#NaturePhysics

[scienza-magia]

Fluttuazioni di bolle di vuoto quantistico nell'Universo

Bolle di atomi ultrafreddi per studiare il vuoto quantistico e l’universo. Nel laboratorio di atomi ultrafreddi del Pitaevskii Center for Bose-Einstein Condensation di Trento sono stati osservati per la prima volta dei fenomeni che possono far luce sui meccanismi che determinano la stabilità del nostro universo. I risultati, frutto della collaborazione tra l'Istituto nazionale di ottica del Cnr, il Dipartimento di fisica dell'Università di Trento, il Centro Nazionale dell’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Tifpa e l'Università di Newcastle, sono stati pubblicati sulla rivista Nature Physics.

La nascita della bolla avviene quando gli atomi ultrafreddi, come piccoli magneti preparati nello stato iniziale più energetico blu (falso vuoto), decadono nello stato rosso (vero vuoto). In che tipo di vuoto si trova il nostro universo? Secondo la fisica moderna, l'universo è il risultato dell'interazione tra particelle e campi - tra cui, per esempio, quello elettromagnetico - e potrebbe trovarsi in una configurazione di equilibrio detta di falso vuoto, ovvero uno stato solo in parte “stabile”, caratterizzato da un livello di energia che non corrisponde al minimo assoluto possibile. Questo permette, in linea teorica, la transizione verso livelli di energia più bassi, a causa di fluttuazioni di energia di origine quantistica o termica che porterebbero a “decadere” nello stato veramente stabile a energia minore, detto di vero vuoto. Questo processo può avvenire su scale di tempo molto diverse tra loro a seconda dei parametri del sistema, e prevede la formazione di “bolle” di vero vuoto all'interno del falso vuoto, in modo del tutto analogo alla formazione di gocce di liquido in un vapore raffreddato sotto il punto di condensazione. Il fenomeno ha implicazioni molto importanti sui processi cosmologici: per questo la comunità scientifica ha continuato a indagare e a domandarsi in che tipo di vuoto si trovi il nostro universo, sviluppando teorie sofisticate e provando ad immaginare quali piattaforme sperimentali potessero confermare i vari modelli teorici, non potendo accedere direttamente ai processi che hanno avuto luogo subito dopo il Big Bang. Oggi, nei laboratori del Pitaevskii Center for Bose-Einstein Condensation di Trento, sono stati osservati per la prima volta dei fenomeni che possono far luce sui meccanismi che determinano la stabilità del nostro universo. Lo studio,il cui primo autore è Alessandro Zenesini (Pitaevskii BEC Center, Istituto nazionale di ottica del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche e Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Trento, Tifpa Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN), è pubblicato sull’ultimo numero della rivista Nature Physics. I ricercatori hanno preparato una “nuvola” di atomi ultrafreddi di sodio in uno stato iniziale che simula uno stato di falso vuoto. Al variare dei parametri sperimentali, hanno poi studiato dopo quanto tempo gli atomi cambiavano configurazione raggiungendo lo stato di vero vuoto. Oltre a verificare che il comportamento degli atomi fosse compatibile con le simulazioni numeriche del sistema, gli autori hanno unito le loro forze con il gruppo teorico di Ian Moss, cosmologo dell’Università di Newcastle, che ha anche collaborato con Stephen Hawking, per verificare che le più accreditate teorie di decadimento del falso vuoto fossero compatibili con le osservazioni sperimentali. “Gli atomi ultrafreddi si confermano una volta ancora come una piattaforma ideale per la simulazione quantistica sia dell'estremamente piccolo che dell'estremamente grande: in questo caso abbiamo usato le proprietà magnetiche degli atomi per creare artificialmente un vero e un falso vuoto in un ambiente sperimentale estremamente stabile e controllato. Questo controllo del condensato ci ha permesso di studiare il decadimento del falso vuoto in diverse condizioni sperimentali e confrontare le osservazioni con le previsioni teoriche”, spiega Alessandro Zenesini, ricercatore di Cnr-Ino che ha lavorato allo studio assieme a Giacomo Lamporesi e Alessio Recati dello stesso Istituto. La verifica sperimentale assume particolare rilevanza in quanto supera le conoscenze teoriche sviluppate ad oggi: “Le teorie di decadimento di falso vuoto sono state teorizzate cinquant'anni fa e quasi unicamente avendo in mente processi tipici delle alte energie, della fisica sub-nucleare e della cosmologia", aggiunge Gabriele Ferrari (UniTrento). “I risultati ottenuti rappresentano, quindi, un primo passo verso la validazione di teorie finora astratte, e avviano nuovi filoni di ricerca sperimentale sui vari aspetti della formazione della bolla di vero vuoto e del suo comportamento, con implicazioni anche nel campo della biochimica e della computazione quantistica”. Questa ricerca è stata finanziata da Provincia Autonoma di Trento, INFN, MUR, Quantum Science and Technology a Trento(Q@TN), UK Quantum Technologies programme e dall'Unione Europea. (La redazione non è responsabile del testo di questo comunicato stampa, che è stato pubblicato integralmente e senza variazioni) Fonte: INFN/CNR Read the full article

