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Hedy Lamarr, born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler (November or September 9, 1914 – January 19, 2000), was an Austrian-American actress, inventor, and film producer. She appeared in 30 films over a 28 year career, and co-invented an early version of frequency-hopping spread spectrum communication.

Lamarr was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, and acted in a number of Austrian, German, and Czech films in her brief early film career, including the controversial Ecstasy (1933). In 1937, she fled from her husband, a wealthy Austrian ammunition manufacturer, secretly moving to Paris and then on to London. There she met Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studio, who offered her a Hollywood movie contract, where he began promoting her as "the world's most beautiful woman".

She became a star through her performance in Algiers (1938), her first United States film.[5] She starred opposite Clark Gable in Boom Town and Comrade X (both 1940), and James Stewart in Come Live with Me and Ziegfeld Girl (both 1941). Her other MGM films include Lady of the Tropics (1939), H.M. Pulham, Esq. (1941), as well as Crossroads and White Cargo (both 1942); she was also borrowed by Warner Bros. for The Conspirators, and by RKO for Experiment Perilous (both 1944). Dismayed by being typecast, Lamarr co-founded a new production studio and starred in its films: The Strange Woman (1946), and Dishonored Lady (1947). Her greatest success was as Delilah in Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah (1949). She also acted on television before the release of her final film, The Female Animal (1958). She was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.

At the beginning of World War II, Lamarr and composer George Antheil developed a radio guidance system using frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology for Allied torpedoes, intended to defeat the threat of jamming by the Axis powers. She also helped improve aircraft aerodynamics for Howard Hughes while they dated during the war. Although the US Navy did not adopt Lamarr and Antheil's invention until 1957, various spread-spectrum techniques are incorporated into Bluetooth technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of Wi-Fi. Recognition of the value of their work resulted in the pair being posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.

Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in 1914 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, the only child of Emil Kiesler (1880–1935) and Gertrud "Trude" Kiesler (née Lichtwitz; 1894–1977). Her father was born to a Galician-Jewish family in Lemberg (now Lviv, Ukraine), and was a successful bank manager. Her mother was a pianist, born in Budapest to an upper-class Hungarian-Jewish family. She converted to Catholicism as an adult, at the insistence of her first husband, and raised her daughter Hedy as a Catholic as well, though she was not formally baptized at the time.

As a child, Kiesler showed an interest in acting and was fascinated by theatre and film. At the age of 12, she won a beauty contest in Vienna. She also began to associate invention with her father, who would take her out on walks, explaining how various technologies in society functioned.

After the Anschluss, she helped get her mother out of Austria and to the United States, where Gertrud Kiesler later became an American citizen. She put "Hebrew" as her race on her petition for naturalization, a term that had been frequently used in Europe.

Still using her maiden name of Hedy Kiesler, she took acting classes in Vienna. One day, she forged a permission note from her mother and went to Sascha-Film, where she was hired at the age of 16 as a script girl. She gained a role as an extra in Money on the Street (1930), and then a small speaking part in Storm in a Water Glass (1931). Producer Max Reinhardt cast her in a play entitled The Weaker Sex, which was performed at the Theater in der Josefstadt. Reinhardt was so impressed with her that he arranged for her to return with him to Berlin, where he was based.

Kiesler never trained with Reinhardt nor appeared in any of his Berlin productions. After meeting Russian theatre producer Alexis Granowsky, she was cast in his film directorial debut, The Trunks of Mr. O.F. (1931), starring Walter Abel and Peter Lorre. Granowsky soon moved to Paris, but Kiesler stayed in Berlin to work. She was given the lead role in No Money Needed (1932), a comedy directed by Carl Boese. Her next film brought her international fame.

In early 1933, at age 18, Hedy Kiesler, still working under her maiden name, was given the lead in Gustav Machatý's film Ecstasy (Ekstase in German, Extase in Czech). She played the neglected young wife of an indifferent older man.

The film became both celebrated and notorious for showing the actress's face in the throes of an orgasm. According to Marie Benedict's book The Only Woman In The Room, Kiesler's expression resulted from someone sticking her with a pin. She was also shown in closeups and brief nude scenes, the latter reportedly a result of the actress being "duped" by the director and producer, who used high-power telephoto lenses.

Although Kiesler was dismayed and now disillusioned about taking other roles, Ecstasy gained world recognition after winning an award in Rome. Throughout Europe, the film was regarded as an artistic work. However, in the United States, it was banned, considered overly sexual, and made the target of negative publicity, especially among women's groups. It was also banned in Germany due to Kiesler's Jewish heritage. Her husband, Fritz Mandl, reportedly spent over $300,000 buying up and destroying copies of the film.

Kiesler also played a number of stage roles, including a starring one in Sissy, a play about Empress Elisabeth of Austria produced in Vienna in early 1933, just as Ecstasy premiered. It won accolades from critics.

Admirers sent roses to her dressing room and tried to get backstage to meet Kiesler. She sent most of them away, including an insistent Friedrich Mandl. He became obsessed with getting to know her. Mandl was a Viennese arms merchant and munitions manufacturer who was reputedly the third-richest man in Austria. She fell for his charming and fascinating personality, partly due to his immense wealth. Her parents, both of Jewish descent, did not approve, as Mandl had ties to Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini, and later, German Führer Adolf Hitler, but they could not stop their headstrong daughter.

On August 10, 1933, at the age of 18, Kiesler married Mandl, then 33. The son of a Jewish father and a Catholic mother, Mandl insisted that she convert to Catholicism before their wedding in Vienna Karlskirche. In her autobiography Ecstasy and Me, Mandl is described as an extremely controlling husband. He strongly objected to her having been filmed in the simulated orgasm scene in Ecstasy and prevented her from pursuing her acting career. She claimed she was kept a virtual prisoner in their castle home, Castle Schwarzenau in the remote Waldviertel near the Czech border.

Mandl had close social and business ties to the Italian government, selling munitions to the country, and, despite his own part-Jewish descent, had ties to the Nazi regime of Germany. Kiesler accompanied Mandl to business meetings, where he conferred with scientists and other professionals involved in military technology. These conferences were her introduction to the field of applied science and she became interested in nurturing her latent talent in science.

Finding her marriage to Mandl eventually unbearable, Kiesler decided to flee her husband as well as her country. According to her autobiography, she disguised herself as her maid and fled to Paris. Friedrich Otto's account says that she persuaded Mandl to let her wear all of her jewelry for a dinner party where the influential austrofascist Ernst Stahremberg attended, then disappeared afterward. She writes about her marriage:

I knew very soon that I could never be an actress while I was his wife. ... He was the absolute monarch in his marriage. ... I was like a doll. I was like a thing, some object of art which had to be guarded—and imprisoned—having no mind, no life of its own.

After arriving in London in 1937, she met Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM, who was scouting for talent in Europe. She initially turned down the offer he made her (of $125 a week), but booked herself onto the same New York-bound liner as he. During the trip, she impressed him enough to secure a $500 a week contract. Mayer persuaded her to change her name from Hedwig Kiesler (to distance herself from "the Ecstasy lady" reputation associated with it). She chose the surname "Lamarr" in homage to the beautiful silent film star, Barbara La Marr, on the suggestion of Mayer's wife, Margaret Shenberg.

When Mayer brought Lamarr to Hollywood in 1938, he began promoting her as the "world's most beautiful woman". He introduced her to producer Walter Wanger, who was making Algiers (1938), an American version of the noted French film, Pépé le Moko (1937).

Lamarr was cast in the lead opposite Charles Boyer. The film created a "national sensation", says Shearer. Lamarr was billed as an unknown but well-publicized Austrian actress, which created anticipation in audiences. Mayer hoped she would become another Greta Garbo or Marlene Dietrich. According to one viewer, when her face first appeared on the screen, "everyone gasped ... Lamarr's beauty literally took one's breath away."

In future Hollywood films, Lamarr was often typecast as the archetypal glamorous seductress of exotic origin. Her second American film was I Take This Woman (1940), co-starring with Spencer Tracy under the direction of regular Dietrich collaborator, Josef von Sternberg. Von Sternberg was fired during the shoot, and replaced by Frank Borzage. The film was put on hold, and Lamarr was put into Lady of the Tropics (1939), where she played a mixed-race seductress in Saigon opposite Robert Taylor. She returned to I Take This Woman, re-shot by W. S. Van Dyke. The resulting film was a flop.

Far more popular was Boom Town (1940) with Clark Gable, Claudette Colbert and Spencer Tracy; it made $5 million MGM promptly reteamed Lamarr and Gable in Comrade X (1940), a comedy film in the vein of Ninotchka (1939), which was another hit.

She was teamed with James Stewart in Come Live with Me (1941), playing a Viennese refugee. Stewart was also featured in Ziegfeld Girl (1941), in which Lamarr, Judy Garland, and Lana Turner played aspiring showgirls; it was a big success.

Lamarr was top-billed in H. M. Pulham, Esq. (1941), although the film's protagonist was the title role played by Robert Young. She made a third film with Tracy, Tortilla Flat (1942). It was successful at the box office, as was Crossroads (1942) with William Powell.

