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desivision · 5 years

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The Desi Guide to Binge-Watching in the Holiday Season

I remember going to watch the comedy “Luv Shuv Te Chicken Khurana” at AMC Mercado in Santa Clara California a few years back. There were 3 people in the theater that afternoon. My girlfriend and I, both die-hard Bollywood first day first show fanatics. And a white guy. The movie was a slow disappointment, but the white guy loved it. He told us that he came for the color, the song, and the dance and didn't mind if the experience may be marred by badly contexed sub-titles.

Bollywood forgets that the greater audience may be beyond the desi crowd. Some filmmakers need to start thinking about that paradigm. Every time a bhangra song plays in a club, the white people love swinging into action. Holi at Stanford is mostly white and most technology companies are hotbeds of Indian culture, led by Bollywood styling.

As Desis, Bollywood is our expression, whether we were born in the sub-continent or not, whether we moved out of India decades ago or are fresh off the boat; we know the songs, we dance to the tunes, we dress influenced by the stars, we follow their Instagram feeds, our karaoke sessions are Bollywood the theme, our conversations are lined with famous dialogues from Bollywood movies, we line up for miles outside theaters when a Rajni movie releases, we turn up in thousands when the stars visit to perform, we represent our Desiness through a lot of nuances borrowed from Bollywood. Bollywood is a big expression. Almost 2 billion people around the world get it.

Here is our recommendation list for the Christmas holidays. Whether you are a Bollywood fan or not, the quality and expression of this content will warm you this season.

Number 10 Haq Se

Loosely based on Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, the depiction of the lives of 4 sisters in Kashmir during the conditions it is in is a beautifully poignant story about the aspirations and ambitions of women and the society. A must watch for beautiful scenery and excellent performances by all actors. Starring Rajiv Khandelwal. Surveen Chawla, Simone Singh, directed by Ken Ghosh, Set in the turbulent terrorist infested Kashmir, the story revolves around the Mirza sisters. In Kashmir, where the society is conditioned to be very misogynistic and patriarchal. Women are suppressed and they can't voice their opinion or create their paths. This is the story of the women who dare to. Warm Kashmir colors are perfect for your holiday binge watching. View Trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orP_-9rWWy8

Streaming on Alt Balaji

Number 9 Inside Edge

Inside Edge is the story of the Mumbai Mavericks, a T20 cricket franchise playing in the Powerplay League. ... almost a virtue, where sex, money, and power are mere means to an end, 2 seasons of this series are a treat to watch. Created by Pawan Anshuman, starring Richa Chadha, Vivek Oberoi, Angad Bedi and Aamir Bashir, it's a perfect holiday watch for cricket fans.

Watch promo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es_cjyjeYbc

Streaming on Amazon Prime

Number 8 Vir Das Jestination Unknown

Vir Das and his friends travel across India to find what out what India finds funny and inoffensive. It is a beautifully unscripted portrayal of the immense diversity of India through the lens of what is the most spontaneous script and reactions.

Though a short season, the entire narrative is binge-worthy and engaging. Perfect for a family binge.

View Promo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-gb-rOVLaU

Streaming on Amazon Prime

Number 7 Sacred Games

The hair-raising plot of India's first Netflix Original is one of the highly-raved shows. The riveting cat-and-mouse game is a mixture of amazing storytelling, a fluent narrative, and brilliant acting. Sacred Games has the brilliant Nawazuddin Siddiqui playing an evil gangster and Saif Ali Khan as a troubled cop and Radhika Apte plays an intelligence officer, SG is directed by the impeccable Anurag Kashyap. PS : Not a family watch though but bingable for the holidays.

View Promo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfPJfBeDBtE

Streaming on Netflix

Number 6 Powder

Powder is one of those underrated show which more than nine years old and a bit ahead of its time. The show aired on Sony TV in 2010 and went off the air due to poor ratings. Thankfully, Netflix resurrected it from the dusty corners and now offers it to everyone. The show follows a team of Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) officers as they team up to arrest a group of drug traffickers, peddlers, and smugglers. Sure, it's nothing like Narcos, but if you like those kinds of drug crime dramas, then it might be the one for you. Interestingly, this show premiered about five years before Narcos went on air.

The show brings together an amazing cast comprising of Pankaj Tripathi, Rasika Dugal, Manish Choudhary, and Geetika Tyagi.

Quite Bingable for the holidays

Promo is here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7aL1FrEg14&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=KaranSingh

Streaming on Netflix

Number 5 Mirzapur

Starring starring Pankaj Tripathi, Ali Fazal, Vikrant Massey, Shweta Tripathi, Shriya Pilgaonkar, Rasika Dugal, Harshita Gaur, Divyendu Sharma, Kulbhushan Kharband and Amit Sial, this is a brilliant crime thriller directed by Karan Anshuman and Gurmmeet Singh. With the rivetting fast paced story of the nine episodes of Season 1, this is a sure shor binge watch for the holidays for thriller buffs.

View Promo here

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNeGF-PvRHY&ab_channel=AmazonPrimeVideoIndia

Streaming on Amazon Prime

Number 4 Yeh Rishtey hain Pyar Ke

Out of all the sitcoms airing on Indian Television, we love and recommend this show for holiday binge-watching. Its young, uninhibited and has a surprising storyline of a young couple and an evil mom, yet there is no regular drama in dealing with the situation. The actors are well-chosen and a few episodes into the show, you will fall in love with the characters and believe their love story. You will cry with them, you will laugh with them and put on loop their beautiful moments. This is not your traditional desi serial so be prepared for a genuine breath of fresh air.

In short, you will want to fall into the love they share. Directed by Ashish Shrivastava, produced by Rajan Shahi at Directorskutproduction; the almost 200 episodes already streaming on hotstar could be your romantic holiday season binge. The actors Shaheer Sheikh, Rhea Sharma and Ritvick Arora are well cast and carry the show on their able shoulders. A must romantic see.

View promos here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQBDIonjD1k&ab_channel=StarPlus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=vENv9EC10W4&feature=emb_logo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bD4uqqRkU2M&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=StarPlus

Streaming on Hotstar

Number 3 Breathe

Breathe has undoubtedly taken the Indian storytelling to another level. The plot revolves around the lives of ordinary men who are faced with unexpected situations.

Kabir Sawant, a talented officer of the criminal division, assembles the missing pieces of unrelated deaths, all of which lead him to a common suspect. It is exciting to watch how the drama unfolds between the suspect who is trying to save his dying son and the officer who is adamant to impart justice. Starring R. Madhavan, Amit Sadh, Sapna Pabbi

Produced by Vikram Malhotra . Completely Bingable.

View promo : https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=OstwwYcz8nI&feature=emb_logo

Streaming on Amazon Prime, An Amazon Prime Original . Watch with VPN since it is not available for USA audiences. ( for some reason)

Number 2 Delhi Crime

Depicting the most notorious rape case in India, Delhi Crime has won major critical acclaim since it aired the first season. Its second season has also been announced after the success of the first.

It stars Shefali Shah, Adil Hussain, Rasika Dugal, Rajesh Tailang, and many other brilliant actors. The series is based on the 2012 Delhi gang-rape case, which is widely known as the Nirbhaya case. A 23-year-old girl and her male friend were beaten up and brutally assaulted in a running bus near Munirka in New Delhi while they were going home after catching a movie.

The girl was gang-raped and assaulted with an iron rod, following which the pair was thrown naked and injured on the road, after which the culprits tried to run them over with the bus. Delhi Crime tells the story from the perspective of the Delhi Police and how they dealt with what emerged as the most brutal rape case ever seen in India.

This is the most riveting depiction of the horror of rape and the aftermath.

View Promo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNuKwlKJx2E&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=Netflix

Streaming on Netflix. A Netflix original.

Number 1 The Family Man

Srikant Tiwari is a middle-class man who also serves as a world-class spy. Srikant tries to balance his familial responsibilities with the demands of the highly secretive special cell of the National Intelligence Agency that he is working for. While he tries to protect the nation from terrorists, he also has to protect his family from the impact of his secretive, high-pressure, and low paying job.

