#Multibit Number

[industrywaala1]

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[sanesquaregg]

What is a Cryptocurrency Wallet?

A cryptocurrency wallet is a software application that allows users to securely store, send, and receive cryptocurrency, much like any other digital wallet.

This wallet securely holds cryptocurrencies and keeps a record of their transaction history, including buying, selling, and lending. Users can download and install this software on their smartphone or any other compatible device.

The crypto wallet operates by using two critical components: a public key and a private key. The public key is equivalent to a bank account number, which can be shared with others to receive cryptocurrency. Meanwhile, the private key, like a bank account password or PIN, is confidential and should be kept secret.

When acquiring cryptocurrency, the user directs the sender to a unique cryptographic address issued by their wallet. It's important to note that the cryptocurrency wallet doesn't hold the actual coins, as they are stored on the blockchain. Instead, the wallet stores the information related to the user's public and private keys, representing their ownership stake in the cryptocurrency. With the use of both keys, users can securely send and receive cryptocurrency while keeping their private keys encrypted.

Types of Crypto Wallets

There are several types of crypto wallets available in the market to cater to the diverse needs of users depending on their crypto plans. For long-term investors, a secure wallet with great security features would be ideal. In contrast, active traders may prioritize convenience and speed. Crypto wallets can be categorized into cold and hot wallets based on whether they can be connected to the Internet.

Cold Wallets

Hardware wallets, also known as cold wallets, store keys offline on a device that's not connected to the Internet. These wallets look like USB drives, and sometimes paper wallets are also used for cold storage.

Cold storage is considered the most secure option to protect digital assets since they're offline, making them difficult to hack. However, they can be easily lost or misplaced.

Hot Wallets

Hot wallets are software-based wallets that are more user-friendly but less secure than cold wallets. smartphone app. There are several types of hot wallets available, including:

1. Desktop Wallets: These wallets are installed on a desktop computer or a laptop and are secure, except in cases of a virus attack on the computer. Examples of desktop wallets includes the Bitcoin Core, Bitcoin Knots, MultiBit, Armory, and Electrum.

2. Mobile Wallets: Mobile wallets have similar features to desktop wallets and facilitate easy payments at physical stores by scanning QR codes with touch-to-pay and NFC. Bitcoin Wallet & Hive Android are examples of mobile wallets.

3. Web Wallets: Web wallets enable effortless access to cryptos from anywhere through any browser or mobile device since they function on the cloud. Although web wallets are convenient to use because private keys are stored online, they can become vulnerable to hacking attacks as a third party indirectly controls them.

Why Choose Sanesquare for Crypto Wallet App?

Choosing Sanesquare for your crypto wallet app development comes with several benefits:

1. Expertise: We have extensive experience in developing blockchain-based applications, including cryptocurrency wallets. Our team is composed of skilled developers who are proficient in various technologies and have a deep understanding of the cryptocurrency market

2. Customization: We can tailor your crypto wallet app to meet your specific requirements. Whether you need to add additional features, integrate with external systems or services, or make modifications to the user interface, we can do it all.

3. Security: Security is a top priority for any crypto wallet app, and we take it very seriously. We use industry-standard security measures such as encryption and multi-factor authentication to protect your users' digital assets.

4. Support: We offer comprehensive support and maintenance services to ensure your app is always up-to-date and functioning correctly. We also provide regular updates and upgrades to ensure your app is compatible with the latest technologies

5. Competitive Pricing: We offer competitive pricing for our services, without compromising on quality or functionality. We believe in delivering value for money and building long-term relationships with our clients.

Overall, Sanesquare is an excellent choice for developing your crypto wallet app, thanks to our expertise, customization options, security measures, support services, and competitive pricing.

Build A Powerful Crypto Wallet App with Sanesquare

If you need to create a crypto wallet app to store, exchange, gift, or trade digital currencies such as Bitcoin, Ripple, or Ether, Sanesquare can help. As an award-winning web and mobile app development company with extensive experience in blockchain application development, we can provide you with the expertise you need. Let's get in touch and discuss about your project.

[wintbm]

Dff2dsf gui

#Dff2dsf gui pro#

#Dff2dsf gui software#

#Dff2dsf gui Pc#

#Dff2dsf gui iso#

#Dff2dsf gui iso#

That GUI is my personal favorite because of its drag 'n drop feature for the ISO file and the destination directory. This should be usable on any Windows and Linux platform. On SourceForge there is a project sacd_ectract-gui, which is based on C#.net and additionally on mono. FBrook, there is already a java-free alternative to ISO2DSD. What Inside DSD Converter of Audio Files >.

#Dff2dsf gui Pc#

You can play DFF file on PC via audio player software. Read more.īoth formats are audiophile ones. In contrast DFF, DSF files has advanced support of metadata. What is the difference between DSF and DFF? Target sample rate defines maximal band of a musical signal.Īs a general recommendation, you can use PCM sample rate 176.4/192 or 352.8/384 kHz.įrequently Asked Questions What is DFF audio format?ĭFF audio format is DSD high-resolution music file format.

#Dff2dsf gui pro#

Multiple or non-multiple PCM sample rate does not matter to pro audio conversion software. To minimize losses, PCM 32- or 64-bit float is recommended. Utility to convert DFF to DSF (Windows, Mac, Linux) dff2dsf download here. Utility to convert DSF to DFF (Windows) dsf2dff.exe download here.

How convert DST compressed DFF under Windows (User Guide) >.

DFF to DSF Conversion on Mac OSX, Windows, Linux >.

Offline conversion is not limited by time of CPU calculations and "heavy" precise algorithms may be used.Īlso, some DFF player compatibility issues are known: channel number, metadata artwork size or other.įor audio players, that are stereo capable only, conversion multichannel DFF 5.1 to stereo is used. PCM to DSD conversion and DSD to PCM cause quality losses.Īlternatively, DFF file may be pre-converted to PCM offline (non-realtime) via audio converter software. Thus, DFF use a higher sample rate.Ĭheck DSD music site download list (also FREE downloads there) > To expand the dynamic range noise shaping (pushing noise energy out of audible frequency band) is used.īut pushing the energy demands reserve of the total frequency band of an audio signal. The minimal bit depth causes minimal dynamic range. In general, DFF and PCM is the same things. The sound quality of files defined as quantization-noise-management abilities of DSD modulator and quality of filtering in the demodulator. Read about comparison DSD files (infographic) > So checking of every converting tool is recommended.

#Dff2dsf gui software#

Warning: some software can convert DSF to DFF or back with audio modifications (non-bit-perfect mode). Read more about bit depth and sample rate >īoth formats allow flexible configuration for multichannel files. Multibit DSD samples are not so important for sound quality. Non-standard data block, can cause compatibility issuesĭFF and DSF are binary identical as DSD data storage.ĭSF allows to save metadata standard way (DSF audio player applications capable read it, as rule). Read article DSD vs DSF vs DFF Files Audio. Sound quality What is the difference between DSF and DFF? But only application, that can recognize the metadata block, will read and display it. Metadata (track, album names, performer, artwork, etc.) chunk may be added to DFF as non-standard chunk (data block). And there is custom reserve range for other types of channels.Īlso, there is a separate loudspeaker-configuration chunk (optional).ĭSD (uncompressed) and DST compressed sound data stored differently:ĭSD sound data is stored as a single chunk ĭST sound data is stored as information chunk and frames (data and frame CRC chunks). There is channel mask with reserved several channel types ("Left", "Right", etc.) is applied. dff audio file is limited by abilities of the channel-number field in the channels chunk of the format. There is the absolute-start-time chunk, that may be useful in professional applications.Ĭhannel number of. However, if reading application can't recognize the chunk, it is skipped. Ī non-standard chunk may be embedded into DFF file. DFF format audio consists of data blocks (chunks).

[marksmithusa3]

How to resolve Multibit HD issue shows all balance as “unconfirmed”

Multibit HD is a desktop wallet which works with and supports bitcoin only, it is light mass desktop wallet for operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. Users are not obligatory to download the entire blockchain to use this and they just need to download the software which is obtainable at the official website and it’s free; the wallet also boasts of best user interface in the online wallets grouping. Multibit is absolutely famous among users because of its feature to support numerous wallets at one go, the wallet definitely lacks on the front that they have no mobile version yet available for the wallet; it also offers supports in various languages, however recently there have been few reported disputes with this wallets as listed below:Password Access Issue with MultiBit Wallet Users of online wallets have always received improved security to their wallets and Multibit has feature of seed words which can be used throughout installation process which users can save if their password is lost,

however in case you have not saved the seed words and unfortunately if u dis remember the password, it will be a foremost commotion to contact your Multibit wallet going forward in future. The users who has misplaced the password for the Multibit wallet can contact out to us, as we focus in retrieval of password for Multibit wallets, in case you wish to solve your password promptly to Multibit wallet — you can reach us out at the Multibit HD Support Number 1–888–840–3277. Inability to access Bitcoin in Multibit Wallet and Balance Uncofirmation issue It would be no less than a shock story, if you are not able to access your bitcoin from your Multibit wallet and the Multibit HD wallet shows all balance as “unconfirmed”, however lately few users have raised their concern to this problem as due to internal bug of the Multibit wallet some of users were just not able to access Bitcoin deposited in their wallets, and the wallet kept on displaying wallet balance as unconfirmed. We have observed access issues since the commencement of online crypto currency wallets and would be fascinated in helping you access your crypto currency in Multibit wallet — you can contact us at the Multibit HD Phone Number 1–888–840–3277 for this issue at the earliest.

[kesha441-blog]

MultiBit HD Providing You Technical Support

we are providing you with technical support for MultiBit HD related issues. Call on +1-866-930-2723 this number. This is MultiBit HD Support Number for tech support. We have a technical support team experts who give you better direction for how to resolve your issues in yourself. More Information.

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[ethtopaypal]

The best strategy to Buy Bitcoin - Step One

The best way to deal with get some answers concerning bitcoin, is to ricochet in and get a couple in your "pocket" to find how they work.

Notwithstanding the advancement about how problematic and hazardous it will in general be, getting bitcoins is fundamentally less difficult and safer than you may might presume. From different perspectives, it is no doubt less difficult than opening a record at an ordinary bank. In addition, given what has been going on in the monetary structure, it is doubtlessly safer too.

There two or three things to get: getting and using an item wallet, sorting out some way to send and get money, sorting out some way to buy bitcoin from an individual or an exchange.

Preparation

Before starting, you ought to get yourself a wallet. You can do this successfully enough by enlisting with one of the exchanges which will have wallet for you. Moreover, regardless of the way that I figure you should have at any rate one exchange wallets the end, you should start with one on your own PC both to improve feel for bitcoin and considering the way that the exchanges are at this point test themselves. Exactly when we get to that period of the discussion, I will urge that you begin getting your money and coins off the exchanges or expanding across exchanges to watch your money. Visit here eth to paypal

What is a wallet?

It is a way to deal with store your bitcoins. Specifically, it is customizing that has been proposed to store bitcoin. It might be run on your desktop PC, laptop, phone (beside, now, Apple) and can similarly be made to store bitcoins on things like thumb drives. In case you are stressed over being hacked, by then that is a fair other option. Surely, even the Winklevoss* twins, who have millions placed assets into bitcoin, put their hypothesis on hard drives which they by then put into a prosperity store box.

*The Winklevoss twins are the ones who at first had the idea for a long reach casual correspondence site that became Facebook. They selected Mark Zuckerberg who took their idea as his own and ended up being enormously rich.

What do you need to think about having a bitcoin wallet on your PC?

Underneath you can download the first bitcoin wallet, or customer, in Windows or Mac plan. These are wallets, anyway are to be sure fundamental for the bitcoin network. They will get, store, and send your bitcoins. You can make in any event one areas with a tick .You will see a field where you can reorder a number like this from an individual you need to send money to and off it will go clearly into that person's wallet. You can even make a QR code which will permit someone to snap a photo with an application on their phone and send you some bitcoin. It is totally ensured to give these out - the area and QR code are both for my blessings page. Try not to stop for a second to give!

NOTE: such a wallet demonstrations both as a wallet for you and as an element of the bitcoin system. The clarification bitcoin works is that each trade is conveyed and recorded as a number across the entire structure (suggesting that each trade is attested and made irreversible by the real association). Any PC with the right programming can be significant for that structure, checking and supporting the association. This wallet fills in as your own wallet and moreover as an assistance for that system. Consequently, realize that it will take up 8-9 gigabytes of your PC's memory. After you present the wallet, it will take as much as a day for the wallet to change with the association. This is common, doesn't hurt your PC, and makes the structure as a rule more secure, so it's a keen idea.

Bitcoin Qt

The main wallet.

This is a full-featured wallet: make various conveys to get bitcoins, send bitcoins adequately, track trades, and back up your wallet.

Outside of the time it takes to synchronize, this is an easy to use decision.

Journey for Bitcoin Qt wallet download to find their page.

Arms

Runs on top of Bitcoi Qt, so it has the whole of the same coordinating up necessities.

Armory licenses you to back up, scramble, and the ability to store your bitcoins disengaged.

Mission for Bitcoin Armory Wallet to find their site.

If you would not really like to have that much memory used or don't want to believe that your wallet will synchronize, there are worthy wallets that don't make you coordinate the entire history of bitcocin:

Multibit

A lightweight wallet that synchronizes quickly. This is for the most part great for new customers.

Journey for Bitcoin Multibit Wallet to find their site.

Electum

Despite being fast and light, this wallet grants you to recover lost data using a secret word.

Mission for Bitcoin Electum Wallet to find their site.

After you get the wallet set up, several minutes clicking around. Things to look for:

There will be a page that shows you the quantity of bitcoins are by and by in your wallet. Recall that bitcoins can be isolated into more humble pieces, so you may see a decimal with a ton of zeros after it. (Fascinating note, 0.00000001 is one Satoshi, named after the pseudonymous creator of bitcoin).

There will be an area showing what your new trades are.

There will be an area where you can make an area and a QR code (like the one I have above). You needn't mess with the QR code if you needn't bother with it, anyway in case you keep a business and you need to recognize bitcoin, by then all you'll need to do to recognize portion is to show someone the QR code, let them snap a photo of it, and they will really need to send you some money. You can similarly make anyway numerous areas as you like, so in case you need to follow where the money is coming from, you may have a freely stamped area from every single one of your payees.

There will be a locale with a case for you to stick a code when you need to send money to someone or to yourself on an exchange or particular wallet.

[nuvmining-blog]

Exactly How to Get Bitcoin - Step One

The very best way to learn more about bitcoin, is to enter and also get a few in your "pocket" to obtain a feel for how they function.

Nuv mining

In spite of the buzz concerning how difficult and harmful it can be, obtaining bitcoins is a great deal much easier and safer than you may think. In a great deal of means, it is possibly easier than opening up an account at a standard bank. And, given what has been occurring in the banking system, it is probably more secure too.

Nuvmining

There are a couple of points to learn: getting and utilizing a software wallet, learning how to send and receive cash, finding out exactly how to purchase bitcoin from an individual or an exchange.

 Preparation

 Prior to starting, you will need to get yourself a wallet. You can do this easily enough by signing up with among the exchanges which will host wallet for you. And also, although I assume you are going to wish to have one or more exchange wallets at some point, you must start with one by yourself computer both to get a far better feeling for bitcoin and also because the exchanges are still experimental themselves. When we get to that phase of the conversation, I will be suggesting that you enter the habit of relocating your money and also coins off the exchanges or diversifying across exchanges to maintain your cash safe.

 What is a pocketbook?

 It is a method to keep your bitcoins. Particularly, it is software that has been made to keep bitcoin. It can be worked on your desktop computer, laptop, mobile phone (except, yet, Apple) as well as can also be made to save bitcoins on things like thumb drives. If you are concerned regarding being hacked, then that is a good alternative. Also the Winklevoss * twins, that have millions bought bitcoin, put their investment on hard disks which they after that took into a safety deposit box.