[osintelligence]

https://bit.ly/42z4h0J - 🔬 Quantum information (QI) processing, with its potential to revolutionize technology through unprecedented computational capabilities, security, and detection sensitivities, relies on the development of stable and efficient qubits. Researchers are exploring various platforms like superconducting Josephson junctions, trapped ions, topological qubits, ultra-cold neutral atoms, and diamond vacancies to find the best fit. #QuantumComputing #Qubits 🌡️ Nano-mechanical resonators are a promising potential platform for qubits. These oscillators, similar to springs or strings, produce varying sounds depending on the drive's strength. When cooled to absolute zero, their energy levels become quantized and continue to vibrate due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, thereby making the realization of a mechanical qubit possible. #NanomechanicalResonators #QuantumMechanics 🎯 The main challenge is to maintain significant non-linear effects in the quantum regime. A solid theoretical concept of a mechanical qubit, based on a nanotube resonator coupled to a double-quantum dot, was established in 2021 by Fabio Pistolesi, Andrew N. Cleland, and Adrian Bachtold. This demonstrated nanomechanical resonators as viable qubit candidates due to their potential for long coherence times. #QuantumPhysics #QubitResearch 💡 In a recent study published in Nature Physics, researchers took the first pre-experimental steps toward realizing a mechanical qubit. They demonstrated a new mechanism to boost the anharmonicity of a mechanical oscillator in its quantum regime by fabricating a suspended nanotube device and adjusting the voltage to allow the flow of only one electron onto the nanotube at a time. #QuantumExperiment #NaturePhysics ❄️ At nearly absolute zero temperatures, they observed non-linear vibrations in the nanotube, an astonishing feat given that other resonators showed non-linearities at amplitudes much greater than its zero-point motion. The anharmonicity increased as vibrations cooled closer to the ground state, contrary to previous observations in other mechanical resonators. #QuantumRegime #Nanotube 🚀 These results provide a stepping stone toward the development of mechanical qubits and quantum simulators. Future experiments that target cat states and mechanical qubits may benefit from coupling nanotube vibrations to a double-quantum dot, which could lead to stronger nonlinearities along with longer-lived mechanical states.

[babyawacs]

@science .@science @sciam @nature @quantamagazine @mathematics .@mathematics .@us_stratcom @iaeaorg @ro satom @naturephysics @cern .@cern #science donot fight for ignorance beglad it works  thereisnothing implausible andor logically inconsistent within th e axiom. thereon challenging is the norm and error steps forward has a l w a y s been science ‎ couldyou disproove things fear not empirics but be critical what they r e a l l y measured basedon what for what did they try to measure saves the lookwhatyoumademebuild mess

@science .@science @sciam @nature @quantamagazine @mathematics .@mathematics .@us_stratcom @iaeaorg @rosatom @naturephysics @cern .@cern #science donot fight for ignorance beglad it works thereisnothing implausible andor logically inconsistent within the axiom. thereon challenging is the norm and error steps forward has a l w a y s been science ‎ couldyou disproove things fear not empirics but be…

[insurgentepress]

Suprime errores ordenador cuántico alternando dos códigos de corrección

La corrección de errores cuánticos es esencial para una computación cuántica confiable, pero ningún código único admite todas las puertas tolerantes a fallas requeridas, así lo reveló una investigación publicada en @NaturePhysics.

