#Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion

[uwmspeccoll]

Science Saturday

We had a patron come in this week to do some research with the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (MSHWR) and we were impressed by the range of image reproduction techniques represented. The six volumes contain etchings and wood engravings, multi-colored charts and graphs, lithographs and chromolithographs, as well as multiple types of photographic reproduction (including heliotype and albumen photographs). I’ve taken the liberty of sharing some of the less gruesome images but encourage those with a morbid sense of curiosity to give us a visit and see for yourself!  

Published in Washington D.C. over nearly two decades by the United States Government Printing Office (which underwent a name change 2014 to the Government Publishing Office), the MSHWR was issued in three parts, with each part consisting of a Medical and Surgical volume. Both the Medical and Surgical volumes of Part 1 were first published in 1870, with the final installment coming in 1888. Both of our Part 1 volumes are from the second printing in 1875, while the volumes from Part 2 and 3 are first printings. Production of the first five volumes was overseen by Surgeon General Joseph K Barnes. The surgical volumes were compiled by George A. Otis. The first two medical volumes were compiled by J. J. Woodward, well known internationally as a pioneer in micrography. Both Barnes and Woodward passed away before the completion of the work, and Charles Smart took over for Woodward under the direction of the new Surgeon General, John Moore.

This monumental work documents clinical records, surgical reports, case reports, and statistical reports on both battlefield injuries and camp diseases in both the Union and Confederate Army during the Civil War. The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) considers it “among the most remarkable works ever composed on military medicine and surgery” and that it is likely “the country’s earliest comprehensive medical monograph.” Not only is it a leading source of medical data from the time period, but the inclusion of case studies and surgical reports, with both patient and surgeon named, has made the MSHWR an important resource for personal histories and genealogical research. As noted, the array of image reproduction techniques also make it great point of reference for those with an interest in the history of printing. 

Find more Science Saturday posts here. 

-Olivia, Special Collections Graduate Intern

[icryyoumercy]

gotta love humanity

they spend centuries (millennia) going 'it's miasma, we're just not very good at keeping the air properly clean and circulating'

and then, within barely ten years (The medical and surgical history of the war of the rebellion, (1861-65), published 1870-1888 to A. Mitra's The Bubonic Plague, published 1897), they switch over to 'yes, i understand we applied disinfectant. but have we considered applying more disinfectant?'

instructions on how to deal with fecal matter from the civil war are more or less 'dig a hole, put some sort of seat over it, make sure it's a fair distance from your water source, when you're leaving a place, cover the hole again'

mitra's instructions on how to deal with feces of plague patients is roughly 'patients are to use a chamberpot. as soon as they're done, disinfectant is to be poured over the feces. the chamberpot is to be emptied into a separate septic tank. pour antiseptic into the septic tank immediately afterward. when the septic tank is full, empty it somewhere far away from people. pour more antiseptic over it. clean and disinfect the septic tank before using it again. if it's linked to a sewer system, clean the sewer system. put some antiseptic in there as well.'

like. he obviously isn't entirely certain what is and isn't a vector of infection, but he's going to cover every single base he can think of

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.19 (before 1940)

AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital. 711 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete: Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic. 939 – Battle of Simancas: King Ramiro II of León defeats the Moorish army under Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III near the city of Simancas. 998 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Battle of Apamea: Fatimids defeat a Byzantine army near Apamea. 1333 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Halidon Hill: The English win a decisive victory over the Scots. 1544 – Italian War of 1542–46: The first Siege of Boulogne begins. 1545 – The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology. 1553 – The attempt to install Lady Jane Grey as Queen of England collapses after only nine days. 1588 – Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel. 1701 – Representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy sign the Nanfan Treaty, ceding a large territory north of the Ohio River to England. 1702 – Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow. 1817 – Unsuccessful in his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi for the Russian-American Company, Georg Anton Schäffer is forced to admit defeat and leave Kauaʻi. 1821 – Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom. 1832 – The British Medical Association is founded as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association by Sir Charles Hastings at a meeting in the Board Room of the Worcester Infirmary. 1843 – Brunel's steamship the SS Great Britain is launched, becoming the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull and screw propeller, becoming the largest vessel afloat in the world. 1845 – Great New York City Fire of 1845: The last great fire to affect Manhattan begins early in the morning and is subdued that afternoon. The fire kills four firefighters and 26 civilians and destroys 345 buildings. 1848 – Women's rights: A two-day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York. 1863 – American Civil War: Morgan's Raid: At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan's raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River. 1864 – Taiping Rebellion: Third Battle of Nanking: The Qing dynasty finally defeats the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia. 1900 – The first line of the Paris Métro opens for operation. 1903 – Maurice Garin wins the first Tour de France. 1916 – World War I: Battle of Fromelles: British and Australian troops attack German trenches as part of the Battle of the Somme. 1934 – The rigid airship USS Macon surprised the USS Houston near Clipperton Island with a mail delivery for President Franklin D. Roosevelt, demonstrating its potential for tracking ships at sea. 1936 – Spanish Civil War: The CNT and UGT call a general strike in Spain – mobilizing workers' militias against the Nationalist forces.