 * The Winklevoss twins are the ones that initially had the suggestion for a social networking website that came to be Facebook. They hired Mark Zuckerberg that took their suggestion as his very own as well as became greatly abundant.

 What do you need to know about having a bitcoin budget on your computer?

 Listed below you can download and install the original bitcoin wallet, or client, in Windows or Mac layout. These are not just budgets, but are in fact component of the bitcoin network. They will obtain, store, and send your bitcoins. You can create one or more addresses with a click (an address is a number that looks like this: 1LyFcQatbg4BvT9gGTz6VdqqHKpPn5QBuk). You will certainly see an area where you can replicate and also paste a number similar to this from a person you want to send cash to and also off it will certainly go directly into that person's wallet. You can even produce a QR code which will certainly allow someone take a picture with an application on their phone and send you some bitcoin. It is completely secure to offer these out - the address and QR code are both for my contributions page. Do not hesitate to give away!

 NOTE: This type of budget acts both as a purse for you and also as component of the bitcoin system. The factor bitcoin works is that every deal is relayed and also recorded as a number throughout the entire system (meaning that every deal is verified and also made permanent by the network itself). Any computer system with the ideal software can be component of that system, examining as well as supporting the network. This budget works as your individual budget and also as an assistance for that system. Consequently, realize that it will certainly use up 8-9 gigabytes of your computer's memory. After you set up the pocketbook, it will certainly take as much as a day for the pocketbook to sync with the network. This is regular, does not damage your computer system, and makes the system as a whole more secure, so it's an excellent suggestion.

 Bitcoin Qt

 The initial budget.

This is a full-featured purse: develop several addresses to obtain bitcoins, send out bitcoins conveniently, track transactions, as well as back up your purse.

Outside of the time it requires to sync, this is a very simple to make use of alternative.

Search for Bitcoin Qt budget download and install to locate their website.

Armory

 Works on top of Bitcoi Qt, so it has all of the same syncing requirements.

Depot enables you to back up, secure, as well as the capacity to save your bitcoins off line.

Look For Bitcoin Armory Pocketbook to find their website.

If you don't wish to have that much memory utilized or do not intend to wait on your pocketbook to sync, there are good pocketbooks that do not make you sync the whole history of bitcocin:

 Multibit

 A lightweight wallet that synchronizes swiftly. This is excellent for new users.

Look For Bitcoin Multibit Wallet to discover their website.

Electum

 In addition to fasting and also light, this purse permits you to recover lost information using a passcode.

Search for Bitcoin Electum Pocketbook to locate their website.

After you obtain the pocketbook established, take a couple of mins clicking about. Points to look for:

 o There will be a page that shows you the number of bitcoins are currently in your purse. Bear in mind that bitcoins can be separated into smaller sized pieces, so you might see a decimal with a lot of nos after it. (Interesting note, 0.00000001 is one Satoshi, named after the pseudonymous designer of bitcoin).

 o There will be a location revealing what your recent purchases are.

 o There will certainly be a location where you can create an address as well as a QR code (like the one I have over). You don't need the QR code if you don't desire it, but if you run a business and also you intend to accept bitcoin, then all you'll require to do to approve settlement is to reveal someone the QR code, allow them take an image of it, and also they will certainly have the ability to send you some money. You will additionally have the ability to develop as many addresses as you like, so if you intend to track where the cash is originating from, you might have an independently labeled address from each one of your payees.

 o There will certainly be a location with a box for you to paste a code when you intend to send cash to a person or to on your own on an exchange or different pocketbook.

 There will be other alternatives as well as functions, yet to start out with, these are the things that you ought to find out about.

 Obtaining Your Very First Bitcoins

 Now that you have a purse, you will, obviously, want to examine them out.

 This is a site that hands out small amounts of bitcoin for the purpose of getting individuals utilized to utilizing them. The initial variation of this was run by the lead programmer of bitcoin, Gavin Andreson. That site has considering that closed and this site operates by sending out one or two promotions a month. You agree to obtain those messages by asking for the bitcoins. Copy as well as paste your new bitcoin address as well as go into a telephone number to which you can obtain an SMS. They send out an SMS to ensure that people are not continually returning for even more because it sets you back nothing to create a bitcoin address. They will also send one or two times a month promotion to support their procedure. The quantity they send it minor: 0.0015 BTC (or 1.5 mBTC). However, they process practically promptly and you can examine to see that your address as well as purse are functioning. It is likewise rather a feeling to obtain that part of a bitcoin. (Non-disclaimer: I have no connection with this website as well as receive absolutely nothing if you use them. I simply assume they are a great way to obtain your feet damp).

 Congratulations! You have simply gotten in the bitcoin economic climate.

 To get your feet a little wetter, you can go panning for gold. There are a number of services and also web sites around that will pay you in bitcoin to do points like most likely to certain internet sites, complete online surveys, or watch funded video clips. These are harmless, and also you can earn a couple of extra bitcoins in this manner, but it is essential to bear in mind that these are companies that make money when individuals click the web links on their websites. They are basically sitting back a part of what they make money to you. There is nothing illegal, or perhaps immoral about this (you could like what you see as well as buy!), however they are frequently flashy and also might not be entirely uncomplicated. All the ones that I have attempted (especially bitvisitor.com) have paid as promoted. It interests experiment with these, however despite having the likely increase in the value of bitcoin, you won't become a millionaire doing this. So, unless you are an advertisement addict, I would certainly suggest you move on. If you want to try, just Google "cost-free bitcoins" or something along those lines and you will certainly find countless sites.

[nolmn-blog]

Ideas On How To Pick Bitcoin

So now you wіll, without a doubt, would you like to test them completely that you do have a budget. It is just a website that provides down small quantities of bitcoіn with regards to obtaining a group familiar with working with them. Тhе adaptation that will be initial of manages from the contributing designer of bitcoin, Gavin Αndrеson. Тhat webpages keep ѕinсe shut and also this webpage runs by broadcasting 1 or 2 commercials 30 days. Yours accept to get those emails by asking for the bitсoins. Duplicate and paѕte your own bitсoin that will be latest target type a phone numbers to which you yourself can have an SMS. Theу distributes a ЅMS to be certain that folks aren't constantly finding its way back for much more because it spending absolutely nothing to develop a bitcοin target. The quantity it's delivered by all of them insignificant: 0.0015 BTC (or 1.5 mBТC). Nevertheless, theу procedure practically instantly and you may determine your budget аnd target will work.

This budget functions as their budget this is certainly private so when service for the program. Thus, know that it ѕhall account for 8-9 gigabytes of the PC's storage. It's going to take up to every single day for any budget to sync using the system when you download the budget. It is regular, will not hurt your computer or laptop, and helps make the program all together a lot more protected, therefore it is а indisputable fact that is useful. This can be a budget this is certainly full-fеatured generate several details to get bitcoins, submit bitcoins quickly, monitor tranѕaсtiоns, аnd right back your budget. This is usually quite easy to utilize choice outside the energy it can take to sync. Look for Bіtcoіn Qt budget install to obtain their internet site. Works in addition to Βitcoi Qt, as a result, it provides most of the syncing this is certainly exact same. Armory lets you return upwards, encrуpt, therefore the power to put your own bitcoinѕ off the range. 

Subsequently, that's a great option in case you are worried about being haсked. Thе Winkleνoss twinѕ are those who initially encountered the tip for the marketing that will be personal that turned into Twitter. Τheу chose level Zuckerbеrg exactly who grabbed her concept as their became and very own greatly wealthy. Precisely what do you need to understand abοut creating a bitcoіn budget on your personal computer? Belоw you'll install thе bіtcоin this is certainly initial, оr customer, in house windows or Mac computer style. These are generally not simply purses, however, they are in reality area of the bitcoin community. They shall get, shop, and submit their bitсoins. MENTION: this sort of budget works both being a budget for your family so when the main bitcoin program. The primary reason bitcοin and zec miner algorithm work is еvery deal are transmitted and tape-recorded being amounts over the program this is certainly entire meaning that each purchase tries affirmed making permanent from the community itself). Any pc because of the program that's right feel section of that program, examining and giving support to the system.

Research Bitcoin Armory budget to get their internet site. А budget this is certainly light-weight sуncs rapidly. This is extremely advantageous to newly registered users. Look for Bitcoin Multibit budget discover their internet site. Not only is it lightweight and rapid, but thiѕ budget also enables you to retrieve shed facts getting a pasѕcode. Seek out Bіtcoin Electum budget to acquire their internet site. Once you have the budget developed, relax and take moments which are few around. You'll encounter a webpage that displays you the way bitcoіns which happen to be most present in your own budget. Take into account that bitcoinѕ is separated іnto small items, so you could notice a decіmal by having a total large amount of zeros after іt. There'll be a location revealing exactly what the deals which can be current. You will have a particular location where you are able to build a target along with a QR rule (just like the people I have over). There is a place by having a package during a trade or various budget for you yourself to pastе а signal when you wish to deliver funds to anyone or even your self. You will find other available choices and attributes, but to begin with, these represent the items which you should consider over.

The way in which is ideal to master about bіtсoin would be to leap in and obtain several in the "pocket" to acquire an experience based on how it works. Regardless of the excitement exactly how harder аnd hazardous it may be, obtaining bitcoins is easier and much safer than you may envision. In many tips, it's most likely smoother than starting a merchant account in a lender that will be old-fashioned. Аnd, provided whatever has-been taking place during the bank operating system, it really is most likely less dangerous also. There are always issues that are fеw comprehend: acquiring and making use of an application budget, learning to receive and send cash, learning to pick bitcoin from the people or even a trade. Prior to getting began, yoυ shall want to get your self a budget. Can be done thіs conveniently sufficient by joining with among the many swaps that may hold the budget for your family. What exactly is a budget? It's a genuine option to put the bіtcoіns. Especially, its pc software that is built to save bitcoin. It may be run using your own computer, notebook, cellular tool (еxcept, up to now, fruit) and will be built to keep bitcоins on things such as flash drives. Blog post was developed by GSA articles creator Demoversіon!

[marksmithusa3]

How to Secure Your Coinmama Exchange Account

If you want live support regarding Coinmama then visit (official) Coinmama Support number and get solved your doubt or concern because Coinmama is most used cryptocurrency in USA which provides secure platform for trading, it offers many services to his customers like trading, exchange, and foreign transaction. Coinmama has been designed in the form of combined cryptocurrency exchange and trading platform. It is equipped with the potential of conducting various activities that include the process of purchasing, selling and trading of almost anything making use of crypto. In other words, it can be defined as an all-in-one style exchange and the platform for trading. On this platform, traders may easily step forward to purchase altcoins at the stipulated prices. The literal advantage of using Coinmama is that it let its users to transfer Bitcoin and other currencies free of cost. But sometimes random problems occur for which you can connect with Coinmama Support Number +1–888–396–0583.

You will be able to resolve your issue within minute with Coinmama experts. If you still face any issues while trading, then get in touch with us at Coinmama Phone Number. Our team of technicians will guide you through the complete process to help you set up your Coinmama account. Also for other issues with Coinmama, you can avail the technical support service provided by our certified employees. Make a call and get instant help for all sorts of issues with Coinmama.

[mintdiceofficial]

BITCOIN VS ETHEREUM VS LITECOIN

While cryptocurrency has only recently become a popular term in finance, it has been around for a long time. Before names like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin even existed, there were attempts to create a decentralized currency.

David Chaum, a respected cryptographer, launched ECash, an anonymous system in the 1990s but it failed. Chaum built the system on currently existing government financial principles and infrastructure like credit cards. RPOW, BitGold, B-Money were also created but failed.

Cryptographers could not get past specific challenges that they faced at the time. The first challenge was how to achieve true decentralization and the second was the issue of double spending. The prevention of double spending meant the use of a third-party clearing house. This wasn’t acceptable because to achieve the type of innovative digital finance they wanted; the system had to be independent of any institution.

In 2008, cryptographers finally stumbled on the information they had been searching for when an anonymous contender released the blueprint for a digital currency known as Bitcoin. It showed the technical specifications of the blockchain — a decentralized technology that creates a trustless, permissionless system and eliminates the problem of double spending. This new technology took the world by storm, later leading to changes in the financial industry as well as other industries such as real estate. With the cryptocurrency revolution, came many coins, tokens, and altcoins. Here, we take a deep dive into the similarities and differences between some of the most popular and valued ones: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin.

    BITCOIN EXPLAINED

Bitcoin is a digital currency, created as a store of value for the anonymous exchange of goods and services online. It typically has all the properties of a more traditional currency and can be broken down into smaller parts, up to eight decimal places. It’s also the largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF BITCOIN

Bitcoin first originated in 2008 when an anonymous programmer under the pseudonym of Satoshi Nakamotoreleased a paper in a cryptography mailing list. This paper detailed the workings of a new digital currency, built on blockchain technology. The virtual currency was designed to imitate key qualities of traditional money while providing anonymity, transparency and eliminating the need for a third party.

Researchers tried to find out the identity of this anonymous programmer, all to no avail. It became a mystery to the cryptography community who could not ignore this act of charity, containing a brilliant solution that had eluded them for so long.

The technology behind Bitcoin is open source, meaning that developers can modify it according to guidelines in the paper. Nakamoto aimed to create a currency that would be uniform, scarce, portable, durable and valuable, without the risk of double spending. This was achieved by creating a mathematical problem that would only ever have 21 million possible solutions. These solutions would represent Bitcoins, ensuring that only a finite amount of the currency would ever exist. This solution created scarcity, an essential property of any valuable item.

When Bitcoin was first released, it wasn’t well-known or widely accepted by the general public, and for up to eight months, it had no value. Critics laughed at the idea of a random digital currency that would be able to up-end the use of paper money as a means of exchange. However, software programmers continued to adjust the technology.

In October 2009, Bitcoin was valued for the first time when the New Liberty Standard published its exchange rate, listing the value of 1 USD to 1309.03 BTC. Soon after, in December, the second version of Bitcoin was released, and more people started spending the currency.

By the following year, exchanges had begun to pop up and, July 2010 saw the launch of MtGox, one of the largest Bitcoin exchanges. The Infamous Pizza cryptocurrency exchange also occurred in 2010, setting the precedence for other Bitcoin purchases for everyday items. It was allegedly also used to purchase illegal items and substances on the Dark web because the transactions were untraceable. The use of Bitcoin had become so popular that on February 9th, 2011, its value became equivalent to that of the US dollar.

By July 2011, 1 BTC was trading at almost 10 USD, and it continued to increase in value. As with any valuable commodity, Bitcoin began to attract theft. In March 2012, due to a security breach at Linode, almost 50,000 BTC was stolen. It was the first recorded Bitcoin crime in history. The theft would later get much worse with the loss of about 850,000 BTC from MtGox in February 2014.

Theft of Bitcoin reinforced its value in the eyes of the public, and price of Bitcoin continued to rise. Soon, several new exchanges started operating to cater to the needs of the growing horde of cryptocurrency users. It wasn’t long before groups running Ponzi schemes, pyramid schemes and different scams also began to emerge. In September 2012, a group charged with the promotion and protection of Bitcoin known as the Bitcoin Foundation was launched and since then, Bitcoin has hit many major milestones including a record value of almost $20,000 in December 2017.

HOW DOES BITCOIN WORK?

Bitcoin transactions are conducted on a public ledger known as a  "blockchain." When a user exchanges another currency for Bitcoin, the balance is kept in a Bitcoin wallet.