She played the seductive native girl Tondelayo in White Cargo (1942), top-billed over Walter Pidgeon. It was a huge hit. White Cargo contains arguably her most memorable film quote, delivered with provocative invitation: "I am Tondelayo. I make tiffin for you?" This line typifies many of Lamarr's roles, which emphasized her beauty and sensuality while giving her relatively few lines. The lack of acting challenges bored Lamarr, and she reportedly took up inventing to relieve her boredom. In a 1970 interview, Lamarr also remarked that she was paid less because she would not sleep with Mayer.

Lamarr was reunited with Powell in a comedy, The Heavenly Body (1944). She was then borrowed by Warner Bros. for The Conspirators (1944), reuniting several of the actors of Casablanca (1942), which had been inspired in part by Algiers and written with Lamarr in mind as its female lead, though MGM would not lend her out. RKO later borrowed her for a melodrama, Experiment Perilous (1944), directed by Jacques Tourneur.

Back at MGM, Lamarr was teamed with Robert Walker in the romantic comedy Her Highness and the Bellboy (1945), playing a princess who falls in love with a New Yorker. It was very popular, but would be the last film she made under her MGM contract.

Her off-screen life and personality during those years was quite different from her screen image. She spent much of her time feeling lonely and homesick. She might swim at her agent's pool, but shunned the beaches and staring crowds. When asked for an autograph, she wondered why anyone would want it. Writer Howard Sharpe interviewed her and gave his impression:

Hedy has the most incredible personal sophistication. She knows the peculiarly European art of being womanly; she knows what men want in a beautiful woman, what attracts them, and she forces herself to be these things. She has magnetism with warmth, something that neither Dietrich nor Garbo has managed to achieve.

Author Richard Rhodes describes her assimilation into American culture:

Of all the European émigrés who escaped Nazi Germany and Nazi Austria, she was one of the very few who succeeded in moving to another culture and becoming a full-fledged star herself. There were so very few who could make the transition linguistically or culturally. She really was a resourceful human being–I think because of her father's strong influence on her as a child.

Lamarr also had a penchant for speaking about herself in the third person.

Lamarr wanted to join the National Inventors Council, but was reportedly told by NIC member Charles F. Kettering and others that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell war bonds.

She participated in a war bond-selling campaign with a sailor named Eddie Rhodes. Rhodes was in the crowd at each Lamarr appearance, and she would call him up on stage. She would briefly flirt with him before asking the audience if she should give him a kiss. The crowd would say yes, to which Hedy would reply that she would if enough people bought war bonds. After enough bonds were purchased, she would kiss Rhodes and he would head back into the audience. Then they would head off to the next war bond rally. In total, Lamarr sold approximately $25 million (over $350 million when adjusted for inflation in 2020) worth of war bonds during a period of 10 days.

After leaving MGM in 1945, Lamarr formed production company Mars Film Corporation with Jack Chertok and Hunt Stromberg, producing two film noir motion pictures which she also starred in: The Strange Woman (1946) as a manipulative seductress leading a son to murder his father, and Dishonored Lady (1947) as a formerly suicidal fashion designer[verification needed] trying to start a new life but gets accused of murder. Her initiative was unwelcomed by the Hollywood establishment, as they were against actors (especially female actors) producing their films independently. Both films grossed over their budgets, but were not large commercial successes.

In 1948, she tried a comedy with Robert Cummings, called Let's Live a Little.

Lamarr enjoyed her greatest success playing Delilah opposite Victor Mature as the biblical strongman in Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah (1949). A massive critical and commercial success, the film became the highest-grossing picture of 1950 and won two Academy Awards (Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design) of its five nominations. She won critical acclaim for her portrayal of Delilah. Showmen's Trade Review previewed the film before its release and commended Lamarr's performance: "Miss Lamarr is just about everyone's conception of the fair-skinned, dark-haired, beauteous Delilah, a role tailor-made for her, and her best acting chore to date."[48] Photoplay wrote, "As Delilah, Hedy Lamarr is treacherous and tantalizing, her charms enhanced by Technicolor."[49]

Lamarr returned to MGM for a film noir with John Hodiak, A Lady Without Passport (1950), which flopped. More popular were two pictures she made at Paramount, a Western with Ray Milland, Copper Canyon (1950), and a Bob Hope spy spoof, My Favorite Spy (1951).

Her career went into decline. She went to Italy to play multiple roles in Loves of Three Queens (1954), which she also produced. However she lacked the experience necessary to make a success of such an epic production, and lost millions of dollars when she was unable to secure distribution of the picture.

She was Joan of Arc in Irwin Allen's critically panned epic, The Story of Mankind (1957) and did episodes of Zane Grey Theatre ("Proud Woman") and Shower of Stars ("Cloak and Dagger"). Her last film was a thriller The Female Animal (1958).

Lamarr was signed to act in the 1966 film Picture Mommy Dead, but was let go when she collapsed during filming from nervous exhaustion. She was replaced in the role of Jessica Flagmore Shelley by Zsa Zsa Gabor.

Although Lamarr had no formal training and was primarily self-taught, she worked in her spare time on various hobbies and inventions, which included an improved traffic stoplight and a tablet that would dissolve in water to create a carbonated drink. The beverage was unsuccessful; Lamarr herself said it tasted like Alka-Seltzer.

Among the few who knew of Lamarr's inventiveness was aviation tycoon Howard Hughes. She suggested he change the rather square design of his aeroplanes (which she thought looked too slow) to a more streamlined shape, based on pictures of the fastest birds and fish she could find. Lamarr discussed her relationship with Hughes during an interview, saying that while they dated, he actively supported her inventive "tinkering" hobbies. He put his team of scientists and engineers at her disposal, saying they would do or make anything she asked for.

During World War II, Lamarr learned that radio-controlled torpedoes, an emerging technology in naval war, could easily be jammed and set off course.[53] She thought of creating a frequency-hopping signal that could not be tracked or jammed. She conceived an idea and contacted her friend, composer and pianist George Antheil, to help her implement it.[54] Together they developed a device for doing that, when he succeeded by synchronizing a miniaturized player-piano mechanism with radio signals.[40] They drafted designs for the frequency-hopping system, which they patented.[55][56] Antheil recalled:

We began talking about the war, which, in the late summer of 1940, was looking most extremely black. Hedy said that she did not feel very comfortable, sitting there in Hollywood and making lots of money when things were in such a state. She said that she knew a good deal about munitions and various secret weapons ... and that she was thinking seriously of quitting MGM and going to Washington, D.C., to offer her services to the newly established National Inventors Council.

As quoted from a 1945 Stars and Stripes interview, "Hedy modestly admitted she did only 'creative work on the invention', while the composer and author George Antheil, 'did the really important chemical part'. Hedy was not too clear about how the device worked, but she remembered that she and Antheil sat down on her living room rug and were using a silver match box with the matches simulating the wiring of the invented 'thing'. She said that at the start of the war 'British fliers were over hostile territory as soon as they crossed the channel, but German aviators were over friendly territory most of the way to England... I got the idea for my invention when I tried to think of some way to even the balance for the British. A radio controlled torpedo, I thought would do it.'"

Their invention was granted a patent under U.S. Patent 2,292,387 on August 11, 1942 (filed using her married name Hedy Kiesler Markey).[58] However, it was technologically difficult to implement, and at the time the US Navy was not receptive to considering inventions coming from outside the military.[35] Nevertheless, it was classified in the "red hot" category.[59] It was first adapted in 1957 to develop a sonobuoy before the expiration of the patent, although this was denied by the Navy. At the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, an updated version of their design was installed on Navy ships.[60] Today, various spread-spectrum techniques are incorporated into Bluetooth technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of Wi-Fi. Lamarr and Antheil's contributions were formally recognized in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.

Lamarr was married and divorced six times and had three children:

Friedrich Mandl (married 1933–37), chairman of the Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik

Gene Markey (married 1939–41), screenwriter and producer. She adopted a boy, James Lamarr Markey (born January 9, 1939) during her marriage with Markey. In 2001, James found out he was the out-of-wedlock son of Lamarr and actor John Loder, whom she later married as her third husband.

John Loder (married 1943–47), actor. James Lamarr Markey was adopted by Loder as James Lamarr Loder. During the marriage, Lamarr and Loder also had two further children: Denise Loder (born January 19, 1945), married Larry Colton, a writer and former baseball player; and Anthony Loder (born February 1, 1947), married Roxanne who worked for illustrator James McMullan. They both appeared in the documentary films Calling Hedy Lamarr (2004), and Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story (2017).

Ernest "Ted" Stauffer (married 1951–52), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader

W. Howard Lee (married 1953–60), a Texas oilman (he later married film actress Gene Tierney)

Lewis J. Boies (married 1963–65), Lamarr's divorce lawyer

Following her sixth and final divorce in 1965, Lamarr remained unmarried for the last 35 years of her life.

Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States at age 38 on April 10, 1953. Her autobiography, Ecstasy and Me, was published in 1966. In a 1969 interview on The Merv Griffin Show, she said that she did not write it and claimed that much was fictional. Lamarr sued the publisher in 1966 to halt publication, saying that many details were fabricated by its ghost writer, Leo Guild. She lost the suit. In 1967, Lamarr was sued by Gene Ringgold, who asserted that the book plagiarized material from an article he had written in 1965 for Screen Facts magazine.

In the late 1950s, Lamarr designed and, with husband W. Howard Lee, developed the Villa LaMarr ski resort in Aspen, Colorado. After their divorce, her husband gained this resort

In 1966, Lamarr was arrested in Los Angeles for shoplifting. The charges were eventually dropped. In 1991, she was arrested on the same charge in Florida, this time for stealing $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops. She pleaded no contest to avoid a court appearance, and the charges were dropped in return for her promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year.