[handeaux]

Cincinnati’s Doctor Bartholow Apologized For His Diabolical Brain-Probe Experiments

Like a scene in the mad scientist’s laboratory – right out of an old horror movie – a doctor at Good Samaritan Hospital in 1874 ran several electrified needles into a patient’s brain. Although his work opened up new avenues for neurological research, the doctor was pressured to make a public apology, which led to new developments in medical ethics.

The doctor in question was Roberts Bartholow, born in Maryland in 1831. Young Bartholow enjoyed a solid liberal arts education before entering medical school. Throughout his life, Bartholow’s intelligence, erudition and literary skills were widely praised, but he had few friends. Otto Juettner, historian of Cincinnati medicine, described him in 1909:

“Roberts Bartholow, that strange child of genius, who was thought by his contemporaries to be the very embodiment of cold cynicism, while he was, strangely enough, the fervent apostle of faith and warm optimism in the very department of medical knowledge where nowadays cynicism, pessimism and hopeless agnosticism are the rule.”

Bartholow’s reputation for “cold cynicism” emerged from his often sarcastic critiques of his colleagues’ shortcomings. Few Cincinnati doctors could marshal the intellectual firepower or the wealth of experience Bartholow brought to any debate. On a couple of occasions, Bartholow engaged in the Nineteenth-Century version of a “flame war,” publishing pamphlets and counter-pamphlets in his attacks on other doctors.

Much of the friction between Bartholow and his colleagues hinged on his educational philosophy. Where most medical professors explained concepts, processes and treatments, Bartholow believed that education is best conducted by demonstration. Where human subjects could not be found, Bartholow employed animals in his classroom demonstrations of surgical techniques and pharmaceutical substances.

This practical approach to medicine derived from Bartholow’s long service in the U.S. Army out on the western frontier, back when it really was the “Wild West.” He was sent to Utah in 1857 as surgeon to troops engaged in what was variously known as the “Utah War” or “Mormon Rebellion,” and remained with the Army throughout most of the Civil War. He resigned his commission in 1864 and settled in Cincinnati, where an established doctor helped him build a practice and earn a professorship at the Medical College of Ohio. Although respected, Bartholow antagonized almost everybody. Per Juettner:

“His splendid academic training, backed up by a vast amount of observation and experience, gave him the advantage in contests with most men. He was fearless and merciless. This is what raised hosts of enemies for him. He fought with weapons of analogy, logic and sarcasm up to the point of extermination. His intense nature could not tolerate concessions. It is not surprising that he was not popular in the vulgar sense of the word.”

Academic feuds drove Bartholow out of the city’s Commercial Hospital and into the somewhat friendlier staff of the Good Samaritan Hospital, then located in the East End beneath Mount Adams. There, Bartholow built his dream laboratory. In a medical journal the he founded, Bartholow described his “electrical room”:

“By the intelligent liberality of a gentleman of this city, Good Samaritan Hospital now contains an electrical room furnished with all the appliances needed for the practical uses and scientific study of electricity.”

Claiming that electricity could cure anything from hemorrhoids to nasal polyps to cysts caused by tapeworms, Bartholow used the apparatus housed in the electrical room to instruct students convened in the operating theater next door.