TRANSACTIONS

Transactions are records of value exchanges between two parties. They occur whenever a payment has been made and typically consist of four main parts:

Output

Input

Hash

Type

The output of a transaction contains information vital to the outgoing payment, usually the address that BTC is being sent to and the number of tokens being sent. The input, on the other hand, contains relevant information on where the payment is coming from, i.e., the sender’s details. The information contained in the input are:

The hash of the incoming value (to identify the transaction)

Incoming amount of coins

Output index

Sender’s address and signature.

Just like the process of sending money from one bank account to another, the output is similar to entering the account details of the receiver. The receiver would be able to view the amount sent, the transaction number, and the sender’s details. Transactions also come in various types, usually regular, reward, and fee transactions. Regular transactions are the normal exchanges that occur between two parties sending and receiving Bitcoins.

When users send coins, they pay a fee that allows that transaction to be added to the blockchain which acts as proof that the transaction indeed occurred. The process of adding transactions to the blockchain is done by a select group of people called miners.

When miners confirm new transactions by adding them to the blockchain, they're awarded a preset amount of coins in the form of a reward transaction. This confirmation usually takes about 10 minutes for Bitcoin and attracts a fee of about $2.

BITCOIN WALLETS

Just like traditional money needs to be held in physical wallets and bank accounts to keep it safe and create accountability, Bitcoin is held in wallets. Technically, a wallet gives user ownership of a certain balance and facilitates the retrieval and transfer of coins from one address to another.

When a user exchanges fiat currency like the US dollar for BTC, it can be transferred to a wallet at a particular Bitcoin address. From this wallet, users can decide also to spend their BTC tokens which are transferred to a destination address. While wallets are commonly web-based, there are other forms of wallets which include mobile wallets, desktop wallets, and hardware wallets.

  WEB-BASED WALLETS

Web wallets can be accessed from anywhere as long as a user is online via a browser. These wallets store a user’s private key online and are susceptible to hackers. It’s essential to ensure that online wallets are backed up and encrypted. This ensures that it can still be accessed by its owner even when compromised. Some notable web-based wallet providers are Coinbase, Electrum, and Blockchain.info.

DESKTOP WALLETS

Desktop wallets are better for users who prefer their wallets in a more controlled environment, rather than online. Desktop wallets store information concerning Bitcoin transactions and can be downloaded and stored on a user’s desktop. This type of wallet also allows a user to create an address as well as a private key which will be used to send and receive Bitcoin.

While desktop wallets are a good option, they have the disadvantage of being fixed in just one place. If users want to access their wallets, it can only be done on the desktop of the computer it was installed on. This dramatically limits use and can be inconvenient for users who travel or have to be away from their desktops for other reasons. Some notable desktop wallets are Armory, Multibit and Bitcoin Core.

MOBILE WALLETS

This type of wallet is usually in the form of a mobile application which can be accessed on any mobile device. Just like traditional banking apps, the owner of the mobile wallet can carry out Bitcoin transactions at any time. This is a better option for mobile users who need to make quick purchases frequently. Some mobile wallets are Bitcoin wallet and Mycelium wallet.

HARDWARE WALLETS

These wallets provide more security than any other type because they're separated from a user’s computer, ensuring that they can’t be hacked unless they're physically stolen. They're usually in the form of devices which can be plugged into the USB port of a computer. Some hardware wallets like the Ledger Nano S can sign off on users’ Bitcoin transactions with their private key. They generally cost between $100 to $300 and are a better option for storing a significant amount of Bitcoins.

BITCOIN EXCHANGES

An exchange is an online destination where users trade cryptocurrency, in this case, Bitcoin. For example, if one user would like to exchange USD for BTC from another user, an exchange may be necessary to facilitate the payment. In regular exchanges, sellers usually set a minimum trade price, relative to the current BTC price against the currency they would like to trade.

This minimum price is called an ‘order’ and is entered into the exchange’s order ledger. Buyers may also set orders containing the minimum price they wish to buy BTC at. After orders have been set, the exchange matches both parties and carries out the transaction. Although Bitcoin transaction confirmation takes up to 10 minutes, the exchange instantaneously carries out the transaction.  

In peer-to-peer exchanges, buyers and sellers are matched using software which allows them to carry out transactions on their own, without an intermediary to facilitate the transaction. The system is completely decentralized just like the technology, which Bitcoin itself is built on. Unfortunately, because the users on peer-to-peer exchanges are left to do their trades independently, they bear the full risk of fraud and theft.

  BITCOIN BLOCKCHAIN EXPLAINED

While Bitcoin has been recognized as a modern technological advancement in the world of finance, recently, more attention has been paid to the technology behind it. This technology is known as blockchain, a ledger or record of facts. These facts can stem from terms of a contract to monetary transactions and other verification records.

The blockchain consists of several computers (nodes) in a peer-to-peer network. At every point in time, the members of this network hold the exact same copy of the blockchain which is constantly updated. Decentralized, peer-to-peer networks are not new and have been in existence for a long time. One prominent example is BitTorrent, a system that allows users to share files between each other.  

  HOW DOES BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY WORK?

Each block on a blockchain consists of several transactions in cryptocurrency, carried out by several users. They serve as batches of processed information, tied together chronologically. A group of people commonly referred to as miners, listen for transactions and collect them.

After collecting them, they solve a complex cryptographic puzzle to find a solution known as a proof of work. The first miner to solve the puzzle broadcasts the new block bearing the proof of work to the network which verifies the validity of that block and adds it to the blockchain. The entire process takes about 10 minutes, and whenever a block is added to the Bitcoin blockchain, a fixed reward is paid out to the miner.

Once a block has been added to the blockchain, it cannot be edited, and any changes have to be re-written in a separate block. To illustrate this point, with the use of a physical ledger, if a transaction is recorded and something about the transaction has changed, it would be a better option to write a new entry in the ledger, instead of canceling the transaction.

BLOCKCHAIN FORKS

Just as software applications get system updates, it's possible to update a blockchain to include changes to the way it operates. Bitcoin usage is guided by software known as the Bitcoin protocol. It specifies vital principles of blockchain operation such as the size of blocks, mining process, and other technical information.

In some cases, Bitcoin developers along with miners decide to make changes to the way the blockchain is operated. Unfortunately, these changes are not always agreed upon by everyone. The result is that a group of users and miners form a new blockchain branch known as a fork. A fork can either be ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ and maintains the history of the original blockchain up until the block on which the fork occurred.

  HARD FORK VS. SOFT FORK

In the case of a soft fork, the new branch is backward compatible with the old one, just like the way a Microsoft Word 2016 document can be opened in Microsoft Word 2009 application because it's backward compatible. However, there are features of the soft fork that won’t work on the original blockchain. Hard forks, on the other hand, are not compatible with the original blockchain. Users on the old blockchain will no longer be able to interact with users on the new one.

Due to several issues, especially the size of blocks, several Bitcoin hard forks have been made. The most notable one— Bitcoin Cash— was forked on August 1, 2017. While the size of blocks in the original Bitcoin blockchain is 1MB, Bitcoin Cash has blocks the size of 8MB. Some miners argue against the move, citing reduced fees per transactions since users no longer have to pay high fees for priority mining. Other miners support the move saying that miners can now earn more in fees since there will be eight times more transactions on each block.

Users who had BTC were given the same number of Bitcoin cash tokens as long as their coins were not held on exchanges and their keys were available. So, if a user had 50 Bitcoins on the original blockchain, then they would also have 50 Bitcoin Cash after the split. Forks have since become a way to implement new properties and functions to the initial open-source Bitcoin blockchain design. Other notable Bitcoin forks are Bitcoin Gold and Bitcoin Unlimited.

LIMITATIONS OF BITCOIN BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

While blockchain technology may inspire awe and excitement in the minds of the public, it has its flaws and complications which make its mainstream adoption for payment difficult. The following are limitations of the Bitcoin blockchain explained in detail.

TRANSACTION SPEED

It takes roughly 10 minutes to confirm a single transaction on the Bitcoin blockchain. As the user base continues to grow, it may take longer to carry out simple transactions. For example, it would not be feasible to pay for a coffee using Bitcoins as it would take 10 minutes to confirm a single payment and even more time if there are network problems or confirmation errors.

SCALABILITY

Another limitation of blockchain is the issue of scalability. The slow confirmation speeds and current technological structure of blockchain would make scalability a herculean task. This is especially problematic because the number of Bitcoin users is estimated to reach 200 million by 2024.

Each of those users may have several transactions to confirm at different times or simultaneously, and each block only takes approximately 2,400 transactions. At 2,400 transactions in 10 minutes, there is a possibility that transaction queues will pile up, making the process tiresome. Such numbers may completely overwhelm the system.  

MINING

Transaction fees act as incentives for miners to add a user’s transaction to the block they're currently mining. The fee is usually a token amount, but in some cases, problems can arise. Since Bitcoin can be broken into eight decimal places, it's possible to make micropayments using the cryptocurrency. These micropayments can be less than the mining fee, and this constitutes a loss to users who have to make several micropayments in a short period.  

Also, while mining is open to anyone, only a few people can afford the time and equipment it takes to mine Bitcoin. As a result, small groups often merge to form mining pools. The most dominant pools are based in China, and most of the computation power necessary for adding new blocks is concentrated between just two mining pools. This has somewhat made mining a centralized process.

SECURITY

Although blockchain has been proven to be secure for conducting transactions, there is speculation of its vulnerability in the face of a 51% attack. Simply put, blockchain works on the principle that if there are several conflicting versions of a blockchain being broadcast by miners, the most valid one is the longest, i.e., the one with the most work done.

If a user decides to include a double spending transaction (spending a digital token more than once), they would need to have control over 51% of the total mining computational power. This way, such a user can overpower other miners and have their version of the blockchain added to the network. For now, that problem hasn’t arisen, but theoretically, a quantum computer would be able to provide enough power to achieve this deed.  Double spending can cause inflation and destroy the integrity of the blockchain.

WHY INVEST IN BITCOIN?

Since the rise in the price of Bitcoin, more investors have trooped in from all over the world to take their profitable spots in the cryptocurrency market. In fact, in March 2017, the currency already had up to 5 million unique users. This figure has continued to grow, and in December 2017 when Bitcoin hit an all-time high of almost $20,000, the number of unique users grew to over 13 million in a buying frenzy that experts have likened to the California Gold Rush of 1848.

Despite the rush to acquire Bitcoins, the general opinion is tied between viewing Bitcoin investment as a smart move and viewing it as a foolish one. On the one hand, Bitcoin is celebrated as a commodity that will continue to rise in price as the influx of new users causes increased demand. On the other hand, speculators adamantly argue that Bitcoin has no intrinsic value and therefore is not a good investment.

It’s also believed that for the currency to become mainstream, it would have to be backed by government policies, and this would bring a sense of centralization to the system. The currency and blockchain system has also been compared to a Ponzi scheme and boiler room scheme in which worthless stock was hyped to investors who eventually lost their money.

      HOW TO INVEST IN BITCOIN

Despite varying public opinions, several people have made millions from investing in Bitcoin. Popular hype surrounds the favorable volatility of cryptocurrency, leading to some general confusion about how to make any money from it. There are several ways to maximize ownership of Bitcoin.

1. MARKET TRADING

Traditional “buy low and sell high” methods have been proven to work well with the cryptocurrency. Another way to invest without playing the markets is by funding Bitcoin startups through Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs).

2. INVESTING IN STARTUPS

Although the rewards can be great, it's also extremely risky. ICO whitepapers can be immensely deceptive, and some startups end up disappearing with investors coins and leaving them with worthless products and tokens.

One recent example is the case of Modern Tech, a Vietnamese startup that raised $660 million from 32,000 investors after promising returns of 48% per month. Shortly after a series of dubious activities, the company disappeared, leaving investors confused. More scams have occurred, but none of them negate the fact that many investors have made good money from funding ICOs. It’s just important to be careful when selecting which ones to pour money into.

3. BITCOIN LENDING

Lending Bitcoin to margin traders and individuals who wish to spend their coins without touching their wallet savings can have profitable results. On average, peer-to-peer lending services yield better returns than traditional bank lending. An added advantage of partaking in this venture is that price increase of Bitcoin leads to higher returns.

Bitfinex and Poloniex are reputable exchanges with secure lending platforms. Any of these platforms can be used once an investor has created a wallet on them. Users should be careful when choosing who to lend Bitcoins to as they're more difficult to recover when a debtor defaults on a payment.

WHO ACCEPTS BITCOIN?

The first recorded Bitcoin exchange was from a user who paid 10,000 Bitcoins for two boxes of pizza. After that, the currency was used by mostly software developers who knew how it worked.

Subsequently, it was known as a medium of exchange in illegal businesses such as drug dealing, illegally obtained ammunition, dangerous software and even child trafficking. Due to the need for anonymous, untraceable transactions by these illegal traders, a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin was a perfect choice.

However, as its popularity and user-base increase, a new wave of businesses have begun accepting the cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange.

RESTAURANTS, CAFES, AND BARS

Bitcoin Coffee, Haydenville, MA

Coupa Café, Palo Alto

Curryupnow.com – 12 restaurants in San Francisco Bay Area on this platform accept Bitcoins

Foodler – A restaurant delivery company in North America

KFC Canada

Old Fitzroy Pub, Sydney, Australia

Pembury Tavern, London, England

PizzaForCoins.com – Domino's Pizza can be bought on the platform using Bitcoins

Subway

Whole Foods

INTERNET AND SOFTWARE

ExpressVPN.com

Grooveshark

Intuit

Lumfile

Microsoft

Namecheap

PureVPN

Reddit

The Internet Archive

DONATIONS

Canada State Republican Party

Crowdtilt.com

Fight for the Future

Museum of the Coastal Bend, Texas

San Jose Earthquakes (San Jose California Professional Soccer Team (MLS))

Save the Children

The Libertarian Party, United States

Wikipedia

PUBLICATIONS

Bloomberg.com

Playboy

Suntimes.com

Wordpress.com

DATING

Badoo

OkCupid

Dream Lover

EDUCATION

MIT Coop Store – Massachusetts Institute of Technology student bookstore

GAMING SERVICES

BigFishGames.com

GameStop

Gap

Green Man Gaming

Humblebundle.com

JCPenney

Zynga

PAYMENT SERVICES

Braintree

Mint.com

NCR Silver

PSP Mollie

SimplePay

Stripe

TRAVEL, TOURISM, AND HOSPITALITY

CheapAir.com

Expedia.com

LOT Polish Airlines, Poland

One Shot hotel chain, Spain

Travel.com

Virgin Galactic

WebJet

TICKETING AND GIFT CARDS

Gyft

MovieTickets.com

Overstock

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL OUTLETS

Alza – Largest Czech online retailer

Etsy - An online craft purchase center

Famsa – The largest retailer in Mexico

i-Pmart  – A Malaysian electronics online retailer

Jeffersons Store – A streetwear retailer

mspinc.com – A medical equipment supply retailer

Newegg.com – Online electronics retailer

Rakuten – A Japanese e-commerce company

Shopify.com – An e-commerce center for multiple sellers

ShopJoy – An Australian online gift retailer

BITCOIN SUPPLY

Miners are rewarded with 12.5 BTC for each block they add to the blockchain. The reward is halved every 210,000 blocks (roughly every four years) to ensure that supply is controlled. This allows for a gradual introduction of new coins into the system, creating balance.

When the first block was mined, the reward paid to the miner was 50 BTC, a figure that has been halved twice already. As specified by Nakamoto in the original paper, there will only ever be 21 million Bitcoins in existence. Currently, in June 2018, over 17 million of those coins have already been mined.

After all 21 million BTC are mined, miners may no longer be incentivized to mine additional blocks. This may threaten the structure of the blockchain because if miners reduce, confirmation speeds will slow down significantly while transaction fees will most likely increase. Individuals may also hold on tightly to their Bitcoins, making it difficult for new users to get them. This will inevitably result in a BTC price increase.