During the 1970s, Lamarr lived in increasing seclusion. She was offered several scripts, television commercials, and stage projects, but none piqued her interest. In 1974, she filed a $10 million lawsuit against Warner Bros., claiming that the running parody of her name ("Hedley Lamarr") featured in the Mel Brooks comedy Blazing Saddles infringed her right to privacy. Brooks said he was flattered; the studio settled out of court for an undisclosed nominal sum and an apology to Lamarr for "almost using her name". Brooks said that Lamarr "never got the joke". With her eyesight failing, Lamarr retreated from public life and settled in Miami Beach, Florida, in 1981.

In 1996, a large Corel-drawn image of Lamarr won the annual cover design contest for the CorelDRAW's yearly software suite. For several years, beginning in 1997, it was featured on boxes of the software suite. Lamarr sued the company for using her image without her permission. Corel countered that she did not own rights to the image. The parties reached an undisclosed settlement in 1998.

In 1997, Canadian company WiLAN signed an agreement with Lamarr to acquire 49% of the marketing rights of her patent, and a right of first refusal for the remaining 51% for ten quarterly payments. This was the only financial compensation she received for her frequency-hopping spread spectrum invention. A friendship ensued between her and the company's CEO, Hatim Zaghloul.

Lamarr became estranged from her son, James Lamarr Loder (who believed he was adopted until 2001), when he was 12 years old. Their relationship ended abruptly, and he moved in with another family. They did not speak again for almost 50 years. Lamarr left James Loder out of her will, and he sued for control of the US$3.3 million estate left by Lamarr in 2000. He eventually settled for US$50,000. James Loder was the Omaha, Nebraska police officer who was charged but then acquitted of the killing of 14 year old Vivian Strong in 1969.

In the last decades of her life, Lamarr communicated only by telephone with the outside world, even with her children and close friends. She often talked up to six or seven hours a day on the phone, but she spent hardly any time with anyone in person in her final years. A documentary film, Calling Hedy Lamarr, was released in 2004 and features her children Anthony Loder and Denise Loder-DeLuca.

Lamarr died in Casselberry, Florida, on January 19, 2000, of heart disease, aged 85. According to her wishes, she was cremated and her son Anthony Loder spread her ashes in Austria's Vienna Woods.

In 1939, Lamarr was voted the "most promising new actress" of 1938 in a poll of area voters conducted by a Philadelphia Record film critic.[95]

In 1951, British moviegoers voted Lamarr the tenth best actress of 1950,[96] for her performance in Samson and Delilah.

In 1960, Lamarr was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to the motion picture industry, at 6247 Hollywood Blvd adjacent to Vine Street where the walk is centered.

In 1997, Lamarr and George Antheil were jointly honored with the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer Award.

Also in 1997, Lamarr was the first woman to receive the Invention Convention's BULBIE Gnass Spirit of Achievement Award, known as the "Oscars of inventing".

In 2014, Lamarr and Antheil were posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology.

Also in 2014, Lamarr was given an honorary grave in Vienna's Central Cemetery, where the remaining portion of her ashes were buried in November, shortly before her 100th birthday.

Asteroid 32730 Lamarr, discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1951, was named in her memory. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on August 27, 2019 (M.P.C. 115894).

On 6 November 2020, a satellite named after her (ÑuSat 14 or "Hedy", COSPAR 2020-079F) was launched into space.

The 2004 documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr features her children, Anthony Loder and Denise Loder-DeLuca.

In 2010, Lamarr was selected out of 150 IT people to be featured in a short film launched by the British Computer Society on May 20.

Also during 2010, the New York Public Library exhibit Thirty Years of Photography at the New York Public Library included a photo of a topless Lamarr (c. 1930) by Austrian-born American photographer Trude Fleischmann.

The 2017 documentary film Bombshell: The Hedy Lamarr Story, written and directed by Alexandra Dean and produced by Susan Sarandon,[108] about Lamarr's life and career as an actress and inventor, also featuring her children Anthony and Denise, among others, premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival.[40] It was released in theaters on November 24, 2017, and aired on the PBS series American Masters in May 2018. As of April 2020, it is also available on Netflix.

During World War II, the Office of Strategic Services invented a pyrotechnic device meant to help agents operating behind enemy lines to escape if capture seemed imminent. When the pin was pulled, it made the whistle of a falling bomb followed by a loud explosion and a large cloud of smoke, enabling the agent to make his escape. It saved the life of at least one agent. The device was codenamed the Hedy Lamarr.[109]

The Mel Brooks 1974 western parody Blazing Saddles features a male villain named "Hedley Lamarr". As a running gag, various characters mistakenly refer to him as "Hedy Lamarr" prompting him to testily reply "That's Hedley."

In the 1982 off-Broadway musical Little Shop of Horrors and subsequent film adaptation (1986), Audrey II says to Seymour in the song "Feed Me" that he can get Seymour anything he wants, including "A date with Hedy Lamarr."

On the Nickelodeon show Hey Arnold!, there is a running gag in which whenever something unfortunate happens to Arnold's grandfather, Phil, he constantly states how things would have been different if he had "married Hedy Lamarr instead!". In one episode, it is revealed that he carries a photo of her in his wallet.

In the 2003 video game Half-Life 2, Dr. Kleiner's pet headcrab, Lamarr, is named after Hedy Lamarr.

In 2008, an off-Broadway play, Frequency Hopping, features the lives of Lamarr and Antheil. The play was written and staged by Elyse Singer, and the script won a prize for best new play about science and technology from STAGE.

In 2011, the story of Lamarr's frequency-hopping spread spectrum invention was explored in an episode of the Science Channel show Dark Matters: Twisted But True, a series that explores the darker side of scientific discovery and experimentation, which premiered on September 7.

Batman co-creator Bob Kane was a great movie fan and his love for film provided the impetus for several Batman characters, among them, Catwoman. Among Kane's inspiration for Catwoman were Lamarr and actress Jean Harlow. Also in 2011, Anne Hathaway revealed that she had learned that the original Catwoman was based on Lamarr, so she studied all of Lamarr's films and incorporated some of her breathing techniques into her portrayal of Catwoman in the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises.

In 2013, her work in improving wireless security was part of the premiere episode of the Discovery Channel show How We Invented the World.

In 2015, on November 9, the 101st anniversary of Lamarr's birth, Google paid tribute to Lamarr's work in film and her contributions to scientific advancement with an animated Google Doodle.

In 2016, Lamarr was depicted in an off-Broadway play, HEDY! The Life and Inventions of Hedy Lamarr, a one-woman show written and performed by Heather Massie.

Also in 2016, the off-Broadway, one-actor show Stand Still and Look Stupid: The Life Story of Hedy Lamarr starring Emily Ebertz and written by Mike Broemmel went into production.

Also in 2016, Whitney Frost, a character in the TV show Agent Carter, was inspired by Lamarr and Lauren Bacall.

In 2017, actress Celia Massingham portrayed Lamarr on The CW television series Legends of Tomorrow in the sixth episode of the third season, titled "Helen Hunt". The episode is set in 1937 "Hollywoodland" and references Lamarr's reputation as an inventor. The episode aired on November 14, 2017.

In 2018, actress Alyssa Sutherland portrayed Lamarr on the NBC television series Timeless in the third episode of the second season, titled "Hollywoodland". The episode aired March 25, 2018.

Gal Gadot is set to portray Lamarr in an Apple TV+ limited series based on her life story.

A novelization of her life, The Only Woman in the Room by Marie Benedict, was published in 2019.

#hedy lamarr #classic hollywood #classic movie stars #golden age of hollywood #old hollywood #1930s hollywood #1940s hollywood #1950s hollywood #hollywood legend

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mamapriest · 5 years ago

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1952-61 / AN ALLY FOR MARILYN / LOUELLA PARSONS /

Date of birth: August 6, 1881, in Freeport, Illinois.

Date of death: December 9, 1972, in Santa Monica, California.

Exercise: journalist, columnist for the "Herald Examiner" (belonging to the "Hearst" group). Her column was authoritative in Hollywood. She was one of Marilyn's greatest allies, and arguably the most influential columnist in the film industry - a title that her rival, Hedda HOPPER, would certainly have challenged.

At the end of 1952, she met Marilyn for a radio show. At the beginning of 1953 she took up the cause for Marilyn; this one could count on it to throw a veil on the rumors and to give, in general, a positive turn to unflattering events at the origin.

On January 1, 1953, she attended the Cinemascope Party.

In 1956 she accompanied Marilyn to London, where she attended the party organized by Terence RATTIGAN in honor of Marilyn.

In July 1958, she was present at the press conference for "Some Like It Hot".

On March 6, 1960, she attended the "Golden Globe Awards".

In 1960, she went on the set of "Let's Make Love".

Wielding a cleverly catty pen is an art. Historian Gary Wills has identified some of our best known classical authors as also being the earliest gossip columnists, including Catullus for this snappy epigram on the subject of an invitation from Julius Caesar: “Join your party?/I might, mighty Czar,/Could I remember/quite who you are.” Step forward a couple of centuries and the pen was being wielded by two of the most dangerous star-makers and star-breakers Hollywood would ever see: Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons.

