#G S Agro.

[farmtracagri]

Farmtrac Dealership in Narsinghpur

Welcome to G. S. Agro. Your trusted Farmtrac dealership in Narsinghpur, Kareli & Gadarwara. We have a team of 12 members who are devoted to serving all our customers.

[businesknowlege]

FMCG Industry In India

I think you are looking for the answer for the fmcg companies, that’s why you are here for. I am going to explain all the details about the fmcg industry in India. Let’s start reading…

The FMCG sector, often known as fast-moving consumer products, is India’s fourth-largest economic contributor.

In 2020, the Indian FMCG market was estimated to be worth around 110 billion USD, and in the next years, that value is anticipated to quadruple.

Let’s take a deep dive into this article to learn more about the FMCG industries in India in the most straightforward way possible.

1. ITC Limited

Imperial Tobacco Company of India, the original name of ITC Ltd., was established in 1910. Its first location was in Kolkata, West Bengal. It was afterwards called ITC Ltd.

It makes about 74,979 crore INR in total sales and employs about 3500 people. ITC is well renowned for its high-quality goods and efficient supply chain management. ITC Ltd.’s chairman and director is Sanjiv Puri.

2. Godrej Consumer Products Limited

It is a manufacturing business with headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra, and was established in 2001. It only receives profit margins of 10%–20% from its Indian subsidiaries.

Godrej Group oversees Godrej customers, and Sudhir Sitapati serves as the company’s CEO. Godrej Consumer’s sales grew this year by almost 4.5%, or over 414 crore INR.

3. Patanjali Ayurved Limited

It was established in 2016 in Uttarakhand’s Haridwar. As the bulk of its goods are 100% natural and created with various kinds of herbs and natural components, it is a well-known and expanding firm in India.

“Patanjali is all set to surpass Hindustan Uniliver Limited and become the №1 FMCG firm of India,” according to Baba Ramdev, also known as the Yoga Guru. Patanjali’s income is thought to be worth over 30,000 crore Indian rupees.

4. Parle Biscuits Pvt. Ltd

Because of its focus on biscuits, this manufacturing enterprise is well-known to practically everyone in India. The company’s main office is in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Chauhan family started it in 1929.

It generates a profit of about 400 crore INR yearly. It is a private firm that became well-known for their Parle-G glucose cookie.

5. Nestle India

It is a manufacturing organisation, and Gurgaon, Haryana, is home to its main office. The firm, which specialises in coffee and drinks, was formed in 1959. It generates a profit of about 617 crore INR and is a publicly traded firm.

Every year, the company’s profit grows by 5% to 10%. Nescafe, Kit-Kat, and Maggi are among the 2000 or so items produced by Nestle India that are the most well-known in that country.

6. Britannia Industries Limited

It is a manufacturing firm, and Bangalore, Karnataka, is where its headquarters are located. The main firm, Wadia group, is in charge of it. 

It was established in 1892 and generates over 12,000 crore Indian rupees in income. Varun Berry is the CEO of Brittania Industries at the moment.

7. Marico Limited

In 1970, Harsh Mariwala created it. It is a publicly traded firm with consumer products expertise. Marico Ltd. is a publicly traded corporation with a workforce of about 1600 people and annual sales of 7439 crore INR.

The company’s headquarters are in Mumbai, and Saugata Gupta is the CEO at the moment. The business is well known for their Parachute hair oil.

8. Dabur India Limited

The public firm Dabur India Limited is well-known for its products in a number of industries, including skincare, health care, home care, dental care, and many more. S.K. Burman established the business in 1884, and its many industrial divisions employed about 5000 people in total.

Its administrative centre is located in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh. Mohit Malhotra is the company’s current CEO, and its annual sales is close to 9,000 crore Indian rupees.

9. Hatsun Agro Product Limited

The business is situated in Chennai and was started by R.G. Chandramogan. The business was founded in 1970, and ever since, it has dominated the manufacture and export of dairy products. The corporation has an annual revenue of over 55 billion INR.

The title of “The Fastest Growing Asian Dairy Company” has been given to the organisation. Hatsun Foods Private Limited was eventually created when the business began with Arun ice creams.

10. Nakoda Group of Industries

The Nakoda Group was established as a private company with the name involved in the production and trading of goods from many categories, such as edible seeds, dried fruits, jams, fruit pulps, sweets, Amla products, and more.

Additionally, the Nakoda Group produces tutti-fruity, sometimes referred to as papaya preserve. The firm has a 30.85 crore INR revenue.

FMCG Industry in India

I would like to let you know that the FMCG industry in India is growing everyday if you are thinking about the advantages of the list of FMCG firms.

These statistics will be extremely helpful to you if you are a business trying to expand. There are various methods to achieve this, like working together, buying additional products, or looking for a supplier or dealer in this industry.

Information like the firm name, phone number, location, e-mail, website, and other details are provided by 99 Data CD. Contacting us for business is welcome. I provided a lot of useful information regarding the Indian FMCG market in this essay.

Fast-moving goods are defined as consumer items that sell easily and affordably. Another name for these commodities is consumer packaged goods.

FMCGs have a short shelf life due to rising consumer demand (such as for soft drinks and confections) or the fact that they are perishable (e.g., meat, dairy products, and baked goods).

These goods are often purchased, fast consumed, reasonably priced, and readily available. They also have a high turnover rate when they are on the store’s shelves.

Consumer packaged goods (CPG) or fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) businesses are largely responsible for the production, distribution, and marketing of fast-moving consumer items.

The FMCG companies makes up the fourth-largest sector of the Indian economy. The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) business is the fourth-largest sector of the Indian economy.

They are defined as consumer packaged items having a high turnover rate, i.e., those that are produced, distributed, marketed, and consumed rapidly.

FMCG Market in Indian

The FMCG industry in India is one of the primary economic sectors. According to a summary of the FMCG industry, sales for the sector are expected to reach 103.7 billion in 2020 from 52.75 billion in FY18.

The remarkable rate of demand growth in India makes the FMCG sector a top investment target even now. The Indian government has started a number of initiatives to improve the industry in response to these changes in the FMCG business profile.

Favorable demand elements, such as rising income levels and urbanisation trends, among others, have recently driven considerable and diversified investments in the FMCG sector.

Homegrown brands have established themselves in overseas markets as the top FMCG companies, increasing their output to keep up with the growing local demand.

In contrast to other FMCG industries across the world that are quickly evolving, the FMCG business in India is still mostly conventional.

Even while street markets are still among the most well-liked places to purchase in both urban and rural locations, online platforms are mostly dominating the FMCG industry.

[crosbymalkin871]

The Price of Love (1/?)

CHAPTER TITLE: All It Takes is One Huge Paycheck…

RATING: M PAIRINGS/CHARACTERS: E. Malkin/S. Crosby

CHAPTER WARNINGS/KINK: Alcohol, Foul Language, mentions of Prostitution, Mario Lemieux, vague allusions to Smut

AUTHOR’S NOTE: FINALLY! AFTER FOUR-FIVE MONTHS OF NO HOCKEY, THE LACK OF MOTIVATION, AND ME ACTUALLY NOT HAVING TO DEAL WITH A LOT OF STRESS, I’M FINALLY BACK!!!! Originally I wanted to post this the night of game 1, but shit happened and then I tried to post it before game 2, but y’all are getting it today! XD As a piece of compensation on my end, chapter 2 will be posted on Sunday evening. I promise, and if I don’t keep my word, bash me in the head with a hockey stick until I get a concussion.

Before you all begin reading, I just have to say thank you to everyone who has messaged me their excitement and their support throughout these difficult moments, it really means a lot. I also wish to extend my appreciation to 3 specific individuals: my friends @justinschultzy & @eafay70, and my dear Zhenya aka @cakemakethme​ (who will also be my Beta from chapter 2 or 3 onward). You three were the ones I continuously messaged updates on and your cheerleading was what ended up leading me to finishing this. So thank you very, very much! xxx

I have been wanting to write this fic for…gosh, maybe 2-3 years now and it’s finally being presented to all of you. I’m so excited for everyone to read it and to join me on this insane rollercoaster that is The Price of Love. With that all said and done I hope you all enjoy it, like and reblog, and I will (hopefully) post more sometime in the near future.

DISCLAIMER: I am not the owner of the Pittsburgh Penguins, or are associated with anyone in the NHL. I just have a very strong imagination.

A variety of noises ring out in Geno’s ears.

“Beer, over here!”

“Four sangrias for table three.”

“Vodka. Straight.”

“Whisky on the rocks.”

“Daiquiri. Make it a double.”

“Two champagne cocktails for table seven.”

Orders just keep coming and coming. He had been tossing and filling up a number of glasses and flutes for hours, sending them out left and right at the bar with almost no chance of having a small break in between. It was alright though, he grew used to it throughout his years of being one of the many favored bartenders at the Emperor Nightclub.

That, and he gets some real good money out of it, collecting all the large tips he gets whenever he cleans up the dirtied tables afterward.

With he and Tanger, his best friend and the other tender manning the bar, it feels like a marathon— albeit an easy one— to serve the feisty ladies and semi-agro men currently trying to take over the club.

The Emperor Nightclub is still up and running as the night starts to grow late. With a birthday bunch, a small group of ladies having a girl’s night, a married couple looking for a partner or two to join their bed (whether they were open or poly, Geno wasn’t sure), and college graduates dominating the patrons tonight along with the regulars— the nightclub roars as if it is New Year’s Eve in NYC instead of any other weekend in Pittsburgh.

No empty space could be seen on sight from where he was standing, with new patrons coming in the later part of the night, while the earlier patrons have made the decision to stay even after hours of partying and hollering.

Geno was given a small break as the crowd in front of the bar disperses, having been satisfied with the drinks they were given, taking whatever leftover bills he was given as a form of tip.

So far, it was a relatively good night for him.

Well…until a small, very familiar group came in, with the leader catching his eye like he usually does.

Being a bartender at a pretty famous nightclub in Pittsburgh, he sees a whole spectrum of people walking in and out of the nightclub’s doors: with some of them wanting to down tons and tons of alcohol that’ll make them black out until tomorrow afternoon, and others being on the prowl for someone to either take to their car, a nearby hotel, or even the nightclub’s bathroom.

One of them was about three or four, sometimes even more, prostitutes that are part of the latter category, but that doesn’t mean that they won’t take the time to chat with the bartenders, something that always brightened Geno’s night, especially when he was continuously swamped with drink orders…

…which is how Geno’s break ends: more people clamoring to the bar.

As of on cue, the moment that he continues to engage in dealing with patron’s drinks, the orders come rolling in even faster that he almost skipped a beat. From the corner of his eye, he could see the expression on Tanger’s face becoming more focused as his orders keep coming in with some extra flirting and touching from the patrons on his part.

He snorts at that. While Geno didn’t necessarily mind a customer or two coming up to flirt with him, he was never really interested in them, only responding back just to make their night a little bit better.

Out of all of his friends, it was Tanger that got the most attention from the patrons, with he following at a close second. It made sense because the French-Canadian looked like a supermodel. And himself? Well he wasn’t really sure if American people have a thing for foreigners like him, but he continuously gets complimented on his ability to wear a suit. So he considers that a plus.

His other friend, Dumo, tended to get third; primarily because he got a lot of attention from the college kids, either doing an insane number of shots or just randomly asking about his athletic abilities. Needless to say, it was very amusing to watch him wrack attention from the younger crowd. Though if anybody were to catch his eye, they should be aware of how damn good a cook he was.

The other two bartenders, Big Rig and Schultzy, also managed to garner themselves some attention from the patrons. Big Rig, for his height as he stood almost 7 feet tall (much taller than Geno), and Schultzy, for his happy-go-lucky personality. It was always something that made event the downiest of drinkers smile a little.

Even if he feels just a tad overwhelmed by the all of the drinks he has to quickly make, getting a glimpse of dark, curly black hair and a thick, white fur coat was enough to quell his nerves.

“You all need some additional help?”

A voice comes from Geno’s left side and it makes him jump a little (but not enough to make him mess up an order, which he has done before and has given the person who scared him a very stern talking to). He looks over to see who it was and finds Dumo standing there with his usual laid-back smile. Geno may or may not have breathed out a small sigh of relief at his arrival.

“Possibly, considering that G has been trying to catch a glimpse of Sid rather than seeing how much booze he’s pouring in.” Tanger smirks, placing at Geno teasingly.

Geno rolled his eyes and answered with a scoff. “Yeah. Like you not staring at Flower too, Tanger.” He feels a little vindication when seeing the French-Canadian man scowl in return. “But help always needed, Dumo. Things getting a bit out of hand and no one planning on going home soon.” Even though he knows he’ll get teased about it even more, his eyes couldn’t help wander off around the club, looking at all the excitement that is still going strong.

And again, seeing black curls and a white fur coat— Sid was his name— releases some of the tension in his shoulders.

“Alright then.” Dumo clapped his hands before he started to roll his sleeves of his button-up. “No one is really wanting drinks on my end of the bar, might as well waste time by giving you guys a hand.”

Neither Tanger or Geno responded to him as he already accepted his first round of orders from the loud frat boys and flighty sorority girls welcoming him, leaving the other two to tend the ones lining up at their respective corners.

Within the next minute or so, all three of them found themselves falling into a rhythm as they worked side-by-side, the drinks continuing to flow out and tips continuing to flow in. And with more patrons visiting the bar, come more even more orders and even more tips.

The extra pair of hands certainly help a lot in making the work feel a whole lot easier.

Dumo serves every patron that tries to start a conversation with him, listen to their problems in one ear while paying attention to orders in the other. He also subtly brushes off any flirty advances, but he does throw a smile here and a wink there to please all who are openly staring at him. He even does a little dance to the beat of the music as a little extra entertainment.