Into this laboratory, in 1874, walked Mary Rafferty, a 30-year-old Irish immigrant with a most unusual condition. As a young girl, she had fallen into a fire and severely burned her scalp. To cover the scarred bald patch, she wore a variety of wigs. A sore, which she believed was caused by her wigs got worse and worse, eventually becoming cancerous. The cancer ate away Rafferty’s skull to the extent that a hole exposed a portion of her brain.

Rafferty worked as a housemaid. Some sources claim she worked for Bartholow while others deny that connection. By whatever route, she found herself in Bartholow’s electrical room at Good Samaritan Hospital where, over the course of about a week, Bartholow inserted electrically charged needles into her exposed brain. While some of this probing elicited little more than tingling and giggles, some precipitated seizures, convulsions and weeping. Eventually Rafferty’s condition worsened, the experiments were terminated and she died.

In his first report on the research, published three months later, Bartholow candidly described each attempt to stimulate Rafferty’s brain and the disturbing results. So many doctors objected to the report that Bartholow felt compelled to publish a detailed apology in the British Medical Journal. In this mea culpa, Bartholow concluded:

“Notwithstanding my sanguine expectations, based on the facts above stated, that small insulated needle-electrodes could be introduced without injury into the cerebral substance, I now know that I was mistaken. To repeat such experiments with the knowledge we now have, that injury will be done by them, would be in the highest degree criminal. I can only now express my regret that facts which I hoped would further, in some slight degree, the progress of knowledge, were obtained at the expense of some injury to the patient.”

Bartholow’s reputation did not suffer. Five years after the experiment and three years after his apology, Bartholow accepted a distinguished chair at the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, where he remained until he retired in 1893. Poor health and a mental breakdown tormented his retirement. Bartholow died in 1904.

Modern perceptions of Bartholow’s macabre experiments might best be summed up in a paper published in 2019 by Devi P. Patra, et al, in Neurosurgical Focus:

“Despite the audacious nature of the experiment with possible ethical breaches of human research, Bartholow’s findings formed the foundation of the electrophysiology of the human brain. Although his methods seem crude in retrospect, they demonstrated the basic principles of human cortical mapping that are still followed in the modern era, although in a more sophisticated way. While his methods cannot be condoned, we recognize his scientific curiosity and his passion for integrating clinical medicine and experimental medicine. Just as importantly, we pay sincere tribute to the ill-fated soul, Rafferty, whose sacrifice should not be forgotten in medical history.”

[theamericanparlor]

Medicine In The Civil War 

When the Civil War began in April 1861, medicine was approaching what Surgeon General William Hammond called "the end of the medical Middle Ages.". In Europe, the work of Koch and Pasteur was just beginning and American physicians had little knowledge of the cause and prevention of disease and infection.

Doctors treating hundreds of thousands of cases of dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid, malaria and gunshot wounds  compiled copious notes that would aid researchers after the war. These case studies were later published between 1870 and 1888 under the title Medical  and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion. Medical army officers recognized that enforcing sanitary standards in the field could reduce the spread of disease. And the numerous cases of post-operative infections such as hospital gangrene led to increased study in ways to  prevent it, eventually leading to the use of bromine.

[ankh4life18]