Gripping Screenplay, dark humor, middle-class frame of reference, Enthralling, engrossing, riveting narrative. All of what makes this Manoj Bajpayee, Priyamani, Gul Panag web series such a top of the list for holidays binge. Notably, this is directed by Raj and DJ, the guys behind Stree and Bala.

View Promo here. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XatRGut65VI&ab_channel=AmazonPrimeVideoIndia

Streaming on Amazon Prime, An Amazon Prime Original.

#netflix #amazonprime #hotstar #altbalaji #yeh rishtey hain pyaar ke #delhicrime #shaheer sheikh #familyman #manoj bajpayee #haqse #mirzapur #breathe #powder #sacredgames #virdas #insideedge

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suprememastertv · 5 years

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Indian High Court declares human status for all #animals. The Honorable Justice Rajiv Sharma, a Shining World Leadership Award for #Justice laureate and currently the judge of #Punjab and Haryana High Court, ruled in Haryana state that all animals have the same rights as people. After passing a similar ruling last year in Uttarakhand State, Justice Sharma, stated, “The entire animal kingdom, including avian and aquatic, are declared legal entities have a distinct persona with corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person.” Additionally, Justice Sharma proclaimed that all of Haryana’s citizens are guardians of animals, who are mandated to protect their welfare. Our respectful gratitude and Heaven’s abundant blessings, The Honorable Justice Rajiv Sharma as well as Punjab and Haryana high court. May all countries enact strong #animalrights laws, as we create a safe haven for every cherished co-inhabitant on Earth, in the Divine’s compassionate mercy. For more loving news, please visit www.SupremeMasterTV.com

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odishaphotos · 2 years

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Fatima Bibi

Indian Women's Judge Judge M.S. Fatima Bewy (born 30 April 1927) was the first female judge appointed by the Supreme Court of India and the first Muslim woman to be appointed to the highest post of the judiciary. He was a member of the National Commission for Human Rights (India) on October 3, 1993, and served as Governor of Tamil Nadu from 1997 to 2001. Early life and education-- Fatima Bewi was born on April 30, 1927 in Pathanamthitta, Travancore, Kerala. Her mother's name is Mira Sahib and her father's name is Khadija Biwi. He was studying at the Catholic School in Pathanamthitta. He holds a bachelor's degree from University College, Trivendam and an LLB from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. Profession-- He began his career as a lawyer on November 14, 1950. He began his professional career in the lower court of Kerala. In 1958, he was appointed as the Deputy Chief Justice of Kerala. He was promoted to judge in 1968. He was appointed Chief Justice Magistrate in 1972, District and Sessions Judge in 1974, a member of the Income Tax Appeals Tribunal in 1980, and a judge in the High Court in 1933. On May 14, 1984, he became a permanent judge of the High Court. He retired from the Supreme Court on April 29, 1989, but was reappointed as a Supreme Court judge on October 6, 1989, and resigned on April 29, 1992. Governor of Tamil Nadu --- He became the Governor of Tamil Nadu on January 25, 1997. Appointing him as the Governor of Kerala, Sukhdev Singh Kang, the Supreme Court of Tamil Nadu and the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, President Shankar Dayal Sharma said that their experience and foresight in the constitution and the law were valuable assets. As governor, he refused the apology of the four perpetrators of the Rajiv Gandhi assassination. The killers applied for a pardon under Section 161 (the Governor's power to pardon).

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uditgoel2004 · 3 years

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Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar sworn in as Governor of Himachal Pradesh

Shimla (Himachal Pradesh): Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar sworn in as the 28th Governor of Himachal Pradesh in a simple but impressive ceremony held at Raj Bhawan here today. Acting Chief Justice of HP High Court Justice Ravi Malimath administered the oath of office and secrecy to him.

Chief Minister Jai Ram Thakur, Lady Governor Anagha Arlekar was also present on the occasion.

The Governor was also given an impressive Guard of Honour on the occasion.

Chief Secretary Anil Khachi read out the warrant of appointment.

Secretary to the Governor Priyatu Mandal obtained the signature of the Governor on the charge certificate.

Suresh Bhardwaj, Urban Development Minister, Govind Singh Thakur, Education Minister, Dr. Rajiv Saizal, Health & Family Welfare Minister, MLAs, Justice P.S. Rana, Chairman, Human Right Commission, Narender Chauhan, Chief Information Commissioner, Ajay Sharma, Chairman, Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission, Mayor, Satya Kaundal, DGP Sanjay Kundu, Ashok Sharma, Advocate General, Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Members of various commissions, boards and corporations, Vice-Chancellors of Universities, senior officers of the police and civil and other prominent people were also present on the occasion.

Later, while interacting with the representatives of media, the Governor said that he would take the initiatives of the state government forward. He said that it was a higher post of constitution and he would work in coordination with the State Government.

“I will give whatever support the Government needs in development. We will work together for the protection of the rich environment of the state”, said the Governor.

Arlekar said that he was impressed by the hospitality of the people of the state. He said that many people from Himachal Pradesh have contributed towards the Goa Liberation Movement and Ram Singh was one of them. “I will try to meet his family”, said he.

In the early morning, the Governor before taking the Oath performed Yajana along with family members.

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indialegal · 3 years

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Madhya Pradesh HC rejects plea seeking transfer of dowry case

The Madhya Pradesh High Court has dismissed a petition with the observation that if the petitioner has no problem in going to Jabalpur for a job, then what is the problem of going to Anuppur for trial? The matter came up for hearing before the Division Bench of Chief Justice (Acting) Sanjay Yadav and Justice Rajiv Kumar Dubey. Advocate Manish Sharma appeared in the Court on behalf of the…

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sportswik · 4 years

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Virender Sehwag Stats

In a nation that has an affinity towards premature regret, playing it safe is an inherent attribute instilled in their decision-making. India tends to opt f...

Career Information

Test debut vs South Africa at Mangaung Oval, Nov 03, 2001

Last Test vs Australia at Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Mar 02, 2013

ODI debut vs Pakistan at Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Apr 01, 1999

Last ODI vs Pakistan at Eden Gardens, Jan 03, 2013

T20 debut vs South Africa at The Wanderers Stadium, Dec 01, 2006

Last T20 vs South Africa at R.Premadasa Stadium, Oct 02, 2012

IPL debut vs Rajasthan Royals at Arun Jaitley Stadium, Apr 19, 2008

Last IPL vs Mumbai Indians at Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, May 03, 2015

In a Nutshell

Profile

In a nation that has an affinity towards premature regret,

playing it safe

is an inherent attribute instilled in their decision-making. India tends to opt for the orthodox investment choice that offers returns and contentment in the short term over the maverick idea that could potentially change the game. This sensible, if potentially short-sighted approach has produced many a talent in Indian cricket. Nevertheless, India is also a nation that loves a good story, and consequently, every so often, it regurgitates a few outliers. A polio-stricken turbo-legspinner, a precocious 16-year-old man-child, and more recently, a gloveman with the most astute, un-Indian audacity. Similarly, around the turn of the millennium, a short-statured batsman from the wilds of Najafgarh had emerged as an explosive batsman and was slated to play a newly introduced slog-fest in Hong Kong as the Indian team got ready for its dreaded tour to South Africa.

Induction into Test Cricket

As fate would have it, after some selection shenanigans, the backing of some ex-cricketers like Madan Lal and Jaywant Lele, and Sourav Ganguly's non-selection due to slow over-rate against South Africa, the universe managed to tweak destiny for yet another nonconformist to make his entry into Indian cricket: Virender Sehwag found himself in the Indian dressing room of the Bloemfontein cricket ground in Free State, South Africa, being presented Test cap #239 for India, and awaiting his turn to wield the willow.