Hedda Hopper & Louella Parsons, Vanity Fair

It was fan magazines that helped create the idea of "movie stars". Motion Picture Story Magazine was launched in 1911 during the era of silent films and the appetite was insatiable: this magazine was the first of what would become nearly 300 titles in the genre.

At the height of their power in the 1940s, Hopper and Parsons' rival columns had a combined readership of 75 million people (half the population of the USA) and the industry was just as much in thrall to them, if not more so, than the public, as Bob Hope said: “Their columns were the first thing we looked at every morning to see what was going on.” Both women had a long association with Hollywood and powerful connections which they exploited ruthlessly, against the stars and each other. Hopper began as a bit-part actress. She appeared in around 120 films, hit hard times (probably because she refused to entertain LB Mayer on his casting coach) but retained enough industry friends to eventually be hired by MGM as a journalist to offset the power of Parsons, her one time friend. Parsons, by contrast, was a journalist from the start whose career went stellar after she forged a friendship with publisher William Randolph Hearst's film actress mistress Marion Davies.

Time satirising Hopper's trademark hats

Both women were highly skilled at blurring both their own pasts (editing their marriages and their birth dates) and their colourful lives. When it came to their quarry, however, nothing was off limits.

Louella had informants everywhere, from studios to hairdressers’ salons and doctors’ offices. When Louella received a tip that Clark Gable and his second wife, Ria, were going to divorce, she“kidnapped” Mrs. Gable and held her hostage at her home until she was sure the story was hers first. Hopper ruined Ingrid Bergman's career after she had an affair with Roberto Rossellini and became pregnant - not because of the affair but because she gave the story to Louella.

Hopper's attacks on Marilyn Monroe were so vicious, fans wrote letters after Monroe's death blaming Hopper for the suicide - apparently she didn't give a damn about that or about the skunk Joan Bennett sent her as a Valentine's gift. When she was asked by actress Merle Oberon “What inspired all the vicious things you’ve been writing about me?”, her response was simple and really rather chilling: “Bitchery, dear. Sheer bitchery.”

The end of the studio system in the 1950s, the spread of television and the rise of tabloid magazines such as Confidential which was notorious for making up stories with no basis in fact at all, changed the relationships between Hollywood, its stars and the public. Parsons and Hopper faded away and, while gossip and some of its perpetrators seem to find continuously new lows in this 24/7 internet world, no other individual writers since have held such long-lasting and dangerous power over other people's lives. I can highly recommend the film Trumbo if anyone wants to know more, Helen Mirren's portrayal of Hopper captures her awfulness to perfection.

The Golden Age of Hollywood, or so this period is so often called: proof that layers of gilt and polish and pretence can't hide the poison under the surface.

*Sources: skyrock.com

thehistorygirls.com

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dawsonscreekwasalwaysbad · 8 years ago

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some lin-manuel miranda rhymes that I can’t believe exist

break of day/chase away

dawn, sing/awning/morning

exaggerated/exacerbated/complicated/emigrated

beyond that/passed on/gone back/get on that

escalator/test ya later

Rosario/barrio

cousin/runnin’/dime-a-dozen

Cole Porter/cold waters

practice at it/mathematics

stressed/yes/press/mess/checks/next

earner/learner/burner

statement/payment/pay rent

wide awake/highest place/fire escape

scholarship/dollar/college

GWB/gee nina, what’ll you be?

eyes on/horizon

Benny, hey/any sign/anyway/anytime

check it/rubber neckin’/a hundred ninety second/double decker/bus wreck

honey/money/one day

businessman/richer than

spending spree/entrance fee/friends with me

braggadocio/pinocchio/rodeo/tokyo

ready/heavy/already sweaty

answer/pants up

ass/axis/knapsack/jack/taxes

neck/respect/paycheck

hypotheticals/set of goals

pursue em/doin/ruin/brewin’/few on/room with a view/room with you in it

business/Christmas/Hiznits

thousand/housin/browsin

escalatin’/penetratin’/corporations/demonstratin’/immigration/hatin’/nation/latent/blatant

jokin’/broke then

snide/hide/inside

perceive it/believe that

silent type/island type/wild all night

guard the store/bombard the store/ain’t got a store no more

dilemmas/mess/less of/Vanessa

bogus/noticed

gather round, sit down/announcement/amounts, it’s/thousand

Republic/in love with

coroners/corner/foreigners

coulda been/hood again

plastic cups/has the cups

calling card/falling hard

crack of dawn/blackout goes on

back/trash/past/sack/cash

Hudson/just when/floods in

dawn/salon/move on/gone

legacies/recipes/rest in peace

destiny/best in me/test and we/pressin’ and/yes indeed

Scotsman/forgotten/spot in the/providence/impoverished

father/farther/harder/smarter/starter/charter/slaughtered/carted/guard up/part of/borrow/barter

came/reigned/drain/brain/refrain/pain

insane, man/mainland/came, and/name, man

Hamilton/haven’t done

debt ridden/bed ridden/half dead, sittin’

suicide/ruined pride/new inside

less astute/destitute/restitution

landlord/can’t afford

burr/sir/sure/service/nervous/blur/bursar/were/verse/worst/immature/words/absurd/confer/Mercer/secure/stir

handles/financials

orphan/war then/more than

horses/of course it’s/intercourse/four sets/corsets

college/astonish/polish/knowledge

piece of coal/reach my goal/unimpeachable

older/colder/shoulder

disadvantage/manage/brandish/famished

independently/essentially/relentlessly/spendin’ spree/descendants free/century/enter me/parentheses/mentions me/sets us free/eventually/ascendancy

Britain/shittin’

apprentice/parentis

fraught/taught/shot/got/Lancelot/hot/lot/plot/pot/spot/not

manumission/abolitionists/position/ammunition is

memory/ahead of me/let it be/melody

ask/fast/laugh/flask/have/last/that’s

movement/prove went

foes oppose us/roll like Moses

honest stand/promised land

independence/descendants/endless/defendants

street is excitin’/bleedin’ and fightin’/readin’ and writin’

summer in the city/someone lookin’ pretty

searchin’/urchin

disgust me/discussed me

Common Sense/Thomas Paine/I’m intense/I’m insane

revolution/revelation

happenin/Manhattan/happen to be in

rabble/unravel

have not/have-nots

interests/win this

Boston/cost and/lost and/Congress

strangely/mange

mercy/Jersey

modulate the key/not debate with me

divisive/indecisive/niceties

arrangement/estrangement

millisecond/feel a second

general/men are all

elegance/eloquence/elephant

fleeting/leading/retreating/bleeding

Brooklyn/rook/look

batterin’/battery

stand with the/stamina/granted us

giddy up/divvy up/city up/givin’ up

distance/assistance

Montgomery/summary

neck/Quebec

play out/way out

contrary/beyond scary

hire you/why’re you

inside/kingsmen/things slide

spies/supplies/guys/surprise

station/information/occasion/nation

on and on/phenomenon

watch this/obnoxious

undeniable/reliable

sister/if, Burr

rich, son/which one

revel/rebels

nightly/write me

harem/share him

dollar to my name/dollop of fame

confides in me/bite of me

bride/side/provide/satisfied/rewind

pang frame/dang name

heart aflame/part aflame/not a game

match wits/catch, it’s

seeing the light/key and a kite/see it, right?

two minutes/three minutes/agreement, it’s/dream and it’s

wittiest/city is/insidious

penniless/any less

status, I’d/that aside/that is why/that’s his bride/satisfied

mind/find/kind/silently/resigned/mine/fine/lyin’

fantasize/alexander’s eyes/romanticize/hadn’t sized

four of us/poor of us

colonel/journal

command/mannin’

sensible/indispensable

unlawful, sir/officer

brimstone/hymns won’t

preacher/teach ya

despondent/correspondence

George/forces/resorted/horses

assistance/sixpence

apprenticeship/sent a ship

gone with/Monmouth

piss in/listen

devices/indecisive/crisis to crisis

go back to/tobacco

second/reckoned

civility/deniability

moment/opponent

ruinous/doin’ this

Alexander/commander

war was won/war’s not done

poor man’s wife/your life/your wife

quagmire/flag higher

weapon/step in

henchmen/Frenchman

engagin’/escapin’/enragin’

do in a trench/ingenuitive/fluent in French/use him eventually/do on the bench

resilience/brilliance

practical/tactical

fight for your land back/right hand man back

command/firsthand

rise in me/eyes on me

lies in you/eyes on you

ahead of me/end of me/friend with me/expectin’ me

one shot/gunshot

stay in it/bayonet

Rochambeau/go man go

American/experiment

government/smuggle it/covenant/lovin’ it/ruffians/shovel it

say to you/day to you

jury/curious

harmony/Albany

democracy/Socrates/rocks at these/mediocrities

delegate/indelicate

listless/is this

abrasive/persuasive

solution/Constitution

amendments/independence

stall for/all for

London/husband

always pays/all my days/turn of phrase

orphan/war vet/more debt/forfeit/more yet

President/precedent

resist him/system

haven’t had the chance/ambassador to France

step in the place/red in the face

quote em/wrote em

paid/afraid/made/shade

outrageous/damn pages

land of the free/candidacy

assume the debts/union gets

competitive/sedative

Enlightenment/fight in it

President/reticent/jettison/medicine/debt is in

Madison/mad as a hatter, son

two shits/shoe fits

blunder/wonder/thunder

compromise/otherwise

ocean away/notion away

socked away/block away

said/head/red/led/bed/spread/said

helpless/hell yes

last time/pastime

received a letter/even better

luck/fuuuuu–

cuckold/unbuckled

apologetic/pathetic

dinner and invite/Virginian insight

another/southerners/other words

God we trust/got discussed

save the day/trade away

Republican/up and up again

great/create/upstate/Wait.