"There should be White History Month" so we can expose all the evil things white folks have done in history and present that still affect the victims and their descendants till this very day like: 1 Cherokee Trail of Tears 2 Japanese American internment 3 Philippine-American War 4 Jim Crow 5 The genocide of Native Americans 6 Transatlantic slave trade, and the lies that Africans sold other Africans into slavery 7 The Middle Passage 8 The history of White American racism 9 Black Codes 10 Slave patrols 11 Ku Klux Klan 12 The War on Drugs 13 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 14 How white racism grew out of slavery and genocide 15 How whites still benefit from slavery and genocide 16 White anti-racism 17 The Southern strategy 18 The rape of enslaved women 19 Madison Grant 20 The Indian Wars 21 Human zoos 22 How the Jews became white 23 White flight 24 Redlining 25 Proposition 14 26 Homestead Act 27 Tulsa Riots 28 Rosewood massacre 29 Tuskegee Experiment 30 Lynching 31 Hollywood stereotypes 32 Indian Appropriations Acts 33 Immigration Act of 1924 34 Sundown towns 35 Chinese Exclusion Act 36 Emmett Till 37 Vincent Chin 38 Islamophobia 39 Indian boarding schools 40 King Philip’s War 41 Bacon’s Rebellion 42 American slavery compared to Arab, Roman and Latin American slavery 43 History of the gun 44 History of the police 45 History of prisons 46 History of white suburbia 47 Lincoln’s racism and anti-racism 48 George Wallace Governor of Alabama 49 Cointelpro 50 Real estate steering 51 School tracking 52 Mass incarceration of black men 53 Boston school busing riots 54 Man made Ebola and A.I.D.S. 55 Church Bombings and fires in deep south to Blacks 56 Church Shootings 57 How the Irish and Italians became white 58 The Perpetuation of the idea of the “model minority” 59 Housing discrimination 60 Systematic placement of highways and building projects to create ghettos 61. Medical experimentation on poor poc especially Blacks including surgical and gynecological experimentation 62 History of Planned Parenthood 63 Forced Sterilization 64 Cutting children out of pregnant Black mothers as part of lynchings 65 Eurocentric beauty standard falsification 66 Erasure and eradication of al https://www.instagram.com/p/CFzeV9ZDLQf/?igshid=5xir4rjnl68r

[terrestrial-angel]

Gangrene following a shot; laceration of the femoral artery (J.K. Barnes, The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1870-1888)

[mr-all-black-everything]

White History Month

A Caucasian co-worker and I(Yup! The same one from the last post. Go figure.) were discussing why there should or shouldn’t be a “White History Month”. Nevermind the fact that EVERY MONTH is White History month. But I decided to humor him and play along…

“There should be White History Month” so we can expose all the evil things white folks have done in history and present that still affect the victims and their descendants till this very day like:

1 Cherokee Trail of Tears 2 Japanese American internment 3 Philippine-American War 4 Jim Crow 5 The genocide of Native Americans 6 Transatlantic slave trade, and the lies that Africans sold other Africans into slavery 7 The Middle Passage 8 The history of White American racism 9 Black Codes 10 Slave patrols 11 Ku Klux Klan 12 The War on Drugs 13 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 14 How white racism grew out of slavery and genocide 15 How whites still benefit from slavery and genocide 16 White anti-racism 17 The Southern strategy 18 The rape of enslaved women 19 Madison Grant 20 The Indian Wars 21 Human zoos 22 How the Jews became white 23 White flight 24 Redlining 25 Proposition 14 26 Homestead Act 27 Tulsa Riots 28 Rosewood massacre 29 Tuskegee Experiment 30 Lynching 31 Hollywood stereotypes 32 Indian Appropriations Acts 33 Immigration Act of 1924 34 Sundown towns 35 Chinese Exclusion Act 36 Emmett Till 37 Vincent Chin 38 Islamophobia 39 Indian boarding schools 40 King Philip’s War 41 Bacon’s Rebellion 42 American slavery compared to Arab, Roman and Latin American slavery 43 History of the gun 44 History of the police 45 History of prisons 46 History of white suburbia 47 Lincoln’s racism and anti-racism 48 George Wallace Governor of Alabama 49 Cointelpro 50 Real estate steering 51 School tracking 52 Mass incarceration of black men 53 Boston school busing riots 54 Man made Ebola and A.I.D.S. 55 Church Bombings and fires in deep south to Blacks 56 Church Shootings 57 How the Irish and Italians became white 58 The Perpetuation of the idea of the “model minority” 59 Housing discrimination 60 Systematic placement of highways and building projects to create ghettos 61. Medical experimentation on poor poc especially Blacks including surgical and gynecological experimentation 62 History of Planned Parenthood 63 Forced Sterilization 64 Cutting children out of pregnant Black mothers as part of lynchings 65 Eurocentric beauty standard falsification 66 Erasure and eradication of all achievements of Ancient Africa and Kemet 67 White washing of history and cultural practices of poc’s 68 Media manipulation and bias 69 Perpetuation of the myth of reverse racism 70 The history of white cannibalism 71 White fragility 72 White on white crime and white on everybody else crime 73 Irish slavery, Jewish slavery, African slavery, Native American slavery 74 White police officers murdering unarmed men, women, and children and not being convicted for it 75 Population control warfares worldwide 76 Chemtrails 77 Oil spills and chemical dumping in oceans worldwide 78 Water fracking 79 Gmo foods worldwide 80 Monsanto 81 World Wars 1 and 2 82 Wars on indigenous peoples throughout the world 83 Stolen inventions and blueprints from African people and other indigenous people worldwide 84 Steal concepts from cultures worldwide and then corrupt it 85 Mass murders and massacres worldwide 86 Eugenics and the history of sterilization of poc and history of fetal abortions worldwide 87. Flint Michigan water poisoning crisis