“Should’ve been a stripper, Dumo.” Tanger tells him as he stuffs some more bills into his pockets. “Missed the chance to be Magic Mike in Hollywood, but there’s still a chance here.”

Geno snorts as he slides a mint julep down the bar.

“Ha ha. Very funny, Tanger,” Dumo states unamused. “Can say the same about you too.”

Tanger just flips him off while Geno snorts again.

Eventually, the orders died down and the patrons scattered about. Dumo returned to the other bar on the opposite side of the room with Schultzy and Big Rig, while Tanger cleaned up any spilled alcohol left on the bar top.

Geno, meanwhile, began pouring more cocktails, glasses of wine, and laying more beer bottles onto a tray; but these were for any of the people hugging their half-full drinks, or for the tables that were littered with empty glasses and lime wedges.

No. This tray of drinks are for a certain group that he had noticed earlier.

Carefully, yet a little giddily, he manages to carry the tray single-handedly, and without spilling a single drop of liquor, all the way to a very specific table within the Emperor Nightclub.

As he walks closer and closer, the wild pacing of his heartbeat grows more and more. When he finally reaches the table, standing behind the object of his secret affections, he quietly gulps and places a gentle hand on his fur-covered shoulder.

The man stops whatever he was doing and turns around to look at him. And Geno swears he could feel his breath escaping his lungs and his rapidly-beating heart stopping.

Aside from their beautiful curly hair, the man also had the prettiest brown eyes and the biggest, most kissable lips imaginable (not that the bartender would ever admit that to him). He also had on an outfit that was not afraid to show off his…well, assets; outside of the white fur coat, he wore a white crop top with a red maple leaf on it, black leather shorts that magically fits his ass, and past those long, thick legs were a pair of black stripped high-heels that decorated his feet.

Sid smiles kindly at him, his teeth showing behind those glossed lips. “Hi, Geno.” he calls in his deep yet sweet-sounding voice. It didn’t sound flirtatious or seductive, which is normally how he talked to his clients, with the bartender, he always sounded genuine and pleasantly happy to see him serving drinks to him and his friends.

Geno nervously smiled back. “H-Hey, Sid,” he replies, silently curing himself for stammering in front of a prostitute who he may or may not have a big crush on. “Flower, Segway, Mitch,” he also greeted, who were all looking at him before he grabbed Sid’s attention. He began setting down the cocktails, wine, and beer. “Here are usual orders.”

The three other men accepted their drinks: a margarita, a beer, and a glass of white wine, respectively.

Still smiling, Sid happily accepted his cosmopolitan, plucking a strawberry off the skewer that was resting atop the martini glass. “Thanks, G,” he says before popping the mini strawberry into his mouth. “I know everyone has their favorite bartenders, but I still say you make the best cocktails.”

Hearing that from Sid (and watching him eat a simple piece of fruit) was enough to bring a blush and a dumbstruck smile to Geno’s face. “H-Heh…Thanks, Sid.”

Sid nods, eyes shining with a glint of something as he takes a sip of his cocktail.

It was a small moment or two of awkward (on the bartender’s part at least) silence before he coughed. “I, uhm, I’m best get back to work, so…bye.” With that, he quickly flees back to the bar.

(As he did so, he heard the soft giggles coming from Sid, but he failed to see him lightly admonish his friends as they smirked at the obvious crush the bartender had.)

After that little incident, Geno spent the rest of the night catering to any other patron that walked up and asked for— or sloppily demanded— drinks. Whenever he had a spare moment or two, he would glance up at table eight, watching the small group of friends chatting, laughing, and attempting to flirt with some of the other patrons that would stop by their table.

Part of Geno’s heart crumbled whenever he saw Sid respond to some of the men’s flirtatious mannerisms, whether it be throwing out seductive words, or a teasing touch, or even a tickle of breath or the faint press of lips.

He knows Sid isn’t tied down to someone. Why would he, the man was a prostitute after all. But that didn’t mean watching him act like that with others didn’t hurt.

From the moment he first met Sid, back when they were teenagers to young adults and Geno had just started working at the Emperor Nightclub, he always harbored secretly feelings for the young Canadian. He remembered the first time he ever plucked up the courage to speak to him and slide him a cocktail: one of his first attempts at a watermelon cooler, too easy of a drink to mess up on.

It was a bit strong on the booze and not fruity enough, but Sid didn’t tell him that. He just smiled and thanked him in a voice that oozed sensuality and charm, throwing in a wink for good measure. When he saw how awkwardly the bartender responded to it— by stammering and not completely picking up the subtle cue— he dropped the act, apologizing for making him feel awkward. To which Geno has to apologize as well, because he didn’t meant to make the moment awkward, he just wasn’t good at responding to someone who was cute like him.

That made Sid pause and blush, looking away from the bartender for a split second before gazing back up at him, a gentle smile on his face. This caused Geno to smile back, the both of them feeling a bit more relaxed than before. When the awkwardness of it all faded away, the two of them began to chat during the bartender’s break, or whenever he would get a breather from serving. In those small conversations, he realized that the flirty prostitute was actually…very dorky.

A dorky man who had a passion for history, craved mozzarella sticks and cheesecake, and had a strong affinity for sports just like he once did. And he had the goofiest laugh Geno had ever heard and thought it adorable. Seeing this, Sid’s true colors was what made him slowly start to fall in love.

But deep down, he knew that Sid would never feel the same about him. To him, it was fairly certain that he would get rejected upon confessing his feelings. So, in every encounter the two had after that, Geno would simply swallow his feelings and allowed Sid to flirt and be affectionate with other men that weren’t him.

They were just friends, nothing more.

(Although he can’t help but secretly wish for that to change one day).

Geno sighed sadly and began to untie his apron, ready to go into the staff room and change back into his regular clothes when Tanger tapped him on the shoulder. He looked over at him, ready to tie his apron back on, when he sees him pointing to the stairs near the back of the nightclub.

Coming down the stairs was owner Mario Lemieux.

He turned back to Tanger, brow raised. “So? He does that a lot.”

“Yeah he makes his rounds like he usually does, but does he ever personally come to us for anything? Usually it’s Jen that does it for him.” Tanger points out as they see Mario making his way over to the bar areas.

Geno hummed. He had a fair point, usually it was Jen, Mario’s personal assistant, that went and searched for them whenever he needed to have a conversation with them. In any other instance, the bartender would not hesitate to flee whenever he could, but she would usually find him in the end.

But Mario himself coming out to talk to one— or maybe all of them— was highly unusual.

It was even more unusual when he realizes that Mario coming towards him. He didn’t know whether he should run, or accept whatever was going to be handed to him.

Still tying his apron back on just in case, he meets Mario halfway: near the dance floor but not that far from the tables.

“Ah, Geno,” he says as the bartender comes up to him. “I was just coming to talk to you.”

“Need me to stay extra hours?” he asked, seconds away from letting out a tired sigh. He doesn’t like the idea of staying later than 1 or 2 AM on most days, but if the boss says so, he’ll make an exception.

“No, actually,” Mario shakes head making Geno confused. “I wanted to give you something.” He hands the bartender an envelope.

Taking it, Geno still looked confused as to what it was until he opened it, then his eyes widened in shock.

“Boss, are you— Are you serious?!” he exclaimed as he looked between the envelope in his hand, then back at Mario.

“It’s just little bonus, if you will, for being one of my best workers.”

“This more than bonus and you know it!”

Mario placated him by resting a hand on his shoulder. “As I said, you deserve it,” he reassured. “I know it’s more than what you normally make, and more than the other bonuses I give, but there’s nothing wrong with giving a little bit more to hard workers like you.”

Geno gazed back down at the envelope. Inside was a bonus check of over $10,000.

“But—”

“No buts.” Mario tells him seriously. “I mean it. You’ve been very dedicated to your work from the beginning, even if you were completely new to it. But you quickly improved over time and became a favorite amongst The Emperor’s patrons. It’s not hard to see why, Geno. So, go on, take the extra bonus. Do whatever you want with it, a gift from me to you.”

With that, he gave the bartender a pat on the back before heading back upstairs to his office.

The whole time, Geno’s eyes never left the check.

It was a large amount of money. In fact, it was double than what he normally makes for a bonus: $5000 at most, but if his boss said that he deserved it…well, who was he to deny himself a paycheck like this.

Finally, his eyes left the large sum of money, trailing back to the beautiful prostitute that was still sitting at table eight.

Maybe…maybe his chance had finally come. He may not be able to have a proper relationship with Sid, but he could at least spend one magical night with him, for however long he could make it.

He didn’t know what Sid charged for his services, but he hoped ten thousand dollars was enough to satisfy him (he was sure that it was, he was just being really nervous about confronting him).

Gulping, the bartender slowly— and anxiously— makes his way back to table eight. Along the way, he tries to remember all of the fancy restaurants that are in Pittsburgh, and there are quiet a number of them within the city and the surrounding area.

There was the Altius that has an amazing view of the city… the Monterey Bay Fish Grotto is one of the most famous restaurants… LeMont has been around for decades and is still highly regarded… most of the locals would know about the Grand Concourse… since he liked boats, one of the Gateway Clipper’s Dining Cruises would be nice…

Maybe the Hyeholde since it almost be like dining at a castle… the Carlton has a lot of national recognition… Bravo! Italian Kitchen has a good menu and they do have creme brûlée...

Or…he may just happen to like the Cheesecake Factory instead.

Before he could even make a final decision on what he was going to say, he was standing right in front of Sid (or behind, since his back was turned to him). Luckily for him, his other friends were either out on the dance floor or chatting up the other bartenders; maybe they were in the back lounges, but Geno doesn’t really care, he needed to focus on his main objective right now: gaining Sid’s attention, even if it was for one night.

Reaching a hand out, he hesitates for a split second before he decides to gently tap Sid on the shoulders.

The prostitute turned around to see who was standing behind him again, smiling when he realized who it was. “Hey, G. What’s up?” he asks curiously while he licks something sticky off his fingers.

Geno stared for a hot minute before quickly snapping out of it. “U-Uhm—!” He blushed and scratched the back of his head. “I-I want you to know that Mario gave me big bonus just now…”

Sid smiled wider at that. “That’s great, G! How much of a bonus was it? The usual 5k?”

He shook his head, looking away shyly. “No…gave me double that.”

Brown eyes widened as he exclaimed, “Wait. He gave you $10,000?!”

Geno nodded, showing him the envelop with the check in it. “Yeah, and uhm…was wondering if…” He blushed darker, still keeping his eyes away from Sid. 

The prostitute was looking at him with concern now. “If uhm…You want to spend a night with me…?”

Sid stayed silent for the longest time, staring blankly at the bartender as he processed what he just asked him. “Geno, are you— Are you asking me to…service you?”

“Yes. I mean, no! Argh!” The bartender shook his head, feeling more embarrassed and stupid now. “What I’m mean is…I take you to fancy restaurant, maybe do shopping, and…” The blush on his face grew darker. “I-If you wanted, we can go to hotel and… you serve me.”

A blush now came to the prostitute’s face. “O-Oh…”

Geno makes a flustered noise, still not looking Sid.

“I don’t— I-I don’t charge that much for a night's service, Geno,’ he tells the bartender with a shy voice. “Y-You can’t spend 10 grand on me in one night…”

“I-I’m know,” he nods. “But I’m try.”

Sid’s blush grew darker as he now looked away from the bartender. Neither one of them really knew what to say after that, the moment growing tenser and more awkward by the second.

Eventually, the prostitute was the one to speak first. “E-Even if you can’t spend all that money on me…it’d be nice to spend a night with you.”

Geno’s head snaps back to Sid, his own dark brown eyes widened at what he said. “R-Really?”

A small smile came to the prostitute’s face as he nodded. “Yeah,” he admits shyly, now looking back at the bartender. “I really do.”

He’s never admitted this to him, but he’s had a crush on Geno for a very long time now, ever since they met as teenagers in this very nightclub. He always thought the bartender would never want to be in a relationship with him because of what he does, but after hearing what he just said to him, he might actually have a chance to see if they would really work out.

“Uhm, great!” Geno exclaims with a grin.

Sid smiles a little more. “Did you have a particular restaurant in mind?”

The bartender pondered on the choices he thought about earlier before finally making a decision. “Altius?” he asks. “Is on Grandview Avenue and have good view of skyline.”

“Sounds great,” Sid nods in approval. “Maybe we could stop by the Cheesecake Factory afterwards. I haven’t had any in a long time and I’m overdue for a craving.”

“I figure you say that,” Geno chuckled. “Had that in back of mind in case you say no.”

An embarrassed giggle managed to escape the prostitute’s lips. “I guess I make my love of cheesecake very obvious, eh?”

“You do, but is okay,” Geno reassures. “I like that about you.”

Another giggle, this time, one that was more airy and a little bit giddy-sounding. “So, when did you want to do this? Tomorrow night?”

“We can do that,” he nods. “I take night off.”

“Are you Mario would allow that?” Sid raises a teasing brow at him. “I mean, he did just give you a big bonus. He may change his mind when he hears you taking a day off.”

Geno waved at him nonchalantly. “Eh. He not mind.” he tells him. “Besides, be nice to get away from club for one night. And I spending night with you, so is good reason.” He lightly smirked at him.

Sid’s blush couldn’t get any redder, but it manages to with the bartender’s words. Just then a waiter came by and served him another drink, this time, a vibrant sunrise cocktail.

He takes the drink with a nod and a slight smirk before the waiter walks away. He takes a sip before turning back to Geno, his smirk growing in seductiveness. “So,” he starts before licking his lips, a little cayenne salt sticking to them. “Will I be seeing you tomorrow night?”

The bartender gulped and managed to nod, trying to keep his dirty thoughts at bay. “Yeah…see you tomorrow night.”