crooked/took it

tyranny/here and he

basket/ask it

freedom/lead ‘em

rioting/disquieting

witted/admit it/acquitted

remind you/behind you

action/reaction/fractured/factions/fractions/retractions/satisfaction/fits of passion/pits of fashion/ration to ration/cash in

askin’/task/vacous mass/at last/unmask

cock it/watchin’/Washington/pocket

doubled the/government/wasn’t the/trouble with/much of our

enterprise/centralizing

credit/competitive/abet it

complicit in/kissin’ it/isn’t gon’/listen to/disciplined/dissidents/this is the/difference/this kid is

up against/Republicans

favor/say, sir/pay for/behavior

less/press/address/yes

pseudonym/do to him

moment/home in

pieces/Jesus

Coast Guard/Post ardently

vice President/nice president

taunts/response

courted me/escorted me/corner/extorted me/sordid fee/quarterly/mortally/orderly

record/check in/checkered/check it

again/against

history/list and see/consistency

spent/cent/sent/scent

resistance/existence/indifference/deliverance

had aside/at her side/satisfied

senses/sentences/defenseless/obsessed/senseless

blocks/box/fox/frocks/socks

watch the show/father though

go now/show now

want this/conscience

like it uptown/quiet uptown

faction/attractive

extreme you/redeem you

change course/key endorsement

defeatist/elitist

here with him/beer with him

orphan/whore’s son/endorse

disgrace/time and place/face to face

believe/sleeve/grievance/disagreements

legitimate/bit of it

enemy/ever see/remember me/legacy/get to see

sing for me/symphony/sent for me

difference/immigrants/fingerprints

rise up/time’s up/wise up/eyes up/Eliza

#ith #hamilton #mine #long post #lmm #in the heights #lin manuel miranda

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bigyack-com · 5 years ago

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DealBook: Facebook Won’t Take Down Misleading Political Ads

Good morning. (Was this email forwarded to you? Sign up here.)

Facebook stands firm on political advertising

The tech giant just announced that it would not bow to pressure to tighten its rules on political advertising, Mike Isaac of the NYT reports.The social network won’t take down ads with misleading information, like one from the Trump campaign in October that made false accusations against Joe and Hunter Biden, it said this morning. Nor will it end microtargeting for such advertising, a practice that lets campaigns home in on a sliver of users.The company based its decision on “the principle that people should be able to hear from those who wish to lead them, warts and all, and that what they say should be scrutinized and debated in public,” Rob Leathern, a Facebook executive, wrote in a blog post.Other tech companies have imposed limits on political ads. Twitter has banned all such advertising, while Google has adopted tighter rules. The decision by Facebook is likely to incense both liberal and conservative critics.“Facebook executives are essentially saying they are doing the best they can without government guidance and see little benefit to the company or the public in changing,” Mr. Isaac writes.More: The controversy over a Teen Vogue article about Facebook’s effort to combat political misinformation — and whether the company paid the magazine for the piece. (It did.)____________________________Today’s DealBook Briefing was written by Andrew Ross Sorkin in New York and Michael J. de la Merced in London.____________________________

Carlos Ghosn speaks (but not about his escape)

The former Renault and Nissan boss spoke publicly yesterday after sneaking out of Japan late last month. He used the opportunity to denounce the charges filed against him by Japanese prosecutors, Ben Dooley and Michael Corkery of the NYT write.Mr. Ghosn spoke at a news conference, touting his management success and railing against what he said was a conspiracy to oust him from Nissan.He criticized the Japanese legal system, which he accused of unfair prosecution and detention. “Every day, I didn’t know whether I would see the people I love again,” he said. “It was as if I’d died.”He also expressed some regrets about how his time as an auto magnate ended. “Frankly, I should have retired,” he told the NYT.But Mr. Ghosn was silent on how he escaped from Japan. An unnamed source told the NYT that at least 15 operatives were involved in the plan — though some had assumed that they were helping a kidnapped child.His legal troubles aren’t over. Lebanese prosecutors said Mr. Ghosn had to answer questions about his flight from Japan.

It’s still unclear what caused the latest Boeing crash

Investigators are poring over the wreckage of Ukraine International Flight 752, which crashed in Tehran yesterday, killing all 176 people onboard. But they are far from reaching any solid conclusions about what made the Boeing 737-800 crash, write the NYT’s David Gelles, Anton Troianovski and Daniel Victor.Investigators have recovered the plane’s “black boxes,” the flight recording devices that often hold clues to a crash’s causes. But an Iranian government official said that contrary to standard protocol, the boxes would not be sent to Boeing. Ukraine International said it would involve the plane maker in its inquiry.Some experts suspect that an attack may have caused the crash, especially given the heightened tensions between Tehran and Washington. Hours earlier, Iran had fired missiles at two bases in Iraq that quarter U.S. troops.“All possible versions of what occurred must be examined,” President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine wrote on Facebook yesterday, after the Ukrainian Embassy in Tehran initially suggested that technical reasons were the cause. But he later walked back that statement.Investors worry about possible consequences for Boeing. If technical problems are found to be the issue, the results could be “devastating” for Boeing, the NYT writes. The company’s shares fell as much as 2.3 percent yesterday, knocking $4 billion off the its market value.More: U.S. airlines are rushing to get their hands on 737 Max flight simulators, of which there are just 34, after Boeing said that pilots needed more training.

Big names back a Los Angeles news start-up

Exclusive: Dot.LA, a news media outlet dedicated to covering Los Angeles’s tech and start-up scene, will announce today that it is beginning operations with a $4 million round of seed financing. Its list of backers reads like a who’s who of the California investment community.• Its co-founder and executive chairman is Spencer Rascoff, a founder of the real estate data website Zillow. Its editor in chief is Joe Bel Bruno, a former reporter and editor for the WSJ and the LA Times.• Venture-capital backers include Upfront Ventures, Thrive Capital and Comcast Ventures.• Financial executives who have invested in dot.LA include David Bonderman of TPG; Brad Gerstner of Altimeter; Navid Mahmoodzadegan of Moelis & Company; and Brendan Wallace of Fifth Wall.The big question is whether dot.LA can be editorially independent, given its backers. Mr. Rascoff says yes, telling Andrew: “When we were raising money, we had all investors sign an agreement acknowledging the independence of the newsroom.”

Tesla sets a new market value high

The electric carmaker’s stock has surged in the early days of 2020. The end result: Its market capitalization of roughly $85 billion is now the highest ever for an American auto company.That’s above the previous peak of $80.8 billion set by Ford in 1999. Ford’s market value as of yesterday was $36.7 billion, while G.M.’s was $49.5 billion.It’s a partial vindication for Tesla after a challenging few years that included questions about its ability to deliver cars and a legal battle between the S.E.C. and Elon Musk, the company’s C.E.O.But there are plenty of caveats. Adjusting for inflation, Ford’s market value peak would be about $122 billion in today’s dollars. And overseas carmakers like Toyota are still bigger by any measure.Tesla also faces many challenges. It has never turned an annual profit, and it is highly dependent on sales in overseas markets, particularly China.

What you missed on Day 2 of CES

The second day of the huge electronics expo in Las Vegas was a mix of product announcements and weightier discussions of public policy. Here’s what happened:• Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao announced the Trump administration’s latest guidelines for autonomous vehicles, which call for voluntary standards. (The National Transportation Safety Board has sought federal safety standards instead.)• Quibi, the short-form video service co-founded by Meg Whitman and Jeffrey Katzenberg, announced $400 million in new funding and a partnership with T-Mobile USA.• The online media personality Casey Neistat is having fun trying to stoke fake M.&A. rumors.• Just look at this robotic Labrador puppy!

The speed read

Deals• The food-delivery company Grubhub has reportedly hired financial advisers to study options including a potential sale. (WSJ)• Coupang, a South Korean e-commerce giant, is said to be considering going public as soon as next year. (Bloomberg)• Buyout firms like Blackstone and Carlyle are reportedly circling Thyssenkrupp’s elevator unit, which may be put up for sale for as much as $20 billion. (FT)• IAC plans to sell its College Humor division to the unit’s chief creative officer, which would mean layoffs for most of its employees. (Bloomberg)Politics and policy• Beijing said that China’s vice premier, Liu He, would travel to Washington next week to sign a phase-one trade deal with President Trump. (Bloomberg)• Mike Bloomberg released a job-creation plan that focuses on regional economic disparity rather than along class lines. (NYT)• The European Commission’s president, Ursula von der Leyen, said that Britain’s aim of securing a full trade deal with the E.U. by the end of the year was “impossible.” (Bloomberg)Tech• Uber revised how it calculates some fares in California to give drivers an opportunity to earn more, in response to a new state law tightening rules for contract workers. (WSJ)• Amazon’s Ring security-video division told senators that it had fired four employees over the past four years for improperly looking at users’ video data. (Verge)• David Zaslav, the C.E.O. of Discovery Communications, predicted that only two or three companies would survive the video-streaming wars. (Hollywood Reporter)Best of the rest• The U.S. economy is doing well, but economists foresee gloom ahead. (NYT)• More than 1,600 C.E.O.s left their jobs in 2019, the most departures in a year since at least 2002. (CNBC)• Critics say Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation is promoting misinformation about Australia’s wildfires. (NYT)• The business case for letting Britain’s Prince Harry and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, step back from their royal duties. (Bloomberg Opinion)Thanks for reading! We’ll see you tomorrow.We’d love your feedback. Please email thoughts and suggestions to [email protected]. Read the full article

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biofunmy · 6 years ago

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Despite #MeToo Glare, Efforts to Ban Secret Settlements Stop Short

Harvey Weinstein used them. So did R. Kelly, Bill O’Reilly and many less famous men.

