#PGM Sequencer

[dragon-communion]

I am tempted to write a couple drabbles or something to warm up my brain for the day. I don't think I've been getting weird enough, so I'm just going to fling some ideas out:

Do you think bosses with transformation sequences get dysphoria or phantom limbs? Rykard in particular is the most obvious choice to me, actually. He's a reptile now. Sort of. Do you think he can feel those second-phase limbs, squeezed tight in the living pressure cuff of a body that is also him? The limbs are in such odd places too, I imagine trying to walk around in second phase is a miracle and a half. Is the snake bothered by having a second face in her throat? Does it hurt, every time those vestigial limbs move? Can they feel the people they've eaten?

Do you think the Crucible Knights feel their extraneous spell-conjured limbs even when they're not present? Do the ones with wings have this consuming itch to preen that can never be satisfied?

I really want to stick Lusat and Azur in an MRI machine. Alberich too. Do crystals growing from your flesh hurt? Do they start under the skin, or in a follicle? What's the care treatment, do crystal growths get infected? Maybe it's like freckles at first. Maybe the crops and water and animals in Liurnia are so infused with trace amounts of glintstone that it glitters in the hair and claws of apex predators. After all, if a contaminant is going to show up anywhere, it's hair and nails. Maybe tears.

Oh gods. What if kidney stones in Liurnia have glintstone in them. Bezoars have medieval significance, etc etc, so.

Don't even get me started on the linguistic impact of the Ancient Dragon Cult. Considering the fact that we learn our incantations from prayerbooks, I'm pretty sure we're literally weaponizing prayers, and a lot of the different schools come from different enough regions and gods that I 100% believe faith casters end up with a terrible chimera of half-understood languages. Imagine realizing what the words mean in the middle of casting just because of the context. I am now severely tempted to write a fic just to slip in some references that will probably only entertain me. (ex: the Cannibal Hymn of Pharaoh Unas, the Enuma Eliš, the original Hippocratic Oath, maybe something from the Lokasenna for giggles, the PGM)

I think the Golden Order has moral opinions on sign language and Braille. ....though it wouldn't be called Braille. Something about the speech of the Two Fingers being movement and the speech of the Three Fingers being fingerprints.

[alchameth]

"In summary therefore, the main conclusions of this thesis are:

i) There is a considerable amount of commonality between the methods and equipment of magic in the PGM, Hygromanteia and Clavicula Salomonis.

ii) There is a clear line of transmission from the Hygromanteia to the Clavicula Salomonis which is identifiable down to the very detailed level of Solomonic method and specific pieces of equipment. Therefore there can be no doubt that the Hygromanteia is the forefather of the Clavicula Salomonis.

iii) There are two main exceptions to the above point:

a) The skrying chapters in the Hygromanteia, have not been passed on to the Clavicula Salomonis. These skrying methods are however found almost word-forword in an 11th century Jewish source. Accordingly, either Jewish sources supplied these chapters to the Hygromanteia, or were derived from it.

b) The pentacles chapters in the Clavicula Salomonis do not derive from the Hygromanteia, but probably come from the manuscript Sepher ha-Otot, or from a related source.

iv) There is no clear line of transmission between the PGM and the Hygromanteia, but the high degree of commonality makes it certain that the PGM was a major contributor to the contents of the Hygromanteia. The Testament of Solomon was also shown to be an important contributor to the Hygromanteia.

v) A number of magical techniques were identified, such as precise timing of rites by day, hour and Moon phase, strict purification, fasting, use of specific incenses, use of shared nomina magica, and techniques such as threatening spirits with the names of their superiors, or the impersonation of a god to ensure compliance from the spirit.

vi) Equipment used for protection of the magician including the protective floor circle and the phylactery/ourania/lamen, are common to all three texts.

vii) There is a definite sequence to the procedures of ‘Solomonic magic’, foreshadowed in the PGM, but precisely defined in the Hygromanteia and the Clavicula Salomonis, and identified as the ‘Solomonic method.’