[adposto1]

Gulberg Islamabad

Gulberg Islamabad Overview

Gulberg Islamabad

is a project of IB Employees Cooperative Housing Society (IBECHS) Islamabad. It is ideally located between the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi at Islamabad Main Expressway which is 3 km from BB International Airport Islamabad and 12.5 km from Zero points Islamabad. You can see the exact location here. The housing scheme consists of two projects i.e. Gulberg Greens (Agro Farm Housing Scheme) and Gulberg Residencia. Let’s get into details of these two projects.

Gulberg Greens (Agro Farm Houses)

Gulberg Greens

is all about living in luxury of planned greens & wooded parks with innovative town planning where everything is located within walking distance. The area consists of thousands of Kanals of rich greens land. It is divided into 6 blocks, i.e. Executive A, B, C, D and E blocks.

Gulberg Greens Farm Houses are available in different size layouts as follows;

Jasmine Enclave (4 Kanals)

Rose Enclave (5 Kanals)

Tulip Enclave (10 Kanals)

Gulberg has completed the development of blocks A, B, and C where possessions have been announced. Block D & E are currently under development where hundreds of labor & machinery are actively working towards the speedy development of the project.

A project of the commercial plaza has also launched recently by the name of Gulberg Trade Center in block B of Gulberg Greens where booking of shops & apartments is going on.

Commercial plots of 40×40 sizes are launched in B block, where a small commercial area is developed close to the entrance to the right side after crossing the first bridge. Prices of these commercials are very high, i.e. above 3.50 crore which is payable in 4 equal installments. However, the location is quite appealing and it can be one of the most expensive commercial areas of this society in the years to come.

Gulberg Residencia

Gulberg Residencia is one of the most happening housing societies in Islamabad. This is due to the fact that development work is ongoing in various blocks. While the developer is in the process to clear the litigated land, it also has a backup plan to adjust the plot owners in new blocks. Moreover, the launch of a new map is expected soon. The final map by the developer is currently with the Capital Development Authority for approval. If you’ve already invested in Gulberg Residencia or looking to invest here, here’s an update on the status of each block. Here’s an update about Gulberg Residencia’s revised map.Gulberg Islamabad Prices and Development UpdatesBlock A

The developer has recently announced possession of  250 plots (2-Kanal) here. Development work has been completed by 50%.

The developer doesn’t have possession of the remaining 10% area of the block. It is highly likely that these plot owners will be adjusted in some other block.

Apartment for sale and rent in Gulberg Greens Islamabad Click now.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla45 to 55 Lacs

10 Marla70 to 80 Lacs

1 Kanal125 to 140 Lacs

2 Kanal190 to 225 Lacs

Block A ExtensionPlot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla47 to 55 Lacs

10 Marla60 to 75 Lacs

1 Kanal95 to 125 Lacs

2 Kanal150 Lacs

Block A EXECUTIVE

Development is yet to begin. Currently the land is not available for possession.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla45 to 72 Lacs

10 Marla70 to 80 Lacs

1 Kanal90 to 130 Lacs

2 Kanal140 to 160 Lacs

Block B

Development work on 120 plots measuring 1 Kanal in this block has been completed.  However, possession for these is yet to be announced.

Work on the remaining 90% area of Block B is yet to begin. The land here is clear of any litigation issues. It is expected that as soon as related machinery engaged in other blocks is available, development work will start.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla45 to 50 Lacs

10 Marla60 to 70 Lacs

1 Kanal90 to 130 Lacs

Block C

Development work in this block has been fully completed. In addition, possession has been granted on 1 Kanal and 12 marla plots.

plots for sale in Gulberg Greens Islamabad Click now.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla54 to 65 Lacs

10 Marla65 to 95 Lacs

12 Marla90 to 100 Lacs

1 Kanal130 to 150 Lacs

Block D

This block is the society’s commercial centre. At least 10 projects are underway at the moment. Development work has been completed. The popularity of these plots can be gauged from the fact that auctioned plots are hardly ever available in the resale market.  

House for sale and rent in Gulberg Greens Islamabad Click now.

Block E

This Block only has 1 Kanal plots. Development work has been completed by 80%. And possession is available throughout. Block E is popular among the end-users looking to construct their homes soon. At least 15 homes have already been constructed.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

1 Kanal140 to 180 Lacs

Block F

Development work here has been 80% completed, while possession has also been granted to the respective owners.

The block is popular among genuine buyers eyeing smaller plots.  Moreover, many houses are under construction and some have already been constructed.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla60 to 80 Lacs

10 Marla75 to 105 Lacs

Block G

Development work has been completed by only 15% here.  And Possession is not available.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla38 to 55 Lacs

10 Marla55 to 70 Lacs

Block H

Development work has been completed by 25%. Whereas Possession is not available.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla40 to 50 Lacs

10 Marla70 to 80 Lacs

Block I

The block is popular among the end-users looking for plots in a smaller size because development work has been completed by 85% and possession has also been granted.

Currently, the block is home to only a couple of families, but construction work is underway on 50 units. Furthermore, the location of Block I is also considered prime.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla65 to 75 Lacs

10 Marla80 to 120 Lacs

Block J

Development work has been completed by 20%. The possession for developed plots has also been granted.

At the moment, the construction of five houses is underway.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

1 Kanal/Developed125 to 160 Lacs

Block K

Development work here is yet to begin.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla35 to 45 Lacs

10 Marla55 to 65 Lacs

12 Marla65 to 80 Lacs

Block L

Development work in Block L has been completed by 65%, while possession for 7 and 10 marla plots has been granted. The construction of many units is ongoing.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla50 to 60 Lacs

10 Marla60 to 75 Lacs

12 Marla70 to 80 Lacs

Block M

Development work here has been completed on 60% of the area. The developer recently announced possession for 100 plots measuring 7 marlas. Since the developer has other blocks on its priority list for completing development work, similar activity here isn’t expected right away.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla35 to 55 Lacs

10 Marla45 to 50 Lacs

Block N

Development work here is only been completed by 5%.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla40 to 50 Lacs

10 Marla55 to 65 Lacs

1 Kanal80 to 100 Lacs

Block O

Development work has only been completed by 30%. And Possession has been granted to 10 marla plots.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla35 to 40 Lacs

10 Marla45 to 80 Lacs

12 Marla44 to 50 Lacs

Block P

In this Block, development work has only been completed by 30%.  Possession of plots hasn’t been granted as yet. It is among the most happening blocks as prices here are low due to its location towards the edge of the society. However, the block is on height and thus considered good by some.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla28 to 47 Lacs

10 Marla36 to 65 Lacs

12 Marla40 to 50 Lacs

1 Kanal55 to 80 Lacs

Block Q

Development work here has been completed only by 20%. Possession is not available.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla45 to 55 Lacs

10 Marla45 to 55 Lacs

1 Kanal70 to 100 Lacs

Block R

The block is completed by 40% and the possession for these plots is also available.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla33 to 45 Lacs

10 Marla60 to 75 Lacs

Block S

Block S has been developed over 20% and possession is not yet available.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

1 Kanal60 to 80 Lacs

Block T

Development work has been completed by 75%, with possession available for 7 and 10 marla plots.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla38 to 46 Lacs

10 Marla50 to 65 Lacs

1 Kanal60 to 100 Lacs

Block V

Development work here has been completed by 60% and Possession is available for all plot sizes.

Plot sizePrice range in PKR

7 Marla32 to 50 Lacs

10 Marla45 to 65 Lacs

12 Marla65 to 80 Lacs

Comments

[lambungblog]

Tak Sesak, Warga CH Kongsi Cara Nak Atur Perjalanan & Elak ”Jammed” Naik Cameron Highland

Kalau nak rasa seakan-akan melancong di lokasi indah dan sejuk bagai di luar negara, Cameron Highland salah satu tempatnya.

Sejuk, tenang dan damai, Cameron Highland memiliki tempat-tempat menarik yang cantik untuk dijadikan destinasi pelancongan sama ada anda ingin berjalan secara bersendirian atau bersama keluarga.

Untuk memudahkan perjalanan anda, seorang pengguna Facebook, saudara Basron Nizam telah berkongsi tips lengkap sebelum ke sana yang padat dengan cadangan lokasi, penginapan, makanan serta buah tangan yang perlu dibeli ketika di sana. Jom kita baca.

Tips Nak ke Cameron Highlands

1) Bagi anda yang dari Kuala Lumpur boleh ikut Tapah, dari Penang ikut Simpang Pulai. Dari Terengganu boleh ikut Kuala Berang – Felda Aring – Gua Musang ataupun Raub – Sungai Koyan.

2) Bertolak awal okey! Sesudah Subuh harap dah start enjin. Lambat confirm jem oi.

3) Merancang itu penting. Kena tahu info tempat-tempat menarik CH.

Ladang Teh Boh di Ringlet @ Bharat Teh Garden 9.30am-4.30pm (isnin cuti)

KEA Farm 8.30am-6pm

KHM Strawberry Farm Taman Sedia 8.30am-6pm

Ladang anggur bertam valley 9am-5pm (Bulan 12 baru musim anggur)

Taman Abang steamboat & grill (Harga Dewasa RM39 Kanak-kanak RM29)

Pasar malam Sg. Ruil dekat Golden Hills (waktu operasi lewat petang sampai malam untuk hari Jumaat, Sabtu & hari-hari dibuka untuk cuti sekolah)

Penginapan: Salah satunya Golden Hill Resort Cameron Highlands (jalan kaki je pergi pasar malam)

Pemandangan pasar malam dari penginapan Golden Hills Resort. (Gambar: Cameron Golden Hills Resort)

4) Seeloknya pergi bukan pada musim cuti sekolah atau cuti perayaan. Kenapa?

harga jualan produk berlipat ganda daripada harga asal.

sukar untuk dapat parking kereta.

kebanyakan hotel penuh dan harga juga lebih mahal.

kurang privasi.

5) Jika anda mahu membeli buah, sayuran, teh dan lain-lain sebagai buah tangan, belilah di kawasan S Corner. Ada papan tanda S Corner sebelum menuruni bukit di situ. Di sini berderetan kedai dan gerai yang sangat murah berbanding di tempat-tempat lain seluruh Cameron Highlands.

Anda boleh dapat buah strawberi yang besar dan manis. Harga murah berbanding jika anda beli di kawasan lain. Anda boleh beli teh uncang dengan harga murah sekotak. Kalau beli banyak, boleh dapat murah lagi jika anda bijak mengayat.

Gambar: CameronHighland.net

6) Kalau mahu makan nasi berlauk dengan bahagian yang kenyang, lauk yang sedap, harga yang memuaskan, cari di Tanah Rata. Berdekatan sebelah terminal bas Cameron. Nama kedai Kak Yam, ada banner yang besar boleh nampak.

7) Cari hotel di sekitar tanah rata. Berhampiran kedai makan Kak Yam itu juga. Letak kereta, jalan kaki untuk buat survey. Biasa backpackers suka menginap di hotel seperti itu. Kalau datang bersama anak-anak kecil, ada bilik yang sesuai pada kadar harga RM80 dengan kemudahan yang baik.

Ladang teh:

1. Bharat Valley Tea House 2. Bharat Valley Tea House 2 ( lagi besar) 3. Ladang Teh Boh Sungai Palas. ( Mossy Forest ) 4. Boh Tea Garden

Masuk Percuma

Buka 9.00am- 4.30pm

Nikmati tea, cake dll desert

Tempat menarik yang percuma

YZ Agro Farm (8.30 pagi – 6 ptg)

KHM Strawberry and Jem (8.30 pagi – 6 ptg)

Cactus point (9 pagi – 6 ptg)

Big Red Strawberry Farm (8 pagi – 6 ptg)

Ladang Lebah (8 pagi – 7 mlm)

Ladang Anggur Bertam Valley (9 pagi – 5 ptg)

Pasar Malam Brinchang (Jumaat dan Sabtu)

Kea Farm (8.30 pagi – 6 ptg)

Tempat menarik yang berbayar

Taman Agroteknologi MARDI (8.45 pagi – 5 ptg) Dewasa RM5, Kids RM3

Lavender Garden (9 pagi – 6 ptg) Dewasa RM10, Kids RM7

Butterfly Garden (9 pagi – 6 ptg) Dewasa RM7, Kids RM5

Orkid and Rose Garden (9 pagi – 6 ptg) Dewasa RM8, Kids RM6

Makanan yang wajib cuba

Aiskrim Malaysia Strawberry

Aiskrim Strawberry

Scone

Strawberry coklat

Nasi Lemak Sambal strawberry

Sayuran goreng

Steamboat cheese highlands

Jagung mutiara rebus

Ole-ole wajib beli

Strawberry

Jambu epal (merah dan hijau)

Sayuran segar (10 sayur RM10)

Buah-buahan Kering

Coklat buah-buahan

Kordial buah-buahan

Extra info Suhu di Cameron Highlands. Pagi – 17*C Siang – 24-26*C Malam – 18*C

Highland steamboat cheese (5 p.m. – 12 a.m.) Dewasa-RM 35 Kanak-kanak- RM 20

The Stone Valley Steamboat (5 p.m. – 12 a.m.) Dewasa – RM 35 Kanak-kanak – RM 18

Bengkel

Cameron Auto Repair & Services (Towing kereta & hantar ke bengkel – 24 hours- 019-3992888

Cameron Fastline Sdn Bhd. (24 hours towing & Bengkel). Lot Atri B10-76 (Bengkel Atas), Jalan Sultan Abu Bakar, Brinchang. Tel : 05-4915679; Tel : 019-3921166 (YH Liu)/016-3877710 (Roy)/012-2176368 (Roy)

Cameron Highlands Tyre Auto Centre. Jalan Royal Lily 5, Tmn Royal Lily. Tanah Rata. – 05-491 5669 (GPS : 4.468576 , 101.371582)

Cameron Highlands Tyre & Car Centre. A-G-1 Tmn Royal Lily 5, Tanah Rata. – 05-4915669/012-6511005 (SF.Phoon)

Cameron Highlands Tyre & Car Centre. No.9 (Ground floor), Jalan Angsana 3, Brinchang Point, Brinchang – 019-5295151

Ah Boy Bengkel – 016-5058738

Kedai Tayar (Tringkap) – 05-4961430

Awie (Kg Raja) – 019-9086694

Liu Pomen – 019 392 1166

Lenchai Pomen – 016 505 8735

Kama Koi Pomen – 012 542 4201

Rosli Pomen – 017 5777047

Farmasi, klinik dan hospital

Tigas Cameron Pharmacy 58-a Persiaran Camellia 3, Tanah Rata – 05-491 4791

Watson L ot 7,8, Grd. Floor, Marigolds Square, Tanah Rata.

