#Khvalynsk culture

[cybertronianchaoticbutterfly]

I recently remembered Hetalia a few days ago and how much I liked it years ago. Then the idea of a OC popped up.

To give more details about my headcanon involving this OC; in the early Bronze and late Copper age, Cultures were the predecessors of Nations. They weren't as strong but still immortal. They paved the way for future generations, especially those of the Pontic-Caspian Steppes. The lives of Cultures could be short compared to Nations.

Yamnaya, also called Yamna, the personification of the Yamnyna culture. First appearing in 3300 BCE, he was alone his 'parents', Khvalynsk, Repin and Sredny Stog, were already gone. Khvalynsk and Sredny Stog vanished 200 years ago. Repin vanished when he appeared. He had no one.

For years he put his people first. Developing horseback riding to handle larger herds of animals. He had a love of fighting, horses and herding. But as he watched his people have families, his wish for a family grew, something his people couldn't give him. He prayed to Dyēus phter and the other Proto-Indo-European gods to give him a family.

300 years after he appeared, his first 'son' appeared Corded Ware. He finally knew what it was like to have a son, a family. He raised Corded Ware just like he watched his people do. Corded Ware developed and grew into a Culture Yamnaya was proud of. Then Corded Ware went on his Koryos to the west. Leaving his father's land. Even if he was alone he was a proud Culture.

In 2800 BCE, his second son appeared; Poltavka. Once more Yamnaya was happy and began to raise him. In a surprise, 300 years later, another son appeared; Catacomb. Yamnaya was overjoyed! He thanked the gods for his sons. He raised them just like Corded Ware. But a Culture's life can be short, Yamnaya was no different.

In 2600 BCE, only 200 years after Catacomb appeared, Yamnaya vanished. But he vanished a happy Culture. His sons made him a proper kurgan of his people along with leaving a stele.

Appreciate wise, Yamnaya appears as a male of his culture. Large and strong, brown eyes and hair held in two braids with a silver clasp, along with a pointed brown beard. He has red ochre body paint. He is never seen without his copper mace. He also has a small dagger hanging from his belt.

His favorite food is milk and mead, along with fish.

Hobbies include metal working, herding, and horse riding.

Yamnaya is proud of his family. He is even proud of his descendents. He is horrified of the abandonment of the old deities by the descendent cultures, as he was a very religious person.

[artist-tyrant]