When these men were accused of sexual abuse or harassment, they would use a legal tool that was practically magical in its power to make their problems disappear: a nondisclosure agreement. That, along with a substantial payment, would be enough to ensure that no one outside a handful of people would ever know what they had been accused of.

Such agreements have been a requirement for years in virtually every out-of-court settlement for sexual misconduct. But after the #MeToo movement took off in late 2017, there were calls around the country to restrict or ban such agreements, and thunderous outrage over their secrecy.

But almost two years on, as the legislative sessions in many states draw to a close, this much is clear: The N.D.A. has not gone away.

“It’s business as usual,” said Susan E. Loggans, a lawyer in Chicago who has negotiated hundreds of settlements, including a number for women who accused Mr. Kelly of victimizing them. “We’re still using them all the time.”

Since the beginning of 2018, lawmakers in at least 26 states and Washington have introduced bills to restrict nondisclosure agreements in instances of sexual harassment and assault, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures and the National Women’s Law Center. There has also been federal legislation introduced in Congress and a Parliamentary inquiry in the United Kingdom.

But of the 12 states that have passed new laws, only one, New Jersey, has gone so far as to effectively negate these N.D.A.’s, by making them unenforceable when victims break them.

The gears are turning slowly because of friction between two competing goals: stopping tomorrow’s harassment from happening and giving today’s victims as much leverage as possible.

Supporters of a ban on confidential settlements say they allow harassers and abusers to prey on others who have no warning. But someone who has been assaulted or harassed may want to keep the details private, or they might be willing to do so if it helps them get a meaningful settlement, something that could help them move on. And a harasser may not be willing to settle if he knows the deal may become public.

In some states where bills were seriously considered, bar associations and business groups have lobbied against them. The California Chamber of Commerce opposed the bill that was eventually passed in that state, saying it would force companies to go to trial to “preserve their public image.”

The New Jersey State Bar Association was a vocal opponent of the bill there.

“It’s not popular for any business, or bar association for that matter, to take what could be perceived as a stand against a sex harassment or sexual assault victim,” said Christine A. Amalfe, a former trustee of the state bar who helped draft its position on the bill.

Nonetheless, she said, “this law in New Jersey appears to be a bit of an overreaction to what MeToo was really about.” Ms. Amalfe said that New Jersey’s new law will hurt victims because defendants will be more likely to fight allegations in court if they know the accusations could become public anyway.

Nondisclosure agreements are common in the legal world and in business, where entrepreneurs make workers sign them to protect ideas and corporate plans. Celebrities use them with employees in an effort to maintain some privacy. An N.D.A. cannot stop a victim from cooperating with a police investigation, but generally, once a deal is reached, that is where the talking stops.

The legislative proposals around the country have been targeted at the use of N.D.A.’s in cases of sexual misconduct. So far, most of the bills that have passed have placed restrictions on these agreements, without banning or neutralizing them.

California’s law restricts the agreements once a formal complaint or lawsuit has been filed, and Oregon’s law allows them only at the request of the accusing employee. Some states now limit or bar nondisclosure agreements when the accused works for a government agency. And several of the new laws prohibit employers from requiring new hires to agree to nondisclosure settlements if they ever claim harassment in the future.

Indeed, some women’s advocacy organizations, like Time’s Up, have called for limits on nondisclosure agreements, but not that they be abolished altogether.

Michele Landis Dauber, a professor at Stanford Law School, noted that “silence is pretty much the only thing the victim has to bargain with.” Still, she said, there was a greater good in banning N.D.A.’s. “These agreements are not in the public interest because they allow for serial harassers to continue to inflict damage on multiple people down the road,” she said.

Zelda Perkins, who worked in the London office of Miramax, signed a strict nondisclosure agreement upon leaving the company in 1998. Ms. Perkins said that while she was working there for Mr. Weinstein, he would sometimes expect her to watch him shower or work with him while he was partially dressed or naked. She finally decided she had to leave when a young assistant Ms. Perkins had recently hired told her that Mr. Weinstein had tried to sexually assault her.

On their way out, Ms. Perkins said, she and her colleague negotiated a settlement that called for therapy for Mr. Weinstein, more protections for Miramax employees and payments of 125,000 pounds for each of the departing women.

In exchange, they would be silent. It took nearly 20 years for the accusations against Mr. Weinstein to become public. She said her lawyers gave her the impression that it would be their word against his in court, and so a settlement was their only real option.

The agreement meant that when she went looking for a new job, she could not explain to potential employers why she left Miramax, or even discuss her time there. During two interviews, she said, men conducting them suggested she and Mr. Weinstein had been having an affair.

She was not allowed to keep a copy of the agreement for herself.

“We didn’t even have a record of that to safeguard ourselves,” Ms. Perkins said.

Breaking a nondisclosure agreement often comes with stiff financial penalties. But because of the public attention on the issue, some women in high-profile cases have been able to speak out without being penalized. A woman named Lanita Carter broke her agreement when she told “CBS This Morning” that R. Kelly had masturbated in front of her and spit in her face when she refused to perform oral sex on him. She has faced no financial repercussions.

(Mr. Kelly, who has been charged with sexually abusing Ms. Carter and three other women, has denied all the accusations.)

Ms. Perkins broke her nondisclosure agreement in fall 2017, in what she described as an effort to draw attention to the legal system that had shielded Mr. Weinstein. She has spent the last year and a half speaking publicly — to lawyers, to regulators, to the British Parliament — pushing for changes to nondisclosure laws.

“Humans are weak,” she said. “We wrote laws to protect ourselves from ourselves. And if, when you go to the law, you discover the law essentially protects and enables the perpetrator, that was the most earth-shattering discovery for me.”

McKayla Maroney, who was one of the many gymnasts abused by Lawrence G. Nassar and who signed a $1.25 million settlement with U.S.A. Gymnastics, sued the organization to release her from a nondisclosure agreement that could have cost her $125,000 had she broken it. U.S.A. Gymnastics later agreed not to penalize her for speaking out, said her lawyer, John C. Manly.

The Weinstein Company released anyone “who suffered or witnessed any form of sexual misconduct by Harvey Weinstein” from nondisclosure agreements last year. Mr. Weinstein is scheduled to stand trial in September in Manhattan on charges of sexually assaulting two women, and negotiators are trying to reach a deal on a $44 million settlement to address allegations made by other women.

Mr. Weinstein has denied having any nonconsensual sex. His representative declined to comment about his use of nondisclosure agreements.

In some states, legislators who have introduced bills to limit nondisclosure agreements said they ran up against colleagues who were unsure about where to carve out a new line. Others ascribed the failure of their bills to the state’s overall politics, where parties have different priorities or the legislature’s focus has been elsewhere. Some advocates and legislators said that attention had shifted away toward the deepening state-level battles over abortion.

Despite the modesty of the changes overall, Andrea Johnson, senior counsel for state policy at the National Women’s Law Center, said she was heartened by the progress — especially for an issue that didn’t emerge from years of careful organizing, but came seemingly out of nowhere.

“It’s really an unprecedented level of energy around this very specific issue,” Ms. Johnson said. “But yes, everything takes time.”

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bujoloveme · 6 years ago

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Skripal poisoned 1 case … – Russia 100 years of poisoning – Soviet KGB officer and assassin Nikolai Evgenievich Khokhlov has granted asylum …

KGB poisons – by Anna Zechenter

"Putin's people have finer resources than those sent by Stalin, Khrushchev or Brezhnev".

Political opponents of Colonel Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin fall ill with mysterious diseases. Usually, after their escape from their homeland, it happens to them, hoping that nothing bad can happen to them in the West.

The Russian secret service uses various poisons to get rid of unfavorable people, as in the Soviet era, except that Putin's people have more sophisticated means than those of Stalin, Khrushchev or Brezhnev sent murderer of the day. This happens to journalists in the broad daylight, so there is no doubt that anyone can awkwardly escape writing the truth about the atrocities of the Chechen war or about a possible comparison between the rulers. Political enemies get sick – for years like Victor Yushchenko, the candidate for the Ukrainian president in 2004, who was poisoned with dioxin – or for months like Alexander Litvinenko, the federal security officer escaped from the West, died in 2006, after the deadly effect of polonium radiation was exposed.

During the Soviet era, the KGB murdered the person he wanted in silence, without unnecessary advertising and leaving no trace. The secret service resorted to refined methods of murder.

Infection of Josip Broz Tito

When Josip Broz Tito, the leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia announced in 1948 that his country would "build National Socialism" and "go his own way", he denied the Moscow rule in the eastern camp. To insult the injury, he decided to found his own Balkan Association. Angry, Stalin ordered his assassination so that the vulnerable Soviet hegemony would not be violated. The most famous assassination attempt on Tito was organized by Josif Grigulevich – the same man who in 1940 led the first unsuccessful attempt by another communist heretic, Leon Trotsky, in Mexico.