Hospital Tanah Rata – 05-491 1966 (GPS : 4.466836, 101.390448)

Klinik Dr Ayob Tanah Rata – 05-4911654

Klinik Wong, Brinchang. (Sebelah Pasaraya Jimat One Stop) – 05-491 1478 Brinchang. (GPS : 4.492137, 101.389074)

Balai polis/Pondok polis

Tanah Rata – 05 491 5443 Brinchang – 05 491 1222 Kg. Raja – 05 498 1222 Ringlet – 05 495 6222 PP Tringkap – 05-496 2222 PP Lembah Bertam – 05-4956373

Sumber: Basron Nizam

This content was originally published here.

[pamphletstoinspire]

Book Of Genesis - From The Latin Vulgate - Chapter 4

INTRODUCTION.

The Hebrews now entitle all the Five Books of Moses, from the initial words, which originally were written like one continued word or verse; but the Sept. have preferred to give the titles the most memorable occurrences of each work. On this occasion, the Creation of all things out of nothing, strikes us with peculiar force. We find a refutation of all the heathenish mythology, and of the world's eternity, which Aristotle endeavoured to establish. We behold the short reign of innocence, and the origin of sin and misery, the dispersion of nations, and the providence of God watching over his chosen people, till the death of Joseph, about the year 2369 (Usher) 2399 (Sal. and Tirin) B.C. 1631. We shall witness the same care in the other Books of Scripture, and adore his wisdom and goodness in preserving to himself faithful witnesses, and a true Holy Catholic Church, in all ages, even when the greatest corruption seemed to overspread the land. H.

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This Book is so called from its treating of the Generation, that is, of the Creation and the beginning of the world. The Hebrews call it Bereshith, from the word with which it begins. It contains not only the History of the Creation of the World, but also an account of its progress during the space of 2369 years, that is, until the death of Joseph.

The additional Notes in this Edition of the New Testament will be marked with the letter A. Such as are taken from various Interpreters and Commentators, will be marked as in the Old Testament. B. Bristow, C. Calmet, Ch. Challoner, D. Du Hamel, E. Estius, J. Jansenius, M. Menochius, Po. Polus, P. Pastorini, T. Tirinus, V. Bible de Vence, W. Worthington, Wi. Witham. — The names of other authors, who may be occasionally consulted, will be given at full length.

Verses are in English and Latin. HAYDOCK CATHOLIC BIBLE COMMENTARY

This Catholic commentary on the Old Testament, following the Douay-Rheims Bible text, was originally compiled by Catholic priest and biblical scholar Rev. George Leo Haydock (1774-1849). This transcription is based on Haydock's notes as they appear in the 1859 edition of Haydock's Catholic Family Bible and Commentary printed by Edward Dunigan and Brother, New York, New York.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

Changes made to the original text for this transcription include the following:

Greek letters. The original text sometimes includes Greek expressions spelled out in Greek letters. In this transcription, those expressions have been transliterated from Greek letters to English letters, put in italics, and underlined. The following substitution scheme has been used: A for Alpha; B for Beta; G for Gamma; D for Delta; E for Epsilon; Z for Zeta; E for Eta; Th for Theta; I for Iota; K for Kappa; L for Lamda; M for Mu; N for Nu; X for Xi; O for Omicron; P for Pi; R for Rho; S for Sigma; T for Tau; U for Upsilon; Ph for Phi; Ch for Chi; Ps for Psi; O for Omega. For example, where the name, Jesus, is spelled out in the original text in Greek letters, Iota-eta-sigma-omicron-upsilon-sigma, it is transliterated in this transcription as, Iesous. Greek diacritical marks have not been represented in this transcription.

Footnotes. The original text indicates footnotes with special characters, including the astrisk (*) and printers' marks, such as the dagger mark, the double dagger mark, the section mark, the parallels mark, and the paragraph mark. In this transcription all these special characters have been replaced by numbers in square brackets, such as [1], [2], [3], etc.

Accent marks. The original text contains some English letters represented with accent marks. In this transcription, those letters have been rendered in this transcription without their accent marks.

Other special characters.

Solid horizontal lines of various lengths that appear in the original text have been represented as a series of consecutive hyphens of approximately the same length, such as ---.

Ligatures, single characters containing two letters united, in the original text in some Latin expressions have been represented in this transcription as separate letters. The ligature formed by uniting A and E is represented as Ae, that of a and e as ae, that of O and E as Oe, and that of o and e as oe.

Monetary sums in the original text represented with a preceding British pound sterling symbol (a stylized L, transected by a short horizontal line) are represented in this transcription with a following pound symbol, l.

The half symbol (1/2) and three-quarters symbol (3/4) in the original text have been represented in this transcription with their decimal equivalent, (.5) and (.75) respectively.

Unreadable text. Places where the transcriber's copy of the original text is unreadable have been indicated in this transcription by an empty set of square brackets, [].

Chapter 4

The history of Cain and Abel.

[1] And Adam knew Eve his wife: who conceived and brought forth Cain, saying: I have gotten a man through God. Adam vero cognovit uxorem suam Hevam, quae concepit et peperit Cain, dicens : Possedi hominem per Deum.

[2] And again she brought forth his brother Abel. And Abel was a shepherd, and Cain a husbandman. Rursumque peperit fratrem ejus Abel. Fuit autem Abel pastor ovium, et Cain agricola.

[3] And it came to pass after many days, that Cain offered, of the fruits of the earth, gifts to the Lord. Factum est autem post multos dies ut offerret Cain de fructibus terrae munera Domino.

[4] Abel also offered of the firstlings of his flock, and of their fat: and the Lord had respect to Abel, and to his offerings. Abel quoque obtulit de primogenitis gregis sui, et de adipibus eorum : et respexit Dominus ad Abel, et ad munera ejus.

[5] But to Cain and his offerings he had no respect: and Cain was exceedingly angry, and his countenance fell. Ad Cain vero, et ad munera illius non respexit : iratusque est Cain vehementer, et concidit vultus ejus.

[6] And the Lord said to him: Why art thou angry? and why is thy countenance fallen? Dixitque Dominus ad eum : Quare iratus es? et cur concidit facies tua?

[7] If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? but the lust thereof shall be under thee, and thou shalt have dominion over it. nonne si bene egeris, recipies : sin autem male, statim in foribus peccatum aderit? sed sub te erit appetitus ejus, et tu dominaberis illius.

[8] And Cain said to Abel his brother: Let us go forth abroad. And when they were in the field, Cain rose up against his brother Abel, and slew him. Dixitque Cain ad Abel fratrem suum : Egrediamur foras. Cumque essent in agro, consurrexit Cain adversus fratrem suum Abel, et interfecit eum.

[9] And the Lord said to Cain: Where is thy brother Abel? And he answered, I know not: am I my brother's keeper? Et ait Dominus ad Cain : Ubi est Abel frater tuus? Qui respondit : Nescio : num custos fratris mei sum ego?

[10] And he said to him: What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother's blood crieth to me from the earth. Dixitque ad eum : Quid fecisti? vox sanguinis fratris tui clamat ad me de terra.

[11] Now, therefore, cursed shalt thou be upon the earth, which hath opened her mouth and received the blood of thy brother at thy hand. Nunc igitur maledictus eris super terram, quae aperuit os suum, et suscepit sanguinem fratris tui de manu tua.

[12] When thou shalt till it, it shall not yield to thee its fruit: a fugitive and a vagabond shalt thou be upon the earth. Cum operatus fueris eam, non dabit tibi fructus suos : vagus et profugus eris super terram.

[13] And Cain said to the Lord: My iniquity is greater than that I may deserve pardon. Dixitque Cain ad Dominum : Major est iniquitas mea, quam ut veniam merear.

[14] Behold thou dost cast me out this day from the face of the earth, and I shall be hidden from thy face, and I shall be a vagabond and a fugitive on the earth: every one, therefore, that findeth me, shall kill me. Ecce ejicis me hodie a facie terrae, et a facie tua abscondar, et ero vagus et profugus in terra : omnis igitur qui invenerit me, occidet me.

[15] And the Lord said to him: No, it shall not be so: but whosoever shall kill Cain, shall be punished sevenfold. And the Lord set a mark upon Cain, that whosoever found him should not kill him. Dixitque ei Dominus : Nequaquam ita fiet : sed omnis qui occiderit Cain, septuplum punietur. Posuitque Dominus Cain signum, ut non interficeret eum omnis qui invenisset eum.

[16] And Cain went out from the face of the Lord, and dwelt as a fugitive on the earth, at the east side of Eden. Egressusque Cain a facie Domini, habitavit profugus in terra ad orientalem plagam Eden.

[17] And Cain knew his wife, and she conceived, and brought forth Henoch: and he built a city, and called the name thereof by the name of his son Henoch. Cognovit autem Cain uxorem suam, quae concepit, et peperit Henoch : et aedificavit civitatem, vocavitque nomen ejus ex nomine filii sui, Henoch.

[18] And Henoch begot Irad, and Irad begot Maviael, and Maviael begot Mathusael, and Mathusael begot Lamech: Porro Henoch genuit Irad, et Irad genuit Maviael, et Maviael genuit Mathusael, et Mathusael genuit Lamech.

[19] Who took two wives: the name of the one was Ada, and the name of the other Sella. Qui accepit duas uxores, nomen uni Ada, et nomen alteri Sella.

[20] And Ada brought forth Jabel: who was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of herdsmen. Genuitque Ada Jabel, qui fuit pater habitantium in tentoriis, atque pastorum.

[21] And his brother's name was Jubal; he was the father of them that play upon the harp and the organs. Et nomen fratris ejus Jubal : ipse fuit pater canentium cithara et organo.

[22] Sella also brought forth Tubalcain, who was a hammerer and artificer in every work of brass and iron. And the sister of Tubalcain was Noema. Sella quoque genuit Tubalcain, qui fuit malleator et faber in cuncta opera aeris et ferri. Soror vero Tubalcain, Noema.

[23] And Lamech said to his wives Ada and Sella: Hear my voice, ye wives of Lamech, hearken to my speech: for I have slain a man to the wounding of myself, and a stripling to my own bruising. Dixitque Lamech uxoribus suis Adae et Sellae : Audite vocem meam, uxores Lamech; auscultate sermonem meum : quoniam occidi virum in vulnus meum, et adolescentulum in livorem meum.

[24] Sevenfold vengeance shall be taken for Cain: but for Lamech seventy times sevenfold. Septuplum ultio dabitur de Cain : de Lamech vero septuagies septies.

[25] Adam also knew his wife again: and she brought forth a son, and called his name Seth, saying: God hath given me another seed, for Abel whom Cain slew. Cognovit quoque adhuc Adam uxorem suam : et peperit filium, vocavitque nomen ejus Seth, dicens : Posuit mihi Deus semen aliud pro Abel, quem occidit Cain.

[26] But to Seth also was born a son, whom he called Enos; this man began to call upon the name of the Lord. Sed et Seth natus est filius, quem vocavit Enos : iste coepit invocare nomen Domini.

Commentary:

Ver. 1. Through God. Heb. may signify also: "even God," as if she thought this was the promised seed, who, as Onkelos paraphrases it, would serve the Lord. C. --- So little could she foresee the future conduct of Cain, whose name may be derived either from kone, possession and acquisition, or from kun, lamentation. The latter interpretation would have been better verified by the event, and the name of Abel, vanity, or sorrow, for which his parents allege no reason, might also have been reversed, on account of his justice, for which he is canonized by Christ himself, and declared the Just. Pious and significant names were imposed by either parent. Cain was the second man. He was not conceived till after the fall, and was therefore the first born in original sin. H.

Ver. 4. Had respect. That is, shewed his acceptance of his sacrifice (as coming from a heart full of devotion): and that we may suppose, by some visible token, such as sending fire from heaven upon his offerings. Ch. --- The offerings of Cain are mentioned without any approbation: those of Abel are the firstlings and fat, or the very best; by which he testified, that he acknowledged God for his first beginning. Sacrifice is due to God alone, and to Him it has always been offered in the Church. We have the happiness to offer that truly eucharistic sacrifice to God, of which those of ancient times were only figures. What sacrifice can our erring brethren shew? W. C.