BITCOIN NEWS

As the largest cryptocurrency, there has been a lot of Bitcoin news and its blockchain. A  good portion of that news centers around regulations and the mainstream acceptance of BTC as a means of payment. Here are some notable Bitcoin blockchain news headlines.

June 2018 - Bithumb, the 6th largest Bitcoin exchange was hacked with $3 million  worth of cryptocurrency stolen.

June 2018 - Bitcoin released its core version 0.16.1

  WHAT IS ETHEREUM?

Ethereum is a peer-to-peer based platform on which decentralized applications can be built. Since its release in July 2015, Ethereum has risen to the top as the second largest cryptocurrency with a market cap of approximately $50 billion.

In a market flowing with thousands of cryptocurrencies, it has quickly become the topic of many debates, not just for its similarities to Bitcoin, but its differences as well. So what makes it so unique?

Ethereum was proposed in 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, a Canadian-born cryptocurrency developer. Later in 2014, it was funded via a crowd sale event in which there were 11.9 million pre-mined ETH. It was fully released in 2015 and has quickly risen since then. Ethereum tokens, known as "Ether" have become a conventional means of exchange on various blockchain-based applications and continue to grow in value.

    On the surface, Ethereum works just like any other cryptocurrency. The common conception is that ETH is just like BTC— a store of value, especially for payments. It can be exchanged for fiat currency and just like Bitcoin, the transactions are confirmed on a blockchain. It’s also completely decentralized with no need for third-party validation.

Just like Bitcoin's blockchain, Ethereum once had miners who also ran complex computational algorithms to get mining rewards. While these similarities exist, the currency is quite different from Bitcoin in a lot of significant ways.

HOW DOES ETHEREUM WORK?

Unlike Bitcoin, the Ethereum platform was designed in a way that allows decentralized applications (DApps) to be built on it. In fact, 1,629 applications have currently been built on its blockchain.

According to the Ethereum website, its platform is a decentralized foundation for applications that run precisely as they're programmed. They also claim that the platform erases third parties as well as any chance of fraud or censorship. This means that ultimately, code written on its blockchain is immutable due to cryptographic technology.

Ethereum allows users to create and execute smart contracts on its platform, which form the basis of DApps. Solidity, the platform's inbuilt programming language is used to develop these smart contracts and DApps. Ether, the ETH token, acts as their primary facilitator. For this reason, Ethereum is commonly called programmable money.

ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN EXPLAINED

The Ethereum blockchain consists of interlinked blocks that can hold and execute code snippets. These code snippets can be bundled together to build applications. This single quality differentiates it from Bitcoin, its immediate counterpart. Traditional applications are built to give certain outcomes when specific conditions are met, and Ethereum smart contracts do the same thing.

  ETHEREUM VIRTUAL MACHINE (EVM)

The EVM is a decentralized Turing-complete machine, built to run code scripts on the Ethereum platform. It’s the particular site where all smart contracts are executed and are run by every node in the network. The virtual machine is isolated from the host computer system and makes the creation and deployment of applications possible.

DECENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS (DAPPS)

DApps are a new type of application that is not owned by a central party. They run on a peer-based network and cannot be shut down. For an application to be classed as a DApp, it must meet the following requirements:

It must be decentralized.

The app must have a consensus protocol in place.

It must be open source, allowing anyone to view and contribute to its code.

It must have digital assets to fuel its operations.

The basic structure of a DApp consists of 4 main parts:

The blockchain

A storage layer

Smart contract

Social layer

  ETHEREUM BLOCKCHAIN BASED

For a decentralized application to work on Ethereum, it must be based on the blockchain. This is because peer-to-peer consensus is necessary for the validation of certain application constructs. Every node has to confirm parameters like usernames and other relevant information.

STORAGE LAYER

Currently, there are several cloud storage service providers, like AWS, that users can outsource their file storage too. Unfortunately, most of them have centralized servers and control the way that information is stored. This goes against the principles of decentralization. However, like traditional software applications, DApps need storage facilities, and for this purpose, there are decentralized storage systems like the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS).

The IPFS is a file transport protocol that can be stacked directly on the blockchain. Its working mechanism is similar to that of BitTorrent, a peer-to-peer file sharing service. IPFS is an excellent option for blockchain-based storage because instead of storing whole content, it generates a hash for each file. A hash consists of a unique combination of letters and numbers which act as a unique identifier for the file.

Files on Ethereum’s blockchain can easily be searched for on IPFS or through the use of the Ethereum blockchain explorer. To retrieve a file, a user can search for the hash of that file. To share the file with another party, a user would merely have to share that hash with the party, similar to how links to a Google document can be shared. The amount of storage space needed by DApps varies, and it would be impractical to leave the data in blocks due to the amount of space it would take.

SMART CONTRACT

A smart contract is a type of virtual contract containing written code and uploaded to the blockchain. It lives on the blockchain, usually in the form of an "if-then" statement and self-executes when the conditions specified within the contract are met. This execution is run across every node in the blockchain for confirmation.

For example, a user may want to buy in-app tokens on a game app using Ethereum. For this purchase, a smart contract is set up, specifying that if such a user pays a certain amount of Ethereum, then the game will award them a certain amount of in-app tokens.

The entire process is carried out on the blockchain and can be validated by anyone. Due to this transparency, it's difficult to tamper with transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. One great advantage of smart contracts is that they eliminate the need for third parties. Transactions can be finalized without filling out papers, dealing with lawyers, or paying expensive processing fees.

Automation as an advantage only constitutes one side of the coin because this quality can be a huge disadvantage, too. Software programs are prone to bugs, and that’s why updated versions usually come with bug fixes. In the event of a bug occurring in a smart contract, the contract will still execute on the blockchain, and the results can be disastrous.

A recent example is the case of The DAO, a  decentralized autonomous organization which served as an investment fund. Members of the organization invested Ether which bought them tokens and the right to vote on what the fund would be used for. The entire system was facilitated by a series of smart contracts, from the donation of Ether to voting and final investment.

The DAO, slated for a 28-day crowd sale, went live in April 2016 and, by the end of the funding window, it had raised $150 million from about 11,000 investors. While the Ethereum blockchain itself securely runs smart contracts, the onus lies on the independent developers of these contracts to fix all bugs.

Unfortunately, a weakness in the code was discovered by a hacker and used to drain over 3.6 million ETH into a new DAO. Since the contract merely acted as it was supposed to, the actions of the hacker were technically not illegal.

As far as traditional contracts go, context and intention are considered in a court in the event of any similar misconduct. Smart contracts, on the other hand, are made up of written code and will follow that code no matter the situation. This often strikes the question of whether the reward of smart contracts is worth the risk after all.

FUNCTIONS OF SMART CONTRACTS

There are four primary functions of Smart Contracts:

They act as software libraries by providing certain functions to other contracts.

Smart contracts manage ongoing contract relationships between several users. Some examples are insurance, escrow, subscriptions and other financial contracts.

They hold and maintain data that other contracts or members of the outside world can use. For example, a smart contract may hold the protocol for a currency, membership data for certain organizations, and updated company lists.

They act as forwarding contracts which make an access procedure more complicated by introducing additional measures. These measures usually involve sending an incoming message to a specific destination after preset conditions are met.

  One example is the case of multiple ownership of a particular asset. A contract may wait until a certain number of owners have signed a message with their private keys before sending the message to others. Another example is an extra account authentication process or a contract that allows users to override a transaction limit by presenting a complicated procedure.

GAS

Each program run on the nodes of the Ethereum blockchain uses an exact amount of processing power. To conserve power and maintain the integrity of the system, it's imperative to avoid any unnecessary activity. To regulate activity, all Ethereum programs are given a cost in gas for them to run. Gas is a measure of processing power per program in Ether. As the processing power increases, so will the amount of Ether needed to keep its contracts running.

SOCIAL LAYER

After implementing a data storage layer, and smart contract, application social constructs can be stacked on them. This is the area that users directly interact with. It contains content such as usernames, payment information, and subscription history. Depending on the application, decentralized payment platforms such as OPEN API can be added to the mix.

Together, these layers comprise the backbone of DApps. Currently, several applications exist, stretching across different industries. Some notable DApps are OmiseGo, a payment platform that uses smart contracts to offer global banking services without the need for a bank account. Another is Cryptokitties, a collectibles app making waves, especially in the art industry.

HOW TO USE ETHEREUM

To a beginner, the idea of using Ethereum and its associated applications may seem intimidating. However, it's quite straightforward once the system becomes familiar. Ethereum has proven to be versatile, and there are different ways in which it can be used.

ETHEREUM EXCHANGE AND STORAGE

Like other cryptocurrencies including BTC, ETH has an exchange rate against other digital currencies and fiat currencies including the US dollar. This means that it's set at a constantly fluctuating price that is affected by market forces of supply and demand.

Due to this property, Ether can be used as a store of value which can either increase and yield profits or decrease and lead to losses. Although ETH is the second largest cryptocurrency, the ETH price (currently trading at $500) is nowhere near that of BTC ($6,500). Despite this price gap, it's possible to make a profit by buying Ethereum when the price is low and selling when high.

To store and exchange Ethereum, users must have a secure ETH wallet. Apart from storing a user’s balance, it will store private keys as well. These wallets come in the same form as Bitcoin wallets - web-based, mobile, desktop, and hardware.

It’s important to note that while the use of a wallet conveniently eliminates third-party exchanges, there is also a huge disadvantage. In the event of the loss of a private key, there is no chance of recovery and all the Ether in that wallet will be lost. Depending on the amount of Ether in a wallet, this incident can be disastrous to the user.

HOW TO BUY ETHER

To buy Ether, users can either physically locate people willing to trade or use exchanges. Exchanges help users buy ETH by matching them with other users willing to sell. Typically, on these exchanges, a user will be expected to sign up and enter any relevant details. Users may also have to exchange their traditional currency for BTC then exchange BTC for ETH because Bitcoin is more popular and it’s easier to find people willing to sell.

WHY INVEST IN ETHEREUM?

Considering the size, popularity and myriad use cases of Ethereum, there are several good reasons to invest in the cryptocurrency and a couple of solid reasons not to. 1 ETH is currently worth about $500, a considerable drop from $1,200 in January 2017. In investing, six months is enough for drastic changes to occur. If the price can fall to this level due to market volatility, a user may ask: so why should I invest in Ethereum?

The answer is simple: there is profit to be made as well. Before ETH price tanked to what it is now, it experienced a steady rise from a mere $7 in January 2017 to over $1,400 in December. So if a user had 100 ETH valued at $700 in January, the same amount of ETH would have been worth $140,000, a jaw-dropping 10,000% increase. When compared to Bitcoin which despite a peak price of almost $20,000 in the same year only saw a 1,500% increase, Ethereum is the more profitable option.

  FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ETH PRICE INCREASE

While the cryptocurrency market may seem random in its fluctuations, there are underlying factors that cause these price changes. Some of these factors have been cited continuously by various industry experts and enthusiasts in their predictions for the future of Ethereum

1. INCREASED CREATION AND INVESTMENT IN DECENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS

A good reason to invest in Ethereum is the predicted popularity of the DApps that run on it. Depending on how useful and mainstream DApps become, the price of ETH could skyrocket. This is because although each application has its crypto token associated with it, users have to exchange Ether for these tokens. All it may take is an app with the decentralized functionality of PayPal, DHL or even Pokémon Go to set a price rise in motion.

This is backed by Steven Nerayoff, the co-founder of Ethereum. On the talk show “Fast Money,” he commented that because of the amount of money being poured into the ecosystem and the apps being built, Ethereum might well surpass Bitcoin. According to him, Ethereum is currently seeing exponential growth in application projects with billions of dollars being poured into them. There are currently ten times more projects on Ethereum than there was last year and this may lead to a 2x or 3x ETH price increase by December.

In a recent Fortune interview, Alex Ohanian, the co-founder of Reddit, predicted that the price of Ether would skyrocket to $1,500 before the end of the year. He owed this prediction to the current applications on the platform and the popularity of DApps like Cryptokitties, an app which lets users buy and breed digital cats. The application recently raised $12 million in funding and has paved the way for several huge investments into other applications.

2. MAINSTREAM USE OF SMART CONTRACTS

Increased use of smart contracts built on the Ethereum platform can also influence the ETH price positively. The more users adopt smart contracts for everyday transactions including subscriptions, escrow, and even insurance, the more Ether will be spent. As smart contract usage becomes more popular, there will be more need to buy ETH to fund more smart contracts and pay “Gas.”

3. INCREASED PUBLIC ADOPTION

Ethereum usership continues to grow as there are currently 36.5 million unique addresses with about 65,000 new addresses added each day. While this may not outrightly prove that the ETH price will rise, it presents a possibility. There have also been several predictions flying about from anywhere between ETH hitting $1,000 to $20,000 in 2018.

Nigel Green, the CEO of deVere Group, made an Ethereum prediction in an interview for Marketwatch, published on April 27, 2018. Green predicts that the price of ETH may reach $2,500 by December 2018 and continue its rise through 2019 and 2020.

Olaf Wee-Carlson, the CEO of Polychain Capital, stated recently that the applications of Ethereum could be likened to Sci-fi. According to Carlson, Ethereum and its interesting applications are beyond reasonable imagination, and he would like to see how the technology progresses.

4. ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED FILE STORAGE BY LARGE CORPORATIONS

The creation of data globally continues to increase, prompting the need for reliable data storage methods. Humans are currently creating data at an alarming rate. According to a recent report by the International Data Center, digital data will have a compound annual growth rate of 42% through to 2020. In fact, data growth between 2010-2020 will be 50 times what it was before 2010. IBM has also reported that every day, about 2.5 exabytes (quintillion or 2.5 x 10^21 bytes) of data is created by humans.

These are mind-boggling figures that present a need to store data in a way that it cannot be taken down or lost by a single centralized server. This was the case of the popular Geocities sites taken down by Yahoo. If the data from the sites had been stored on a decentralized platform, it would have been preserved. This is where decentralized file storage clients like Storj and IPFS come in.

These storage clients are slowly being adopted by individuals and corporations and may soon become mainstream. Storj reported that the platform already has about 20,000 users. SIA, another storage platform was valued at $250 million in 2017. When large corporations adopt the use of applications like these, the influx of Ether into the system can immensely impact its price. The more people buy ETH, the more its price will increase.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ETH PRICE DECREASE

Just as there are factors that increase the price of ETH, they're other negative factors that any Ethereum investor should be wary of. The damage done by these factors will largely depend on their frequency and progression. It’s important to consider a group of probabilistic outcomes of these events along with combinations of the good and bad factors to aid decision-making.

1. MINING

Mining profitability is a huge contributor to the rise and especially the fall of the ETH price. The higher the price of ETH, the more miners are attracted to mine it. The more they mine, the more transactions can occur. For a miner to be incentivized, the profit obtained from mining Ethereum would have to offset the cost of mining by far.

When the price of ETH is high, compared to what it once was, mining profitability increases and miners sell their Ether. When the price is low, it's the other way around, miners hold onto their Ether, increasing the demand and in turn the price.

2. REGULATIONS

The cryptocurrency market has gone wildly unregulated for a long time. This lack of regulation has caused the occurrence of several incidents, which would be illegal in any other markets to occur. Incidents like the case of BitConnect, pump and dump schemes, the case of MtGox and the Modern Tech ICO are some examples.

However, some countries have decided to crack down on cryptocurrency trade by putting several regulations in place to limit and even ban some aspects of cryptocurrency trading. One example is the ICO ban by China. While these regulations serve to limit scams and money loss, some of them have negatively affected the prices of certain cryptocurrencies including Ethereum.

It’s no surprise that the platform may stand to lose the most from regulations due to its unique functionality of having applications built on it. These regulations stand to limit the way users interact with DApps, smart contracts, and Ether as a whole.