As Virender Sehwag, then fond of short-sleeved shirts, joined his idol Sachin Tendulkar on the center strip at the Mangaung Oval, the standard definition generation suddenly found it difficult to spot the difference between the strokeplay of the two. The uncanny resemblance between their compact and punchy strokeplay (which was no coincidence, as Sehwag later admitted), was of no help to those trying to tell them apart, and nor was their similar stature. The man who bats like Tendulkar: this caused a wave of excitement in the Indian masses, as Sehwag started to take apart the famed South African bowling along with the master at the other end. There were check-drives, cover drives, flicks, and even the signature late-cuts and an early rendition of the upper-cut which would later go on to become a defining shot. According to experts, Sehwag has an inexplicable ability to render any technical analysis useless, and in turn, to make the situation, the bowler and the pitch seem irrelevant. With his nonchalant approach at the crease, it is ironic that all the attention is centered around him when he is at the crease.

Style of Play

Given the prerequisite of his talent, hand-eye coordination et al, Sehwag's approach to batting is based on a simple philosophy and a disability: the philosophy is that of sighting the ball and hitting the ball, and allow the rest of his body to follow his hands: transfer-of-weight batting over reach-the-pitch batting, a theoretically plausible form of batting which was deemed impractical against express-pace and quality bowling, until Virender Sehwag entered the game. The disability was his non-possession of the last-ball syndrome: Regardless of the events of the previous ball, he was capable of focusing on the next delivery unperturbed by the match situation or anxiety. Yet, he had the anticipation that defines every great batsman.

Due to his style of play, Sehwag was initially typecast as a limited-overs specialist, and had to wait two years after making his ODI debut to play a Test match, but in an ironic twist of fate, it is his Test record that is far more imposing, while he has not done justice to his enormous talent in One Day Internationals. After some middling performances when he came into the scene initially, Sehwag exploded when sent in to open the innings against New Zealand in his 15th ODI, scoring a century off 69 balls and announcing himself to the world.

His strike-rate in ODIs is second only to Shahid Afridi amongst the batsmen who have scored at least 1000 runs, but his average of just 34 runs is far below his Test match average of 49.34. In ODIs, Sehwag has always threatened to take the match away from the opposition, but not done it often enough, residing to being the top-order cameo player and hammering the leather off the ball to make life easier for the middle-order. Even so, he held the record for the fastest ODI hundred by an Indian (off 60 balls) for 4 years before Virat Kohli stormed past it in the sixth on series against Australia in 2013. Furthermore, in December 2011, Sehwag scored a remarkable 219 in an ODI against the West Indies at Indore, which was only the 2nd ODI double-hundred at the time, and the highest ever score in ODIs until Rohit Sharma blazed past it during his epic 264 in late 2014.

if anybody wants to get Stats information about Virender Sehwag career, records, centuries and may more, please visit our website by clicking on this link. Click Here

Tags virendersehwagstats, virendersehwagcareer, virendersehwagrecordslist, virendersehwagcenturies, virendersehwaghighestscore

#virendersehwagstats #virendersehwagcareer #virendersehwagrecordslist #virendersehwagcenturies #virendersehwaghighestscore

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vsplusonline · 4 years

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What good are exams if life is in danger? ask class 10, 12 students in fear due to Delhi violence - Times of India

New Post has been published on https://apzweb.com/what-good-are-exams-if-life-is-in-danger-ask-class-10-12-students-in-fear-due-to-delhi-violence-times-of-india/

What good are exams if life is in danger? ask class 10, 12 students in fear due to Delhi violence - Times of India

NEW DELHI: What good are exams if life is in danger? Who can study in such a fearful atmosphere? These are some questions hovering in the minds of students as tension persists in various areas of Delhi due to violent clashes at a time they are due to appear for the board examination. Schools in northeast Delhi continued to be closed for the second consecutive day on Wednesday as the death toll in the communal violence over the amended citizenship law rose to 20.

Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal flagged that the situation has become “alarming” and the Army should be called in as police is “unable to control it”.

So far, 189 people have been reported to be injured in clashes in several localities like Chand Bagh, Bhajanpura, Gokulpuri, Maujpur, Kardampuri and Jaffrabad saw pitched battles between the members of two groups who also hurled petrol bombs and opened fire.

“Board exams are so important for any student. We are asked to remain focused two years in advance and here literally everything is on fire right during the exam period. How can one study in such a fearful atmosphere,” said Muskan Sharma, who is appearing for class 12 board examination.

Sharma is a resident of Maujpur in northeast Delhi, which has been the epicentre of the violence since Saturday.

Gagandeep Singh, a resident of Chand Bagh, said, “I have English exam tomorrow. I don’t know yet whether it will be postponed or not. This kind of uncertainty and fearful vibes are so unhealthy. The thought that it is happening right around my house’s corner leaves me in fear whenever there is a knock on the door.”

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) had postponed the board exams for class 10 and 12 scheduled on Wednesday in violence-affected northeast Delhi. The exam was postponed at a total of 86 centres, including seven in east Delhi.

While class 10 students had English exam, class 12 students had optional examination, including Web Application and Media.

“What good are exams if life is in danger? And is the danger only to students? Not to teachers, invigilators and other people involved in conducting the exams? I wish if authorities can think about it and do some timely intervention in rescheduling the exams,” said another student from Chand Bagh who did not wish to be identified.

The Delhi High Court on Wednesday said class 10 and 12 students, who have board examination centres in violence-hit northeast Delhi, need to be informed in one go about the schedule for the next 10 to 15 days and not on piecemeal basis.

Justice Rajiv Shakdher said the situation in northeast Delhi is getting worse and there have been more deaths and therefore, the CBSE needs to take a call for the next 10 to 15 days.

“The situation there (northeast Delhi) is only getting worse. There have been more deaths. You should give time for the situation to settle down.”

“You cannot decide only for tomorrow or day after. Take a call for the next 10-15 days. The children need to know. They cannot wait each day for the next day” the court said and asked the CBSE to come with instructions about a long-term plan.

“Look at all alternatives, especially with regard to class 12,” the court added.

The board informed the court that for exams scheduled for Thursday it will take a call in the evening.

Communal violence over the amended citizenship law had escalated in northeast Delhi on Tuesday as police struggled to check the rioters who ran amok on streets, burning and looting shops, pelting stones and thrashing people.

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#cbse 10th exam #CBSE 12th exam #CBSE board exam #cbse board exam 2020 #Central Board of Secondary Education #Career

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bigyack-com · 4 years

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‘How dare she?’: Delhi gang rape victim’s mother on Indira Jaising’s pardon urge - india news

The mother of the December 2012 Delhi gang-rape and murder victim has hit out at senior lawyer Indira Jaising for asking her to forgive the four men, who are on death row for committing the brutal crime against her daughter.The mother was reacting to Indira Jaising’s tweet on Friday.“Who is Indira Jaising to give me such a suggestion? The whole country wants the convicts to be executed. Just because of people like her, justice is not done with rape victims,” she was quoted as saying by news agency ANI.“I can’t believe how Indira Jaising even dared to suggest such this. I met her many times over the years in the Supreme Court, not once did she ask for my wellbeing and today she is speaking for convicts. Such people earn a livelihood by supporting rapists, hence rape incidents don’t stop,” she said.Jaising had tweeted the request soon after the mother had said she felt “betrayed” after a court in Delhi deferred the date of the execution of the four convicts from January 22 to February 1. While I fully identify with the pain of Asha Devi I urge her to follow the example of Sonia Gandhi who forgave Nalini and said she didn’t not want the death penalty for her . We are with you but against death penalty. https://t.co/VkWNIbiaJp— Indira Jaising (@IJaising) January 17, 2020“While I fully identify with the pain of Asha Devi I urge her to follow the example of Sonia Gandhi who forgave Nalini and said she didn’t not want the death penalty for her. We are with you but against the death penalty (sic),” Jaising had tweeted.The lawyer was referring to Nalini, who was arrested and convicted for her role in the assassination of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 allegedly by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).The 23-year-old woman’s mother broke down on Friday after the court set the new date for hanging the four convicts.“Humein bas tareekh pe tareekh mil rahi hai (We are only getting date after date)… I do not know what to feel anymore. We are only being given dates and pushed from one courtroom to the other,” she had said.The four convicts — Mukesh Singh, Akshay Thakur, Pawan Gupta and Vinay Sharma — were among the six men who brutally gang-raped the paramedical student on a moving bus on December 16, 2012, and pushed her out of the vehicle. She later succumbed to her injuries at a Singapore hospital on December 29.Mukesh Singh, Akshay Thakur, Pawan Gupta and Vinay Sharma were convicted and sentenced to death for the crime. One of the convicts was a juvenile and let off after serving three years in a reform home and the other allegedly committed suicide in jail. Read the full article