viii) The pentacle section of the Clavicula Salomonis was derived from the Sepher ha-Otot, or a cognate Hebrew source. A crude cut-down version of these pentacles was used in the Hygromanteia to construct the ourania/lamen, and the pentacles found in versions of the Clavicula Salomonis are less detailed, and with less complete Hebrew. Therefore either the Sepher ha-Otot is contributory to both the Hygromanteia and the Clavicula Salomonis, or a common ancestor informed all three texts.

ix) The meaning of -µαντεια as used in chapters 47-58 of the Hygromanteia embraces evocation and skrying as well as just divination.

x) Although Hebraic god names like Adonai, Iaō and Sabaoth are frequently found in the PGM, the Hygromanteia and Clavicula Salomonis, they were divorced from the methods of Jewish magic.

xi) The Sepher Maphteah Shelomoh manuscript of 1700, instead of being evidence of the Jewish roots of Solomonic magic, was in fact a translation of a Latin/Italian manuscript of the Clavicula Salomonis, and therefore not its source.

xii) A full set of correspondences of stones, herbs and beasts, has become split off from the Hygromanteia, prior to 1440, leaving just a few zodiacal and planetary herbal correspondences. These correspondences reappear in other grimoires, such as the Sepher Raziel, or in separate lapidaria, herbaria or bestiaries, but are not carried forward into the Clavicula Salomonis.

xiii) The so-called Mithrasliturgie, is neither a Mithraic text nor the liturgy of any religion, nor is it a magical text, but a procedure for a solitary Mystery rite, designed to confer immortality upon just one initiate.

xiv) A new translation for the Ephesia Grammata has been proposed, as an example of how knowledge of the techniques can sometimes help to decipher the meaning of nomina magica.

Speculative Conclusions about the origins of the Hygromanteia:

xv) The date of composition of the Hygromanteia was probably late 6th/early 7th century, with a major redaction occurring in the early 13th century.

xvi) The place of composition of the Hygromanteia was probably Alexandria, with the text being subsequently taken to Constantinople. The author was Greek educated and not a Christian.

xvii) The Hygromanteia may have been written or compiled by Stephanos of Alexandria (and Athens) in the late 6th century, and brought by him to Constantinople.

xviii) The title Hygromanteia was originally only applied to the last chapters 47-59.

ix) The most likely title of the Hygromanteia is The Magical Treatise of Gathering and Directing the Spirits, or the Magical Treatise, although it was probably originally called the Ἀποτελεσµατικὴ πραγµατεία."

Stephen Skinner, Magical Techniques and Implements present in Graeco-Egyptian Magical Papyri, Byzantine Greek Solomonic Manuscripts and European Grimoires: Transmission, Continuity and Commonality, 2013, pp. 377-379.

[tvgremlin]

Camp rock two is so succession coded.

[kilopgene]

Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file how to#

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file software#

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file download#

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file windows#

If memory is limited, stacks can be opened as Virtual-Stacks with most of the stack remaining on the disk until it is required. Then you can put those images into a stack by Image › Stacks › Images to stack Unlike the File › Import › Image Sequence function, the images don’t need to be the same dimensions.

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file windows#

Selected images that are not the same size can be imported as individual images windows using File › Import and select each individual image you want imported into Fiji. (You may get a couple of error messages while Fiji tries to open any non-image files in the experimental directory.) The stack will “interleave” the multiple channels you recorded, and can be de-interleaved via Plugins › Stacks - Shuffling › Deinterleave Locate the directory, click on the first image in the sequence and OK all dialogs. The experimental sequence can be imported to Fiji via the menu command File › Import › Image Sequence.