Agencias/Ciudad de México.- Científicos de la Universidad de Innsbruck han presentado un método que permite al ordenador cuántico suprimir errores eficientemente cambiando entre dos códigos de corrección diferentes. Los ordenadores también cometen errores, que suelen evitarse mediante medidas técnicas o detectarse y corregirse durante el cálculo. En los ordenadores cuánticos, esto supone un…

[sciencefor]

Vanadium Dioxide can ‘remember’!!!

A surprisingly simple material, vanadium dioxide, can retain a record of "the entire history of previous external stimuli". In other words, it can 'remember'!

https://interestingengineering.com/science/researchers-have-discovered-a-material-that-can-remember-like-a-human

#epfl #epflphysicists #naturephysics

[sangklp]

Een schat aan nooit eerder ontdekte vouwpatronen, dat is de uitkomst van @LeidenPhysics - Amsterdams onderzoek dat 140 basisvouwpuzzelstukjes bij elkaar bracht. Het onderzoek verschijnt vandaag in @NaturePhysics https://t.co/V2Wp4Xpsk8 https://t.co/TlaMqJApY2 https://www.youtube.com/c/lifesang

[fumpkins]

A new way to measure energy in microscopic machines

Illustration reveals 2 DNA particles in a nanofluidic staircase. The staircase boundaries the DNA particles, producing a totally free energy that is greater on top and lower at the bottom. The DNA particles mainly come down the staircase to decrease their energy and unwind, however often rose the staircase as microscopic changes increase theirenergy Bottom: Microscope images reveal 2 DNA particles in the staircase. Jagged white lines reveal their trajectories. Letters mark various pictures of each particle taken at one-minute periods. Vertical white lines reveal the positions of action edges. The particle on top right mainly comes down the staircase. The particle at the bottom left ascends 2 actions prior to coming down. Relaxation Fluctuation Spectroscopy is a new approach of examining such ever-changing trajectories to measure the totally free energy of microscopic systems. Credit: NIST.

What drives cells to live and engines to relocation? It all boils down to an amount that researchers call “free energy,” basically the energy that can be drawn out from any system to carry out helpful work. Without this offered energy, a living organism would ultimately pass away and a maker would lie idle.

In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, scientists have actually developed and showed a new way to measure totally freeenergy By utilizing microscopy to track and examine the varying movement or setup of single particles or other little items, the new approach can be used to a higher range of microscopic and nanoscopic systems than previous methods.

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“Scientists have relied on free energy to understand complex systems since the development of steam engines. This concept will continue to be just as fundamental as we engineer and design proteins and other single-molecule systems,” kept in mind NIST’s David Ross, very first author of a new paper on this work in NaturePhysics “But the measurements are much harder for those small systems���so approaches like the new one we describe will be of fundamental importance,” he included.

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By determining modifications in totally free energy as a system moves or changes its internal structure, researchers can forecast specific elements of how a living system will act or how a maker will run– without the difficult job of keeping an eye on the comings and goings of all the atoms and particles that comprise the system.

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An daily example of totally free energy is in the internal combustion engine of a car, with an overall energy equivalent to the energy of its movement plus the heat it produces. Subtracting the heat energy, which dissipates from the system, leaves the totally free energy.

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In one approach, researchers utilize a microscopic force sensing unit to pull on a protein or DNA particle, which can act as a mini spring when extended or compressed, to measure modifications in force and position as a system unwinds and launchesenergy However, the accessory of the force sensing unit can disrupt the microscopic system and can not be utilized to measure modifications in totally free energy that do not include a simple modification in position.

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Microscope video reveals 2 DNA particles in a nanofluidic staircase, with rugged white lines showing their trajectories. Vertical white lines reveal the positions of action edges. The particle at leading right mainly comes down the staircase. The particle at bottom left ascends 2 actions prior to coming down. Relaxation Fluctuation Spectroscopy is a new approach of examining such ever-changing trajectories to measure the totally free energy of microscopic systems. Credit: NIST

Thenew approach, which can utilize optical microscopy to track the movement or setup of little systems, figures out totally free energies without the accessory to a force sensing unit. The new analysis might show an effective way to peer into the inner functions of a broad range of microscopic systems, consisting of living systems such as infections or cells to much better comprehend the procedures, such as energy consumption, chain reactions and the motion of particles that keep living systems operating.