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siva3155 · 5 years

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300+ TOP GENERAL AWARENESS Objective Questions and Answers

GENERAL AWARENESS Multiple Choice Questions :-

1. .......... Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Nanjing, Jiangsu province in China. A) Alxxca B) Qixia C) Qixxia D) Alxca 2. ............ set up the Mahatma Gandhi Sewa Ashram to rehabilitate dacoits and was awarded the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award in 2003. A) Saatvik Baba B) Ram Shankar C) K K Jaitely D) S. N. Subba Rao 3. The Saraswati Samman award for 2012 was given to ...... A) Manoj Das B) Sunil Gangopadhyay C) Rohit Gautam D) None of Above 4. .......... was the 10th President of South Korea. A) Lee Myung-bak B) Roh Moo-hyun C) Oh Se-hoon D) Yoon Jeung-hyun 5. Dadasaheb Phalke award for year 2011 was given to ............... A) Dilip Kumar B) Kishore Kumar C) V. K. Murthy D) Soumitra Chatterjee 6. The professional body representing horticulturists in Great Britain and Ireland is the Institute of Horticulture (IOH). A) True B) False 7. The first ULIP was launched in India in ............ A) 1978 by ULIP Trust B) 1969 by SBI C) 1971 by Unit Trust of India D) 1981 by ICICI Bank 8. The Saraswati Samman for outstanding prose or poetry literary works in any Indian language was instituted in 1991 by the ........ A) Radha Swamy Foundation B) Tata Group Foundation C) Govt. Of India D) K. K. Birla Foundation 9. Digital Subscriber Loop is a technology that provides Internet access by transmitting digital data over the wires of a local telephone network. A) True B) False 10. Which of the following is an horticulture crop in India? A) cabbage B) brinjal C) onion D) tomato