The Khvalynsk culture expanded to the south and west along the Lower Danube into the north Caucasian region from ca. 4800 BC, with the Nalchik cemetery in the northern Caucasus steppe being synchronous with this early stage (Vybornov et al. 2018). At the same time, Khvalynsk expanded to the west into the Don–Kalmius interfluve, developing a significant area in the north Pontic region with the so-called Novodanilovka group, including synchronous findings reaching the lower Danube region and beyond with the so-called Suvorovo group (Kotova 2008)... It was probably the arrival of Suvorovo migrants that triggered the idea of lavish grave furniture and the display of wealth, prestige, power, and social position in the graves of Copper Age sedentary farming communities of south-eastern Europe. The Varna I cemetery is the clearest representative of the expansion of the new mentality to the Balkans, and has been recently dated more exactly to ca. 4590–4340 BC (Krauß et al. 2017)... While the richness displayed by the Varna cemetery and its accumulation of wealth are unique in south-eastern Europe, similar accumulations of material wealth are encountered in isolated finds all over the Balkans and the Carpathian Basin, reaching Greece and Anatolia.  Metallurgy requires material and skills which are not readily available, which means that elites kept control of them by limiting people’s ability to access and produce metals themselves. In fact, except for the distinct material culture, the rich Varna burials and the Novodanilovka burials are essentially equivalent (Heyd and Walker 2004). Graves and hoards demonstrate thus sharp inequality over wide parts of south-east Europe in the 5th and 4th millennium BC, showing thus social stratification, also displayed in the form of house sizes and pottery inventories (in quantity and quality) within settlements. There is thus a pattern of robust social institutions and enhanced complexity, of lineages and powerful chieftains, of networks and bonds persistent in time and space, reflected in Varna, in mega-villages of middle and late Trypillia, and in many other sites in south-eastern Europe (Heyd and Walker 2004)... The two Maikop samples from this period in the Northern Caucasus Piedmont show largely continuity with Caucasus Eneolithic samples, but with a clear additional contribution of Anatolian Neolithic-related (possibly AME) ancestry (ca. 15%) compared to them. Five Maikop outlier samples from the steppe (ca. 3600–3100 BC) represent a likely expansion of Maikop peoples to the area and their admixture with the previous Khvalynsk and local settlers, suggesting their acculturation in the region, evidenced by their admixture closest to ANE. In terms of haplogroups, one sample from Baksanenok (ca. 3350 BC) is reported as within the K-M9 trunk, possibly L-M20. The acculturation of the North Caucasus region may also be inferred from haplogroups of outliers, which show one Q1b2b1b2-L933+ (formed ca. 13600 BC, TMRCA ca. 6600 BC) and another R1a1b-YP1272+, in contrast to previous Eneolithic (J-M304) and later (L-M20) haplogroups (Wang et al. 2019). Both individuals were buried in the same kurgan in Sharakhalsun and with similar radiocarbon dates (ca. 3350-3105 BC), and a later individual attributed to the Yamna culture in the same site (ca. 2780 BC) also shows a typical Indo-Anatolian lineage R1b1a2-V1636. Another outlier shows hg. T1-L206. Horse trade, including wheels, carts, and the possibility of a quicker transport of metals into Uruk, is proof of an indirect contact between steppe herders and Mesopotamia. The need of exported domesticated horses to be accompanied by experienced breeders and riders from the lower Don offers a solid framework to support the hypothesis of the presence of Late-Indo-European-speaking peoples in Mesopotamia, and thus allow for Indo-European borrowings in Sumerian (Sahala 2009-2013). Nevertheless, the scarcity of proofs for wooden vehicles in the region before the first attested one in Sharakhalsun, as well as bioarchaeological investigations of common representations which point to an emphasis on cattle as driving force—instead of  highlighting the means of transportation, as in the Yamna culture—seriously challenge the hypothesis of large-scale mobility in the piedmont and the Caucasus (Reinhold et al. 2017). The condition of Pre-North-West Indo-European (likely spoken by the late Repin culture expanding westward) as an Euphratic superstratum of Sumerian (Whittaker 2008, 2012) would require a more detailed explanation of internal and external cultural influence, and reasons for potential language replacement and expansion in Mesopotamia.

Carlos Quiles, A Game of Clans

[fchyieuandyourblogname]

The territory from Azerbaijan to Punjab anthropologically represents the area of the Indo-Afghan branch of the Caucasians, one of the earliest carriers of an Indo-European speech. In the southeast, Indus Valley is included in the original area. In the northwest, Eastern Transcaucasia (in particular, the valleys of the Kura and Araks river) are included in the range of Indo-Afghans.

“The Chalcolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh in Baluchistan from at least 4500BCE were anthropologically related to the inhabitants of Harappa of the bronze age – typical Indo-Afghans.

Indo-Afghans have lived at the junction of Iran and Hindustan since at least the Neolithic era, as evidenced by the paleoanthropological study of the skeletons of the neolithic settlement Sang-e-Chakhmaq in northeastern Iran.

Sang-e-Chakhmaq in northeastern Iran in both sexes, the average cranial index of all individuals falls on dolichocrania, but close to hyperdolichocrania of people of the Mediterranean type identified in the skulls of the periods Sialk from I to IV and Hissar III, although the faces from Sang-e-Chakhmaq were not so narrow.

Djeitun culture people were also already of the Indo-Afghan anthropological type. In the south of central Asia, the valley of the Zeravshan river served as the northern boundary of the Indo-Afghans' area in the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages.

North-Indian variant of the Indo-Afghan type includes large ethno-caste groups of the population of northern India – Jats, Rajputs, Brahmins, Gujars, Ahirs, etc.

Dolichocranic Caucasoid (Mediterranean) type is characteristic of the regions to the south and west of the Amu Darya, where it has been predominant since the bronze age (for example, Djeitun derived Anau and Namazga Tepe in Turkmenistan) to the present (Turkmenistan, Iran, Northern India and the southern slopes of the Hindu Kush).