Ver. 7. Over it. This is a clear proof of free-will. To destroy its force, Protestants translate over him, as if Cain should still retain his privilege of the first-born, notwithstanding all his wickedness, and should rule over Abel, who would willingly submit, "unto thee his desire," &c. But God had made no mention of Abel. The whole discourse is about doing well or ill; and Cain is encouraged to avoid the stings of conscience, by altering his conduct, as it was in his power, how strongly soever his passions might solicit him to evil. H. --- The Hebrew is understood by Onkelos, and the Targum of Jerusalem, in the sense of the Vulgate. The latter reads, "If thou correct thy proceedings in this life, thou wilt receive pardon in the next world. But if thou do not penance for thy sin, it shall remain till the day of the great judgment, and it shall stay, lying at the door of thy heart. But I have given thee power to govern thy concupiscence: thou shalt sway it, either to embrace good or evil." Calmet shews that the Hebrew perfectly admits of this sense. S. Augustine will not allow of the turn which the Manichees gave it. "Thou shalt have dominion over (illius.) What? thy brother! (absit) by no means: over what then, but sin? De C. xv. 7. Protestants formerly abandoned the translation of 1579, (which they have again resumed) and translated better, "unto thee shall be the desire thereof, and thou shalt rule over it," which R. Abenezra explains also of sin. To which of these editions, all given by royal authority, will Protestants adhere? Luther wrote a book against free-will, and Calvin would not admit the very name. But we, with all antiquity, must cry out with S. Jerom, c. Jov. 2: "God made us with free-will, neither are we drawn by necessity to virtue or vice; else where there is necessity, there is neither damnation nor reward." W. H.

Ver. 8. Let us go forth abroad. These words are now wanting in the Hebrew; being omitted, according to Kennicott, since the days of Aquila 130; they are found in the Samaritan copy and version, in the Sept. &c. H. --- The Masorets place a mark, as if something were defective here, and in 27 other verses, or in 25 at least. H. --- Abel's violent death was a figure of that of Jesus Christ, inflicted for the like cause. See Heb. xii. 2. C. --- In consequence of these crimes, Cain separated from the Church, and the Jews became no longer God's people: both Cain and the Jews became vagabonds. H. --- The Targum of Jerusalem observes, that Cain talked against God's providence and the future world, which Abel hearing with marked indignation, Cain took occasion to kill him. W.

Ver. 13. My iniquity, &c. Like Judas, Cain despairs. The Rabbins make him complain of the rigour of God's judgment, "My sin (or punishment) is too great to be borne." I must then be driven from the land of my nativity, from the society of my brethren and parents, from thy presence, for ever. Why do I then live? Let the first man I meet, kill me. Liran.

Ver. 14. Every one that findeth me, shall kill me. His guilty conscience made him fear his own brothers, and nephews; of whom, by this time, there might be a good number upon the earth: which had now endured near 130 years; as may be gathered from Gen. v. 3, compared with Chap. iv. 25, though in the compendious account given in the Scripture, only Cain and Abel are mentioned. Ch. --- Cain is little concerned about any thing but the loss of life. M.

Ver. 15. Set a mark, &c. The more common opinion of the interpreters of holy writ, supposes this mark to have been a trembling of the body; or a horror and consternation in his countenance. Ch. --- God gave this first murderer a reprieve, allowing him time for repentance; but he neglected it, and died a reprobate; having been, during life, the head of an apostate church, and of the city of the devil, which has ever since opposed the city of God, and the society of the faithful. Though all his posterity were drowned in the deluge, some were soon found, even in the family of Noe, who stood up for the wretched pre-eminence in wickedness and rebellion, against the truth. See S. Aug. W. &c. H.

Ver. 16. A fugitive, according to his sentence. Heb. nod, which the Sept. have taken for a proper name. "In the land of Naid, over against Eden," (H.) or in the fields of Nyse, in Hyrcania, to the east of Eden and Armenia. C.

Ver. 17. His wife. She was a daughter of Adam, and Cain's own sister; God dispensing with such marriages in the beginning of the world, as mankind could not otherwise be propagated. --- He built a city, viz. In process of time, when his race was multiplied, so as to be numerous enough to people it. For in the many hundred years he lived, his race might be multiplied even to millions. Ch. --- The Hanuchta, which Ptolemy places in Susiana, (C.) may perhaps have been built after the flood, in the same place. Josephus says, Cain was the first who fortified a city; designing it for a retreat, where he might keep the fruits of his robberies. Ant. 1. 3. Peirere founds his ill-concerted system of Preadamites, or of men existing before Adam, on the history of Cain exercising husbandry, building a city, &c.; as if there were any difficulty in supposing, that the arts would have made some progress in the lapse of above a century. H.

Ver. 19. Two wives. Lamech first transgressed the law of having only one wife at a time. C. 11. 24. None before the deluge is mentioned as having followed his example, even among the abandoned sons of men. Abraham, the father of the faithful, and some others, after that event, when the age of man was shortened, and the number of the true servants of God very small, were dispensed with by God, who tolerated the custom of having many wives at the same time among the Jews, till our Saviour brought things back to the ancient standard. Mat. xix. 4. And why do we excuse the patriarchs, while we condemn Lamech? Because the one being associated with the wicked, gives us reason to judge unfavourably of him, while Abraham is constantly mentioned in Scripture with terms of approbation and praise, and therefore we have no right to pass sentence of condemnation upon him, as some Protestants have done, after the Manichees. Hence the fathers defend the one, and reject the other with abhorrence. H. --- Tert. (Monog. c. 5.) and S. Jerom, c. Jovin. 1. says, "Lamech, first of all, a bloody murderer, divided one flesh between two wives." It was never lawful, says P. Innocent III. c. Gaudemus, for any one to have many wives at once, unless leave was given by divine revelation;" and S. Aug. joins with him in defending the patriarchs, by this reason, "When it was the custom, it was not a sin."

Ver. 22. Noema, who is supposed to have invented the art of spinning. C. --- All these worthy people were distinguished for their proficiency in the arts, while they neglected the study of religion and virtue. H. --- The inventors of arts among the Greeks lived mostly after the siege of Troy. C.

Ver. 23. Said. This is the most ancient piece of poetry with which we are acquainted. Fleury. --- Lamech may be considered as the father of poets. H. --- I have slain a man, &c. It is the tradition of the Hebrews, that Lamech in hunting slew Cain, mistaking him for a wild beast: and that having discovered what he had done, he beat so unmercifully the youth, by whom he was led into that mistake, that he died of the blows. Ch. --- S. Jerom, 9. 1. ad Dam. acknowledges the difficulty of this passage, on which Origen wrote two whole books. W.

Ver. 24. Seventy times. A similar expression occurs, Mat. xviii. 22. to denote a great but indefinite number. God had promised to revenge the murder of Cain seven fold, though he had sinned voluntarily; so Lamech hopes that, as he had acted by mistake, and blinded by passion, in striking the stripling, the son of Tubalcain, he would deserve to be protected still more from falling a prey to the fury of any other. But many reject this tradition as fabulous, unknown to Philo, Josephus, &c. Moses no where mentions the death of Cain. Some, therefore, understand this passage with an interrogation; as if, to convince his wives that his sin was not so enormous as was supposed, he should say, Do not think of leaving me. What! have I killed a young man, as Cain did Abel, and still he is suffered to live unmolested; or have I beaten any one so that I should be punished? Onkelos, in effect, puts a negation to the same purport, "I have not killed, &c.:" (C.) others understand this passage, as if Lamech considered his crimes as much more grievous than even those of Cain. T.

Ver. 26. Began to call upon, &c. Not that Adam and Seth had not called upon God before the birth of Enos, but that Enos used more solemnity in the worship and invocation of God. Ch. --- He directed all his thoughts towards heaven, being reminded by his own name, which signifies one afflicted, that he could look for no solid happiness on earth. Seth had brought him up, from his infancy, in these pious sentiments, and his children were so docile to his instructions, that they began to be known in the world for their extraordinary piety, and were even styled the Sons of God. C. vi. 2. H. --- Religion was not a human invention, but many ceremonies have been adopted, at different times, to make an impression on the minds of the people. Before Enos, the heads of families had officiated in their own houses; now, perhaps, they met together in places consecrated to the divine service, and sounded forth the praises of the Most High. Enos was probably most conspicuous for his zeal on these occasions: at least, a new degree of fervour manifested itself in his days. On the other hand, "the name of the Lord began to be profaned" about this time, as the Rabbin understand this passage, by the introduction of idolatry; which is a common effect of a dissolute life, which many began now to lead. Wis. xiv. 12. C. --- The beginning of fornication is the devising of idols. We have, nevertheless, no certain proof of idols being introduced till many years after the deluge. H.

[digitrenndsamr]

Research Report to Understand Demographical Landscape of Mulch Films Market

Transparency Market Research delivers key insights on the mulch films market in its published report, which includes global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends, and forecast for the period of 2019–2027. In terms of revenue, the global mulch films market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of ~6% during the forecast period, owing to numerous factors, about which, TMR offers thorough insights and forecast in this report.

Mulch Films to Create Opportunities for Food End Users in the Long Run

Mulch films plays an essential role in agronomics, such as increasing yield and improving the quality of crops. Mulch films are available in different colors such as black, yellow, white, and transparent. Black & brown mulch films are anticipated to translate opportunities for food & beverages end users, as these are generally used for growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Black mulch films also prevent the penetration of light and reduce the germination process. Yellow mulch films attract pests and also reduce the chance of viral diseases being transmitted by tobacco moths. Therefore, these films are usually preferred by manufacturers in the tobacco industry.

The introduction of LLDPE mulch films has brought a revolution in agriculture water management. Moreover, linear low density polyethylene mulch films are more economical than low density polyethylene mulch films. Cast mulch films are expected to gain ground in the mulch films market during the forecast period, because these kinds of films have better optics than blown mulch films produced at higher line speeds. All these factors will create demand for mulch films during the forecast period.

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Developing Economies to Gain Ground in Mulch Films Market

Increasing demand for crops and decreasing arable land, coupled with rising population is one of the key factors expected to drive the growth of the mulch films market during the forecast period. Increasing advancements in farming techniques along with rising awareness towards crop waste reduction are expected to drive the demand for mulch films. Moreover, increasing government programs and stringent laws to adopt advanced farming techniques in India and other ASEAN regions are expected to yield key opportunities for market players during the forecast period. Agro-based economies such as India, Indonesia, and China introducing subsidy to encourage farmers to adopt soil mulching is likely to benefit the mulch films market during the forecast period. North America is anticipated to expand at a healthy CAGR in the mulch films market. Spain and France are anticipated to register ~40% share of the total Europe mulch films market during 2019-27.

Request a sample to get extensive insights into the Mulch Films Market

Paradigm Shift towards ‘High Tech’ Mulch Films from Conventional Films

Manufacturers in the market are moving towards high-tech mulch films to allure various end-use industries. These high-tech mulch films manipulate light waves through different layers and shades, which is projected to increase yield by 20-30% as compared to conventional mulch films. Manufacturers in the mulch films market are trying to innovate with technology to reduce cost and add functionality. For instance,

Pliant, a mulch film manufacturer, launched black mulch films that are black on one side and have single white strips that place TiO2 direct under the plants.

Hyplast, a Belgium producer of ‘VIF’ mulch films, introduced a seven layer high barrier mulch film that is made of mLLDPE and nylon. This film transmits ~0.2 g/hr of soil sterilization gases. Although VIF mulch films are manufactured in Europe, they are marketed in the U.S. by its sister company Klerks Plastic Products in Ridgeburg, S.C.

Global Mulch Films Market: Competitive Landscape

Some of the key players in the global mulch films market are Dow Chemical Company, BASF SE, FKuR Kunststoff GmbH, Novamont S.p.A., Berry Global Inc., AEP Industries Inc., Trioplast Industrier AB, Tilak Polypack Pvt. Ltd., Ab Rani Plast Oy., RKW Agri Gmbh & Co., Industrial Development Company Sal (Indevco), Armando Alvarez Group, BioBag International AS, Exxon Mobil Corp, and Ginegar Plastic Products Ltd.

Global Mulch Films Market: Structure

Mulch Films Market by Product

Non-biodegradable Mulch Films

Biodegradable Mulch Films

Below 25 Microns

25-50 Microns

50-100 Microns

Above 100 Microns

Below 25 Microns

25-50 Microns

50-100 Microns

Above 100 Microns

Mulch Films Market by Material

Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Polyvinyl Chloride

PLA/PHA

PBS

EVA

Other Bio-based Materials

LDPE

LLDPE

HDPE

Mulch Films Market by Technology

Cast

Blown

Mulch Films Market by End Use

Agriculture

Horticulture

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About Us

Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a global market intelligence company providing business information reports and services. The company’s exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trend analysis provides forward-looking insights to thousands of decision makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather and analyse information.

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[farmacotecnicahidrogel-blog]

Infográfico sobre hidrogéis

Referências:

AHMED, E. M.. Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review, Journal of Advanced Research, v.6, 2ª ed., 2015, p.105-121. ALLEN JR, Loyd V.. Formas Farmacêuticas e Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos-9., 2013. ANIRUDHAN, T. S.;Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2015. AZEVEDO, T. D. F., BERTONHA, A., & GONÇALVES, A. C. A.. Uso de hidrogel na agricultura. Revista do Programa de Ciências Agro-Ambientais, v.1, 1ª ed, 2002, p. 23-31. JUNG, Young-seok et al. Carbohydrate polymers, 2017. PICHETH, G. F;Synthesis and characterization of acoustic-sensitive perfluorinated microvesicles and nanocapsules for theranostic application; 2017; 37 slides.