In May 2018, Ethereum experienced a 6% decline when the Wall Street Journal announced that it had come under the SEC’s regulatory scrutiny. When the SEC declared both Ethereum and Bitcoin as non-securities in June 2018, the market saw a huge boost. One appeal of cryptocurrency is that it's not policed by any government. If that changes, there’s no telling what disastrous effects it will have on the value of the coin.

WHO ACCEPTS ETHEREUM?

Currently, Ethereum is accepted by a few businesses to fund their decentralized applications. It’s also accepted on most major exchanges because users constantly buy and sell their Ether. As the platform expands and more individuals and businesses create and use DApps and smart contracts, acceptance of ETH will become more mainstream. Here is a list of some small businesses that currently accept Ethereum.

Cryptopets- A pet supply service that allows users to pay for supply and delivery using ETH

Overstock- A home improvement retailer

Flokinet- A Scandinavian web hosting company

Tapjets- One of the largest private jet rentals in the U.S

Snel- A popular VPS hosting service

Larger businesses can be found in the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance. The alliance consists of large companies that have decided to embrace Ethereum for different applications. Some members include Mastercard, Hewlett Packard, Microsoft, and J.P.Morgan.

ETHEREUM SUPPLY

The annual supply of ETH through minting (formerly mining) is capped at 18 million independent of the Ethereum exchange rate. While this may seem like an inflation problem waiting to happen, the Ethereum team has worked out why that’s not the case.

A certain percentage of Ether is lost annually through theft, lost private keys or even death. As Ethereum scales and becomes more economically acceptable, 18 million ETH will no longer seem like such a huge annual cap.

Eventually, the amount of Ether lost per year will match the amount minted and the system will remain balanced. When new blocks are minted, block rewards are paid out to the nodes responsible for minting. Those who receive the rewards sell them, depending on the ETH price, allowing more Ether to circulate. This influences the Ethereum exchange rate.

ETHEREUM NEWS

Ethereum has constantly been in the news since its release for several reasons, including updates and significant changes. Here are some relevant stories from current Ethereum blockchain news.

In May 2018 - Vitalik Buterin Endorsed Liquidity network, a trustless payment service that will operate like PayPal. The project seeks to solve the scalability issues of blockchain starting with Ethereum.

In June 2018 - Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum stated that the platform would soon be able to process up to 1 million transactions every second. The Ethereum community is looking into different solutions, including sharding, to combat the problem of transaction speed.

WHAT IS LITECOIN?

Litecoin is a peer-based cryptocurrency that was created to address some of the issues associated with the Bitcoin blockchain. These issues include transaction confirmation speed, scalability, mining process, and transaction fees. It was created by Charlie Lee, a Google developer at the time.

Lee was unimpressed with the wait time of 10 minutes or more that users have to endure when using Bitcoin. He set about working on his cryptocurrency by copying the Bitcoin open source software and making changes to it. In October 2011, Litecoin was released, and by November 2013, it had reached a market cap of $1 billion.

Litecoin is currently the sixth largest cryptocurrency by market cap after Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Bitcoin cash, and EOS. The value of its market cap currently lies at approximately $5.7 billion and its price is currently about $100, with a peak price of $375.29 in December 2017.

  HOW DOES LITECOIN WORK?

Litecoin operates using blockchain technology, just like Bitcoin. While Litecoin is a separate entity from Bitcoin, the two cryptocurrencies work in very similar ways. However, their differences also play a significant role in the progression of Litecoin.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BITCOIN AND LITECOIN EXPLAINED

Initially, Litecoin was mainly created to solve the problem of transaction speed. On the Bitcoin blockchain, it takes roughly 10 minutes for miners to add a new block to the blockchain. Transactions on the platform cannot be confirmed without this mining process and in cases where there are any mining problems, users may have to endure an even longer wait time.

Litecoin, on the other hand, has a transaction speed of 2.5 minutes, which is better for several reasons. Firstly, merchants can now transact freely in four times the amount of time it would take with Bitcoin. Frequent micropayments can also be achieved using Litecoin because if one transaction takes 2.5 minutes then, theoretically, each person would be able to carry out over 500 transactions each day.

The transaction speed is also great for miners. Where Bitcoin mining power is controlled by a concentrated batch of people, Litecoin mining is more decentralized. Theoretically, the fast block confirmation time allows more miners to mine blocks and receive rewards. This leads to a better distribution of rewards.

Another difference between Bitcoin vs Litecoin is that while the former will only have 21 million tokens in existence, the latter will have 84 million. Due to the transaction confirmation time of 2.5 minutes, Litecoin blocks get mined four times faster than Bitcoin.

To make up for the speed and ensure the gradual progression of the system, the total supply of LTC is capped at four times that of BTC. Litecoin also has lower transaction fees than Bitcoin, making it easier to carry out several transactions on its blockchain. The average transaction fee is $0.108 with a median fee of $0.036.

LITECOIN BLOCKCHAIN

The Litecoin blockchain is a decentralized ledger just like that of Bitcoin and uses the proof-of-work system for mining new blocks. However, there are some fundamental differences in the Litecoin block explorer as well as the block mining process. First of all, while Bitcoin uses the SHA-256 hashing algorithm in its mining process, Litecoin uses Scrypt. This was an intentional move by Lee to make LTC mining a more decentralized process.

In Bitcoin mining, large devices known as ASIC can run code that solves mathematical puzzles at the same time. While ASIC provides immense computational power, it can be expensive, and for this reason, average individuals cannot mine BTC. Scrypt, on the other hand, is more serialized than SHA-256.

Running parallel operations will take up a vast amount of memory, so miners run them one after the other. This means that anyone with access to memory in the form of a memory card can mine LTC, ultimately making the process more decentralized.

The first mined block on Litecoin had a block reward of 50 LTC. This mining reward will be halved every 840,000 blocks. Transactions on the blockchain can be viewed using Blockcypher, the Litecoin blockchain explorer.

WHY INVEST IN LITECOIN?

The growth pattern of LTC has shown that investment in the cryptocurrency is better over a long-term period. While there is no assurance of a fast increase in LTC price any time soon, its community remains unfazed. LTC price predictions continue to flood the internet with varying opinions. In January 2017, 1 LTC had a value of $4, and by December of the same year, it had risen by more than 9,000% to a peak price of $375.29.

If a user had invested $5,000 in Litecoin in January 2017, then by December 2017, it would have increased to $469,112 at peak price. While this may sound like enough reason to pour money into Litecoin, it should be kept in mind that losses can occur as well. Users who bought LTC at a triple-digit price are currently facing those losses as LTC drops below $100 in what has been termed a “market correction.”

According to analysts and blockchain enthusiasts, the rapid drop in Litecoin price may signify an impending price explosion. If that is the case, then it would be reasonable to buy low and hold for a long time (maybe years). Even though the cryptocurrency is nowhere near Bitcoin in price, it continues to be a boon to investors.

  WHO ACCEPTS LITECOIN

Litecoin isn’t as big as Bitcoin and Ethereum, so its adoption has been happening at a much slower pace. As the cryptocurrency gains more traction, its adoption as a means of payment is expected to grow as well. There are currently a few places that accept LTC.

Benz and Beemer- An auto dealership

eGifter- A New York-based gifting service

Alza.cz- An online retailer

LITECOIN SUPPLY

Litecoin supply is received from the continuous release of LTC in the same way as Bitcoin. The currency has a current block reward of 25 LTC plus transaction fees which miners may choose to sell on the market. An increased Litecoin supply always pushes its price down and vice versa.

LITECOIN NEWS

Litecoin has also continued to make news headlines with its key updates. Here are a few relevant Litecoin blockchain news snippets.

Dark web users have decided to drop Bitcoin as a form of payment because of the slow transaction speeds and other issues they’ve had to endure.

December 2017- Charlie Lee, Litecoin founder, sells all his LTC in what many are calling a conflict of interest.

  Now let's compare the basics of all three cryptocurrencies. 

BITCOIN VS ETHEREUM VS LITECOIN: BASICS

Property

Bitcoin

Ethereum

Litecoin

Market Cap

$115.4 billion

$53.7 billion

$5.6 billion

Release Year

2008

2015

2011

Peak Price

≅ $20,000

≅ $1,400

≅ $375

Mining Process

Proof-of-Work with SHA-256

Proof-of-Stake

Proof-of-Work with Scrypt

Block Explorer

blockchain.info, blockcypher.com, blockchair.com

Etherscan.io, ethplorer.io Etherchain.org,

explorer.Litecoin.net, chainz.cryptoid.info, blockcypher

Total Coin Supply

21 million BTC

18 million ETH per year

84 million LTC

Transaction Fee

$1

$2-$4

$0.18

Confirmation Time

10 minutes

20 seconds

2.5 minutes

BITCOIN VS ETHEREUM VS LITECOIN: PRICING

Whether a user is new to cryptocurrency or not, the whole exchange process can be very confusing. There are a lot of questions, such as Ethereum pass Bitcoin? Is Ethereum better than Bitcoin? How do you even go about exchanges? And, can you exchange one cryptocurrency for another like maybe Bitcoin for Litecoin and vice versa? Apart from questions like these, there are other technicalities like market analysis and coin-watching.

The best way to go about unbundling blockchain is by studying the facts and taking little steps. For pricing, the facts are simple when comparing Bitcoin vs Ethereum. The former had a price growth of about 1,000% while the latter grew by about 10,000%. Despite having a higher overall price, the figures show that Bitcoin may not be as good for investment as Ethereum. As for Bitcoin vs Litecoin, the same trend appears where the smaller cryptocurrency had a better price growth than Bitcoin.

Figuring out which of the cryptocurrencies is better will depend on the user’s preference. All three coins have shown potential to revolutionize investing in their different ways. However, one thing is clear: they all seem to yield better results from long-term investment. These days, anyone can make a Litecoin, Bitcoin or Ethereum price prediction. It’s important to weed out the ones that don’t show any true logic behind them before using them as an investment guideline.

Price-monitoring can be done on sites like Coinmarketcap to see the rise and fall of both the prices and a market cap of different coins. Exchanges like Binance also show current prices and allow users to exchange one cryptocurrency for another. It’s possible to exchange Bitcoin for Ethereum, Bitcoin for Litecoin and so on.

  BITCOIN VS ETHEREUM VS LITECOIN: WALLETS

All three cryptocurrencies use similar wallets. Mobile, desktop, web and hardware wallets are acceptable on their platforms. The safest option is hardware wallets because they're offline and can’t be hacked. Such wallets can be stored in a safety deposit box or even a vault at home depending on the value of their contents.

BITCOIN VS ETHEREUM VS LITECOIN: MINING

For those looking to understand and perform cryptocurrency mining, there are significant differences between the way Bitcoin, Ether and Litecoin are mined. Bitcoin mining uses the SHA-256 hashing method to ensure that miners solve a challenging puzzle. They show a solution known as the proof-of-work and add new blocks to the blockchain after. The current block reward is about 12.5 BTC valued at almost $83,000.

Ethereum, on the other hand, switched from the proof-of-work to the proof-of-stake method in which new blocks are minted, not mined. In proof-of-stake, a node puts up an amount of its personal Ether as a stake. The node with the highest stake is chosen to validate the next block. Validators bet on blocks to show that they don’t have any malicious transactions on them. If a malicious block is validated, the validators lose their stake. However, if the block isn’t malicious, then the validator gets a reward proportional to their bet.  

Litecoin mining also involves the proof-of-work protocol like Bitcoin. However, Scrypt is used in place of SHA-256 to mitigate the problems associated with mining centralization and energy use. Scrypt allows any user with access to extra memory to become a miner without buying expensive ASIC devices like Bitcoin miners. The current Litecoin block reward is 25 LTC valued at about $2,500 at the time of writing.

CONCLUSION

Cryptocurrency is relatively new and is still being studied and continuously improved upon. Market experiments are still occurring, and businesses continue to find new ways to accept blockchain technology. This is evident in the fast growth of platforms like Ethereum, the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance and recent partnerships like that of sites like Pornhub and Verge cryptocurrency.

While this may sound exciting, investors should not get too carried away as there are many ways to lose money in crypto investing. Research the market and how it constantly changes while leaving room for unpredictable outcomes. Although the field of cryptocurrency is still quite young, Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin have earned their places as giants that continue to drive innovation in one way or the other.

[hunterlist346]

Prof Tuners Sound Cards & Media Devices Driver Download For Windows 10

Jan 01, 2021 A sound card is a valuable upgrade for your PC if you are a dedicated gamer, audiophile, or a creative who produce audio on your computer. Here are the best sound cards with advice on which one.

Prof Tuners Sound Cards & Media Devices Driver Download For Windows 10 64-bit

Prof Tuners Sound Cards Amazon

The sound card was working properly. But I still can't hear any sound when I try to watch TV on my computer. The cable to share my speaker to the TV tuner card is plugged on the right places, which are the line-in and audio-out. I can only hear sound from my TV tuner card if I directly plug the speaker cable to the audio-out area of my TV tuner. Professional Sound Card of an Unusual Design, with Professional and Consumer Jacks ESI presented its new sound card called Juli@ at the world-famous exhibition Musikmesse (March 31 – April 3, 2004) in Frankfurt, Germany. The card is shipped in a nice box made as a book with a transparent inner side. The box for ESI Juli@ is nice and functional.

Professional Sound Card of an Unusual Design, with Professional and Consumer Jacks

ESI presented its new sound card called Juli@ at the world-famous exhibition Musikmesse (March 31 – April 3, 2004) in Frankfurt, Germany.

The card is shipped in a nice box made as a book with a transparent inner side.

Bundle

The bundle of our sample card contained the following items:

PCI-card ESI Juli@

breakout cable for the S/PDIF and MIDI interfaces

really useful user's manual in English and in German printed in A5 format

CD with drivers

CD with special version of Ableton Live (list of limitations)

50% discount coupon for a full version of Ableton Live

Colorful advertisement of all ESI products

Card-transformer

The unique feature of this card is the opportunity to transform it to user's needs: you can choose which jacks to use – professional 1/4' balanced jacks (1/4' TRS) or consumer RCA jacks.

ESI Juli@ sound card: Professional 1/4' balanced TRS jacks are active Disassembled ESI Juli@ sound card: The upper part turns 180 degrees ESI Juli@ sound card: consumer RCA jacks are active

Innards

The main DSP chip labeled with the ESI logo is VIA Envy24HT-S (24-bit, 192 kHz; interfaces: three output I2S/AC-links, two input I2S/AC-links). Digital transceiver – AKM AK4114 (8 inputs, 2 outputs).

The main DSP chip: 24-bit, 192 kHz VIA Envy24HT-S

The card uses an 8-channel multibit 24-bit 192 kHz DAC AKM AK4358 with reduced sensitivity to jitter, positioned by AKM for professional equipment as well as for consumer DVD-Audio and SACD (by the way, I wrote about the release of this DAC in our news a year ago). Dynamic range: 112 dB. THD+noise: -94 dB. 8 times 24-bit digital filter with an slow roll-off option (in this case this option is disabled to provide ideally even frequency response). DAC is not a top class, but quite good enough for a sound card in this price range.

You can see on the ESI Juli@ block diagram that the 8-channel AKM 4358 DAC (marked as 4õ DAC) is used in this sound card on purpose — it monitors digital I/O with an absolute zero delay.

ADC – dual bit delta-sigma stereo 24-bit 192 kHz AKM AK5385A has a little better characteristics; it is positioned by AKM for professional equipment to record audio in high definition formats, including DVD-Audio. Dynamic range: 114 dB. Signal/(noise+distortions): 103 dB. High-quality digital antialiasing filter with a linear phase, passband (Fs=48 kHz): 0~21.768 kHz, ripple: 0.005 dB, stopband: 100 dB.