The population of the south of the Pamir in the 1stMillenniumBCE – 1stmillenniumAD also had a pronounced dolichocranic caucasoid type. The same type was characteristic there for the population of the Saka culture and for later times, at least until the middle of the 1stmillenniumBCE. In the bronze age, the dolichocranic caucasoid type was widespread north of the Amu Darya, in Bactria and Sogdiana and Ferghana.

Anthropology records the presence of the Mediterranean or South Central Asian type in the Volga Valley as early as the pre-Khvalynsk time and its transition from the Khvalynsk epoch to the early Yamnaya epoch.

In the Khvalynsk II burial ground in the “central” burials of elites with various inventory mostly people close to the Mediterranean type are buried.”

[bpdcarmyberzatto]

we all laugh at horse girl andy but she is genuinely nearly a thousand years older than the the earliest archaeological evidence of domestication (in the botai culture in kazakhstan in 3500 BCE) because she is at least 6,500 years old and tracing back to the botai  and other kazakhstani sites, it would leave 1,000+ year gap. she definitely had a formative hand in the domestication of the horse especially as a nomadic steppe individual. she also likely would have come from a sredny stog (circa. 4,500 to 3,500 BCE), dnieper-donets (circa. 4-5th millennium BCE) or khvalynsk cultures (circa. 5,000 to 3,500 BCE), to be realistic, as they are found to be europoid (and thus most likely to be close to what we would consider the same facial features and skin tone as Charlize Theron).

however, the sredny-stog culture has the earliest archaeological evidence of phase 2 (around 4,000 to 3,500 BCE) of horse domestication in the form of cheek pieces but no explicit horse riding at this time. it’s possible she grew up with horses as mainly for use to transport foods but there’s also the possibility she could have been some of the first people to actually ride a horse. who’s to say! but i do know she’s the OG horse girl and writing he as such isn’t far fetched because quite a lot of steppe and nomadic cultures were heavily involved in horses in the rituals and their cultures, to the point that they had explicitly horse based names, as seen with a lot of Greek names. 

TL;DR: write andy with horse experience she has nearly 6,000 years of it and her life would have been revolving around horses for a very, very long time. 

[sumpix]

Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway

  Domesticated horses reshaped Central Asia, but where did they come from?

From Neanderthals to human hunter-gatherers to the mounted horde of Genghis Khan, the Eurasian Steppe has long been a crossroads of humanity. And for the last 5,000 years or so, domesticated horses have shaped how people moved through, lived in, and dominated that vast grassland stretching from Hungary and Romania to Northeastern China. A paleogenomic study adds new evidence to the debate about where people first domesticated horses, and a related study reveals the impact of horsemanship on the peopling of the steppe.

The first evidence we have of domesticated horses comes from a site called Botai in Northern Kazakhstan, where archaeologists have found evidence of milking, corrals, and the use of harnesses. But there’s still debate about whether hunter-gatherers at Botai started domesticating horses—which they’d previously hunted for meat—in order to milk and ride them. It's possible they learned from herders farther west, such as the people whose graves have been found at Khvalynsk dating from around 7,150 to 5,930 years ago.

To get a better picture, Copenhagen University evolutionary geneticist Eske Willerslev and his colleagues examined the ancestry of 74 people who lived on the Eurasian Steppe from 11,000 years ago up through the Medieval period. Among other things, they wanted to see whether the Botai had interbred with the Yamnaya, the pastoral descendants of the Khvalynsk people. If they had, that would be a clue that the Botai had interacted with the Yamnaya enough to perhaps exchange cultural ideas as well as genes.

(via Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway | Ars Technica)

[digicrunchpage]

Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway

Enlarge / Horses on the Kazakh Steppe. (credit: Togzhan Ibrayeva via Wikimedia Commons)

From Neanderthals to human hunter-gatherers to the mounted horde of Genghis Khan, the Eurasian Steppe has long been a crossroads of humanity. And for the last 5,000 years or so, domesticated horses have shaped how people moved through, lived in, and dominated that vast grassland stretching from Hungary and Romania to Northeastern China. A paleogenomic study adds new evidence to the debate about where people first domesticated horses, and a related study reveals the impact of horsemanship on the peopling of the steppe.