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                                ΑΓΡΟΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΟΣ

        Ο αγροτουρισμός δεν είναι πρόσφατο φαινόμενο. Παρόλα αυτά, έχει αυξηθεί σημαντικά τα τελευταία δέκα χρόνια και προβλέπεται να συνεχίσει να αυξάνεται στο μέλλον.(Arroyo,et.al.,2013).Ο όρος αγροτουρισμός περιγράφει κάθε είδος δραστηριότητας που βασίζεται στη σχέση μεταξύ γεωργίας και τουρισμού και προσδιορίζει μια έννοια άνω των 100 ετών, καθώς από τότε οι κάτοικοι της πόλης επισκέπτονταν τους συγγενείς ή τους φίλους τους στην ύπαιθρο αναζητώντας έναν πιο ευχάριστο αέρα και ησυχία.(Petroman&Cornelia,2010).Ο αγροτουρισμός που ονομάζεται επίσης οικοτουρισμός ή αγροτικός τουρισμός, υιοθετείται από πολλές χώρες σε όλο τον κόσμο ως μία από τις κύριες αγροτικές πολιτικές για τη δημιουργία αγροτικής βιωσιμότητας.(Seong Woo&Sou-Yeon,2005)

         Το πρώτο χαρακτηριστικό του συγκεκριμένου είδους τουρισμού είναι η δυνατότητα ικανοποίησης της ανθρώπινης ανάγκης με πρακτική συμμετοχή στη διαδικασία παραγωγής τροφίμων, και στην  ζωή μιας αγροτικής οικογένειας ή σε γενικότερο πλαίσιο μιας αγροτικής κοινότητας .Ο τουρίστας έχει την ευκαιρία όχι μόνο να συμμετέχει στη φυτική και ζωική παραγωγή ή στην επεξεργασία τροφίμων αλλά και να συμμετέχει ενεργά στη ζωή μιας αγροτικής οικογένειας και όχι απλά παρατηρώντας. Αυτή η μορφή τουρισμού δεν θεωρ��ίται ενδιαφέρουσα σε όλους τους τουρίστες παρά μόνο σε αυτούς που επιθυμούν να συνδυάσουν χαλάρωση με την απόκτηση νέων εμπειριών και δεξιοτήτων στον χώρο της υπαίθρου. Η δεύτερη χαρακτηριστική ποιότητα του αγροτουρισμού σε σχέση με τον συμβατικό τουρισμό είναι η δυνατότητα ικανοποίησης της ανθρώπινης γνωστικής ανάγκης μέσα από την αγροτική παραγωγή ή την εθνογραφία. Ο αγροτουρισμός δίνει την ευκαιρία  στον κόσμο να μάθει για τη ζωή των κατοίκων της υπαίθρου, τον πολιτισμό και τα έθιμά τους. Τo τρίτο χαρακτηριστικό του αγροτουρισμού είναι η δυνατότητα ικανοποίησης συναισθηματικών αναγκών ενός τουρίστα, που είναι η προθυμία να έχει άμεση επαφή με οικόσιτα ζώα, φυτά και τα προϊόντα μεταποίησης τους.(Sznajder,et.al,2009). Συχνά παρατηρείται διαχωρισμός της μορφής τουρισμού που αναλύουμε σε δύο κατηγορίες. Η πρώτη αφορά τον  λεγόμενο αμιγή αγροτουρισμό, ο οποίος περιορίζεται στην διαμονή των τουριστών και την ενασχόληση αυτών με ασχολίες παραγωγής, και η δεύτερη τον σύνθετο αγροτουρισμό ο οποίος συνδέεται με διάφορες επιπρόσθετες δραστηριότητες κατά την περίοδο διαμονής στην ύπαιθρο. Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αποτελούν οι εξορμήσεις σε χιονοδρομικά κοντά στον τόπο διαμονής όπως και επισκέψεις σε μέρη πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς.

                       Στον αγροτουρισμό, ο επισκέπτης αναζητά πάντα την αυθεντικότητα και την μοναδικότητα και η Ελλάδα είναι μια χώρα με ιδιαίτερα τοπικά χαρακτηριστικά που την κάνουν μοναδική. Έχει ανεξάντλητους πόρους, που διαφέρουν από περιοχή σε περιοχή, σπάνια φυσική ομορφιά, ιστορία, παράδοση, πολιτισμό, μνημεία, όμορφα παραδοσιακά χωριά με τοπικές γιορτές και πανηγύρια.(Γραμμενίδου,2007)

            Συνοψίζοντας, το φαινόμενο που αποκαλείται αγροτουρισμός έχει καταφέρει να διατηρείται ζωντανό για μεγάλη χρονική περίοδο, κατέχοντας μάλιστα ενδιαφέρον τουριστών που πολλαπλασιάζεται και συνυφασμένες δραστηριότητες με αυτόν που πληθαίνουν διαρκώς. Αποτελεί μια εμπειρία με πολύπλευρα οφέλη για τους τουρίστες οι οποίοι μετά το πέρας της διαμονής-εμπειρίας τους καταρτίζονται σημαντικά τόσο πνευματικά όσο και πρακτικά.

     ΕΛΛΗΝΟΓΛΩΣΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ:

Γραμμενίδου, Χ. (2007). Αγροτουρισμός στην Ελλάδα (Doctoral dissertation, ΤΕΙ Δυτικής Μακεδονίας).

ΞΕΝΟΓΛΩΣΣΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑ:

Arroyo, C. G., Barbieri, C., & Rich, S. R. (2013). Defining agritourism: A comparative study of stakeholders' perceptions in Missouri and North Carolina. Tourism Management, 37, 39-47

.

Petroman, I., & Cornelia, P. (2010). Agritourism and its forms. Lucrări Ştiinţifice Seria Agronomie, ISSN, 1454-7414.

Seong-Woo, L., & Sou-Yeon, N. (2005). Agro-tourism as a rural development strategy in Korea. Journal of Rural Development, 29(6), 67-83.

Sznajder, M., Przezbórska, L., & Scrimgeour, F. (2009). Agritourism. Cabi.

[vision4perception]

Stock market update: Fertilisers stocks down as market falls

Stock market update: Fertilisers stocks down as market falls

NEW DELHI: Fertilisers shares closed lower in the Thursday’s session. Sikko Industries(up 4.93%), Khaitan Chemicals & Fertilizers(up 2.40%), Madhya Bharat Agro Products(up 1.79%), KRISHANA(up 1.18%) and Coromandel International(up 0.86%) stood among the top gainers. ZUARIAGRO(down 2.22%), Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers(down 2.10%), Madras Fertlizers(down 1.54%), G S F C(down 1.52%), Southern…

[certainrebelarbiter]

Aroma Chemicals Market Demand Analysis in 2021, Global Revenue, Top Companies Growth Forecast to 2028

Eternise Fine Chemicals Acquires Tennants Fine Chemicals to Expand Its Product Portfolio

In February 2021, Eternis Fine Chemicals announced the acquisition of Tennants Fine Chemicals, a provider of specialty chemicals based in the U.K. This buyout would help Eternis to leverage multi-location distribution and manufacturing platforms, as well as broaden its range of these type of chemicals. As per one of the company officials, “The 100% acquisition of Tennants would help the former to expand its position in India’s specialty and aroma chemicals industry.”

The global aroma chemicals market size is projected to reach USD 6,968.3 million by 2028. As the demand for natural ingredients is increasing, various manufacturers are trying to create novel technologies to prevent environmental damage or pollution. For instance, Privi Speciality Chemicals Limited utilizes agrochemicals from by-products and high-value aroma chemicals from Crude Sulphate Turpentine (CST) to improve eco-friendly operations and reduce emissions. Fortune Business Insights™ published this information in a new study, titled, “Aroma Chemicals Market, 2021-2028.” As per the study, the market stood at USD 4,976.0 million in 2020. It is set to exhibit a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period between 2021 to 2028.

Declining Sales of Beauty and Cosmetics Products to Obstruct Growth amid COVID-19

The sales of cosmetics and beauty products have fallen drastically owing to the COVID-19 pandemic across the globe. Givaudan, for instance, declared that the sales of fine fragrances declined by 16.4% during the first half of 2020 backed by closure of retail channels and travel bans. Besides, consumer goods companies mentioned that they experienced mixed financials across numerous divisions. Procter & Gamble (P&G)’s net sales in grooming and beauty segments went down by 3% and 1% in the third quarter of 2020.

Report Coverage-

We have conducted primary and secondary research to gather information about various aspects of this report. Our special interviews with end-user respondents and supply side respondents helped in gaining insights into the average pricing, per capita consumption trend, average spending on products, growth rate, market size, and dynamics. We have also taken information from reputed industry journals, articles, and press releases of organizations operating in the field of aroma chemicals.

Browse Complete Report Summary@ https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/aroma-chemicals-market-105142

Drivers & Restraints-

Rising Need to Maintain Formulations and Quality of Products to Aid Growth

Aroma chemicals are extensively used in toiletries and cosmetics, such as hand washes, lipsticks, gels, shampoos, body lotions, aftershaves, moisturizers, soaps, and others. Manufacturers are striving persistently to maintain the quality and formulations of these products by inducing natural scents. Hence, they are inclining rapidly towards organic ingredients.

However, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) declared that around 75% of fragrance ingredients hidden in the list provided in labels contain phthalates that can cause disruptive hormonal activities, breast cancer, reproductive malformation, and reduction in sperm count. This factor may hinder the aroma chemicals market growth in the near future.

Segments-

Fine Fragrances Segment to Dominate Stoked by Rising Technological Advancements

By source, the market is categorized into synthetic and natural. Based on the product, it is divided into terpenes/terpenoids, benzenoids, musk chemicals, and others. Lastly, by applications, it is fragmented into food & beverages, fine fragrances, cosmetics & toiletries, soaps & detergents, and others. Out of these, the fine fragrances earned 53.18% and 51.62% in terms of the aroma chemicals market share globally and in the U.S. in 2020. This segment is anticipated to remain at the forefront because of the ongoing technological advancements in this field.

Regional Insights-

Increasing Spending on Premium Perfumes to Help Europe Dominate in Upcoming Years

Regionally, Europe held USD 1,807.3 million in 2020 in terms of revenue. It is anticipated to lead the market in the forthcoming years fueled by the high consumer spending on premium and luxurious perfumes, especially in developed countries, such as Germany, U.K., and France. In North America, the market is set to grow steadily because of the rising health-consciousness among consumers. Asia Pacific would grow significantly in the upcoming years on account of the increasing demand for fragrances in India, Japan, and China.

Competitive Landscape-

Key Companies Aim to Gain Competitive Edge through Acquisitions and New Launches

The global market possesses several renowned companies that are majorly focusing on developing sustainable, premium-quality, and cost-effective products to meet the high demand worldwide. Some of the others are participating in the acquisition strategy to gain a competitive edge. Below is one of the latest industry developments:

January 2020: Solvay unveiled a unique high purity synthetic eugenol called     Eugenol Synth featuring olfactory properties for fragrance applications.     It will act as an alternative to help meet the demand from the flavors     & fragrance (F&F) market.

A list of reputed manufacturers present in the global market:

Privi Speciality Chemicals Limited (Navi     Mumbai, India)

BORDAS S.A. (Sevilla, Spain)

BASF SE (Ludwigshafen, Germany)

DSM (Heerlen, Netherlands)

Hindustan Mint & Agro Products Pvt. Ltd.     (Uttar Pradesh, India)

International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.     (New York, the U.S.)

Kao Chemicals Europe (Barcelona, Spain)

Symrise (Holzminden, Germany)

Givaudan (Vernier, Switzerland)

Solvay (Brussels, Belgium)

Takasago International Corporation (Tokyo,     Japan)

Keva (Mumbai, India)

Eternis Fine Chemicals Ltd. (Mumbai, India)

Other Key Players

[market-research-industry]

Mulch films market to reach a valuation of ~US$ 6.7 bn by 2027: TRANSPARENCY MARKET RESEARCH

Transparency Market Research delivers key insights on the mulch films market in its published report, which includes global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends, and forecast for the period of 2019–2027. In terms of revenue, the global mulch films market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of ~6% during the forecast period, owing to numerous factors, about which, TMR offers thorough insights and forecast in this report.

Mulch Films to Create Opportunities for Food End Users in the Long Run

Mulch films plays an essential role in agronomics, such as increasing yield and improving the quality of crops. Mulch films are available in different colors such as black, yellow, white, and transparent. Black & brown mulch films are anticipated to translate opportunities for food & beverages end users, as these are generally used for growing fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Black mulch films also prevent the penetration of light and reduce the germination process. Yellow mulch films attract pests and also reduce the chance of viral diseases being transmitted by tobacco moths. Therefore, these films are usually preferred by manufacturers in the tobacco industry.

The introduction of LLDPE mulch films has brought a revolution in agriculture water management. Moreover, linear low density polyethylene mulch films are more economical than low density polyethylene mulch films. Cast mulch films are expected to gain ground in the mulch films market during the forecast period, because these kinds of films have better optics than blown mulch films produced at higher line speeds. All these factors will create demand for mulch films during the forecast period.

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Developing Economies to Gain Ground in Mulch Films Market

Increasing demand for crops and decreasing arable land, coupled with rising population is one of the key factors expected to drive the growth of the mulch films market during the forecast period. Increasing advancements in farming techniques along with rising awareness towards crop waste reduction are expected to drive the demand for mulch films. Moreover, increasing government programs and stringent laws to adopt advanced farming techniques in India and other ASEAN regions are expected to yield key opportunities for market players during the forecast period. Agro-based economies such as India, Indonesia, and China introducing subsidy to encourage farmers to adopt soil mulching is likely to benefit the mulch films market during the forecast period. North America is anticipated to expand at a healthy CAGR in the mulch films market. Spain and France are anticipated to register ~40% share of the total Europe mulch films market during 2019-27.

Paradigm Shift towards 'High Tech' Mulch Films from Conventional Films

Manufacturers in the market are moving towards high-tech mulch films to allure various end-use industries. These high-tech mulch films manipulate light waves through different layers and shades, which is projected to increase yield by 20-30% as compared to conventional mulch films. Manufacturers in the mulch films market are trying to innovate with technology to reduce cost and add functionality. For instance,

Pliant, a mulch film manufacturer, launched black mulch films that are black on one side and have single white strips that place TiO2 direct under the plants.

Hyplast, a Belgium producer of 'VIF' mulch films, introduced a seven layer high barrier mulch film that is made of mLLDPE and nylon. This film transmits ~0.2 g/hr of soil sterilization gases. Although VIF mulch films are manufactured in Europe, they are marketed in the U.S. by its sister company Klerks Plastic Products in Ridgeburg, S.C.