ESI Juli@ converters: AKM 4358 DAC and AKM 5385A ADC

Prof Tuners Sound Cards & Media Devices Driver Download For Windows 10 64-bit

Some comments. Though DAC and ADC are of the same class in this sound card, ADCs are still a tad better than DACs. Perhaps, as it was with Waveterminal 192X, the engineers considered the digitization quality (ADC) to be more important in home/project studio than the slightly reduced quality of signal monitoring, other things being equal. But hi-end audio PC users (RCA jacks are a curtsy to them), who use their computers solely for high quality playback and who do not care about ADC, have a reason to pause – is the DAC comparable with the level of the rest of the sound playback section? If the rest of the sound section is much more expensive than the card (approximately over $600), so that the bottleneck is in the DAC quality as well, then they should pay attention to the mastering level sound cards.

In general, it should be noted that in the price range up to $200 Juli@ demonstrates better DAC/ADC quality in comparison with similar old cards based on ENVY24 – various M-Audio Audiophile 2496, Echo MIA, etc. According to our measurements (using the same reference sound card) Juli@ is even better than the more expensive ESI Waveterminal 192Õ, which has better (according to the specification) ADCs. So in our opinion only EMU 1212M (with converters of a higher level) can be a serious competitor to the undoubtedly successful in price/quality Juli@.

Drivers sahara. Despite this fact, many users of middle end sound sections will quite possibly prefer Juli@, because this ESI card is easier to control, it does not have problems with the MME/WDM interface support in high formats, it has a smoother frequency response of line outs, and it offers several useful proprietary features, which will be described later. Besides, EMU is very difficult to find on our shelves and this situation has not changed for half a year already.

E-WDM technology

E-WDM technology (Enhanced Audio MIDI Driver) is a proprietary project of ESI, which enhances the original architectural concept of Microsoft WDM-drivers.

Aside from standard features, E-WDM offers functions required for professional sound processing:

Aside from Win XP/2000, it also supports Win Me/98 SE Based on the WDM architecture, E-WDM drivers work fine under all WDM compatible Windows operating systems, while WDM drivers of other sound cards often work only in W2K and XP, offering VxD drivers for Win98SE and ME.

GIGAStudio 2000 support From the very beginning E-WDM drivers were developed for professional applications. The popular software sampler GIGAStudio from Tascam is fully supported with the extremely low latency of 1.5 ms.

ASIO 2.0 support ASIO 2.0 is the de facto standard, and E-WDM supports it with just a 3.0 ms latency.

Independent support for MME applications Several MME applications can be used simultaneously, and the drivers will not complain that the device is busy. This is also useful for old applications, which are not supported by WDM drivers.

Multi-client support An unlimited number of audio applications can be accessed simultaneously with the multi-client support. You can use SONAR and WinAmp via a single sound device.

Multi-channel support It supports 5.1 output format for software DVD-Video players, such as WinDVD and Power DVD. This function is also useful for WDM applications, such as SONAR, especially in terms of the input/output channel synchronization.

DirectMUSIC MIDI ports WDM-based multi-channel MIDI-driver from ESI offers a more stable timing than the built-in MIDI-timing in NT4 or Windows 9X.

DirectSound support E-WDM offers support for several DirectSound channels for multi-channel output in such applications as PCDJ (DJ software).

No signal attenuation at -6 dB Unlike the situation with several other drivers, E-WDM guarantees the signal level exactly according to the existing standard.

Ultra-low latency, less than 1.5 ms E-WDM drivers provide comfortable work due to the minimal latency. Buffer size can be set in drivers.

DirectWIRE: audio stream visual routing technology

DirectWIRE is a technology for visual software routing of signals, which is currently available in most ESI products. Signals are routed on the level of drivers, bit-to-bit, without quality loss.

DirectWIRE 1.0 technology appeared in ESI Waveterminal 2496/192 when the Gigastudio sampler was still widely popular and initially it served to convert MIDI-tracks to WAV from Gigastudio (GSIF interface) into Cubase (ASIO) or into Cakewalk/SONAR1 (MME). Drivers resmed port devices replacement.

DirectWIRE 1.0 panel in ESI Waveterminal 192X

DirectWIRE 2.0 supports 32 channels, it has a new control panel, and an option to mute monitoring of selected output channels. You can switch inputs and outputs of the MME, WDM, ASIO, GSI/F program interfaces, even if they work simultaneously. You can connect inputs and outputs of different applications with virtual cables and record signals without quality loss. Using DirectWIRE you can also record multi-channel audio from DVD or another source (even protected from copying) in formats up to 24-bit 192 kHz in real time in completely digital form.

DirectWIRE 3.0 was enhanced with hardware inputs. In Juli@ Virtual Inputs 1 and 2 are the left and the right hardware analog inputs, 3 and 4 – the left and right hardware digital S/PDIF input.

Interface names mean the following applications:

MME: WinAmp, CoolEdit, Cakewalk, Vegas, etc.

WDM: SONAR (WDM/KS), PowerDVD, WinDVD, etc.

ASIO: Cubase, Nuendo, Logic, Reason, SONAR (ASIO), etc.

GSIF: GigaStudio 2.42 or higher.

You can read this Audiotrak tutorial to learn how to use DirectWIRE 3.0 with detailed examples.

Digital and MIDI Interfaces

Juli@ stands out against other ESI products with its MIDI I/O, digital RCA I/O, and a digital optical output. You had to buy a separate MI/ODI/O module to get these features in Audiotrak MAYA44MKII and ESI Waveterminal 192X/L. Though there are also modifications with MI/ODI/O module in a box now, it occupies an additional bracket among PCI slots.

Sound Quality

https://hunterlist346.tumblr.com/post/655921485763035136/nsc-sicherheitstechnik-usb-devices-driver-download-for-w. Juli@ vs. Audigy2 ZS Platinum Pro

These two cards can be compared due to similar prices ($185 for the ESI product and $240 for the Creative product) and professional attributes (external block with a full set of connectors) in Audigy, which is essentially a gaming card. Functionality of Juli@ and Platinum Pro in terms of a microphone preamplifier and phone-in can be leveled up by adding an inexpensive external analog mixer (about $50) to Juli@, but it's quite possible that an external mixer is already available in home/project studio.

Before the comparative audition I had no subjective preferences – the cards have converters of the same class, and thus I didn't expect considerable differences in sound quality. Nevertheless, the difference between the cards can be clearly heard even using the active speakers JetBalance JB-381 (by the way, very good speakers at a moderate price at last, less than $200).

In the 16 bit 44 kHz mode A2 is traditionally weak at playing via the MME interface, and it's much better at playing via the professional packaged 'SB Audigy2 ZS ASIO' driver with enabled SSRC high quality resampling to 48 kHz. But Juli@ produces crisper and more detailed sounds, and thus it's more suitable for a professional. Though this can be heard only when you instantly switch between the cards playing the same music fragment. If you increase the time between the auditions to a couple of minutes, you won't be able to distinguish the cards even with the same music fragment. One way or another, I clearly hear the difference, for example at Alex Reece, 1996 album 'So Far' (hits: Feel The Sunshine, Pulp Friction) and some other test compositions with clear compressed mastering and timbre-catchy high frequency range.

Juli@ vs. EMU 1820

Despite the high price ($400) and the increased number of channels in EMU1820, Juli@ can compete with it head-to-head, because the Creative/EMU product has converters of the same level (CS4392).

Prof Tuners Sound Cards Amazon

Both cards, Juli@ and 1280, were tested in balanced mode, high signal level (+4 dBu) to increase the dynamic range and to demonstrate sound cards' features at maximum. The auditions were also carried out on EVENT 20/20 bas monitors, allowing the balanced connection.

Thorough audition in the same conditions, using the same cable and instantly switching between the cards did not reveal any difference in their sounding. However, considering the high price of EMU1820, it cannot be called a successful sound card – it's an economic modification of the elder 1820M. 1820 is of lower quality than even the younger 1212M model. Forestalling your questions: we don't have an opportunity to compare it with EMU 1212M or 1820M, because these cards cannot be found on sale in Russia. US EMU office promised to send us a press-sample, but we lost contact with it. If we still have an opportunity, we'll update this article.

Juli@ vs. LynxTwo

Comparison with LynxTwo (price >$1000, stereo-modification is Lynx L22, >$800) in our tests is traditional, it serves to reveal the degree and character of sound differences between a sound card under review and a reference sound source.

We hasten to say, LynxTwo sounds better. The difference is not so large but it still makes itself felt. Nevertheless, Juli@ demonstrates professional sound quality in comparison with the reference. Multimedia cards (for example, Audigy2/ZS) are usually infamous for timbre distortions, various tones and harmonics at high frequencies. So despite their rather high quality converters, such cards cannot be used for professional work. Juli@ is free from these drawbacks, it sounds true and clear. The only difference from Lynx is in a tad lesser detail, which will hardly influence its professional capability, except for the mastering.

Headphones

Despite the fact that this card does not have a separate output to headphones, they can be connected using the 2RCA-minijack adapter. Using Sennheiser HD600 (400 ohm impedance) via the adapter caused no problems with sound. Besides, we carried out the following interesting experiment: we connected a variable resistor to the output, and applied a maximum amplitude sinusoid to the output of the card. On the digital oscillograph EZ Digital OS-310M we monitored how the amplitude changed and at what resistance there would be a limitation. In comparison with the pure linear output in MAYA44MKII with the limitation at ~100 ohm and lower, Juli@ was OK. Operational amplifiers JRC 4580 hold well the low impedance load, though the Juli@ specification requires the load impedance of not less than 100 ohm. By the way, MAYA44MKII has an output for headphones, which is also OK.

Working in Professional Applications

No surprises here. As any sound card based on the ENVY24 series chip, Juli@ demonstrated excellent results in ASIO-applications CubaseSX 2.0.1 and WaveLab 5.0a.

Besides, InterVideo WinDVD 6.0 works correctly with the card as well. When playing DVD-Audio discs, they are downsampled to 16/48.

RMAA 5.4 Tests

Many users ask us to test not only the quality of linear output, but that of the linear input as well. Silicon image hard disk controller driver download for windows 10. It is especially important for professional equipment, so we tested the card in three modes: when the output and the input of the card are connected, input and output are connected separately using LynxTwo – a reference card of a higher quality.

16 bit 44 kHz, +4dBu, balanced 1m cablesESI Juli@ loopbackESI Juli@ -> LynxTwo Frequency response (from 40 Hz to 15 kHz), dB:+0.05, -0.03+0.02, -0.16+0.04, -0.03Noise level, dB (A):-96.1-96.1-96.4Dynamic range, dB (A):95.795.995.8THD, %:0.00060.00230.0006IMD, %:0.00460.0150.0045Stereo crosstalk, dB:-96.7-97.9-98.1

When the linear input is tested in the balanced mode using LynxTwo, the frequency response gets worse in this test as well as in all the other ones. In the loopback mode (when the output and the input of the card are connected) there is no such drawback, thus we have some disalignment in the operation of balance interfaces in this specific device combo. This is another reason not to use balance connection needlessly.

24 bit 44 kHz, +4dBu, balanced 1m cablesESI Juli@ loopbackESI Juli@ -> LynxTwoFrequency response (from 40 Hz to 15 kHz), dB:+0.05, -0.03+0.02, -0.16+0.04, -0.03Noise level, dB (A):-103.6-109.3-108.0Dynamic range, dB (A):103.4109.2107.9THD, %:0.00050.00230.0005IMD, %:0.00200.0140.0019Stereo crosstalk, dB:-103.9-109.3-107.2

Note the ideally steady frequency response graph and the ideally clear noise spectrum in the 24-bit mode. The noise level measured is close to the claimed figures in the converter specifications. Engineers made the most of the existing converters.

24 bit 96 kHz, +4dBu, balanced 1m cablesESI Juli@ loopbackESI Juli@ -> LynxTwoFrequency response (from 40 Hz to 15 kHz), dB:+0.03, -0.02+0.01, -0.17+0.02, -0.04Noise level, dB (A):-103.9-109.8-107.9Dynamic range, dB (A):103.9109.4107.7THD, %:0.00050.00230.0005IMD, %:0.00190.0140.0019Stereo crosstalk, dB:-101.6-106.8-106.7

In the 96 kHz mode the spectrum is reproduced completely, as it should be. I'll remind you that EMU cards have problems with frequency response in DAC, which is -0.7 dB for 20 kHz.

24 bit 44 kHz, S/PDIF all tests comparison Test file 24/44LynxTwo S/PDIF loopbackESI Juli@ -> LynxTwoFrequency response (from 40 Hz to 15 kHz), dB:+0.00, -0.00+0.00, -0.00+0.00, -0.00+0.00, -0.00Noise level, dB (A):-147.7-144.4-144.5-144.5Dynamic range, dB (A):133.4133.2133.2133.2THD, %:0.00000.00000.00000.0000IMD, %:0.00020.00020.00020.0002Stereo crosstalk, dB:-149.7-146.3-145.1-145.0

In digital output tests Juli@ is equal to LynxTwo.

24 bit 96 kHz, S/PDIF all tests comparison

Test file 24/96LynxTwo S/PDIF loopbackESI Juli@ S/PDIF -> LynxTwoESI Juli@ S/PDIF loopbackFrequency response (from 40 Hz to 15 kHz), dB:+0.00, -0.00+0.00, -0.00+0.00, -0.00+0.00, -0.00Noise level, dB (A):-151.1-147.8-147.9-147.8Dynamic range, dB (A):133.3133.2133.2133.2THD, %:0.00000.00000.00000.0000IMD, %:0.00020.00020.00020.0002Stereo crosstalk, dB:-151.3-146.2-146.4-145.9

In the 24/96 mode the ideal is even farther from our contenders. The reason is most likely not in the lack of bit-to-bit transfer precision, but in the PLL influence in the transceivers or in dithering reformation. One way or another, it's impossible to hear the difference between the original and the received sound – the differences are below the thermal noise threshold in semiconductors, and any digital-analog conversion will guarantee much more audible inaccuracies – the native level of noise in modern DAC is hardly over 120 dB A.

RightMark 3DSound 1.20 Tests

We test DirectSound functions of the card, because we have such an opportunity. RM 3DS tests demonstrate DirectSound compatibility but also the lack of any algorithms of software 3D sound. Just for information.

Device: Juli@ Ch12 (JulaWdm.sys)

Features: Device has not enough hardware 3D buffers Device has not enough hardware 2D buffers EAX1: N/A EAX2: N/A EAX3: N/A EAX4 Advanced HD: N/A

Rates: dwMinSecondarySampleRate 22050 dwMaxSecondarySampleRate 192000

Free buffers stats: dwFreeHw3DAllBuffers 0 dwFreeHw3DStaticBuffers 0 dwFreeHw3DStreamingBuffers 0 dwFreeHwMixingAllBuffers 0 dwFreeHwMixingStaticBuffers 0 dwFreeHwMixingStreamingBuffers 0

Max buffers stats: dwMaxHwMixingAllBuffers 1 dwMaxHwMixingStaticBuffers 1 dwMaxHwMixingStreamingBuffers 1 dwMaxHw3DAllBuffers 0 dwMaxHw3DStaticBuffers 0 dwMaxHw3DStreamingBuffers 0

Misc stats: dwFreeHwMemBytes 0 dwTotalHwMemBytes 0 dwMaxContigFreeHwMemBytes 0 dwUnlockTransferRateHwBuffers 0 dwPlayCpuOverheadSwBuffers 0

Audio transfer speed (software): 3.289 Mb/sec.

Exclusive iXBT.com interview with the ESI R&D team!

iXBT.com:How did you come up with the idea to produce such an unusual sound card with a unique design as Juli@? Is it an attempt to stand out against similar sound cards and to attract attention? What was the reason to break away from the multichannel solution, which we saw in Waveterminal 192L/X (Waveterminal 2496 descendant)?