GENERAL AWARENESS MCQs 1. .............. was the first state to ban Burqa in public places. a) Belgium b) London c) Illinois d) Kerala 2. Market Economy Status was given to Vietnam by ............ a) US b) USSR c) Japan d) India 3. Special drawing rights (SDR) is also known as A) Paper Platinum B) Paper Gold C) FDR D) CKY 4. A hard drive is non-volatile storage. a) True b) False 5. Libya's Airbus jet crashed when it tried to land in Tripoli, killing 103 people on board, most of them dutch. An 8-year-old Dutch boy was the sole survivor. a) True b) False 6. ............. refers to a low power mode for electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and remote controlled devices. a) Hibernation b) Power down c) Sleep mode d) Non-Awk mode 7. An additional interest rate is given on retail domestic term deposits of .......... A) Women B) SC / ST C) Farmers D) Senior citizens 8. The first SAARC summit was held in ......, Bangladesh on 7–8 December 1985. a) Dhaka b) Assam c) Nepal d) Sri Lanka 9. ............. (born April 27, 1937) was a former Union Minister and Karnataka's Congress President. a) Jail Singh b) Prabhu Vicky c) Keshav Tiwari d) Janardhan Poojari 10. SEPA stand for ................... a) Super Electronic Purchase Agency b) Single Euro Payments Area c) Single Electronic Processing Agency d) Single Exchange Processing Agency e) None of these Answers 1) a, 2) d, 3) b, 4) a, 5) a, 6) c, 7) d, 8) a, 9) d, 10) b 1. In monopolistic conditions, marketing and selling are very important in order to earn higher profits. A) True B) False 2. Market .............. is dividing the market into groups of individual markets with similar wants or needs that a company divides into distinct groups which have distinct needs, wants, behavior. A) Fragmentation B) Sub-Division C) Segmenting D) Sub- Strategy 3. The ..................... Dam is a gravity dam currently under construction on the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. A) Zangdmu B) Zangmnu C) Zangmu D) Zandmu 4. ............... were the first formal institutions established to provide credit to rural India A) Rural Cooperative Banks B) Rural Banks C) Development Banks D) Regional Banks 5. The Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) is a Naga nationalist extremist group operating in Northeast India. The main aim of the organization is to establish a sovereign state ............... A) Nagalin B) Nagal C) Nagalim D) Naga 6. On April 23, ..................... was arrested on corruption charges of Rs 2 crore to recognise a college in Punjab. A) Dr. Amit Kumar B) Dr. Katan Desai C) Dr. S. D. Chaudhary D) Dr. K. T. Talwar 7. The practice of building ties to customers based on a salesperson's attention and commitment to customer needs over time is A) Selling to Relatives B) Tele Selling C) Knowledge Selling D) Relationship Selling 8. ........................................ acquired 26 percent stake of Krishna Godavari basin of deep sea block of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) in November 2012. a) Zenzo Exploration b) Cosmo Company c) Inpex Corp d) Maruzen 9. Odisha slapped a fine of .................. on Tata Steel for illegal mining in the month of November 2012? A) 6000 crore rupees B) 5000 crore rupees C) 4000 crore rupees D) 3000 crore rupees 10. ........................ recently tied up with ICICI Bank for launching its Mobile Payment Services. a) Airtel b) Idea c) Vodafone d) Aircel Answers 1) b, 2) c, 3) c, 4) a, 5) c, 6) b, 7) d, 8) c, 9) a, 10) c 1. Nokia's mobile map services in the Indian market is known as ............ a) NMaps b) NokiaMAPS c) DIRECT d) HERE 2. ............. operates in 20 countries across South Asia, Africa and the Channel Islands. In 2010, it acquired the African operations of the Kuwait based Zain Telecom. A) Vodafone B) Bharti Airtel C) Aircel D) Virgin 3. Penguin Books has tied up ................. for release of its books at the latter's selected cafes across the country. A) Café Coffee Day B) Hot Millions Coffee C) Barista Lavazza D) None of Above 4 ................... become the Chief Minister of a State in India third time consecutively. a) Vishwanath Pratap Singh b) Mamta Banerjee c) J. Jayalalitha d) Nitish Kumar 5 ................. was an Indian independence activist and political leader, remembered especially for leading the opposition to Indira Gandhi in the 1970s. The airport of Patna is also named after him. A) Devraj Pandhi B) Saran Kumar C) Jayaprakash Narayan D) M K Gandhi 6 ................. got Man Booker International Prize in 2011. A) Philip Roth B) Herman Roth C) Lucy Nelson D) Linda Samuel 7. NEFT means A) National Emblem and Fund Token B) Negotiated Easy Fund Transfer C) National Econimic Fund Transfer D) National Electronic Funds Transfer 8. ............. remained under the President's rule under President Pranab Mukherjee from 18 Janruary,2013. A) West Bengal B) Karnataka C) Jharkhand D) Orissa 9. During the April-June 2010 period, Personal computer sales in India touched ________units. a) 2.69 million b) 2.37 million c) 4.76 million d) 3.25 million 10. Which of the following is / was not an Airline in India A) Club One B) Air India Regional C) GoAir D) Club All Answers 1) d, 2) b, 3) c, 4) d, 5) c, 6) a, 7) d, 8) c, 9) b, 10) d 1. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar district, The state of kerala was formed on ......... A) 1 November 1956 B) 1 November 1966 C) 1 November 1952 D) 1 November 1949 2. Banda Singh Bahadur (1670–1716), a military commander, was also known by the name of A) Hira Lal B) Hira Gupta C) Laxman Das Bhardwaj D) Laxman Das Gupta 3. Which of the following city is not in Punjab. A) Amritsar B) Ambala C) Jalandhar D) Ludhiana 4. ............. also categorized as a wetland, is the largest fresh water lake in Kerala, A) Jheluman B) Punnamadda C) Munroethuruth D) Sasathamkotta Lake 5. Godavari river originates near Trimbak in Nashik District of Maharashtra state. A) True B) False 6. In the 2009 general elections, the Congress party emerged as the single largest party (in the Lok Sabha) with .......... of its candidates getting elected to the 543-member house. A) 204 B) 205 C) 206 D) 207 7. A Union Territory, unlike the states of India, which have their own elected governments, are ruled directly by the ..................... A) President of India B) Central govenrnment C) State government D) Federal government 8. Shri Dharma Sastha temple is a Hindu temple located in ......., India. A) Tamil Nadu B) Kerala C) Port Blair D) Calcutta 9. The law created by a legislature is called ................. A) Common law B) Statutory law C) Civil law D) Socialist law 10. In 1966, during Indian states reorganization, the Lakshadweep islands were organized into a separate union territory for administrative purposes. A) True B) False Answers 1) a, 2) c, 3) b, 4) d, 5) a, 6) c, 7) , 8) b, 9) b, 10) b 1. Slogan of "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer") was given by ...... A) Lal Bahadur Shastri B) Mahatma Gandhi C) Jawahar Lal Nehru D) Lala Lajpat 2. The India Today (an Indian English language weekly magazine) was established in ........., by VV Purie owner of Thompson Press. A) 1973 B) 1974 C) 1975 D) 1976 3. Indira Gandhi was the .......... Prime Minister of India. A) Sixth B) Fifth C) Fourth D) Third 4. S. H. Kapadia was sworn in as the Chief Justice of India by the President Pratibha Patil on .......... A) 29 Sep 2012 B) 12 May 2010 C) 12 May 2009 D) 29 Sep 2011 5. Newspaper "The Hindu" was founded in Madras on ................. as a weekly by four law students. A) 23 September 1878 B) 22 September 1878 C) 21 September 1878 D) 20 September 1878 6. The 2008 Mumbai attacks ........... was the only attacker who was captured alive. A) Umar Muhammad B) Ajmal Kasab C) David Headley D) Agmal Kasab 7. Manmohan Singh is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term. A) True B) False 8. ............. is one of the architects of the Rs 1 per kg rice scheme announced by the Kiran Kumar Reddy government recently, in Andhra Pradesh. A) Kumar Manaalam B) NK Tripathi C) Chandrababu Naidu D) Sridhar Babu 9. In contrast with a state's Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly), the Legislative Council is a permanent body and can be dissolved. A) True B) False 10. .........., a senior congress MLA, won as MLA in the last 2009 general elections in a tough contest by defeating his once aide turned rival Putta Madhu of the erstwhile Praja Rajyam Party (PRP) by a margin of over 13000 votes. A) T K Patil B) Sridhar Babu C) Sri Ram Gupta D) T N Sharma Answers 1) a, 2) c, 3) d, 4) b, 5) d, 6) b, 7) a, 8) d, 9) b, 10) b 1. In August 1982, Bhindranwale and the .......... launched the Dharam Yudh Morcha. A) Congress B) Akali Dal C) BJP D) SJP 2. Panipat Refinery is an oil refinery located in ...... village, Panipat, India. A) Bhadai B) Majra C) Jind D) Baholi 3. President's Rule was imposed in Jharkhand (a state in eastern India) on ......, 2013. A) January 18 B) January 19 C) January 20 D) January 21 4. Jamshedpur is the first planned industrial city of India, founded by the late ........... It is also known as Steel City or TataNagar. A) Jamshedji Wasabi B) Jamshedji Jhunjhunwala C) Jamshedji Nusserwanj D) Jamshedji Narrerwanj 5. ................ was conferred with Arjuna Award, India's second highest sporting award in the year 2012 by President of India Pranab Mukherjee. A) Deepika Kumari B) Deepika Popat C) Deepika Sahai D) Deepika Ghai 6. Indian Oil Corporation Limited, or IndianOil, is an Indian ........ oil and gas corporation with its headquarters in New Delhi. A) center-owned B) state-owned C) Public-owned D) Private-owned 7. Haryana state in India was formed on .............. A) 1 November 1965 B) 1 November 1966 C) 1 November 1967 D) 1 November 1968 8. PSU companies are divided into three categories: Maharatna, Navratna, Miniratna CPSEs. A) True B) False 9. .............. first novel A Case of Exploding Mangoes was shortlisted for the 2008's Guardian First Book Award and also longlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize. A) Salman Rushdie B) Mohammed Khalid C) Meera Nair D) Mohammed Hanifs 10. Pranab Kumar Mukherjee is the ......... President of India, in office since July 2012. A) 11th B) 12th C) 13th D) 14th Answers 1) b, 2) d, 3) a, 4) c, 5) a, 6) b, 7) b, 8) a, 9) d, 10) c 1. Former name of Grand Trunk Road was ....... A) UttaraPatha B) Shah Rah-e-Azam C) Sadak-e-Azam D) Badshahi Sadak E) All of Above 2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is an apex development bank in India having headquarters based in ........... A) New Delhi B) Mumbai C) Hyderabad D) Bangalore 3. The RBI is not a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. A) True B) False 4. Notable coal-mining areas in India include: A) Andhra Pradesh B) Maharashtra C) Haryana D) Jharkhand 5. ................ is the 22nd and current Governor of Reserve Bank of India, serving under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. A) S. Jagannathan B) M. M iyer C) Duvvuri Subbarao D) None of Above 6. ............was the second Chief Minister of West Bengal in India A) Bidhan Chandra Roy B) Buddhadeb Bhattacharya C) Jyoti Basu D) Mamata Banerjee 7. The concept of IITs was first introduced in a report in the year 1945 by ............., then member of Education on Vicerory's Executive Council. A) Sh. R. M. Sharma B) Sh. K. K. Boparai C) Sh. P. C. Nanda D) Sh. N. M. Sircar 8. Nabha was founded by the great-grandson of Phul in ....... A) 1753 B) 1754 C) 1755 D) 1756 9. ........... is an Indian self-taught artist, famous for building the Rock Garden of Chandigarh. A) Nek Chand Sharma B) Nek Chand Saini C) Nek Chand Sundar D) Nek Chand Kundra 10. Bombay Stock Exchange, commonly referred to as the BSE is a stock exchange located on Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. It is the ....... largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization. A) 10th B) 11th C) 12th D) 13th Answers 1) e, 2) b, 3) b, 4) a,b,d, 5) c, 6) a, 7) d, 8) c, 9) b, 10) a 1. Which of the follwoing is the Sarala Puraskar awardee: A) Hrusikesh Dhall B) Hrusikesh Gupta C) Hrusikesh Panda D) Hrusikesh Sharma 2. The longest women's tennis match (by time) took place at a tournament in ........... in 1984, when Vicki Nelson took 6 hours, 31 minutes to defeat Jean Hepner 6–4, 7–6(11–9). A) Seattle B) Richmond C) Las Vegas D) San Diego 3. ......... is a third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile developed in India by the Defence Research and Development Organisation. A) Nagesh B) Nag C) Aag D) Nishana 4. .......... is a Hindu folk–deity of Rajasthan in India. He was a Rajput ruler of the fourteenth century, said to have miraculous powers who devoted his life for the upliftment of poor people of the society, and revivalism of Hinduism (which were marginalized by invaders). A) Ramdeo Pir B) Krishna C) iyer Guru D) Raja Jadeja 5. .......... is a city and a municipality located in Jaisalmer district in the India. It served as the test site for India's first underground nuclear weapon detonation. A) Ramsinghpur B) Mundawar C) Hamirgarh D) Pokhran 6. Indira Awaas Yojana (1985) was related to A) Housing for the rural poor B) Rice for the rural poor C) Wheat for the rural poor D) Farming for the rural poor 7. The postal service is under the ................, which is part of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of the Government of India. A) Department of Communication B) Department of Affairs C) Department of Posts D) Department of Service 8. ........................... would give an opportunity to the income tax/ wealth tax defaulters to disclose their undisclosed income at the prevailing tax rates. This scheme was launched on June 18, 1997 A) VDIS B) VVS C) VRS D) VRIS 9. The ................. of India is an authority, established by the Constitution of India under Chapter V, who audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments. A) CAG B) CCG C) CDG D) CDD 10. Who among the following was chief 'justice of India and was also the sixth Vice-President of India. A) Raja Ram Kumar B) V. V Giri C) Mohammad Hidayatullah D) C.K Pradhan Answers 1) c, 2) b, 3) b, 4) a, 5) d, 6) a, 7) c, 8) a, 9) a, 10) c 1. The current CAG of India is .........., who was appointed on 21 May 2013. He is the 12th CAG of India. A) Shashi Kumari Bhallla B) Jyoti Mishra C) Shashi Kant Sharma D) R. N. Sharma 2. A ......... is a written document prepared by police organizations in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Japan when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence. A) CGR B) FIR C) TTR D) MKR 3. The ............... is an agency within the United States Department of State charged with investigating and creating programs to prevent human trafficking both within the United States and internationally. A) Office to JMP and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) B) Office to Joepardy and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) C) Office to Joint and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) D) Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) 4. Sunil Gavaskar held the record of 34 Test centuries for almost two decades before it was broken by .......... in December 2005. A) Rahul Dravid B) M. S Dhoni C) Sachin Tendulkar D) Yuvraj Singh 5. The highest post office in the world is in .......... Himachal Pradesh, India at a height of 15,500 ft. A) Rohtang Pas B) Manali C) Shimla D) Hikkim 6. ............... The largest cricket stadium in India and second-largest in the world by seating capacity, it is widely acknowledged to be the most iconic cricket stadium in India. ...... has been called "cricket's answer to the Colosseum". A) Eden Gardens B) Feroz Shah Kotla C) Wankhede Stadium D) JSCA International Cricket Stadium 7. .............. is a cricket franchise representing Kolkata in the Indian Premier League and owned by Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan's company Red Chillies Entertainment in partnership. A) Chennai Super Kings B) Kolkata Knight Riders C) Mumbai Indians D) Rajasthan Royals 8. ............ was the Parliamentary Affairs Minister of India in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh until October 27, 2005, when he was appointed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. A) Farooq Abdullah B) Sheikh Abdullah C) Ghulam Nabi Azad D) None of Above 9. The ........................ Party is a state political party in Jammu and Kashmir (founded in 1999) by the former Union Home Minister, Mufti Mohammed Sayeed. A) National Conference B) Indian National Congress C) Jammu and Kashmir National Conference D) Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic 10. The Vice President of India is the second-highest office in India, after the President. A) True B) False Answers 1) c, 2) b, 3) d, 4) c, 5) d, 6) a, 7) b, 8) c, 9) d, 10) a GENERAL AWARENESS Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article