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Global Mulch Films Market: Competitive Landscape

Some of the key players in the global mulch films market are Dow Chemical Company, BASF SE, FKuR Kunststoff GmbH, Novamont S.p.A., Berry Global Inc., AEP Industries Inc., Trioplast Industrier AB, Tilak Polypack Pvt. Ltd., Ab Rani Plast Oy., RKW Agri Gmbh & Co., Industrial Development Company Sal (Indevco), Armando Alvarez Group, BioBag International AS, Exxon Mobil Corp, and Ginegar Plastic Products Ltd.

Global Mulch Films Market: Structure

Mulch Films Market by Product

Non-biodegradable Mulch Films

Biodegradable Mulch Films

Below 25 Microns

25-50 Microns

50-100 Microns

Above 100 Microns

Below 25 Microns

25-50 Microns

50-100 Microns

Above 100 Microns

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Mulch Films Market by Material

Polyethylene

Polypropylene

Polyvinyl Chloride

PLA/PHA

PBS

EVA

Other Bio-based Materials

LDPE

LLDPE

HDPE

Mulch Films Market by Technology

Cast

Blown

Mulch Films Market by End Use

Agriculture

Horticulture

Mulch Films Market by Region

North America

Latin America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

U.S.

Canada

Brazil

Mexico

Argentina

Peru

Ecuador

Chile

Rest of Latin America

Germany

France

Italy

Spain

U.K.

BENELUX

Nordic

Russia

Poland

Rest of Europe

China

India

ASEAN

Australia & New Zealand

Japan

Rest of APAC

GCC Countries

Northern Africa

South Africa

Turkey

Rest of Middle East & Africa

Companies in the Mulch Films market have increasingly shifted gears with wide application of digital technology across the continuum, from raw material sourcing to manufacturing to generation of final output, to warehousing to final distribution operations. Among the various affects, the market is witnessing new growth economics due to thinning of line between specialty and commodity businesses that are associated with the larger ecosystem. At the same time, new growth parameters are being vigorously being debated as industry stakeholders put greater emphasis on the circular economy processes.

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[irispublishersagriculture]

Iris Publishers - World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (WJASS)

Soil Fertility Management and Cropping System Function in Ameliorating Maize Productivity in Ethiopia

Authored by Derib Kifle

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal worldwide [1] that belongs to the family Poaceae. It is a C4 plant, short duration and quick growing crop. It is globally ranks the third position among cereal crops after wheat and rice and it is important staple food in many countries. Grains of maize contain 13% moisture, 10% crude protein and 70.3 carbohydrates [2] is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro climatic conditions. Globally, maize is known as queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals. Maize is cultivated throughout the world (58°N latitude to 40°S latitude) in an area of 179.9 m.ha across 165 countries with a production of 1013.6 m.t and average productivity of 5.63 t/ha. Only the USA, China and Brazil contribute 63% to the global maize production whilst Mexico, Argentina, India, Ukraine, Indonesia, France, Canada and South Africa are also major maize producing countries [3].

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal worldwide [1] that belongs to the family Poaceae. It is a C4 plant, short duration and quick growing crop. It is globally ranks the third position among cereal crops after wheat and rice and it is important staple food in many countries. Grains of maize contain 13% moisture, 10% crude protein and 70.3 carbohydrates [2] is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro climatic conditions. Globally, maize is known as queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic yield potential among the cereals. Maize is cultivated throughout the world (58°N latitude to 40°S latitude) in an area of 179.9 m.ha across 165 countries with a production of 1013.6 m.t and average productivity of 5.63 t/ha. Only the USA, China and Brazil contribute 63% to the global maize production whilst Mexico, Argentina, India, Ukraine, Indonesia, France, Canada and South Africa are also major maize producing countries [3].

The major constraints affecting maize production and productivity are declining soil fertility and inadequate crop management practices, imbalanced nutrition, disturbed soil properties, cultivars being grown, weed infestation etc. [10]. Declining soil fertility is fundamental impediment to agricultural growth and a major reason for slow growth in maize production in sub-Saharan Africa [11]. Low soil fertility due to monoculture cereal production systems is recognized as one of the major causes for declining per capita food production [12]. Therefore, soil fertility replenishment is increasingly viewed as one of the critical to the process of poverty alleviation. This is generally true for Ethiopian agro ecologies, particularly for a dominant maize based mono cropping system of Ethiopia, which is one of the major problems leading to decline in soil fertility from time to time and resulting bottleneck for the smallholder maize producer of the country.

The use of inorganic fertilizers alone has not been helpful under intensive agriculture because it aggravates soil degradation. Maintaining and improving soil quality is crucial if agricultural productivity and environment quality are to be sustained for future generations. Intensive agriculture has had negative effects on the soil environment over the past decades (e.g. loss of soil organic matter, soil erosion and water pollution). management methods that decrease requirements for agricultural chemicals are needed in order to avoid adverse environment impacts. [13]. Sustainable crop production, therefore, requires Integrated soil fertility management involving the judicious use of combinations of organic and inorganic resources is a feasible approach to overcome soil fertility constraints. Combined organic/inorganic fertilization both enhanced carbon storage in soils and reduced emissions from nitrogen fertilizer use while contributing to high crop productivity in agriculture [14]

Improved cropping system which requires integration of legume crops in maize based mono cropping areas to add N- fixed through biological nitrogen fixation or biomass retentions [15] and a careful management of all nutrients sources available in a farm, particularly in maize based cropping systems which include inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, waste materials suitable for recycling nutrients, soil reserves, are immense in boosting maize production. All most all farmers in Ethiopia produce maize as continuous mono cropping or some of them as an intercrop with food legumes using the recommended 110 N kg/ ha and 46 kg/ha fertilizer for maize [16]. However, the price of inorganic fertilizer is getting beyond the purchasing power of smallholder farmers because of high production cost and uncertain accessibility in addition to non-responsiveness of some soils that leads the farmers to non-benefits. Therefore, inclusion of leguminous crops in cropping systems has multiple advantages in improving and sustaining maize productivity. Intercropping offers potential advantages for resource utilization decreased inputs and increased sustainability in crop production [17]. Therefore, the chief aim of this paper is to text existing information on the response of maize to integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer application and improved cropping system in Ethiopia. Accordingly, a review of the major findings on the response of maize grain yield to sole and integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer (integrated soil fertility management) and cropping system on the productivity of maize in Ethiopia.

Plant Nutrient and Soil Fertility Management in Maize Production

In the effort of alleviating the soil fertility problem which is one of the major causes of low productivity of maize, different research activities have been undertaken using various fertilizer sources in different parts of the country.

Sole and combined Use of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers for Maize Production

Use of chemical fertilizers for maize production: Influence of chemical fertilizer (NP) on maize productivity in different parts of the country was reviewed and summarized by different researchers and scholars. The application of 75/33 kg N/P ha-1 around Bako and Didessa, 46/33 kg N/P ha-1 in Jimma area, 92/44 kg N/P ha-1 in Hawassa area and 69/30 kg N/P ha-1 in the Rift Valley were recommended for maize production [18]. Accordingly, the combined application of 90/15 kg N/P ha-1 fertilizers recommended for vertisols of around Aykel, Chilga district in North Gondar zone had improved maize grain yield (5.36 t ha-1) and yield components [19]. Similarly, [20] found that a combined application of NP gave a better grain yield of hybrid maize (BH-140) and improved P content of the soil. Higher grain yield of maize variety (Melkassa I), 3,868 and 5,069 kg ha-1 in Babile and Dire Dawa area were obtained with the combined application of 64/20 kg NP ha-1 [21]. The application of 69-20-75 kg N-P-K ha-1 for maize gave significantly higher yields compared to another recommended NP at Areka [22]. The minimum (4,687 kg ha-1) and maximum (4,905 kg ha-1) maize yield at Dangla in 2009 cropping season were obtained from control and 100 kg K2 O ha-1, respectively [23]. Similarly, at Mota, [23] found that the minimum (2,951 kg ha-1) and maximum (3,929 kg ha-1) yield of maize in the 2008 cropping season were recorded from the control and application of 100 kg K2 O ha-1, respectively. The mean grain yield of maize at both locations responded non-significantly to the applied K rates [23].

Maize yield responses to green manure: A field experiment was designed by Bako Agricultural Research Center (BARC) in three location to evaluate the possibility of replacing N-fertilizer and long-term fallow system with Dolichos lablab green manure for maize under the farmers’ field in three locations. The statistical analysis showed that there were significant (P<0.05) variations among the treatments on maize grain yield at all sites; however, the lowest grain yield was recorded at Shoboka (Table 1). The results revealed that green manuring provided comparable grain yield to that of the recommended NP fertilizers on marginal soil fertility status like BRC and Walda. Similarly, green manure of sole legumes could substitute for more than 70 kg urea N ha-1 at Jimma. Moreover, the application of Sesbania sesban’s biomass and dry FYM above 5 t ha-1 gave comparable or greater mean maize yield of up to 69 kg N ha-1 from urea fertilizer [24].

Farmyard manure and NP: Field observation and on-farm experiments conducted recently in Yabello district of the Borana, southern Ethiopia showed that maize responded positively to farmyard manure application. All treatments recorded significantly higher grain and stover yield of maize than did the control treatment that received no nutrient inputs (Table 2). The highest grain and stover yields were achieved where micro-doses of manure were combined with micro-fertilizer, followed by the recommended dose of fertilizers. Application of 70 g (corresponding to 3.71 tons per ha) of manure, combined with a small quantity (0.5 g per pocket) of fertilizer, improved maize grain yield by 77% compared to nonuse of inputs [25]. Additionally, manure applied alone yielded 51% of grain compared to the control (Table 2). Despite variation between treatments, the observed significant yield improvements compared to the usual non-use of manure shows considerable scope for increasing yields of these marginal lands by using manure. As long-term research strategy on locally available sources of organic fertilizers, a strategy was designed on a continuous basis for replenishing the degraded physic-chemical properties of soils to make sustainable maize production in Bako areas and similar locations. Accordingly, a study carried out on combined uses of NP and FYM at five on farms sites indicated that integrated application is better than application either NP or FYM alone (Table 3). While previous studies at the same location revealed that FYM has to be applied every three years at the rate of 16 t ha-1 supplemented by NP fertilizer annually at the rate of 20-46 N-P2O5 kg ha-1 (Table 3) for sustainable maize production around Bako and similar areas [26]. The sole application of FYM at the rates of 4-12 t ha-1 is also encouraging for resource poor farmers on relatively fertile soils [27].

 Conclusion

Soil fertility decline that includes nutrient depletion, nutrient mining, acidification, the loss of Organic Matter (OM) and others, and poor cropping system have stayed to be the major factors causing hindrance to maize production in Ethiopia. In an attempt of counteracting and alleviating this problem in the country and to offer low input technology on soil fertilization, various research endeavours aiming at boosting the productivity of maize related to Soil property changes in a positive direction under use of different organic and inorganic fertilizer sources and improved cropping system had been made in different parts of Ethiopia by researchers and scholars from Agricultural Research Institutions found in the country. The findings of the reviewed research outputs of these efforts reveal that there is potential for increasing crop productivity through improved and available soil fertility management practices and cropping system.

The results of study conducted at Bako revealed that green manuring provided comparable grain yield to that of the recommended NP fertilizers on marginal soil fertility status. Similarly, green manure of sole legumes could substitute for more than 70 kg urea N ha-1 at Jimma. The analysis suggests that amending legume fallows and green manuring with mineral fertilizer may be important if high yield productivity must be sustained over several years, as yields normally fall as the post fallow cropping period lengthen. An experiment conducted in Bako concluded that use of 12 t ha−1 of FYM with 28/12 NP2O5 kg ha−1 saved up to 75% cost of commercial fertilizer. Another field experiment done in Western Oromiya, application of 150/50 kg ha−1 of Urea and DAP with 4 t FYM ha−1 was recommended for sustainable production of maize. The findings of similar study in Borena indicated that crop yield from the nutrient-poor soils of the region can be substantially enhanced by using manure, despite the traditional beliefs linking manure use to misfortune in the area. Use of five tons ha-1 of compost with 55/10 kg of N/P ha-1 is found economical for maize production in Bako Tibe district and other similar areas in western regions. Another trial proceeded at acidic nitosol of Southwestern Ethiopia concluded that application of 50% recommended NP and 50% compost gave the highest grain yield. A work done at Ebantu district, showed that integrated use of vermicompost at (2.5 t ha−1) and mineral P (20 kg ha−1) with lime (4 t ha−1) was recommended for reclaiming soil acidity and improve nutrients for maize. Hence, organic fertilizers can be applied with chemical fertilizers in organic carbon depleted arable soils to improve soil properties and crop productivity. Also, the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers has a positive synergy that can reduce the chemical fertilizer cost as well as mitigate the environmental hazardous effect.

Intercropping of maize with climbing bean within the same row at 10cm distance between maize and climbing bean with 150/50 kg ha-1 Urea /DAP and 4 t FYM ha-1 fertilizer combinations is recommended for sustainable production of component crops at Bako. Similarly, the buildup of soil fertility through establishing pigeon pea and its biomass retention evidently boost the productivity of the soil and even 100% reduction of chemical N fertilizer cost for maize production. Maize sown in rotation with nug and soybean at Bako and Jimma, respectively required one-half of the recommended fertilizer rates that crop rotations offset 50% of fertilizer cost. The production of maize following sole haricot bean with the recommended fertilizer rate gave higher mean grain yield and is recommended for sustainable production of maize in Bako area. Therefore, potential grain legumes and forage and fodder legumes should better be intercropped and utilized in rotation with maize to enhance soil fertility and boost grain yield at low cost for maize based farming system in Ethiopia.