Agent Grigulevich visited many spy missions in Yugoslavia and had good relations with Tito's people. He was even promised a private audience with the leader of Yugoslavia in 1952. In early 1953, he proposed several variants of the assassination during the consultation with the emissaries of the Soviet Security Ministry in Vienna. One of the variants envisaged Grigulevich spraying a dose of plague bacteria on the visit of the leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The silent atomizer would hide under his clothes, and Grigulevich would immunize himself before attempting the plague. Another idea that was taken into consideration was a jewel box in gift box for Tito, which would give off a deadly gas when opened. The information that the attempt did not work reached Stalin unexpectedly on March 1, 1953. A few hours later, he suffered a stroke and died on the morning of March 2nd. Tito's problem has been solved.

Brezhnev prefers cyanide

In later years, immigrants became the subject of attacks by Soviet services in the West. Gyeorgy Okolovich, one of the leaders of a Russian migrant union – the National Union (NTS – Narodno-Trudovoy Alliance) in West Germany – was to be assassinated by Nikolai Khokhlov. Khokhlov was trained by Judo Master of the USSR, Mikhail Rubak, and Lieutenant-Colonel Godlevsky, a five-time winner of Soviet shooting competitions.

The NTS was founded in 1930 by Russian immigrants in Yugoslavia to start an armed resistance against the Soviets. The NTS worked together with the Germans during the Second World War, among other things, by issuing newspapers on Russian territory occupied by the Third Reich.

After 1945, the NTS began working with the Special Forces of the United Kingdom and the United States of America, at a time when there were survivors of the so-called second wave of Russian emigration to the West, ie people who survived German captivity and later Operation Keelhaul "survived. During Operation Keelhaul, the alliance handed over hundreds of thousands of Russian prisoners to Stalin. These prisoners captured by the Germans were citizens of the USSR, who were taken to the Third Reich for forced labor. They were also members of formations fighting on Hitler's side. NTS agents were sneaked into the Soviet Union until the mid-fifties. There they gathered information and recruited new agents.

Even then, there were initial assumptions that the inner circle of the group was infiltrated by the KGB. Accidents occurred one after another, although the organization worked in a deep conspiracy and maintained centralized structures. The Soviet secret services penetrated the inner circle of heads of state and used the NTS to deal with Russian dissidents. The intelligence used various forms of incitement. For example, a "secret" courier came to Moscow, who offered the opposition to blow up Lenin's mausoleum or found "five-man assault parties" that would arm the system.

During the trials of Alexander Ginzburg and Yuri Galanskov, the publisher of independent underground journals, the so-called "Samizdat," the authorities accused the defendant of 1968 "contacts with the NTS," although the defendants had no connection with this organization at all. There have been attempts to treat Vladimir Bukovsky, who currently lives in the UK, in a similar way. The NTS confirmed Bukovsky so eagerly that there was no doubt about her provocative agent role.

The murderer, planned for Gyeorgy Okolovich, was built in the KGB gunsmith shop. It was an electrically ignited, self-igniting firearm hidden in a box of cigarettes. This firearm shot the victim with potassium cyanide. On February 18, 1945 Khokhlov appeared in Frankfurt am Main. Instead of killing Okolovich, he told the alleged victim all the truth and surrendered to the CIA, but at first they did not believe his story. During the press conference he showed journalists the unusual kind of firearm. In retaliation in September 1957 attempted to poison Khokhlov for treason. The experiment took place at the Hotel Palmengarten near the German-French border during an international conference of anti-communist activists from Europe and America. Before giving his speech, Khokhlov drank coffee given to him by one of the participants of the congregation. When he lost consciousness, he was taken to the hospital by his potential victim, Gyeorgy Okolovich. In the hospital he was poisoned with a strong, unknown poison. Khoklov's entire body was covered with black spots, and his face was deformed by heavy swelling. Okolovich asked for help from American military doctors. They identified the poison as radioactive thallium. Khoklov's body was strong, so he survived.

In order to eliminate the "psychological factor of man" in the future, which at the last critical moment might turn out to be disappointing, the Soviets turned to professional killers. This choice had another advantage as it covered the routes leading to Moscow.

A German named Wolfgang Wilprett was hired to eliminate Vladimir Poremsky, the chairman of the NTS. It was a big surprise in Lubyanka that even Wilprett changed his mind and reported his mission to the West German police in December 1955.

Gas atomizers and ricin

It was finally the turn to the elimination of Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera. These two were leading representatives of the Ukrainian emigrants. Rebet was one of the most important theoreticians of the Ukrainian national movement, and Bandera was a leader of the Ukrainian nationalists. The first died in 1957, the second in 1959. Bohdan Stashynsky, a KGB officer, was the executing officer. The weapon used in the assassination was a nebulizer that shot a thin stream of gas after a cyanide-filled ampule was smashed.

Stashynsky's base of operations was at a secret KGB center in Karlshorst near Berlin. In 1960 he met a German woman from the then German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was biased against the Soviets. Stashynsky realized that not only did he fall into disfavor, but he would never find peace because he knew too much. In August 1961, a few days before the closure of the border between East and West Berlin, he fled to the other side. In October 1962 he entered court in Karlsruhe. During the trial he revealed the details of the killings ordered by the Kremlin authorities. For the first time facts were revealed, and Moscow could not refuse knowledge of them. He even admitted that he received a Red Flag medal from Khrushchev for the murder of Bandera. The judge ruled that the main culprit was the government of the Soviet Union, and he sentenced Stashynsky to eight years in prison.

"The Bulgarian Umbrella"

On the evening of September 7, 1978, 49-year-old Gyorgy Markov was waiting at a bus stop near London's Waterloo Bridge. He did not know that a death sentence ordered by the leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Comrade Todor Zhivkov, had already been executed. Markov's death began a few seconds earlier, just as Markov was passed by a random pedestrian. A man with a distinctly foreign accent turned to Markov, and at the same time unintentionally dropped an umbrella, as it seemed. He picked it up quickly and hit Markov's calf with the tip of his umbrella. He hurried into a taxi and drove off.

When Gyorgy Markov was already a well-known playwright, essayist and writer in 1969, he fled communist Bulgaria. In London, he worked for BBC Broadcasting, was a correspondent for the Munich Radio Free Europe and the German channel Deutsche Welle.

He ridiculed the overly sensitive Zhivkov by talking about the villainy of a "village policeman" and the "disgustingly mediocre humor" of the First Secretary. He was a zealous enemy of communism, which could not be turned around or bribed. The authorities decided to eliminate him with the help of the KGB.

He began writing in sanatoriums where he went as a retired chemistry teacher and was constantly suffering from tuberculosis. His first novel "Questionnaire" was published in 1961. At the same time his narrative collection "Zwischen Tag und Nacht" was published. Soon his next book "Men" became a novel of In the sixties he became one of the most popular authors of his country, he published some novels and theater productions and also worked on screenplays.

In the late 1960s, the censors stopped his novel "The Roof" from being released, and two pieces based on his scripts were taken from posters. When he was allowed to travel to Italy in 1969 to meet his brother, he decided not to return. He settled in England and continued to write and was successful. In 1974, his play "The Archangel Michael" won first prize at the Edinburgh Theater Festival.

In the same year Boris Arsov suddenly disappeared from his Danish apartment. He was editor and publisher of the Bulgarian emigrant magazine. He was found after two months – arrested in the prison of Sophia. He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison. The authorities did not hide the fact that he was abducted by KDS officials (Drzavna Sigurnost Committee) or the secret police. After a year in prison, he was found dead in his cell.

In the mid-1980s, Bulgarian Communists began to get rid of enemies. Arsov's death coincided with the shooting of three Bulgarian immigrants in Vienna. They helped organize the escape to the West, and their names were: Veselin Stoyov, Peter Niezamov and Ivan Kolev. The Austrian police immediately identified the killer, a KDS agent who was able to hide under Zhivkov's wing.

A birthday present for the secretary

Dymitry Stoyanov was a communist politician who died in 1999. In early 1978, when he was Minister of the Interior and head of the KDS, he asked the KGB for help to silence a defiant emigre.

The head of the KGB, Yuri Andropov, attended the meeting. At first, Andropov was opposed to any Soviet involvement, but he was convinced that a public ridicule on Comrade Zhivkov had a negative impact on Communist concerns.

"Do not plan direct involvement of our side, give the Bulgarians what they need, show them how to handle it, and send someone to Sophia to train their people, but that's the end of it," said Andropovs Command, quotes Vasili Mitrokhin, a former KGB archivist. Mitrokhin copied a large number of Soviet intelligence documents and fled with them in the early 1990s with them in the West.

Sergei Mikhailovich Golubev, a toxicologist serving the intelligence service, has been instructed to prepare suitable resources for the Bulgarians. He decided a lethal ricin injection would be the best. A device placed in the pointed tip of an umbrella should be used in the company.

The Soviets chose umbrellas from the US, while the Bulgarians date the assassination: Comrade Zhivkov's birthday.

Markov felt vulnerable because someone called him and was warned that he could be poisoned in the near future. He ate and drank only with his closest friends.