ESI: Our main goal of developing Juli@ was making a reference model card in terms of audio quality. We did research the market and the already available products. We found that users would need either balanced or unbalanced I/O connections, preferably with the same number of input and output channels, but all products are supporting only one of each connector type. We came up with Juli@ with such a unique design with the user's needs in mind so that the I/O connections will be swappable between balanced and un-balanced. ESI plans to release new multi-channel solutions in the near future. iXBT.com:What was the criterion to select the certain ADC and DAC models (AKM 5385A and 4358)? Why did you choose the 8-channel DAC (AKM4358)?

ESI: We have been using the AKM4358 in development of other products such as the upcoming Audiotrak MAYA1010. We really liked the quality of AKM4358 so it was our conclusion to use it also for Juli@ despite the number of channels. This made it possible to use the additional channels to provide real-time monitoring for all S/PDIF and analog I/O signals, providing more functionality. As for the ADC, we always try to use the best available components, as recording is more important than playback for most professional users. iXBT.com:Did you choose during development a certain price/quality threshold, in order to reach a predetermined price (MSRP), or do your engineers preach some principle of reasonable sufficiency in the area of quality?

ESI: Of course reaching a specific price is always a concern during development. In case of Juli@, functionality and audio quality have been the highest priority. We are very glad that the final product is now available with a very competitive MSRP. iXBT.com:How do you feel, at what rates do the high sampling audio formats evolve in the area of music production and their demand by listeners/customers? ESI: When we started to sell 24bit audio cards several years ago, most of our professional users started immediately work with 24bit/44.1kHz. The higher resolution compared to previous 16bit products was a huge increase in audio quality useful for music production, even if the final product was just a 16bit/44.1kHz audio CD. Now, professionals are slowly starting to work with higher sample-rates in the production process, not only with the higher bit-rate. New formats such as DVD (audio or video) or SACD even require higher sample-rates in the production process; so many professionals are working with 96kHz or even 192kHz already. ESI supports these professionals not only with soundcards but also with exciting new concepts, such as our M-Fire M9600 24bit/96kHz DVD Master Recorder. These days, when we talk to the members of our professional user community, we can see that the demand for a higher recording quality standard is getting more and more important, although we have to admit, that this is a considerably slow process. Many professionals are also buying higher spec hardware because they understand that higher spec hardware also works better even when working with lower samplerates. For example, our 24bit/192kHz Juli@ will produce better results when used with 24bit/44.1kHz compare to other 24bit/96kHz devices, simply because of the much better ADC and DAC. For consumer products, the need to support 96kHz, or even 192kHz, is growing at the same time, mostly because of the necessity to playback already available consumer media. Windows Media Audio Professional supporting 24bit/96kHz is already a standard for PC audio. As more and more professionals are producing music and media content for higher bit and sample rates, the actual demand for consumer products that support these features is also growing. Still, it is not growing that fast, probably because of the reluctance of large media corporate to invest into better audio quality without having working Digital Rights Management solutions market ready.

iXBT.com:Can you tell us anything about the upcoming new generation of built-in sound named High Definition Audio replacing AC'97? Does it threaten high-quality soundcards supporting high sampling formats, or on the contrary will it draw attention to the high quality sound and promote high-quality sound devices?

ESI: We are aware of the HD Audio which sounds promising. But, from our experience in the past, we suspect that there always will be some limitations of on-board sound card. Most main board manufacturers will have to make compromises which will possibly lower the audio quality. We have evaluated the Azalia (former codename for HD Audio) demonstrated at the recent COMPUTEX Taipei 2004. There was certainly improvement on specification over the outdated AC97. However, we thought that it was not that impressive quality and not superior than AC97. We are confident that optional soundcards will be available in the future, probably mostly for audio enthusiast and of course for professionals. Audio still faces huge competition from leading companies and still doesn't provide a full substitute solution for high performance 3D audio and popular gaming surround sound standards such as EAX, Dolby Digital surround, and features like Advanced NSP, the ESI's solution to the native CPU processing for PC Audio. iXBT.com:What is your opinion of the E-MU revival in the sector of sound cards (especially the 1212M and 0404 models)? How you do evaluate DSP features and the quality of converters in these sound cards taking into account their prices? Will ESI respond with a solution featuring top-end converters at an affordable price?

ESI: We generally believe that onboard DSP solutions on audiocards will soon be history. Solutions like VST plugins or DirectX effects are providing excellent results for professional and even ultra high end professional effects, based on native CPU processing. Modern PCs are easily fast enough to provide better sounding effects and software synthesizer sounds compared to current DSP solutions. Right now, we are just at the beginning of this development - in the future, there will be less and less DSP based products in the audio market and native processing solutions will get even more important. In today's native processing environment, it is obvious that the value of a powerful driver providing low CPU load and low latency is considered much more valuable by professionals, compared to onboard DSP hardware. We also believe that we have developed a great value for audio professionals and audio enthusiasts with Juli@ - currently one of the best solution on the market for digital recording because of its exceptional circuitry design. The excellent frequency response is unmatched by any other products in this and even in higher price ranges. Yet, Singapore based Creative Labs has - with some of their E-MU brand products - achieved high dynamic range values on the input section - it is up to the customer if he prefers a good frequency response or a slightly higher dynamic range, just depending on his specific needs. Of course, ESI will provide even better AD and DA conversion quality for future professional audio products, e.g. with our upcoming multi-channel solutions. ESI was one of the first companies to introduce 192kHz and 7.1 channel sound cards and we will continue to introduce new standards and features first. Other examples are the unmatched features like our universal E-WDM drivers and of course DirectWIRE, a virtual digital routing solution with zero latency, exclusively available for users of ESI and Audiotrak products.

iXBT.com:How is ESI getting on? Should we expect new interesting products, such as Juli@, in future from ESI engineers? Can you share some of your plans with us?

ESI: Actually, ESI is currently mostly focusing on developing products that are more market-friendly. For consumer products, Audiotrak brand will release LP (Low Profile) type products which will inherit all the available features in a half sized PCI board and which will fit nicely in a small form factor PC cases. We have the new MAYA 1010 waiting to be released behind the corner but these might not be as special as Juli@. We do plan to design a variety of rack casings to give our users more connection possibilities, both for the consumer and professional music markets. Our drivers and control panels will always have ESI exclusive original features like E-WDM and DirectWIRE which have been as interesting to many people as Juli@'s brilliant swappable hardware design.

iXBT.com: We thank the entire ESI R&D team and personally Nikki Kichan Kang for the interview!

Conclusions

Professional sound card ESI Juli@ has an unusual design, it features both professional and consumer connectors, full MIDI and digital interfaces, high quality playback, excellent drivers, quite a reasonable price, and it is available on sale. Taking into account its price and professional orientation, we found no drawbacks in this card. ESI engineers did a good job, but one can never stop at what has been accomplished – we are looking forward to new sound cards from ESI/Audiotrak with higher quality DACs, which will compete with EMU products of the same price range.

ESI Juli@ gets the 'Original Design' award according to the test results.

We thank ESI for the kindly provided sound card ESI Juli@.

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How to Buy Bitcoin

The best way to learn about bitcoin, is to jump in and get a few in your "pocket" to get a feel for how they work.

Despite the hype about how difficult and dangerous it can be, getting bitcoins is a lot easier and safer than you might think. In a lot of ways, it is probably easier than opening an account at a traditional bank. And, given what has been happening in the banking system, it is probably safer too.

 There are a few things to learn: getting and using a software wallet, learning how to send and receive money, learning how to buy bitcoin from a person or an exchange.

There is a great opportunity to buy bitcoin at Best Cryptocurrency platform Angelium.

Preparation

 Before getting started, you will need to get yourself a wallet. You can do this easily enough by registering with one of the exchanges which will host wallet for you. And, although I think you are going to want to have one or more exchange wallets eventually, you should start with one on your own computer both to get a better feel for bitcoin and because the exchanges are still experimental themselves. When we get to that stage of the discussion, I will be advising that you get in the habit of moving your money and coins off the exchanges or diversifying across exchanges to keep your money safe.

 What is a Bitcoin wallet?

 It is a way to store your bitcoins. Specifically, it is software that has been designed to store bitcoin. It can be run on your desktop computer, laptop, mobile device (except, as yet, Apple) and can also be made to store bitcoins on things like thumb drives. If you are concerned about being hacked, then that is a good option. Even the Winklevoss* twins, who have millions invested in bitcoin, put their investment on hard drives which they then put into a safety deposit box.

 *The Winklevoss twins are the ones who originally had the idea for a social networking site that became Facebook. They hired Mark Zuckerberg who took their idea as his own and became immensely rich.

 What do you need to know about having a bitcoin wallet on your computer?

 Below you can download the original bitcoin wallet, or client, in Windows or Mac format. These are not just wallets, but are in fact part of the bitcoin network. They will receive, store, and send your bitcoins. You can create one or more addresses with a click (an address is a number that looks like this: 1LyFcQatbg4BvT9gGTz6VdqqHKpPn5QBuk). You will see a field where you can copy and paste a number like this from a person you want to send money to and off it will go directly into that person's wallet. You can even create a QR code which will let someone take a picture with an app on their phone and send you some bitcoin. It is perfectly safe to give these out - the address and QR code are both for my donations page. Feel free to donate!

 NOTE: This type of wallet acts both as a wallet for you and as part of the bitcoin system. The reason bitcoin works is that every transaction is broadcast and recorded as a number across the entire system (meaning that every transaction is confirmed and made irreversible by the network itself). Any computer with the right software can be part of that system, checking and supporting the network. This wallet serves as your personal wallet and also as a support for that system. Therefore, be aware that it will take up 8-9 gigabytes of your computer's memory. After you install the wallet, it will take as much as a day for the wallet to sync with the network. This is normal, does not harm your computer, and makes the system as a whole more secure, so it's a good idea.

Presenting you with the most digital technology at our platform. You will think that what really Best digital wallet bitcoin is ? as its the newest Development in the field of Digital wallet bitcoin .A wallet is generally an assortment to save your cash and other financial items. Have you ever heard about a digital wallet? Never !! Now we are giving you a chance to protect your investment in a virtual wallet. Angelium is the most enhanced technology invention which will present all your needs in a virtual facility.

Bitcoin Qt

 The original wallet.

This is a full-featured wallet: create multiple addresses to receive bitcoins, send bitcoins easily, track transactions, and back up your wallet.

Outside of the time it takes to sync, this is a very easy to use option.

Search for Bitcoin Qt wallet download to find their site.

Armory

 Runs on top of Bitcoi Qt, so it has all of the same syncing requirements.

Armory allows you to back up, encrypt, and the ability to store your bitcoins off line.

Search for Bitcoin Armory Wallet to find their site.

If you don't want to have that much memory used or don't want to wait for your wallet to sync, there are good wallets that do not make you sync the entire history of bitcocin:

 Multibit

 A lightweight wallet that syncs quickly. This is very good for new users.

Search for Bitcoin Multibit Wallet to find their site.

Electum

 In addition to being quick and light, this wallet allows you to recover lost data using a passcode.

Search for Bitcoin Electum Wallet to find their site.

After you get the wallet set up, take a few minutes clicking around. Things to look for:

 o There will be a page that shows you how many bitcoins are currently in your wallet. Keep in mind that bitcoins can be broken up into smaller pieces, so you may see a decimal with a lot of zeros after it. (Interesting note, 0.00000001 is one Satoshi, named after the pseudonymous creator of bitcoin).

 o There will be an area showing what your recent transactions are.

 o There will be an area where you can create an address and a QR code (like the one I have above). You don't need the QR code if you don't want it, but if you run a business and you want to accept bitcoin, then all you'll need to do to accept payment is to show someone the QR code, let them take a picture of it, and they will be able to send you some money. You will also be able to create as many addresses as you like, so if you want to track where the money is coming from, you could have a separately labeled address from each one of your payees.

 o There will be an area with a box for you to paste a code when you want to send money to someone or to yourself on an exchange or different wallet.

 There will be other options and features, but to start out with, these are the items that you should know about.

 Getting Your First Bitcoins

  Congratulations! You have just entered the bitcoin economy.

 To get your feet a little wetter, you can go panning for gold. There are a number of services and websites out there that will pay you in bitcoin to do things like go to certain websites, fill out online surveys, or watch sponsored videos. These are harmless, and you can earn a few extra bitcoins this way, but it is important to remember that these are businesses that get paid when people click on the links on their sites. They are essentially kicking back a portion of what they get paid to you. There is nothing illegal, or even immoral about this (you might like what you see and make a purchase!), but they are frequently flashy and may not be completely straightforward. All the ones that I have tried (particularly site.angelium.net) have paid out as advertised. It is interesting to experiment with these, but even with the likely rise in the value of bitcoin, you won't become a millionaire doing this. So, unless you are an advertisement junkie, I would recommend you move on. If you would like to try, simply Google "free bitcoins" or something along those lines and you will find numerous sites.

 Buying Bitcoin Hand-to-Hand

 Finally, this is going to be the real test of bitcoin. Can people easily trade them back and forth? If this can't happen, then there can't really be a bitcoin economy because retailers won't be able to use it. If retailers can't use it, what earthly good is it? Fortunately, this is not really a problem. iPhone is a bit of a hold out, but many smartphones have apps (mobile wallets) that will read QR codes and allow you to send bitcoin to whomever you want. You can also display a QR code of your address, or even carry a card in your wallet with your QR code to let people send bitcoin to you. Depending on what kind of wallet you have, you can then check to see if the bitcoins have been received.

 A couple of things to note:

You may have a bitcoin Meetup in your area.

You can check out site.angelium.net to find people near you who are interested in buying or selling.

Some are trying to start up local street exchanges across the world. These are called Buttonwoods after the first street exchange established on Wall Street in 1792 under a buttonwood tree. See if there is one, or start one, in your area.

See if you have any friends who would like to try bitcoins out. Actually, the more people who start using bitcoin, the larger and more successful it will be come. So please tell two friends!

Some people ask if it is possible to buy physical bitcoins. The answer to this is both a yes and a no. Bitcoin, by its very nature, is a digital currency and has no physical form. However, there are a couple of ways that you can practically hold a bitcoin in your hands:

 Cascascius Coins: These are the brainchild of Mike Caldwell. He mints physical coins and then embeds the private keys for the bitcoins inside them. You can get the private key by peeling a hologram from the coin which will then clearly show that the coin has been tampered with. Mike has gone out of his way to ensure that he can be trusted. These are a good investment strategy as in the years to come it may be that these coins are huge collector's items.

Paper Wallets: A paper wallet just means that rather than keeping the information for your bitcoin stored in a digital wallet, you print the key information off along with a private key and keep it safe in a safe, in a drawer, or in your mattress (if you like). This is highly recommended and cost effective system for keeping your bitcoin safe. Keep in mind, though, that someone could steal them or if your house burns, they will go with the house and there will be no way to get them back. Really, no different than cash. Also, as with Casascius Coins, they will not really be good for spending until you put them back into the computer.

* There is software to make printing your paper wallets easier. site.angelium.net is one of the best and includes a good tutorial about how to use them.

 * The bitcoins are not actually in the wallet, they are still on the web. In fact, the outside of the wallet will have a QR code that will allow you ship coins to the wallet any time you like.

 * The sealed part of the wallet will have the private key without which you cannot access the coins. Therefore, only put as many coins on the wallet as you want to be inaccessible. You will not be able to whip this thing out and take out a few coins to buy a cup of coffee. Rather, think of it as a piggy bank. To get the money, you have to smash it. It is possible to take out smaller amounts, but at this point the security of the wallet is compromised and it would be easier for someone to steal the coins. Better to have them all in or out.