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Book Of Genesis - From The Latin Vulgate (1859 - Haydock Translation of The Roman Catholic Bible) - Chapter 23

INTRODUCTION.

The Hebrews now entitle all the Five Books of Moses, from the initial words, which originally were written like one continued word or verse; but the Sept. have preferred to give the titles the most memorable occurrences of each work. On this occasion, the Creation of all things out of nothing, strikes us with peculiar force. We find a refutation of all the heathenish mythology, and of the world’s eternity, which Aristotle endeavoured to establish. We behold the short reign of innocence, and the origin of sin and misery, the dispersion of nations, and the providence of God watching over his chosen people, till the death of Joseph, about the year 2369 (Usher) 2399 (Sal. and Tirin) B.C. 1631. We shall witness the same care in the other Books of Scripture, and adore his wisdom and goodness in preserving to himself faithful witnesses, and a true Holy Catholic Church, in all ages, even when the greatest corruption seemed to overspread the land. H.

—————————-

This Book is so called from its treating of the Generation, that is, of the Creation and the beginning of the world. The Hebrews call it Bereshith, from the word with which it begins. It contains not only the History of the Creation of the World, but also an account of its progress during the space of 2369 years, that is, until the death of Joseph.

The additional Notes in this Edition of the New Testament will be marked with the letter A. Such as are taken from various Interpreters and Commentators, will be marked as in the Old Testament. B. Bristow, C. Calmet, Ch. Challoner, D. Du Hamel, E. Estius, J. Jansenius, M. Menochius, Po. Polus, P. Pastorini, T. Tirinus, V. Bible de Vence, W. Worthington, Wi. Witham. — The names of other authors, who may be occasionally consulted, will be given at full length.

Verses are in English and Latin. HAYDOCK CATHOLIC BIBLE COMMENTARY

This Catholic commentary on the Old Testament, following the Douay-Rheims Bible text, was originally compiled by Catholic priest and biblical scholar Rev. George Leo Haydock (1774-1849). This transcription is based on Haydock’s notes as they appear in the 1859 edition of Haydock’s Catholic Family Bible and Commentary printed by Edward Dunigan and Brother, New York, New York.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Changes made to the original text for this transcription include the following:

Greek letters. The original text sometimes includes Greek expressions spelled out in Greek letters. In this transcription, those expressions have been transliterated from Greek letters to English letters, put in italics, and underlined. The following substitution scheme has been used: A for Alpha; B for Beta; G for Gamma; D for Delta; E for Epsilon; Z for Zeta; E for Eta; Th for Theta; I for Iota; K for Kappa; L for Lamda; M for Mu; N for Nu; X for Xi; O for Omicron; P for Pi; R for Rho; S for Sigma; T for Tau; U for Upsilon; Ph for Phi; Ch for Chi; Ps for Psi; O for Omega. For example, where the name, Jesus, is spelled out in the original text in Greek letters, Iota-eta-sigma-omicron-upsilon-sigma, it is transliterated in this transcription as, Iesous. Greek diacritical marks have not been represented in this transcription.

Footnotes. The original text indicates footnotes with special characters, including the astrisk (*) and printers’ marks, such as the dagger mark, the double dagger mark, the section mark, the parallels mark, and the paragraph mark. In this transcription all these special characters have been replaced by numbers in square brackets, such as [1], [2], [3], etc.

Accent marks. The original text contains some English letters represented with accent marks. In this transcription, those letters have been rendered in this transcription without their accent marks.

Other special characters.

Solid horizontal lines of various lengths that appear in the original text have been represented as a series of consecutive hyphens of approximately the same length, such as .

Ligatures, single characters containing two letters united, in the original text in some Latin expressions have been represented in this transcription as separate letters. The ligature formed by uniting A and E is represented as Ae, that of a and e as ae, that of O and E as Oe, and that of o and e as oe.

Monetary sums in the original text represented with a preceding British pound sterling symbol (a stylized L, transected by a short horizontal line) are represented in this transcription with a following pound symbol, l.

The half symbol (½) and three-quarters symbol (¾) in the original text have been represented in this transcription with their decimal equivalent, (.5) and (.75) respectively.

Unreadable text. Places where the transcriber’s copy of the original text is unreadable have been indicated in this transcription by an empty set of square brackets, [].

Chapter 23

Sara's death and burial in the field bought of Ephron.

[1] And Sara lived a hundred and twenty-seven years. Vixit autem Sara centum viginti septem annis.

[2] And she died in the city of Arbee which is Hebron, in the land of Chanaan: and Abraham came to mourn and weep for her. Et mortua est in civitate Arbee, quae est Hebron, in terra Chanaan : venitque Abraham ut plangeret et fleret eam.

[3] And after he rose up from the funeral obsequies, he spoke to the children of Heth, saying: Cumque surrexisset ab officio funeris, locutus est ad filios Heth, dicens :

[4] I am a stranger and sojourner among you: give me the right of a burying place with you, that I may bury my dead. Advena sum et peregrinus apud vos : date mihi jus sepulchri vobiscum, ut sepeliam mortuum meum.

[5] The children of Heth answered, saying: Responderunt filii Heth, dicentes :

[6] My Lord, hear us, thou art a prince of God among us: bury thy dead in our principal sepulchres: and no man shall have power to hinder thee from burying thy dead in his sepulchre. Audi nos, domine : princeps Dei es apud nos : in electis sepulchris nostris sepeli mortuum tuum, nullusque te prohibere poterit quin in monumento ejus sepelias mortuum tuum.

[7] Abraham rose up, and bowed down to the people of the land, to wit the children of Heth: Surrexit Abraham, et adoravit populum terrae, filios videlicet Heth :

[8] And said to them: If it please your soul that I should bury my dead, hear me, and intercede for me to Ephron the son of Seor. dixitque ad eos : Si placet animae vestrae ut sepeliam mortuum meum, audite me, et intercedite pro me apud Ephron filium Seor :

[9] That he may give me the double cave, which he hath in the end of his field: for as much money as it is worth he shall give it me before you, for a possession of a burying place. ut det mihi speluncam duplicem, quam habet in extrema parte agri sui : pecunia digna tradat eam mihi coram vobis in possessionem sepulchri.

[10] Now Ephron dwelt in the midst of the children of Heth. And Ephron made answer to Abraham in the hearing of all that went in at the gate of the city, saying: Habitabat autem Ephron in medio filiorum Heth. Responditque Ephron ad Abraham, cunctis audientibus qui ingrediebantur portam civitatis illius, dicens :

[11] Let it not be so, my lord, but do thou rather hearken to what I say: The field I deliver to thee, and the cave that is therein, in the presence of the children of my people, bury thy dead. Nequaquam ita fiat, domine mi, sed tu magis ausculta quod loquor. Agrum trado tibi, et speluncam quae in eo est, praesentibus filiis populi mei; sepeli mortuum tuum.

[12] Abraham bowed down before the people of the land, Adoravit Abraham coram populo terrae.

[13] And he spoke to Ephron, in the presence of the people: I beseech thee to hear me: I will give money for the field: take it, and so I will bury my dead in it. Et locutus est ad Ephron circumstante plebe : Quaeso ut audias me : dabo pecuniam pro agro : suscipe eam, et sic sepeliam mortuum meum in eo.

[14] And Ephron answered: Responditque Ephron :

[15] My lord, hear me. The ground which thou desirest, is worth four hundred sicles of silver: this is the price between me and thee: but what is this? bury thy dead. Domine mi, audi me : terra, quam postulas, quadringentis siclis argenti valet : istud est pretium inter me et te : sed quantum est hoc? sepeli mortuum tuum.

[16] And when Abraham had heard this, he weighed out the money that Ephron had asked, in the hearing of the children of Heth, four hundred sicles of silver of common current money. Quod cum audisset Abraham, appendit pecuniam, quam Ephron postulaverat, audientibus filiis Heth, quadringentos siclos argenti probatae monetae publicae.

[17] And the field that before was Ephron's, wherein was the double cave, looking towards Mambre, both it and the cave, and all the trees thereof in all its limits round about, Confirmatusque est ager quondam Ephronis, in quo erat spelunca duplex, respiciens Mambre, tam ipse, quam spelunca, et omnes arbores ejus in cunctis terminis ejus per circuitum,

[18] Was made sure to Abraham for a possession, in the sight of the children of Heth, and of all that went in at the gate of his city. Abrahae in possessionem, videntibus filiis Heth, et cunctis qui intrabant portam civitatis illius.

[19] And so Abraham buried Sara his wife, in a double cave of the field, that looked towards Mambre, this is Hebron in the land of Chanaan. Atque ita sepelivit Abraham Saram uxorem suam in spelunca agri duplici, quae respiciebat Mambre. Haec est Hebron in terra Chanaan.

[20] And the field was made sure to Abraham, and the cave that was in it, for a possession to bury in, by the children of Heth. Et confirmatus est ager, et antrum quod erat in eo, Abrahae in possessionem monumenti a filiis Heth.

Commentary:

Ver. 1. Sara. She is the only woman whose age the Scripture specifies; a distinction which her exalted dignity and faith deserved. Gal. iv. 23. Heb. xi. 11. She was a figure of the Christian Church. C.

Ver. 2. City. Heb. Cariath arbah, Jos. xiv. 15. --- Which is Hebron. Serarius thinks it took its name from the society (cherber) between Abraham and the princes of the city. Hebron the son of Caleb possessed it afterwards. --- Came from Bersabee, (G. xxii. 19.) or to the place where the corpse lay, at Arbee, which signifies four; as Adam, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, with their four wives, reposed there. C. --- And weep. In the middle of this word, in the printed Hebrew, there is left a small c; whence the Rabbins ridiculously infer, that Abraham wept but a short time. But the retaining of greater, less, suspended and inverted letters in the Hebrew Bible, can be attributed to no other cause than a scrupulous veneration even for the faults of transcribers. Kennicott

Ver. 3. Obsequies, or solemn mourning, accompanied with prayer. Acts viii. 2. Matt. xii. The Jews are still accustomed to say, when they bury their dead, "Ye fathers, who sleep in Hebron, open to him the gates of Eden;" herein agreeing with the Catholic doctrine, as they did in the days of Judas the Machabee. H.

Ver. 6. Prince of God, powerful and holy, and worthy of respect. H. --- A great prince. See Acts vii. 5. where S. Stephen says, that God did not give Abraham a foot of land, meaning as an inheritance; and that Abraham bought this double cave, for a sepulchre, of the sons of Hemor, the son of Sichem; (C.) from which latter he seems to derive the name of the place, which is here called Hebron. H. --- Nothing is more common, than for men and places to have two names; though some think, the name of Abraham has been inserted in the Acts by a mistake of the copyists, when Jacob was meant. See G. xxxiii. 19. C.

Ver. 7. Bowed down to the people. Adoravit, literally, adored. But this word here, as well as in many other places in the Latin Scriptures, is used to signify only an inferior honour and reverence paid to men, expressed by a bowing down of the body.

Ver. 16. Sicles. About ￡50. H. --- It was no simony to buy land for a sepulchre, as it was not blessed. M. --- Current money, was such as passed among merchants, though probably not yet coined in any part of the world; and therefore we find, that Abraham and others weigh the pieces of silver or gold. In this manner were bargains concluded before witnesses, who in those days supplied the want of writings and lawyers. C.

[govtshutdown]

There now will be only one bill, H.R, 133, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021. From the attached document:

This Act includes the 12 regular appropriations bills for fiscal year 2021, supplemental appropriations for coronavirus response and relief, and other matter. The divisions contained in the Act are as follows:

Division A - Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021

Division B - Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021

Division C-Department ofDefense Appropriations Act, 2021

Division D - Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021

Division E - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2021

Division F - Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2021

Division G - Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021

Division H-Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021

Division I Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2021

Division J Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021

Division K Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2021

Division L - Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021

Division M - Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2021

Division N Additional Coronavirus Response and Relief

Division O -Extensions and Technical Corrections

Division P National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility Act of 2020

Division Q - Financial Services Provisions and Intellectual Property

Division R - Protecting Our Infrastructure of Pipelines and Enhancing Safety Act of 2020

Division S - Innovation for the Environment

Division T - Smithsonian American Women's History Museum Act and National Museum of the American Latino (my emphasis added)

Division U - Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Provisions

Division V - Aircraft Certification, Safety, and Accountability

Division W - Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021

Division X - Supporting Foster Youth and Families Through the Pandemic

Division Y American Miner Benefits Improvement

Division Z - Energy Act of 2020

Division AA - Water Resources Development Act of 2020

Division BB Private Health Insurance and Public Health Provisions

Division CC - Health Extenders

Division DD - Montana Water Rights Protection Act

Division EE - Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020

Division FF - Other Matter

Section 1 of the Act is the short title of the bill.

Section 2 of the Act displays a table of contents.

Section 3 of the Act states that, unless expressly provided otherwise, any reference to "this Act" contained in any division shall be treated as referring only to the provisions ofthat division.

Section 4 ofthe Act states that this explanatory statement shall have the same effect with respect to the allocation o f funds and implementation o f this legislation as if it were a joint explanatory statement of a committee of conference.

Section 5 of the Act provides a statement of appropriations.

Section 6 of the Act states that each amount designated by Congress as being for emergency requirements or for Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism (OCO/GWOT) is contingent on the President so designating all such emergency or OCO/GWOT amounts and transmitting such designations to Congress.

Section 7 of the Act relates to the cost ofliving adjustments for Members of Congress.

Section 8 of the Act specifies the definition for the term "coronavirus".

Section 9 of the Act makes technical adjustments to certain reporting requirements.

The Act does not contain any congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariffbenefits as defined by clause 9 of rule XX.I ofthe Rules ofthe House ofRepresentatives.