and too much more….

Yet you all have convinced the world and your delusional selves that melanated human beings “black” people are perceived as dangerous, unruly, racist, uncivilized, thugs, gangsters etc… Yeah ok not according to historical and present day facts.

Needless to say… We don’t have these types of discussions anymore. 😎😉😂

[forresthom-blog]

25/01/2019 ‘The Good, the Ambulance Corps (!?) and the Ugly‘

Sergio Leone’s 1966 ‘Spaghetti Western’ The Good, the Bad and the Ugly weaves multiple narratives and side-stories together to create a film with a vast sense of intensity and realism - making it a cult classic. However, who would think that the Union’s Ambulance Corps would make a cameo appearance and add to Leone’s deep portrayal of Civil War era America?

The Good, the Bad and the Ugly follows three rival outlaws who are begrudgingly dependent on one another in order to discover a fortune of gold buried in a soldier’s grave. On their way to the cemetery where the gold resides, the Man with No Name (the Good, Clint Eastwood) and Tuco (the Ugly, Eli Wallach) find themselves captured by the Union Army. After speaking with the Captain commanding the troops, Eastwood and Wallach’s characters discover that between them and the gold lies a bridge that is hotly contested by the Union and the Confederates. After witnessing a bloody battle that ends in a stalemate and realising that there was no way to the other side of the bridge as long as the two armies were stationed either side, the Man with No Name and Tuco vow to blow up the bridge so the armies move elsewhere to fight.

Above, the Man with No Name (left) and Tuco (right) use a stretcher to carry explosives to destroy the bridge. Behind them, two Union ambulance-corpsmen carry a surprisingly accurate Civil War era style stretcher. The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion says that stretchers were often improvised, made with poles with jackets or branches for the bed. Eastwood and Wallach’s stretcher appears to have been improvised with long straight branches lashed to form a litter capable of carrying the weight of a man (or a chest of dynamite). Meanwhile, the Union men in the background are carrying a stretcher with an accurate canvas bed, small legs to hold the stretcher off the floor to double as a bed for soldiers awaiting treatment by the surgeon at the field hospital, and leather shoulder straps to allow easier carrying of the stretcher when it is not in use. However, the stretcher does not match exactly with any of those included in the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion and the uniforms of the men do not bear the green half chevron on the arm nor the green cap band of the Ambulance Corps’ specific uniform.

Image Source: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (Sergio Leone), Produzioni Europee Associate

In order to carry out their plan to demolish the bridge, the characters decide to pose as stretcher-bearers in order to get to their target witout arousing suspicion. After throwing a wounded man off a litter, they run into the field, and even pretend to pick up a dead man, before setting to work to laying the dynamite.

In the Civil War, The Halstead Litter (above) was an improved lighter and more compact stretcher than the Satterlee Litter it superseded. The Halstead Litter weighed 10.8kg (23.75lbs) and was 60cm wide and 244cm long (23.5″x8′). The stretcher had wooden legs (like the one in the film above) and shoulder straps (again like those above, but made of cotton webbing with a leather strap and buckle for to allow length adjustment). The canvas of the stretcher was 180cm (5′11″) in length and wooden handles protruded for the bearers to carry it, much in the way the extras in Leone’s film did.

Having looked at all the stretcher designs documented in the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion no images match exactly with any of those used in Leone’s picture. Nevertheless, Leone’s stretchers were not a far away from genuine designs, as evidenced by the image of the Halstead Litter.

