#MicroScopia IWM

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Pathogen profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae:

Pathogen profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae:

BY: SHAILY SHARMA (MSIWM041) Klebsiella pneumoniae is the pathogen that causes pneumonia and septicemia (blood infections) which is usually found in the normal flora of the mouth skin and the intestines. It may also cause meningitis and bacteremia. Normally when they occur in the intestines, the organism is harmless. However, the spreading of the organism to other parts pf the body and under…

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Human Mitochondrial DNA

BY: Ezhuthachan Mithu Mohanan (MIWM043) DNA within mitochondria was first detected in 1963. Human mitochondria represent the mammalian mtDNA. Human mtDNA is 16,569 bp, double stranded and circular. It codes for 13 polypeptides, belonging to OXPHOS family. mtDNA also codes for 22 tRNA,2 rRNA. It also has control noncoding regions. Various nuclear coded factors also known as precursor polypeptides…

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PATHOGEN PROFILE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES

PATHOGEN PROFILE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES

BY: SHAILY SHARMA (MSIWM041) Streptococcus pyogenes (which is also called group A streptococcus) is by far one of the most harmful and serious streptococcal pathogens of humans. It is a strict pathogen that inhabits the throat, nasopharynx and occasionally even the skin in humans.  Dissemination of the bacteria to other sites within the body causes a variety of severely invasive conditions…

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PHYTOHORMONES

By: N. Shreya Mohan (MSIWM042) Plant hormone, also known as phytohormones are signal mediated molecules produced by plants commonly controlling plant growth aspects such as defense mechanisms, stress tolerance, metabolism, reproduction and size. Hormones are elated within the plant by utilizing four types of movements. For localized movement, cytoplasmic streams within cells where delayed…

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STEM CELLS

                     By: N. Shreya Mohan (MSIWM042) Stem cells are a group of undifferentiated cells that will differentiate into various types cells and proliferate indefinitely. They originate from cell lineages. They exact opposite to the progenitor cells, which does not proliferate indefinitely. In mammal, typically about 50-150 cells combine to form the inner cell mass (ICM) during the…

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SPEMANN-MANGOLD ORGANIZER

                 By: N. Shreya Mohan (MSIWM042) The Spemann-Mangold organizer are a consortium of cells that are required for the commencement of the neural tissue during the development of an amphibian embryo. Hilde Mangold, the then doctorate student along her mentor Hans Spemann, first published this work in 1924. This discovery gave so much scope to the developmental biology field, that this…

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AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY

BY: SHAILY SHARMA (MSIWM041) Chromatography is a technique which is widely used for the separation of mixtures based on the physio-chemical differences between the stationary and the mobile phase of the chromatographic apparatus. The sample to be separated is dissolved in the mobile phase, which passes over the stationary phase (the immobile/fixed surface) and carries out the process of…

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INTRODUCTION TO VIRUSES

BY: SHAILY SHAMA (MSIWM041) HISTORY: Throughout the course of modern human history, the source some viral infections such as smallpox, polio, and the Spanish flu have been quite unknown to humans. They have been diseases which have had deadly effects on humanity. All that was known about these diseases was that they spread via person-to-person contact. In the second half of the1800’s, Louis…

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GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY

BY: SHAILY SHARMA (MSIWM041) Chromatography, broadly, is a technique to separate two phases which are mutually immiscible. The phases are brought in contact with each other and one of these phases is stationary while the other phase is a mobile phase which moves over the surface of the stationary phase or percolates it. The interactions of the sample mixture which are established after the…

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ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

BY: SHAILY SHARMA (MSIWM041) Chromatography is a separation and purification technique which is used for the separation of solutes in a mixture, biomolecules etc. on the basis of distribution of the sample to be separated between stationary phase (phase which is not mobile and is usually mounted against a support like a chromatographic column) and the mobile phase (which is continuous/is poured…

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Overview of infections of respiratory tract and its pathogens

Overview of infections of respiratory tract and its pathogens

By: Shaily Sharma (MSIWM041) A brief overview of the infections of the respiratory tract and its pathogens: The respiratory tract along with the gastrointestinal tracts is one of the major connections between the interiors of the body and the outside environment. The respiratory tract is the pathway is that pathway of the body through which fresh oxygen enters the body and removes the excess…

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NITROGEN FIXATION

BY: K. Sai Manogna (MSIWM014) Any natural or industrial process that allows free nitrogen (N2), a relatively inert gas abundant in the air, chemically combines with other components to form more reactive nitrogen compounds, such as ammonia, nitrates, or nitrites.  Nitrogen does not react with other elements under ordinary conditions. However, in all fertile soils, in all living organisms, in…

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DETECTION OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

DETECTION OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

BY: Reddy Sailaja M (MSIWM030) HORMONES A hormone is a signaling molecule secreted by endocrine glands in response to physiological stimuli in multi cellular organisms. These hormones circulate in blood and reach its destination to exert specific function. Hormones help maintain physiological and behavioral functions in the organisms. Hormones are classified into three main classes: Steriod…

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EXTRACTION OF PLASMID DNA

EXTRACTION OF PLASMID DNA

BY: K. Sai Manogna (MSIWM014) In 1952, Joshua Lederberg invented the word ‘plasmid.’ It was initially formed from bacteria; plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that can reproduce independently in most Archae, Eukarya species, and Eubacteria. Plasmids are double-stranded circular DNA molecules that are different from the chromosomal DNA of the cells.  The genetic material found within…

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GALACTOSE TO GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS

GALACTOSE TO GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS

BY: Ria Fazulbhoy (MSIWM031) Introduction Galactose is a sweet tasting monosaccharide sugar which is a carbohydrate, which is an aldohexose molecule. Galactose is a very important molecule in the body as it is needed for the synthesis of lactose, glycolipids, glycoproteins as well as proteoglycans. It is also known as “brain sugar” as it is useful in formation of the glycolipids which occur in…

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INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT MICROORGANSIMS

BY: Reddy Sailaja M (MSIWM030) Microorganisms are minute creatures from time immemorial and omnipresent in all kinds of ecosystems on earth. Microorganisms are of different types: Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae and Virus. These are not visible through naked eye and require microscope for their structural and functional evaluation. Industrial microbiology deals with the application of various…