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u4u-voice · 5 years

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Kathua Case: HC to hear plea for death penalty to accused on Thursday

PATHANKOT: Sensing the gravity of the matter, the Punjab and Haryana High Court here on Wednesday decided to hear on Thursday the Kathua rape victim father's plea seeking death penalty for the heinous act and murder of his eight-year-old daughter in Jammu and Kashmir last year. The father has sought an enhancement of the life sentence awarded to three of the convicts. After hearing briefly the case, the bench headed by Justice Rajiv Sharma said the case would be heard on Thursday, when connected matters were scheduled for hearing. The father is seeking death penalty for three of the six convicts who were sentenced to life imprisonment by a trial court in Pathankot in Punjab on June 10. The Special Court convicted six of the eight accused of the crime committed and pronounced a life imprisonment of 25 years to three -- temple priest and mastermind Sanji Ram, Deepak Khajuria and Parvesh Kumar. Investigating officers Raj and Dutta, and Special Police Officer Surinder Kumar were sentenced to five years in jail for destroying crucial evidence in the case. Sanji Ram''s son Vishal was acquitted due to lack of evidence, but the fate of his minor nephew, the eight accused in the case, will be decided by the juvenile court. His trial is yet to begin as a petition to determine his age is awaiting judgment in the Jammu and Kashmir High Court. According to the charge sheet, the girl, who belonged to a Muslim nomadic tribe, was kidnapped and held captive at a village temple in Kathua district on January 10, 2018. The 15-page charge sheet, the eight-year-old girl was starved, sedated and repeatedly raped in captivity over several days before being bludgeoned to death. Her mutilated body was found in a forest on January 17. Three days later, one of the accused reportedly a juvenile was arrested by the police, the charge sheet said. The abduction, rape and killing of the child were part of a carefully planned strategy to remove the minority nomadic community from the area, it added. The case sparked outrage across the state, forcing the government to hand over the case to the Crime Branch of Jammu and Kashmir Police. The case constrained relations between the then ruling coalition partners, the PDP and the BJP after two ministers of the latter, Chowdhury Lal Singh and Chander Prakash Ganga, participated in a rally organised by the Hindu Ekta Manch in support of the arrested accused. The Supreme Court later ordered that the case be shifted out of Jammu and Kashmir and be heard on a daily basis by the trial court in Punjab''s Pathankot. Read the full article

#News #U4UVoice

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eyesonworldcultures · 5 years

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High Court In India Says Animals Should Have Same Rights As Humans

An Indian High Court has granted animals 'legal person or entity' status to animals, according to reports.

The ruling, by Punjab and Haryana High Court, means animals in the state of Haryana will be accorded the 'corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person'.

It follows a 2018 landmark ruling by the Uttarakhand High Court which said animals have 'distinct personas with corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities of a living person'. Both orders were written by Justice Rajiv Sharma, in an attempt to improve animal welfare.

'Animals are not objects'

"The corporations, Hindu idols, holy scriptures, rivers have been declared legal entities and thus, in order to protect and promote greater welfare of animals including avian and aquatic, animals are required to be conferred with the status of legal entity/ legal person," Justice Sharma said.

"The animals should be healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behavior without pain, fear and distress. They are entitled to justice. The animals cannot be treated as objects or property.

"All the citizens throughout the state of Haryana are hereby declared persons in loco parentis (meaning – in the place of a parent) as the human face for the welfare/protection of animals."

The judgments need to be ratified by India's national Supreme Court

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juudgeblog · 5 years

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All you need to know about Live-in Relationships in India

This article is written by Dhanshree Sharma, Student, Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala.

Every millennial, today, believes that the tie that marriage binds is too binding for them. And an alternative is a relationship that resembles marriage but without its obligations and responsibilities. This is when live-in relationships engender. This arrangement is generally entered into by consent, either to test compatibility before marriage or to simply evade the hassles of a formal marriage. Keeping the reason aside, there are a growing number of couples who choose live-in relationship over marriage. But as compared to dating, which has become acceptable among the urban, live-in relationship is considered quite unconventional. Although most couples view this arrangement as a lucrative option, some budge because it is the assent of the family that is the hardest to obtain. Even though there is no legal hurdle preventing such a relationship, now, there is still disapproval from society. Traditionally, marriage has been considered a revered institution and if a woman was financially dependent on the man, the unsteadiness in the relationship would easily portray her subservient to her counterpart. Moreover, the ‘walk in and walk out’ presumption seemed antithetical to the very ethos of marriage. However, despite the mindset of a sizeable chunk of the population, the apex court has been rather significant in providing protection to the couples.

Official statement by the Judiciary

There is no specific law on the subject of live-in relationships nor is it recognised by the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. In the absence of any statute, the court did try to shed light on it through the judgement given in Badri Prasad v. Deputy Director of Consolidation and Payal Katara v. Superintendent Nari Niketan Kandri Vihar Agra and Others, where in the former it upheld the legal validity of the 50-year-old live-in relationship of a couple and in the latter, the court said that a man and woman can live together, without getting married. Besides, it was also noted that it may be immoral for society but is not illegal. But some reckon that, the judiciary is neither overtly encouraging such relationships nor prohibiting it, but only rendering justice while keeping in view social and constitutional morality.