Image Source: Joseph K. Barnes et al. The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861-65), Part III, Volume II. Washington: Government Printing Office; 1883. p. 924

The appearance of stretcher-bearers is unexpected in the film but is representative of Leone’s creative decision to add extreme depth to his films. My criticisms of his portrayal lie in the vast heterogeneity of stretcher designs - although numerous designs were used to in the Civil War itself the sheer range at just one battle and the flimsy look of many of the litters portrayed leaves a lot to be desired for complete accuracy - as well as the absence of the Ambulance Corps’ specific uniform markers.

Nevertheless, seeing stretcher-bearers represented as part of Civil War battle side-story within a Western is very exciting and adds a flavour of time, place and authenticity to the picture.

[pnutbutter72]

Response on FB by Reginald Underwood

'"There should be White History Month" so we can expose all the evil things white folks have done in history and present that still affect the victims and their descendants till this very day like: 1 Cherokee Trail of Tears 2 Japanese American internment 3 Philippine-American War 4 Jim Crow 5 The genocide of Native Americans 6 Transatlantic slave trade, and the lies that Africans sold other Africans into slavery 7 The Middle Passage 8 The history of White American racism 9 Black Codes 10 Slave patrols 11 Ku Klux Klan 12 The War on Drugs 13 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 14 How white racism grew out of slavery and genocide 15 How whites still benefit from slavery and genocide 16 White anti-racism 17 The Southern strategy 18 The rape of enslaved women 19 Madison Grant 20 The Indian Wars 21 Human zoos 22 How the Jews became white 23 White flight 24 Redlining 25 Proposition 14 26 Homestead Act 27 Tulsa Riots 28 Rosewood massacre 29 Tuskegee Experiment 30 Lynching 31 Hollywood stereotypes 32 Indian Appropriations Acts 33 Immigration Act of 1924 34 Sundown towns 35 Chinese Exclusion Act 36 Emmett Till 37 Vincent Chin 38 Islamophobia 39 Indian boarding schools 40 King Philip’s War 41 Bacon’s Rebellion 42 American slavery compared to Arab, Roman and Latin American slavery 43 History of the gun 44 History of the police 45 History of prisons 46 History of white suburbia 47 Lincoln’s racism and anti-racism 48 George Wallace Governor of Alabama 49 Cointelpro 50 Real estate steering 51 School tracking 52 Mass incarceration of black men 53 Boston school busing riots 54 Man made Ebola and A.I.D.S. 55 Church Bombings and fires in deep south to Blacks 56 Church Shootings 57 How the Irish and Italians became white 58 The Perpetuation of the idea of the “model minority” 59 Housing discrimination 60 Systematic placement of highways and building projects to create ghettos 61. Medical experimentation on poor poc especially Blacks including surgical and gynecological experimentation 62 History of Planned Parenthood 63 Forced Sterilization 64 Cutting children out of pregnant Black mothers as part of lynchings 65 Eurocentric beauty standard falsification 66 Erasure and eradication of all achievements of Ancient Africa and Kemet 67 White washing of history and cultural practices of poc's 68 Media manipulation and bias 69 Perpetuation of the myth of reverse racism 70 The history of white cannibalism 71 White fragility 72 White on white crime and white on everybody else crime 73 Irish slavery, Jewish slavery, African slavery, Native American slavery 74 White police officers murdering unarmed men, women, and children and not being convicted for it 75 Population control warfares worldwide 76 Chemtrails 77 Oil spills and chemical dumping in oceans worldwide 78 Water fracking 79 Gmo foods worldwide 80 Monsanto 81 World Wars 1 and 2 82 Wars on indigenous peoples throughout the world 83 Stolen inventions and blueprints from African people and other indigenous people worldwide 84 Steal concepts from cultures worldwide and then corrupt it 85 Mass murders and massacres worldwide 86 Eugenics and the history of sterilization of poc and history of fetal abortions worldwide 87. Flint Michigan water poisoning crisis and too much more.... Yet you all have convinced the world and your delusional selves that melanated human beings "black" people are perceived as dangerous, unruly, racist, uncivilized, thugs, gangsters etc... Yeah ok not according to historical and present day facts.'