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“We are surrounded by natural systems that take advantage of microscopic fluctuations in free energy, and now we have a way to better measure, understand, and, ultimately, manipulate these fluctuations ourselves,” stated co-author Elizabeth Strychalski of NIST.

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The analysis provides itself to studying microscopic systems that begin in an extremely fired up state with high energy, far from balance with their environments, and after that unwind back towards balance. The homes of microscopic systems can vary substantially as they unwind due to the random movement from constant scrambling by surrounding particles. The new approach, which the group refers to as Relaxation Fluctuation Spectroscopy (ReFlucS), utilizes measurements of those changes throughout relaxation to identify the totally free energy.

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“Our approach shows that useful information can be gleaned from observing the random motions of a system as it settles down from a highly excited, far-from-equilibrium state,” stated co-author Christopher Jarzynski of the University of Maryland.

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As an excellent system, the researchers studied the movement of DNA particles restricted to a nanometer-scale space formed like a staircase. To capture into the leading actions, which are the shallowest, the DNA particles need to be compressed more firmly than particles that inhabit the bottom actions. This results in a greater totally free energy for the particles at the top. By using an electrical field, the group drove the DNA particles into the top of the staircase. The scientists then shut off the electrical field and observed the motion of the particles with an optical microscopic lense.

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The DNA particles mainly came down the staircase as they unwinded towards balance, reducing their totally freeenergy However, due to microscopic changes, the DNA particles periodically returned up the staircase, increasing their totally freeenergy The scientists examined the ever-changing movement of the DNA particles, permitting them to draw up the totally free-energy profile– just how much totally free energy there is at various places, and where the energy is low and high.

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“ReFlucS provides access to information about free energy that was previously inaccessible,” stated co-author Samuel Stavis of NIST.

Explore even more: Physicists show energy input anticipates molecular habits.

. More details: DavidRoss et al, Equilibrium totally free energies from non-equilibrium trajectories with relaxation variation spectroscopy, NaturePhysics(2018). DOI: 10.1038/ s41567-018-0153 -5.

Journal referral: NaturePhysics.

Provided by: NationalInstitute of Standards andTechnology

This story is republished thanks to NIST. Read the initial story here.

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New post published on: https://www.livescience.tech/2018/06/09/a-new-way-to-measure-energy-in-microscopic-machines/

[2shalabhsaxena]

The fat-tail phenomenon of pandemics, dating back to 429 BC and including #COVID19, is vital to recognize but tail-risk is largely ignored in current epidemiological models@DrCirillo @nntaleb @NaturePhysics ★ very perceptive work https://t.co/3T7U7tEafT@tudelft pic.twitter.com/KRiswLWjJ1

— Eric Topol (@EricTopol) May 25, 2020

[seedoflife]

The latest The Roney Smith Daily! https://t.co/EfM332Vhyc Thanks to @BklynInstitute @NaturePhysics @KateSanner #ces2020 #ad

The latest The Roney Smith Daily! https://t.co/EfM332Vhyc Thanks to @BklynInstitute @NaturePhysics @KateSanner #ces2020 #ad

— Roney Smith (@seedoflife) January 7, 2020

via Twitter https://twitter.com/seedoflife January 07, 2020 at 02:52PM

[babyawacs]

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[babyawacs]

if angels were true good therewouldbe nothing to fear ever and ever everever but itis human beings personnel in a religion doing th ings out of abilities of humans overexcerted and struggling with desperation cynism and in need for a thank you: thank you    #schmullus_worldpresident_in_captainproton  #hmm #heavenisaplaceonearth #heaven_i_s_a_place_on_earth #it_truly #really #is @science @sciam @na ture @pontifex @pontifex_de @ekd .@pontifex @radiovaticano @nature @quantamagazine @us_stratcom .@atom .@us_stratcom .@iterorg @iterwomen @doescience @darpa @naturephysics @harvardlife @harvardtox

if angels were true good therewouldbe nothing to fear ever and ever everever but itis human beings personnel in a religion doing things out of abilities of humans overexcerted and struggling with desperation cynism and in need for a thank you: thank you #schmullus_worldpresident_in_captainproton #hmm #heavenisaplaceonearth #heaven_i_s_a_place_on_earth #it_truly #really #is @science @sciam @nature…

[babyawacs]

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[babyawacs]

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[babyawacs]

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