In the case of S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal & Anr., the court held that living together is a right to life. The actress Khushboo, allegedly endorsed pre-marital sex and live-in relationships and her detractors accused her of perpetuating nuisance. The court gave a judgement in the favour of the actress, thus upholding the distinction between law and morality.

And finally in the case of S.P.S. Balasubramanyam v. Suruttayan, the supreme court held that if a man and a woman live under the same roof and cohabit for a number of years, there will exist a presumption under section 114 of the Indian Evidence Act, that, they live as husband and wife and the children born thereinafter will be legitimate.

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Pre-Nuptial Agreements

A premarital agreement or ‘prenup’ is a contract between two individuals entered into before marriage. It entails the state of finances and personal liability among the couples along with the division of property in the event of divorce or break-up. Countries like Brazil, Germany and Switzerland recognise and enforce pre-nuptial agreements. But such agreements before marriage are not common in India, as they are not in conformity with the ethos of the Indian tradition. Marriage, as believed by many, is socially recognised and legally protected. But many societies around the world have gone through some formidable changes regarding the institution of marriage and live-in relationships. Currently, the concept of pre-nuptial agreements with regard to marriage is alien to the Indian legal system, let alone live-in relationships.

Finding Accommodation

Although the urban have reluctantly grown used to the idea of such a relationship, it is all the more difficult to find accommodation. Even in the metropolitan cities, there is no escape from the ghettoised benchmark of living. Then couples often resort to living in hotel rooms and in the infamous OYO Rooms, for temporary accommodation and in the limbo for a permanent abode together.

Rights of Women

The woman in the relationship can claim protection under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The status of the woman is though not equivalent but is akin to that of the wife, provided the couple has have lived together in a shared household for a considerable amount of time because the definition includes a relationship which is ‘in the nature of marriage’.

In the recent case of Ajay Bharwaj v. Jyotsna, the court awarded a sum of 40 lakhs as maintenance to the woman in a live-in relationship. The court also referred to the 2003 report of the Malimath Committee, ‘Reforms in the Criminal Justice System’, that recommended that the word ‘wife’ in section 125CrPC should be amended to include a woman, who is living with a man like his wife for a considerable amount of time.

In furtherance of the recommendation of the National Commission for Women to the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the court upheld that the women can seek maintenance under Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, in the case of Abhijit Bhikaseth Auti v. State of Maharashtra and Others.

Dowry

The Supreme Court held that dowry can occur in a marital or non-marital relationship (but resembling a marriage), as it is just an unjust demand for money. In the case of Koppisetti Subbarao Subramanian vs. State of Andhra Pradesh, where the defendant would harass the live-in partner for dowry, the court reject the claim made by him that Section 498A did not apply in this instance, as he was not married to the woman. The Supreme Court delivered a landmark judgement, as it went a step further to protect woman from harassment and dowry in a live-in relationship.

Rights of the Male Partner

‘The rights of a male partner’ is hotly debated amongst the men’s rights activists and the judges, where the former accuses the latter of always gravitating towards the other sex. As of very recently, only women can claim maintenance from men in a live-in relationship. Even in the case of S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal & Anr., the court drew an assumption that ‘a live-in relationship is invariably initiated and perpetuated by men’. While this relationship is based on gender parity, the desired justice is a far cry.

Inheritance Rights of the Partners

Partners in a live-in relationship do not enjoy a right of inheritance to the property of their partner. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 does not specify the succession rights of the partners in a live-in relationship. But in the case of Vidhyadhari v. Sukhrana Bai, the court held that a couple living together for a reasonably long time can receive property in inheritance from either partner.

Status of Children from Live-in Relationships

In comparison to formal marriage, the legitimacy of the children born in the live-in relationship is often questioned. Despite the increasing trend of couples entering in informal relationships, children from these relationships have serious legal implications.

Section 112 of the Indian Evidence Act 1872 recognizes a legitimate child, only if it was born during the continuance of a valid marriage between the mother and the father. An until recent children born from a live-in relationship were considered illegitimate in the eyes of law. But in the case of Tulsa v. Durghatiya, the Supreme Court awarded legal status to the children born from a live-in relationship. Having said that the court also mentioned that the couple should have lived under a roof for a reasonable amount of time.

Besides, Section 125 CrPC provides maintenance to children whether they are legitimate or illegitimate, till they are minors or after majority if the child is unable to maintain himself.

Nevertheless, the court in the case of Dimple Gupta v. Rajiv Gupta, held in the furtherance of the above-stated view that children from live-in relationships have the right to maintenance.

Adoption

In June 2018, the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has barred couples in a live-in relationship from adopting a child, after its Steering Committee held that cohabitation without marriage is not considered a stable family in India.

Rape Allegations

Recently, Public interest Litigation was filed in the Delhi High Court which sought the government to keep the cases of live-in relationships outside the purview of rape under the Indian Penal Code. However, the High Court dismissed the PIL stating that nobody could be arrested only on the basis of an allegation of rape prior to conducting a preliminary inquiry; there are an alarming number of rape cases registered by the police, which the police suspects have germinated due to termination of the live-in relationship or simply refusal to marry. According to the report by the Delhi Police, at least 25 per cent of the registered rape cases in a live-in relationship were false. In spite of this, a man living in with a woman is not immune to the charges of rape; in furtherance to the idea of rape in a domesticated setting, marital rape is not a crime regardless of the status of matrimony.

Divorce or Break-up

In the case of a live-in relationship, it is not possible to have a formal divorce in the eyes of law. The consequences of the dissolution of this relationship are left unanswered in law, for example, the absence of law in case of division of their joint property after separation. Though it is fairly easy to get into a live-in relationship but the aftermath of dissolution is still ambiguous.

Conclusion

The status of live-in relationships in other countries is far more relaxed and progressive. In Canada, all the live-in couples enjoy the legal sanctity if they have lived together for 12 months or they give birth or adopt a child. This gives immediate legal status to the relationship and the child thereof.

But in India, the social stigma goes against the individualistic way of living in apprehension of high rates of adultery, vulnerability of women and uncertainty of the future of children. The social fabric of our country seems gradually change with time, with society and the media co-constructing each other. The reciprocal impact of the socio-economic and cultural change renders the unconventional visible and slightly acceptable.

For Example, the Red Label commercial, where the parents surprise their son on his birthday at his house, only to find his live-in partner with him, has taken a controversial topic and associated it with a socially progressive message. And real estate websites like 99acres have increased the acceptance of an informal cohabitation of the couples thereby slyly integrating the idea in the society. But the idea of live-in was not entirely new, it existed even before the judiciary protected individuals and then the society would boycott the perpetrator. An activist from the Indian freedom struggle and a socialist leader, Ram Manohar Lohia never married but instead was in a live-in relationship with Rama Mitra. He, once, said that a man and woman could do anything so long as the breach of commitment and use of force was not there.

The aversion to the idea is not new and nor will it end in a jiffy, societal unconditional acceptance take longer than the judicial overhauling of the system.

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loyallogic · 5 years

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Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Rights: Challenges and Issues

This article is written by Ashish Sharma of Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala. The author discusses the future and prospects of Artificial Intelligence.

Introduction

In today’s progressing technology savvy world, artificial intelligence (AI) has been gaining intense and widespread momentum. The artificial intelligence systems with the incorporation of complex technologies are capable of making astounding inventions in a matter of time. AI-enabled software systems have transgressed their ability to perform simple calculations to creating complex creative works such as poetry, art etc. This poses the question that whether these works are also capable of affording special status under Intellectual Property Rights Law like any other work produced by a human being.

What is Artificial Intelligence

In our common saying, AI is the ability of a computer system to take the decision on its own. According to Mr. John McCarthy, artificial intelligence basically is the notion of a program, processing and acting on information, such that the results are parallel to how an intelligent reasonable man would respond in response to similar input. However a few years later of the introduction of AI technology, the question arises whether the output rendered is the result of its own intelligence or of its creator. Artificial intelligence systems gathered the attention of the legal authorities when computer work was denied copyright by Registrar of Copyrights on grounds of indeterminate legal status.