[icryyoumercy]

@iwilltrytobereasonable and other baffled readers, after i've run out of ntsb reports (and realised that usgs reports don't mesh well with text-to-speech), i'm currently reading The medical and surgical history of the war of the rebellion (1861-65), which is absolutely fascinating if you can stand the inherent grossness of wartime medicine

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.19 (before 1900)

AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital. 711 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Battle of Guadalete: Umayyad forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by King Roderic. 939 – Battle of Simancas: King Ramiro II of León defeats the Moorish army under Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III near the city of Simancas. 998 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Battle of Apamea: Fatimids defeat a Byzantine army near Apamea. 1333 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Halidon Hill: The English win a decisive victory over the Scots. 1544 – Italian War of 1542–46: The first Siege of Boulogne begins. 1545 – The Tudor warship Mary Rose sinks off Portsmouth; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology. 1553 – The attempt to install Lady Jane Grey as Queen of England collapses after only nine days. 1588 – Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is sighted in the English Channel. 1701 – Representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy sign the Nanfan Treaty, ceding a large territory north of the Ohio River to England. 1702 – Great Northern War: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of Augustus II the Strong, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King Charles XII in the Battle of Klissow. 1817 – Unsuccessful in his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Hawaii for the Russian-American Company, Georg Anton Schäffer is forced to admit defeat and leave Kauai. 1821 – Coronation of George IV of the United Kingdom. 1832 – The British Medical Association is founded as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association by Sir Charles Hastings at a meeting in the Board Room of the Worcester Infirmary. 1843 – Brunel's steamship the SS Great Britain is launched, becoming the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull and screw propeller, becoming the largest vessel afloat in the world. 1845 – Great New York City Fire of 1845: The last great fire to affect Manhattan begins early in the morning and is subdued that afternoon. The fire kills four firefighters and 26 civilians and destroys 345 buildings. 1848 – Women's rights: A two-day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York. 1863 – American Civil War: Morgan's Raid: At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan's raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River. 1864 – Taiping Rebellion: Third Battle of Nanking: The Qing dynasty finally defeats the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia. 1900 – The first line of the Paris Métro opens for operation.

[agneslovesart]

“…and was then open”: Mark Bradford at the Hirshhorn

Mark Bradford’s Pickett’s Charge Rips and Repurposes US History at the Hirshhorn by Kerr Houston It is a grim and revealing statement. Titled Case 1240, it appears on page 439 of the massive Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, and focuses on an arm wound sustained by a T.E. Griffith of New […] from BmoreArt | Baltimore Contemporary Art

[vwm1]