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file software#

Multiple files from a folderĮach time point of an experiment acquired with software such as Perkin Elmer’s UltraVIEW or Scion Image’s time lapse macro is saved by the acquisition software as a single TIF. Once opened, the file information can be accessed and the information can be irreversibly stamped into the images or exported. They can be converted to a stack with the menu command: Image › Stacks › Images to stack. Lambda stacks are therefore imported as multiple images, not a single stack. Each channel is imported as a separate image/stack. Images are opened as 8-bit color images with the “no-palette” pseudo color from the LSM acquisition software. Once you select LSM the panel will appear. The LSM Toolbox is activated by the menu command File › Import › LSM. The LSM panel plugin duplicates the Zeiss LSM file import function of the LOCI Bio-Format Importer, but will also extensively catalogue the LSM metadata. Select this command if you need to change the settings for importing an image. With this option, Fiji uses the settings that were previously used for Bio-Formats, so it skips all dialog boxes at the beginning.

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file download#

But it is a limited feature it is more robust to download the file and then use the regular Bio-Formats instead. For this selection, the image doesn’t have to be saved onto your computer or a disk. There are several different Bio-Formats commands for importing data into Fiji: In these cases a second dialog will list the images in the ‘database’ prompting you to select which to open. Some image file formats are more akin to databases rather than images (e.g. If Bio-Formats is used, you will be prompted with a big dialog and your preferences remembered.ĭrag and dropping an image file to the Fiji toolbar will effectively open the file the same as the File › Open command. See the list of supported file formats on the Bio-Formats website for the complete list (135 as of this writing). They can be accessed directly via the menu command File › Import › Bio-Formats or indirectly via the File › Open menu command which will use the Bio-Formats plugin if needed. This will import and export a wide number of file formats along with their important metadata. Many more file formats can be imported via Fiji plugins. Files can be also dragged and dropped to the toolbar to open them. JPEG, GIF, BMP, PGM, PNG) as well as those detailed below. The menu command File › Open will open TIFF files and import a number of other common file formats (e.g. The menu command File › Save will save in TIFF format. Built-in formatsįiji primarily uses TIFF as the image file format. Most of the commands listed, particularly Fiji extensions, are also available (via ImageJ’s HandleExtraFileTypes feature) simply by using the File › Open… menu item.

#Best dropjpg setting for a tiff file how to#

If you’d like to help, check out the how to help guide! The File › Import submenu The content of this page has not been vetted since shifting away from MediaWiki.

[sunshineshooteroriginal]

Pro-Gun Millennial Standards: The Willonacci Sequence

Another addition to the PGM Standards for you guys this week. This is less a standard and more of a drill, even though there is a definite standard that can be derived from it. …and we will do that. Let’s go The Drill This is a play on the term of the Fibonacci Sequence, which is a fun mathematical party trick for nerds. Its a way to add numbers together in a repeating pattern that seems to…

[reallyzealousnight]

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Market 2028

Next Generation Sequencing Market by Product (Consumables, Platforms, Services, and Nerve Blockers), Application (Diagnostics, Biomarkers and Cancer, Reproductive Health, Personalized Medicine, Agriculture and Animal Research, and Other Applications), Technology (Sequencing by Synthesis, Ion Semiconductor Sequencing, Pyrosequencing, Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing, and Other Technologies)

The global market for next-generation sequencing (NGS) is expected to grow at a CAGR of 16.2 percent from 2019 to $10.35 billion by 2025.

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a technique for determining the nucleotide sequence in a DNA sample. It allows for the rapid and low-cost sequencing of DNA or RNA. This market's expansion is being driven primarily by technological advancements in sequencing procedures, an increase in genome mapping programmes, and an increase in drug discovery platforms that require NGS technology. Furthermore, the growing number of government initiatives for large-scale genomic sequencing projects, as well as the emergence of cloud computing as a potential data management service, are driving NGS product adoption.

Download Research PDF :- https://www.meticulousresearch.com/request-sample-report/cp_id=5040

The study categorizes the next-generation sequencing market into the following segments and subsegments:

BY PRODUCT 

Exome & Targeted Resequencing & Custom Panels

 Whole-Genome Sequencing & De Novo Sequencing

 RNA Sequencing

 Other Sequencing Services

Library Preparation & Target Enrichment

 Quality Control

Novaseq Systems

  Nextseq Systems

  Miseq Systems

  Miniseq Systems

  iSeq Systems 

  ION PGM Systems

  ION Proton Systems

  ION Genestudio Systems

  Ion Torrent Genexus Systems

   Data Analysis Services

 NGS Data Analysis Software & Workbenches

 NGS Storage, Management, & Cloud Computing Solutions

BY TECHNOLOGY

Sequencing by Synthesis

ION Semiconductor Sequencing

Nanopore Sequencing

Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing

Other Technologies

BY APPLICATION

Cancer Diagnostics

 Infectious Disease Diagnostics

 Reproductive Health Diagnostics

 Other Diagnostic Applications

BY END USER

Academic Institutes & Research Centers

Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies

Hospitals & Clinics

Other End Users

BY REGION

 US

 Canada

 Germany

 UK

 France

 Italy

 Spain

 Netherlands

 Rest of Europe

 China

 Japan

 India

 Australia

 Rest of Asia Pacific

 Brazil

 Mexico

 Rest of Latin America

Insights into End-Use Industry

In 2020, the academic research end-use segment held the largest share of more than 53%. From 2021 to 2028, the segment is expected to grow at a steady CAGR. This expansion can be attributed to the use of NGS solutions in research projects conducted at universities and research centres. Furthermore, scholarships for Ph.D. projects in NGS are expected to drive demand for NGS products and services, resulting in profitable growth over the next few years.

Get More Insights :- https://www.meticulousresearch.com/product/next-generationg-sequencing-market-5040

Furthermore, countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom have a number of universities that provide NGS applications and molecular biology courses. For instance, the Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands offers NGS facilities and technologies that can be used in various applications.

The Report Answers The Following Key Questions:

·         How do advances in sequencing technologies influence the adoption of NGS products?

·         How are the industry's leaders incorporating technological advancements into their products?

·         Who are the top competitors in this market and what strategies do they employ to gain shares?

·         What is driving growth and which market segments have the most potential for revenue expansion over the forecast period?

·         What are the major drivers, restraints, opportunities, challenges, and trends in the global next-generation sequencing market?

·         Who are the major players in various countries and what share of the global market do they hold?

Contact: Mr. Khushal Bombe Meticulous Market Research Inc. 1267 Willis St, Ste 200 Redding,  California, 96001, U.S. USA: +1-646-781-8004 Europe : +44-203-868-8738 APAC: +91 744-7780008 Email- sales@meticulousresearch.com 

[reportsanddata]

Next Generation Sequencing Market ,Segmentation, Industry Analysis By Production, Consumption, Revenue And Growth Rate By 2027

The report on the global Next Generation Sequencing Market published by Reports and Data provides an in-depth assessment of the Next Generation Sequencing market including recent technological and product advancements, market drivers, challenges, current and emerging trends, opportunities, threats, risks, strategic developments, and other key features. The report comprises 100+ pages and covers comprehensive assessment of market size, market share, revenue contribution, revenue share, growth rate, industrial chain analysis, regional analysis, and top companies. It also provides strategic recommendations to formulate investment strategies and provides insights for new entrants.

Get a sample of the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/sample-enquiry-form/1868

The report provides an in-depth analysis of the key developments and innovations of the market such as research and development advancements, product launches, mergers & acquisitions, joint ventures, partnerships, government deals, and collaborations. The report offers a comprehensive assessment of key players in the market along with their global position, financial standing, business expansion plans, production and manufacturing capacity, and strategic alliances.

Key players in the market

Illumina, Inc. (U.S.), Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.), Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. (U.S.), Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Ltd. (U.K.), BGI (China), PerkinElmer (U.S.), Agilent Technologies (U.S.), QIAGEN N. V. (Germany), Macrogen Inc. (South Korea), and Eurofins Scientific (Luxembourg) ket include

 For a better understanding of the global Next Generation Sequencing market dynamics, a regional analysis of the market across key geographical areas is offered in the report. The market is spread across key geographical regions such as North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa. Each region is analysed on the basis of the market scenario in the major countries of the regions to provide a deeper understanding of the market. It provides insights into production and consumption patterns, supply and demand ratio, export/import, current and emerging trends and demands, market share, market size, revenue contribution, and presence of key players in each region.