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Artificial Intelligence and Copyright

Copyright is a legal right or an intellectual property right granted to creator of original work, allowing him or her exclusive rights for distribution and use. Generally, two essentials features are to be fulfilled by the work to come under the ambit of copyrights. They are:

Work should be in tangible form; and

It should be original.

Copyrights are generally given for the artistic and literary works. Since creation of literary works is one of the contemporary areas of AI’s applicability, so the study of copyright in light of Artificial intelligence becomes relevant. The understanding of the same can be done through the following case laws:

Burrow Giles Lithographic Co. v Sarony

In this case, the essential question of the matter was that can copyright protection be granted to a photograph. This case was of importance as in this case the court addressed the dichotomy between the mechanical and creative labour. The Court, in this case, discussed the possibilities of granting copyright protection to the product which is the output of the machine and held that purely mechanical output is by itself not creative. Thus, if such a strict approach like this is to be applied to AI systems then it would be difficult to grant copyright protection to the work created by them.

Bleistein v Donaldson Lithographing Co.

The court in this case clearly differentiated between the work of the human and something artificial. Justice Holmes in this case, with the majority explained the uniqueness of human personality and demanded the same as the important thing to be eligible for a copyright. The court in this made its stand clear by using the word “something irreducible” which meant that there was no scope for anything to be granted copyright which was not a product of human’s creativity.

Alfred Bell & Co. v Catalda Fine Arts

In this case, the court witnessed a softer approach towards giving the copyrights. The Court held that for the work to be original, it must not be fully copied or plagiarized from other artistic works. The court even held that any accidental variation may be claimed by an author as own. Therefore this judgement gave the right to claim copyright of the output generated through the AI system as they are not copied. This clears down the ambiguity of stance that prevails around the grant of protection to works of AI systems. However, the lack of definitive stance also affects the right of holders.

Image source: https://bit.ly/2NoAKFN

The debate regarding the ambiguity of stance continues even after the various judgements. The National Commission on New Technological uses of Copyrighted Works in its report stated that, “the capacity of AI with capacity to create independent work is not practical it is theoretical. The Office of technology Assessment had a completely different stance and suggested that, “AI works can be considered as legitimate co-authors of copyrighted works”.

Lovelace one of the sharp critics against grant of copyright propounded that machine lacks creativity because of bounded behaviour. The logic of her argument that creativity is something which does not follows the usual routine. In one of the case the Court was faced with a question whether the work can be registered in the name of Jesus and held that non-human nature of the source of a work cannot be a bar to copyright. The judgement favoured granting protection to the work done by AIs as they are non-human in nature.

Even if the countries allows to grant copyright to AIs works then to whom the copyright should be granted as current law requires legal personhood to be a right holder. However, there exists a loophole as if the AIs system is sold or purchased then copyright should be granted to the buyer or creator.

Countries like England, New Zealand favoured the creator in such a case. The major problem in the present system is that who would bear the criminal liability of AIs. According to the current stance, the criminal liability falls upon the creator or programmer despite his actus reus and mens rea. Therefore the present law requires some immediate consideration for removing the loopholes.

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Artificial Intelligence and Patent Laws

As previously illustrated, AI systems are often used in every field to simply and executed the basic functions and reduce human effort which increases the interaction between AI and patent laws in the technological world. The huge development of AI systems from a technological viewpoint poses a new and challenging question from a legal point.

A patent is an especial right granted to an invention. The invention can be understood as any process or product, which provides novel way to the users of performing any action, including something which offers new way of solving technical problem. Anyone holding such an exclusive right is entitled by law to exclude others from selling, making or even using the invention patented for a limited term.

Therefore such right leads to the guaranteed monopoly to the benefit of the original inventor. The result and functions which are performed by the AI-enabled systems are ultimately the outcome of the human cognitive application process.

Under United State current law, an inventor is an individual or group of individuals who discovered the subject matter. This definition eliminates the inferences which support the premise that the U.S. sought to include inventions or possibility of inventions being made by anyone besides humans. However, the increasing AI systems involved in the invention process demands legal perusal. European Union attempt to encourage the nations to expand their national laws to accommodate the copyrightable work produced by computer and other devices under the category of intellectual creation can be witnessed as a faint perusal.

The European Parliamentary Committee noted that attention to patent rights is required particularly speaking of AI systems as it can be easily forecasted that in times to come AI systems could surpass the human intelligence in terms of performing functions and can pose challenges to the present system.

The autonomy enjoyed by such systems allows them to perform functions without any human intervention and allow these machines to be employed at an early stage which can help in making a new discovery.

The three factors an invention should hold to be eligibility to grant patent are:

Possess novelty (should be different from the existing one);

Should be capable of industrial application; and

It should involve an inventive step.

The artificial intelligence technology must advance to equip systems with human-like intelligence so that judgement on new situations can be easily made them. Furthermore, the Court in Bilski v Kappos denied patents to program simply because what they perform is mechanical and not inventive. This is important because AI primarily runs on computer programs devised to perform certain functions.

However in countries like India where rigid requirement of computer programs in addition with novel hardware being eligible for patent can be removed, if AI-enabled systems create software which entails practical utility but perhaps it should be capable of industrial application to pass the patent test. Current laws and guidelines on a general note to be streamlined in a manner which allows invention by AI to be granted patents.

Invention and Inventor New Dimensions

Inventions consist of many important elements in determining whether patent should be granted or not and also certain requirements are to be fulfilled when one is to be classified as an inventor. In United States for something to be understood as an outcome of invention, it must go through the stage of conception. According to which a permanent idea has to be conceived in the inventor’s mind before putting a thing into practice. If something is developed not based on conception then such a thing cannot be termed as an ‘invention’ and as a result, also a person cannot be termed as an ‘inventor’.

The most persuasive reason argument behind the inclusion of AI’s in ’inventor’ category is the abolition of ‘flash of the genius test. Even there can be a collaborative invention which would acknowledge both the computers and human parts as inventors. But this cannot be applied because of the lack of legal personality of the computers under the present law. As patents are provided to attach honour to the invention and protect the rights of the inventor.

The opponent of the idea of providing patents to the invention of AI’s systems put forward that computer lack of such attachment makes them incapable of having strong opinions regarding the use of their invention which defeats the purpose of granting patent protection.

Suggestions

Uniform Recognition: There should be uniform recognition of the artificial intelligence system. Artificial intelligence systems carry recognition only in few selected countries such as New Zealand, United States of America and England. All nations must come forward and carry on an initiative and take a positive step towards recognition of AIs.

Lacunae in Criminal liability: According to the present system of law, acts of AI are copyrighted by its creator. So if any criminal act is done by the system then the creator is held liable for the actions sometimes of which he is not aware of. Such a big fault in the law should be fixed as it would have a great impact upon the life of the creator and provide a specific action on the AIs in such cases. For example destruction of the artificial intelligence system.

Passage of different Act: Nations should take positive initiate and pass a different Artificial Intelligence Data Protection Act as in today’s world AIs are performing human-like functioning in every sphere. It would not be astonishing in future if they perform better functions then human. To have a track of the same, separate legislation of AIs should be drafted. The act framed can provide proper remedies for both the civil and criminal offences as it would help in removing the unnecessary liability of the creator.

Clearance of Ambiguity: The confusion regarding the application of patent laws should be removed by legislators with the advent of AI-enabled systems. With widespread expanse of the solutions generated by artificial intelligence, protection of the sources becomes an integral question for the countries.

Conclusion

The current phase of law regarding artificial intelligence is problematic where recognition of work generated by AIs is under ambiguity. So there is a need of some rigid, proper, structured and clear legislative rules to ameliorate the problem. With the widespread usage of artificial intelligence techniques in every day to day life there arises an immense need of implementing the proper guidelines urgently in the country.

To know more about emerging trends of Artificial Intelligence, please Click Here.

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