"There should be White History Month" so we can expose all the evil things white folks have done in history and present that still affect the victims and their descendants till this very day like: 1 Cherokee Trail of Tears 2 Japanese American internment 3 Philippine-American War 4 Jim Crow 5 The genocide of Native Americans 6 Transatlantic slave trade, and the lies that Africans sold other Africans into slavery 7 The Middle Passage 8 The history of White American racism 9 Black Codes 10 Slave patrols 11 Ku Klux Klan 12 The War on Drugs 13 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 14 How white racism grew out of slavery and genocide 15 How whites still benefit from slavery and genocide 16 White anti-racism 17 The Southern strategy 18 The rape of enslaved women 19 Madison Grant 20 The Indian Wars 21 Human zoos 22 How the Jews became white 23 White flight 24 Redlining 25 Proposition 14 26 Homestead Act 27 Tulsa Riots 28 Rosewood massacre 29 Tuskegee Experiment 30 Lynching 31 Hollywood stereotypes 32 Indian Appropriations Acts 33 Immigration Act of 1924 34 Sundown towns 35 Chinese Exclusion Act 36 Emmett Till 37 Vincent Chin 38 Islamophobia 39 Indian boarding schools 40 King Philip’s War 41 Bacon’s Rebellion 42 American slavery compared to Arab, Roman and Latin American slavery 43 History of the gun 44 History of the police 45 History of prisons 46 History of white suburbia 47 Lincoln’s racism and anti-racism 48 George Wallace Governor of Alabama 49 Cointelpro 50 Real estate steering 51 School tracking 52 Mass incarceration of black men 53 Boston school busing riots 54 Man made Ebola and A.I.D.S. 55 Church Bombings and fires in deep south to Blacks 56 Church Shootings 57 How the Irish and Italians became white 58 The Perpetuation of the idea of the “model minority” 59 Housing discrimination 60 Systematic placement of highways and building projects to create ghettos 61. Medical experimentation on poor poc especially Blacks including surgical and gynecological experimentation 62 History of Planned Parenthood 63 Forced Sterilization 64 Cutting children out of pregnant Black mothers as part of lynchings 65 Eurocentric beauty standard falsification 66 Erasure and eradication of all achievements of Ancient Africa and Kemet 67 White washing of history and cultural practices of poc's 68 Media manipulation and bias 69 Perpetuation of the myth of reverse racism 70 The history of white cannibalism 71 White fragility 72 White on white crime and white on everybody else crime 73 African slavery, Native American slavery 74 White police officers murdering unarmed men, women, and children and not being convicted for it 75 Population control warfares worldwide 76 Chemtrails 77 Oil spills and chemical dumping in oceans worldwide 78 Water fracking 79 Gmo foods worldwide 80 Monsanto 81 World Wars 1 and 2 82 Wars on indigenous peoples throughout the world 83 Stolen inventions and blueprints from African people and other indigenous people worldwide 84 Steal concepts from cultures worldwide and then corrupt it 85 Mass murders and massacres worldwide 86 Eugenics and the history of sterilization of poc and history of fetal abortions worldwide 87. Flint Michigan water poisoning crisis 88. Genocides of the aboriginals in Australia Israel Italy and many other places.. and too much more.... Yet you all have convinced the world and your delusional selves that melanated human beings "black" people are perceived as dangerous, unruly, racist, uncivilized, thugs, gangsters etc... Yeah ok not according to historical and present day facts..

[drinhiding]

Let's have White History Months because there no way to cram all of this in 30 Days. I invite All Lives Matter to teach on these subjects. More in comments 1 Cherokee Trail of Tears 2 Japanese American internment 3 Philippine-American War 4 Jim Crow 5 The genocide of Native Americans 6 Transatlantic slave trade, and the lies associated with that. 7 The Middle Passage 8 The history of White American racism 9 Black Codes 10 Slave patrols 11 Ku Klux Klan 12 The War on Drugs 13 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 14 How white racism grew out of slavery and genocide 15 How whites still benefit from slavery and genocide 16 White anti-racism 17 The Southern strategy 18 The rape of enslaved women 19 Madison Grant 20 The Indian Wars 21 Human zoos 22 How the Jews became white 23 White flight 24 Redlining 25 Proposition 14 26 Homestead Act 27 Tulsa Riots 28 Rosewood massacre 29 Tuskegee Experiment 30 Lynching 31 Hollywood stereotypes 32 Indian Appropriations Acts 33 Immigration Act of 1924 34 Sundown towns 35 Chinese Exclusion Act 36 Emmett Till 37 Vincent Chin 38 Islamophobia 39 Indian boarding schools 40 King Philip’s War 41 Bacon’s Rebellion 42 American slavery compared to Arab, Roman and Latin American slavery 43 History of the gun 44 History of the police 45 History of prisons 46 History of white suburbia 47 Lincoln’s racism and anti-racism 48 George Wallace Governor of Alabama 49 Cointelpro 50 Real estate steering 51 School tracking 52 Mass incarceration of black men 53 Boston school busing riots 54 Man made Ebola and A.I.D.S. 55 Church Bombings and fires in deep south to Blacks 56 Church Shootings 57 How the Irish and Italians became white 58 The Perpetuation of the idea of the “model minority” 59 Housing discrimination 60 Systematic placement of highways and building projects to create ghettos 61. Medical experimentation on poor poc especially Blacks including surgical and gynecological experimentation 62 History of Planned Parenthood 63 Forced Sterilization 64 Cutting children out of pregnant Black mothers as part of lynchings 65 Eurocentric beauty standard falsification 66 Erasure and eradication of all achievements of Ancient Africa and

[vsw-blog]

Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, Part II, Vol. II, prepared under the direction of Surgeon General Joseph K. Barnes, 1875

from the Visual Studies Workshop Books and Periodicals Archive

vsw.org