 * People who use paper wallets are usually security conscious, and there are a number of ways for the nefarious in the world to hack your computer. Site.angelium.net gives a lot of good advice about how to print your wallets securely.

 Some people have also asked about buying bitcoins on eBay. Yes, it is possible, but they will be far overpriced. So, selling on eBay might seem to be a better option given the extreme markup over market value you might see. But, as with anything that is too good to be true, this is too good to be true. As I will explain in the next section, selling bitcoin this way is just way too risky.

 How Not to Buy Bitcoin

 In the next section, I am going to explain a couple of key points about buying from Bitcoin Exchanges. Before I do, let me give you a warning.

 A short history lesson: When people first started setting up actual business based on bitcoin, they used all of the tools available to any merchant. They sold by credit card and PayPal. The problem with this business model was quickly spotted: bitcoin transactions are not reversible by anyone except the recipient of the money. Credit cards and PayPal have strong buyer protection policies that make it relatively easy for people to request a chargeback. So, nefarious individuals realized this and began making purchases of bitcoin and then sooner or later requesting a chargeback. And, since bitcoin is a non-physical product, sent by new and poorly understood technological means, the sellers were not able to contest this. Because of this, sellers stopped accepting credit cards and PayPal.

 This was a big problem for the currency: How to move money between buyers and seller? Some business emerged that would credit you with bitcoin if you wired them money. Very often these businesses would give addresses in Albania, Poland, or Russia. The fact is that many of these did work and there are a lot of stories on the forums of people who bought bitcoins this way. But it took a lot of time and in the meantime the buyer just had to bite his or her fingernails wondering if they would get their bitcoins or kiss their investment goodbye.

 I expect that as bitcoin becomes more acceptable and valuable, we are going to see a version of the Nigerian Prince scam. So the warning is this: we now have exchanges and other businesses that allow for moving money easily onto and off of exchanges. Never wire money for bitcoin. It was a short-lived, and well-forgotten, moment in the history of bitcoin.

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Official site

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 Angelium wallet

https://wallet.angelium.net

 Facebook

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 Twitter

https://twitter.com/AngeliumANL

 Telegram (English)

https://github.com/angelium

 Telegram (Chinese)

https://t.me/AngeliumChinese

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https://t.me/angelium_jp

 Official Video

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 Youtube channel

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The Co-Founder Of Ethereum Has Thoughts On Facebook's Libra

None of the information you learn on CryptoSlate needs to be taken as funding recommendation. CryptoSlate is just not accountable, immediately or not directly, for any damage or loss incurred, alleged or otherwise, in connection to the use or reliance of any content you learn on the site. CryptoSlate has no affiliation or relationship with any coin, enterprise, project or occasion except explicitly stated otherwise. CryptoSlate is only an informational webpage that gives information about coins, blockchain companies, blockchain products and blockchain events. Once we plan our editorial calendar, we try to reference the timelines of massive occasions in our trade, so that our protection is timely.

What I did not plan for a 12 months in the past is how much the specialists on this field would wish to talk about blockchain technology. Experts are envisioning this as unlocking the capability of a real finish-to-finish communication and verification meals security device, used throughout the provision chain from grower to retailer, making all the knowledge visible by all events. That's the same enthusiasm I was met with when interviewing various the experts about blockchain technology being utilized to make sure meals safety in your entire supply chain. Just final week, Mahindra and IBM joined hands to develop Blockchain Solution for Supply Chain Finance. Clear is a Blockchain based clearing answer for real time clearing and settlement. Electrum has been round since 2011 and nonetheless receives common updates to improve stability and add a number of new options as time progresses. Removing or modifying it is almost unattainable without having a majority of nodes agree on rolling back transactions to a sure point in time. I don't have a pithy approach of describing blockchain technology but, as I did for IoT-I used to explain it as your toaster having a Facebook web page and posting status updates to your fridge. Deploying blockchain enterprise-broad means corporations will often should scrap their existing business processes and start from scratch. Armory offers multi-signature and chilly storage support, which can present for extra safety to both novice and experienced customers. Below are a few of the most handy desktop bitcoin wallets for novice users, all of that are properly worth testing. Multibit has all the time marketed itself because the go-to wallet for desktop bitcoin customers. Similarly to most different wallet providers, Electrum requires specific servers and nodes to keep up its connection to the bitcoin network. Do keep in mind Armory requires the customers to download the entire blockchain on their pc. What makes Armory so interesting are some of its extra extensive features, despite the fact that they could not essentially appeal to novice cryptocurrency users instantly. One of the “oldest’ desktop bitcoin wallet options accessible right now goes by the name of Armory. Read the full article

[jacobhinkley]

Bitcoin and Mnemonics: The Art of the Secret Phrase

As more new people adopt cryptocurrencies, lots of newbies are creating mnemonic recovery phrases in order to make sure their digital assets are kept secure. It is very important to understand how your private keys are stored just in case there is an issue with your wallet client or device that holds your funds. Not all mnemonic phrases are the same, and restoration can be difficult for certain types of derivation paths. Today we are going to discuss what a mnemonic seed is and how they work.

Also read: Bitcoin Ownership: Your Private Keys to Financial Sovereignty     

Understanding the Cryptocurrency Seed Phrase and the Use of Memoria Technica

A mnemonic seed is used for a lot of wallets, and users traditionally write down either a 12, 18 or 24-word phrase that is tied to their private keys. The use of mnemonics, or ‘memoria technica,’ is derived from the era of the ancient Greeks when Aristotle and Plato philosophized about certain types of logic.

This is a depiction of the Knuckle mnemonic which represents the number of days in each month of the Gregorian Calendar.

Basically, a mnemonic is a way to reproduce something hard to remember, like a series of data, and by associating the data with things like random words, so humans can remember the original data by using the mnemonic as a deciphering tool. With private keys tied to cryptocurrencies, the list of words you write down as a backup is basically enough information to recover your funds to another wallet if something unfortunate were to happen. A trustworthy wallet’s software will tie the private key to a mnemonic recovery phrase in a secure and randomized fashion.

Example twelve word seed phrase.

Not All BIP 39 Mnemonic Phrase Supporting Wallets Restore in the Same Fashion

Cryptocurrency wallets that use a mnemonic seeds support an implementation called BIP 39 which allows private keys to be tethered to a group of easy to remember words. So whenever you write down a seed to a new wallet the set of words is your private key and anyone who learns the mnemonic phrase has access to your funds. So always be very careful with your mnemonic recovery phrase. The longer the mnemonic, the more secure your assets will be as a 24-word seed is harder to crack compared to one that is just twelve. The English wordlist for BIP 39 contains 2048 words, so in order to crack a 12-word phrase it would require figuring out 2048^12 = 2^132 possible combinations under a shield of 128-bit security. The longer the phrase, the number of possible combinations becomes exponentially harder to crack.

Not all BIP 39 implementations are the same as you may find seeds from wallets like Blockchain, Mycelium, Copay, Bitpay, Jaxx, Ledger, and Keepkey mnemonic phrases are not compatible with clients like Multibit, and BRD (Bread) seeds. This is because wallets like BRD use a different derivation path than some of the others. The different derivation paths that most wallets use include BIP 32, 44, 49, 84, and 141. So in order to find out whether or not your wallet seed is compatible with another wallet you need to figure out the wallet’s seed implementation. Researching other wallets that can restore your funds because they use the same restoration method is a really good thing to know just in case your Ledger Nano broke, or your mobile phone was stolen. It means you don’t necessarily have to use the same wallet. For instance, if your Ledger broke you wouldn’t have to wait to order a new Trezor as you could restore the funds into another wallet if you desired.

Ian Coleman’s Mnemonic Code Converter

If you are having issues with importing your key to another wallet you can use Ian Colman’s nifty tool called the Mnemonic Code Converter. The cool thing about the converter is that it can be used offline so people can check their mnemonic seed or addresses that contain funds. The tool has all the BIP 39 compatible derivation paths, and you can simply type in your mnemonic and it will produce all the tethered addresses including private keys, the extended private key, and more including scannable QR codes. However be very careful using a scanner as some malicious scanners can record the seed.

Make sure you use this tool offline and on a clean computer. Do not use 

Some Wallets Offer You the Ability to Look at Your Seed Phrase at Any Time After Creation or Allow you to Initiate a Restore Dry Run

Now, most newer wallets allow you to double check what you wrote down right after you finished recording the seed phrase on paper, but not all wallets do this so it’s sometimes good to double check your seed. Some wallets keep the seed available within the application so you can view it at any time if you lost your piece of paper or you think you wrote down the words incorrectly. Other wallets like Trezor allow users to perform a restoration ‘dry run’ test of a seed tethered to a device. This means if you bought a Trezor back in the early days and you’re not sure you wrote the seed down correctly, you can double check it without fully restoring as long as you have up to date firmware.

Understanding and Guarding Your Seed Will Ensure Better Security and Safety from Unfortunate Issues

A mnemonic recovery phrase needs to be well-guarded and kept away from prying eyes because if anyone remembers it they can steal your funds. The most common way people store them is on a piece of paper but remember that paper can burn, and deteriorate over time so some people take extra precautions. You can laminate the paper seed phrase adding more life to how long it will last, some people etch their seeds in steel, or use products like the Cryptosteel.

Some people use more durable methods than paper such as steel.

Other people have the guts to memorize their seed as remembering 12-24 words is not so difficult for people with photographic memory. Some people hide the mnemonic in a book or a journal using the words from inside the book as a replacement for the seed words and write down the page or highlight the words in a secret fashion.

The more people understand how private keys work and how a mnemonic is tied to them then it will be much easier for people to restore funds in a less worrisome fashion. It is also good practice to make sure you wrote all the words down correctly and to also check if a wallet software’s recovery phrase is compatible with the current standards.

What do you think about the method of recovering keys with a mnemonic phrase? Let us know what you think about this subject in the comment section below.

Images via Shutterstock, Wiki Commons, Pixabay, Bitcoin.com, Trezor blog, and Electron Cash.

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The post Bitcoin and Mnemonics: The Art of the Secret Phrase appeared first on Bitcoin News.

Bitcoin and Mnemonics: The Art of the Secret Phrase published first on https://medium.com/@smartoptions

[dorcasrempel]

Reducing delays in wireless networks

MIT researchers have designed a congestion-control scheme for wireless networks that could help reduce lag times and increase quality in video streaming, video chat, mobile gaming, and other web services.

To keep web services running smoothly, congestion-control schemes infer information about a network’s bandwidth capacity and congestion based on feedback from the network routers, which is encoded in data packets. That information determines how fast data packets are sent through the network.

Deciding a good sending rate can be a tough balancing act. Senders don’t want to be overly conservative: If a network’s capacity constantly varies from, say, 2 megabytes per second to 500 kilobytes per second, the sender could always send traffic at the lowest rate. But then your Netflix video, for example, will be unnecessarily low-quality. On the other hand, if the sender constantly maintains a high rate, even when network capacity dips, it could  overwhelm the network, creating a massive queue of data packets waiting to be delivered. Queued packets can increase the network’s delay, causing, say, your Skype call to freeze.

Things get even more complicated in wireless networks, which have “time-varying links,” with rapid, unpredictable capacity shifts. Depending on various factors, such as the number of network users, cell tower locations, and even surrounding buildings, capacities can double or drop to zero within fractions of a second. In a paper at the USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, the researchers presented “Accel-Brake Control” (ABC), a simple scheme that achieves about 50 percent higher throughput, and about half the network delays, on time-varying links.

The scheme relies on a novel algorithm that enables the routers to explicitly communicate how many data packets should flow through a network to avoid congestion but fully utilize the network. It provides that detailed information from bottlenecks — such as packets queued between cell towers and senders — by repurposing a single bit already available in internet packets. The researchers are already in talks with mobile network operators to test the scheme.

“In cellular networks, your fraction of data capacity changes rapidly, causing lags in your service. Traditional schemes are too slow to adapt to those shifts,” says first author Prateesh Goyal, a graduate student in CSAIL. “ABC provides detailed feedback about those shifts, whether it’s gone up or down, using a single data bit.”

Joining Goyal on the paper are Anup Agarwal, now a graduate student at Carnegie Melon University; Ravi Netravali, now an assistant professor of computer science at the University of California at Los Angeles; Mohammad Alizadeh, an associate professor in MIT’s Department of Electrical Engineering (EECS) and CSAIL; and Hari Balakrishnan, the Fujitsu Professor in EECS. The authors have all been members of the Networks and Mobile Systems group at CSAIL.

Achieving explicit control

Traditional congestion-control schemes rely on either packet losses or information from a single “congestion” bit in internet packets to infer congestion and slow down. A router, such as a base station, will mark the bit to alert a sender — say, a video server — that its sent data packets are in a long queue, signaling congestion. In response, the sender will then reduce its rate by sending fewer packets. The sender also reduces its rate if it detects a pattern of packets being dropped before reaching the receiver.

In attempts to provide greater information about bottlenecked links on a network path, researchers have proposed “explicit” schemes that include multiple bits in packets that specify current rates. But this approach would mean completely changing the way the internet sends data, and it has proved impossible to deploy. 

“It’s a tall task,” Alizadeh says. “You’d have to make invasive changes to the standard Internet Protocol (IP) for sending data packets. You’d have to convince all Internet parties, mobile network operators, ISPs, and cell towers to change the way they send and receive data packets. That’s not going to happen.”

With ABC, the researchers still use the available single bit in each data packet, but they do so in such a way that the bits, aggregated across multiple data packets, can provide the needed real-time rate information to senders. The scheme tracks each data packet in a round-trip loop, from sender to base station to receiver. The base station marks the bit in each packet with “accelerate” or “brake,” based on the current network bandwidth. When the packet is received, the marked bit tells the sender to increase or decrease the “in-flight” packets — packets sent but not received — that can be in the network.

If it receives an accelerate command, it means the packet made good time and the network has spare capacity. The sender then sends two packets: one to replace the packet that was received and another to utilize the spare capacity. When told to brake, the sender decreases its in-flight packets by one — meaning it doesn’t replace the packet that was received.

Used across all packets in the network, that one bit of information becomes a powerful feedback tool that tells senders their sending rates with high precision. Within a couple hundred milliseconds, it can vary a sender’s rate between zero and double. “You’d think one bit wouldn’t carry enough information,” Alizadeh says. “But, by aggregating single-bit feedback across a stream of packets, we can get the same effect as that of a multibit signal.”

Staying one step ahead

At the core of ABC is an algorithm that predicts the aggregate rate of the senders one round-trip ahead to better compute the accelerate/brake feedback.

The idea is that an ABC-equipped base station knows how senders will behave — maintaining, increasing, or decreasing their in-flight packets — based on how it marked the packet it sent to a receiver. The moment the base station sends a packet, it knows how many packets it will receive from the sender in exactly one round-trip’s time in the future. It uses that information to mark the packets to more accurately match the sender’s rate to the current network capacity.

In simulations of cellular networks, compared to traditional congestion control schemes, ABC achieves around 30 to 40 percent greater throughput for roughly the same delays. Alternatively, it can reduce delays by around 200 to 400 percent by maintaining the same throughput as traditional schemes. Compared to existing explicit schemes that were not designed for time-varying links, ABC reduces delays by half for the same throughput. “Basically, existing schemes get low throughput and low delays, or high throughput and high delays, whereas ABC achieves high throughput with low delays,” Goyal says.

Next, the researchers are trying to see if apps and web services can use ABC to better control the quality of content. For example, “a video content provider could use ABC’s information about congestion and data rates to pick the resolution of streaming video more intelligently,” Alizadeh says. “If it doesn’t have enough capacity, the video server could lower the resolution temporarily, so the video will continue playing at the highest possible quality without freezing.”

Reducing delays in wireless networks syndicated from https://osmowaterfilters.blogspot.com/

[marksmithusa3]

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