On September 7, 1978, a few hours after the incident at the bus stop, Markov felt ill and was taken to the hospital. He remembered feeling a sting in his leg as he spoke to the stranger. At that time he did not care. He died three days later, on September 11th. During his autopsy, a 1.5 mm diameter platinum ball was found at the injection site. The ball contained a lethal dose of ricin. There were two small holes on the surface of the ball.

After the death of Markov, another Bulgarian immigrant immediately called the hospital. His name was Vladimir Kostov, and he was deeply disturbed by the circumstances of Markov's death when he himself was pierced with an umbrella on August 26, 1978 in Paris. One month after he was attacked, surgeons removed a ball from his back. It was similar to Markov's body. On that occasion, the bullet did not penetrate deep enough into the body of the victim and the ball was intact, meaning that the poison did not leak into his bloodstream. Later, Kostov published the book "The Bulgarian Umbrella", in which he described the method used by KDS.

The details regarding Markov's murder and death are still unknown. Someone from the hospital where Markov spent the last 5 days of his life has destroyed all the documents. No information was found in the archives of the KDS Security Service. It is only known that Francesco Gullino, a Danish citizen of Italian origin, carried out the murder. He was a secret agent of the Sophia regime. His name is also written "Giullino".

Christo Christov from the magazine "Dnevnik" has been carrying out investigations for years. On the thirtieth anniversary of Markov's assassination in 2008, Christov published documents showing that Francesco Gullino, born 1946 in Bari, aka "Piccadilly", was recruited by KDS in 1970. In the same year he was trained. He spent several years in Europe, posing as an antique dealer and visiting the Soviet Union three times. The day after Markov was attacked in 1978, he fled to Italy. As a reward for the murder of the writer, he received thirty thousand dollars. With this reward money he opened a shop in Denmark.

In 1993 he was interrogated several times by the Danish and British authorities and his fingerprints collected. a sample of his signature was submitted for graphological examination. "Piccadilly" has decidedly refused any connection with Markov's case. With no reason to accuse him, the Danes had to release him.

On April 18, 1993 Gullino left Denmark. Two months later, his house and business were sold in Copenhagen and no one heard from him afterwards.

"Service 7"

Oleg Gordyevsky, a very important American and British spy who managed to escape the Soviets in 1986, confirmed that the assassination attempt was planned and executed by the KGB. Bulgaria is in no hurry to show detailed circumstances. The investigation began in 1990, but a few months earlier, in December 1989, shortly after the collapse of Todor Zhivkov's regime, security services destroyed dozens of files on Markov. There was even a scandal in 2007 when Andrey Cvetanov, head of the investigation team, publicly announced that British doctors were responsible for the deaths of the immigrants because they did not recognize signs of poisoning and treated the victim for the flu.

A year later, Scotland Yard reopened its investigation. According to the British newspaper The Times, five detectives from Scotland Yard went to Bulgaria as new information appeared. Cvetanov told the Dnevnik newspaper that British investigators had asked him to look at the documents on Markov's death, and they also tried to obtain permission to interrogate forty witnesses, including two former police officers.

In 2008, the head of the Bulgarian National Investigation Service, Boyko Naydenov, said the work, to explain what is already clear, would include the services of "young lawyers who are not burdened by the past". His statement was in response to the Markov family's claims that Cvetanov deliberately blocked the investigation.

In 2010, Communist Security Service documents were disassociated from activities of the "Service 7" cell. The group was founded in the 1960s and consisted of professional assassins. They acted on the orders of the secret police and often worked with the KGB to kidnap and murder Bulgarian immigrants abroad. They were led by Colonel Petko Kovachev.

They first started four times in 1963, and a year later Kovachev insisted on "expanding his small department," he wrote. By the time he had nearly forty murderers under his command. A note dated July 1, 1970 was received: "We must execute death sentences," wrote Angel Solakov, the then Interior Minister. "I know it looks like a dirty job, but for us this work is an honor." , The group was apparently formally dissolved in 1972. Nevertheless, Markov's murder is attributed to them. The reason for this is that the alias "Piccadilly" appears in the documents alongside other aliases.

This story is vividly similar to the attempts to explain political murders in various countries of the Soviet bloc. The files are missing, witnesses disappear, the authorities assure that justice is served.

In the meantime, a new phrase appeared in the Lexicon of Special Services: "The Bulgarian Umbrella".

Putin and heavy metals

Years passed, the overthrow of the USSR was proclaimed, the Russian Federation emerged and the authorities in the Kremlin are still reaching for poisons. In 2006, the whole world was able to watch the long agony of Alexander Litvinenko on television. He was a lieutenant colonel in a special unit dedicated to organized crime and later poisoned with polonium in Britain.

Before Litvinenko escaped secretly through Georgia in 2000, he risked – risking his life – evidence that the bloody attacks were carried out by the US security service. These murders served as an excuse to start the second Chechen war. In the West, he collaborated with Yuri Felshtinsky – a Russian immigrant historian – on a publication titled "To Blow Up Russia." The publication should reveal facts and names that no one should ever hear.

The book was published in 2007, shortly after the death of Litvinenko. In the preface, Felshtinsky wrote: "In August 2001, several chapters of our forthcoming book were published in Russian by Moscow's" Novaya Gazyeta. "Since then, several people have died who helped us transport cassettes with the banned documentary" Murder of Russia " Both were shot and Yuri Shchekochichin, also a deputy editor-in-chief of Novaya Gazyeta, followed suit.

Russia refused to deliver Andrey Lugovoy, who according to the British service is the main murder suspect.

In January 2011, the Berlin Public Prosecutor's Office stopped investigating the poisoning of the Kalashnikov couple with mercury, the two Russian dissidents. The Germans came to the conclusion that there is not enough evidence to deliberately preserve the deadly element. The fact of poisoning is denied by anyone; Mercury levels in the blood of former KGB colonel and his wife, Marina, exceeded the norm 25-fold. This was discovered in an investigation in a Berlin hospital in early November 2010. Since 1991, Viktor Kalashnikov has worked as a specialist in German affairs in Yeltsin's headquarters and was considered one of the most influential people in Russia. When Putin came to power, Kalashnikov became involved in journalism, and he fell into disfavor for having criticized the policy of the Kremlin. It is known that he had several death threats after his escape.

"Russia is returning to external expansion," Kalashnikov wrote in May 2009. "The whole world is celebrating the 20th anniversary of the collapse of communism, imposed by the Soviet Union on various countries, and Moscow claims to do it all The Cold War has claimed fifty million casualties, and the USSR has been crushed by it, but not completely, and today it is decided how this operation will progress. "

An excerpt from the book "KGB Poisons", Arcana Publishing, 2012

Written by Anna Zechenter

Anna Zechenter works in the IPN Department of Public Education in Krakow, published in "Dziennik Polski", "Nasz Dziennik", "Arcana", IPN Publishing, 1990 – 1997 editor and journalist at "Krakow Times". Author of the following books: "KGB plays a game of chess", "Memorized" – extended interview with Adam Macedoński.

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tracietruong8-blog · 7 years ago

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Great house, good outdoors as well as very friendly hosts. Washington Contributor Kellie Meyer reports there's difference on ways to tackle it. ACM COVERS publishes premium research results in the fields of information as well as system protection and personal privacy. News from the National Gallery in Krakow directly to your email. Nowy Targ 7 - 10 Day Weather report Summary: Heavy rain (total 33mm), heaviest throughout Fri night. A very great, comfy and also brilliant lodging, near the city. ile w skali całego frontu udział trzech słowackich dywizji nie wpływał na losy wojny, tyle na samym Podhalu i Sądecczyźnie było to wyraźne wsparcie oddziałów niemieckiej Armii gen. He has charged replacement principals of team Rick Dearborn and Joe Hagin with bringing some order to the head of state's routine, pushing them to plan occasions further beforehand and also to include one public-facing event every day and also one travel event weekly, inning accordance with an elderly White Residence aide. In addition, Bluetooth uses a broader enemy surface compared to WiFi, practically completely uncharted by the research neighborhood and also for this reason contains much more susceptabilities. Greater than a loads canines are left homeless after Storm Irma brushed up with Florida. If you're concerned about identification theft, yet haven't yet end up being a sufferer, this scams alert will certainly secure your credit from unverified access for at the very least 90 days. The court negotiation came after town code enforcement policemans provided greater than 200 violations at the Granada Apartment building. 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The Neo-Gothic brick holy place, which still exists today, was founded in the late 19th century on the website of the initial dismantled church which had been built from larch timber. Minor guidance - you need to buy, with everything you may need throughout your stay to prevent taxing journeys to the shop. Back in the Privacy dialog, Click Manage Website Information ... and also kind right into the search bar. While developing every new field of study we constantly keep in mind the needs as well as specific personality of the local area. COCCIDIA misbehaves NEWS as well as can cause FATALITY in young dogs. Your house is a small library with publications for adults (czytadeł to a more ambitious literature) as well as for children. The charitable Jewish ancestry organization JewishGen has a thorough online data source of Yizkor books and the communities that they record. Agencies may hold recruitment events at only one school or institution prior to filling up a job under the Pathways Programs as a component of a broader as well as much more thorough outreach and recruitment method. Irene Clark of Orlando was driving eastbound on Westover Roberts Road near Florida's Turnpike about 9:40 a.m. and quit at a junction with a blinking red light, FHP Sgt. It was homecoming evening at Ft Leboeuf, however quarterback Jason Williams and the Erie High offense ruled the field in a 42-3 success over the Bison.

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