The first evidence we have of domesticated horses comes from a site called Botai in Northern Kazakhstan, where archaeologists have found evidence of milking, corrals, and the use of harnesses. But there’s still debate about whether hunter-gatherers at Botai started domesticating horses—which they’d previously hunted for meat—in order to milk and ride them. It's possible they learned from herders farther west, such as the people whose graves have been found at Khvalynsk dating from around 7,150 to 5,930 years ago.

To get a better picture, Copenhagen University evolutionary geneticist Eske Willerslev and his colleagues examined the ancestry of 74 people who lived on the Eurasian Steppe from 11,000 years ago up through the Medieval period. Among other things, they wanted to see whether the Botai had interbred with the Yamnaya, the pastoral descendants of the Khvalynsk people. If they had, that would be a clue that the Botai had interacted with the Yamnaya enough to perhaps exchange cultural ideas as well as genes.

Read 21 remaining paragraphs | Comments

Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway published first on https://medium.com/@HDDMagReview

[techbotic]

Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway

Enlarge / Horses on the Kazakh Steppe. (credit: Togzhan Ibrayeva via Wikimedia Commons)

From Neanderthals to human hunter-gatherers to the mounted horde of Genghis Khan, the Eurasian Steppe has long been a crossroads of humanity. And for the last 5,000 years or so, domesticated horses have shaped how people moved through, lived in, and dominated that vast grassland stretching from Hungary and Romania to Northeastern China. A paleogenomic study adds new evidence to the debate about where people first domesticated horses, and a related study reveals the impact of horsemanship on the peopling of the steppe.

The first evidence we have of domesticated horses comes from a site called Botai in Northern Kazakhstan, where archaeologists have found evidence of milking, corrals, and the use of harnesses. But there’s still debate about whether hunter-gatherers at Botai started domesticating horses—which they’d previously hunted for meat—in order to milk and ride them. It's possible they learned from herders farther west, such as the people whose graves have been found at Khvalynsk dating from around 7,150 to 5,930 years ago.

To get a better picture, Copenhagen University evolutionary geneticist Eske Willerslev and his colleagues examined the ancestry of 74 people who lived on the Eurasian Steppe from 11,000 years ago up through the Medieval period. Among other things, they wanted to see whether the Botai had interbred with the Yamnaya, the pastoral descendants of the Khvalynsk people. If they had, that would be a clue that the Botai had interacted with the Yamnaya enough to perhaps exchange cultural ideas as well as genes.

Read 21 remaining paragraphs | Comments

Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway published first on https://medium.com/@CPUCHamp

[walterlaake]

Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway

Enlarge / Horses on the Kazakh Steppe. (credit: Togzhan Ibrayeva via Wikimedia Commons)

From Neanderthals to human hunter-gatherers to the mounted horde of Genghis Khan, the Eurasian Steppe has long been a crossroads of humanity. And for the last 5,000 years or so, domesticated horses have shaped how people moved through, lived in, and dominated that vast grassland stretching from Hungary and Romania to Northeastern China. A paleogenomic study adds new evidence to the debate about where people first domesticated horses, and a related study reveals the impact of horsemanship on the peopling of the steppe.

The first evidence we have of domesticated horses comes from a site called Botai in Northern Kazakhstan, where archaeologists have found evidence of milking, corrals, and the use of harnesses. But there’s still debate about whether hunter-gatherers at Botai started domesticating horses—which they’d previously hunted for meat—in order to milk and ride them. It's possible they learned from herders farther west, such as the people whose graves have been found at Khvalynsk dating from around 7,150 to 5,930 years ago.

To get a better picture, Copenhagen University evolutionary geneticist Eske Willerslev and his colleagues examined the ancestry of 74 people who lived on the Eurasian Steppe from 11,000 years ago up through the Medieval period. Among other things, they wanted to see whether the Botai had interbred with the Yamnaya, the pastoral descendants of the Khvalynsk people. If they had, that would be a clue that the Botai had interacted with the Yamnaya enough to perhaps exchange cultural ideas as well as genes.

Read 21 remaining paragraphs | Comments

Tracing how horse domestication turned the Eurasian Steppe into a highway published first on https://thelaptopguru.tumblr.com/

[wikisonnets]

Brussels

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