements to make the nanocrystals better,” said Huanping Zhou, a postdoctoral scholar and first author of the study. “One problem in the past was too many defects in the film due to the element distribution problem. We are now synthesizing the nanocrystals in a way to precisely control the spatial elements and distribution in the film. This allows us to maximize solar cell efficiency.”

Yang said that the team was able to do a full solution process with the material. “That means that all the solar cell element layers needed — the adsorbent, the electrode, etc., are liquid that can be sprayed or painted on a surface to make that surface a solar cell,” he said. “That could be the roof of an electric car, or a building’s outer walls, windows or roof.”

Yang also pointed out that kesterite is very stable, and that copper, zinc and tin are inexpensive and widely available.

Perovskite

Perovskite is an organic and inorganic hybrid material that combines carbon and lead. Since it was first used as solar cell material five years ago, improvements have advanced its power conversion efficiency to nearly 20 percent, as shown in a study published in the journal Science on August 1.

“We have developed a technique for controlling the formation of the perovskite to make a solar cell with just under 20 percent efficiency,” said Qi Chen, post-doctoral scholar and first author on the study with Zhou, “Perovskite is a very low cost material to produce and is very thin, one one-thousandth of the thickness of a normal silicon solar cell. It can be made flexible, hung on the wall, or could be used to build a solar farm.”

Perovskite also begins as a liquid ink, and the UCLA researchers delicately controlled the dynamics of the material during its growth, which is done in air at low temperatures. This makes manufacture of large-area perovskite devices with high performance levels inexpensive. The improved technique can be used in perovskite-based devices of such differing applications as light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and sensors.

Chen said that bec cloud-vms  ause currently perovskite is unstable in air and deteriorates over time, the researchers are working on long-term stability to make it more stable. And because lead is a toxic element, environmenGrid Analytics Systemtally friendly lead-free perovskite materials would be an attractive topic in the future.

Yang said that with the competition in low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells being so hot, his team pursues as many avenues as they can toward the goal of having the most efficient, lowest-cost solar cells.

Publications:

Wan-Ching Hsu, et al., “Spatial Element Distribution Control in a Fully Solution-Processed Nanocrystals-Based 8.6% Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Device,” ACS Nano, 2014; DOI: 10.1021/nn503992e Huanping Zhou, et al., “Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells,” Science 1 August 2014: Vol. 345 no. 6196 pp. 542-546; DOI: 10.1126/science.1254050

Image: UCLA

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