Request a discount on the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/discount-enquiry-form/1868

In-depth regional analysis includes:

·         North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)

·         Europe (Italy, U.K., Germany, France, Rest of EU)

·         Asia Pacific (India, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Rest of APAC)

·         Latin America (Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Rest of Latin America)

·         Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., South Africa, Rest of MEA)

Furthermore, the report segments Next Generation Sequencing market on the basis of key product types and applications and provides details about the revenue growth, revenue CAGR, and revenue share each segment is expected to register over the forecast period.

Product & Service Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2017–2027)

 Sample Preparation

 Library Preparation & Target Enrichment

 Quality Control

 Illumina

  Hiseq Series

  Hiseq X Ten & HiSeq X Five

  Miseq Series

  NextSeq500

  MiniSeq

  NovaSeq

  iSeq

   Thermo Fisher Scientific

  Ion PGM

  Ion Proton

  Ion Genestudio S5

     Ion GeneStudio S5 System

   Ion GeneStudio S5 Plus System

   Ion GeneStudio S5 Prime System

    Pacbio Sequel Systems

   Exome & Targeted Sequencing and Custom Panels

 RNA-Seq

 Whole-genome Sequencing and De Novo Sequencing

 Other Services

 NGS Data Analysis Software & Workbenches

 NGS Data Analysis Services

 NGS Storage Management and Cloud Computing Solutions

Technology Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2017–2027)

Sequencing by Synthesis (SBS)

Ion Semiconductor Sequencing

Single-molecule Real-time Sequencing (SMRT)

Nanopore Sequencing

Other Technologies

Application Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2017–2027)

Diagnostics

Cancer Diagnostics

Infectious Disease Diagnostics

Reproductive Health Diagnostics

Other Diagnostic Applications

Drug Discovery

Agricultural and Animal Research

Other Applications

End User Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2017–2027)

Academia & Research Centers

Hospitals & Clinics

Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies

Other End Users

 To know more about the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/next-generation-sequencing-market

Benefits of the Global Next Generation Sequencing Report:

•        Comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and risks of the Next Generation Sequencing market

•        Detailed study of the latest product and technological developments and innovations of the Next Generation Sequencing market

•        Business strategies and plans are analysed for understanding the Next Generation Sequencing market scenario

•        Revenue forecast of Next Generation Sequencing market for the forecast period 2020-2027

•        Comprehensive analysis of the drivers, constraints, limitations, challenges, and opportunities

•        Latest and emerging market trends analysis and their impact on product and application demand

•        Study of recent M&A, joint ventures, collaborations, partnerships, product launches and brand promotions among others

•        Extensive SWOT analysis and Porter’s Five Forces analysis along with investment return analysis and feasibility

Request a customization of the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/request-customization-form/1868

Thank you for reading our report. Please get in touch with us to know more about the report and customization of the report. Our team will ensure the report is tailored to meet your requirements.  

[sandlerresearch]

Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) Market by Product & Service (Consumables, Platforms, Services, Bioinformatics), Technology (SBS, SMRT), Application (Diagnostic, Drug Discovery, Agriculture), End User (Pharma, Biotech, Academic) - Global Forecast to 2026 published on

https://www.sandlerresearch.org/next-generation-sequencing-ngs-market-by-product-service-consumables-platforms-services-bioinformatics-technology-sbs-smrt-application-diagnostic-drug-discovery-agriculture-end-user.html

Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) Market by Product & Service (Consumables, Platforms, Services, Bioinformatics), Technology (SBS, SMRT), Application (Diagnostic, Drug Discovery, Agriculture), End User (Pharma, Biotech, Academic) - Global Forecast to 2026

“Advancements in NGS Platforms to Drive the Growth of Next-generation Sequencing Market”

The next-generation sequencing market is projected to reach USD 24.2 billion by 2026 from USD 10.3 billion in 2021, at a CAGR of 18.7% during the forecast period, owing to availability of advanced NGS systems at low costs, and favorable funding scenario for precision medicine.

“By product & service, the NGS consumables segment accounted for the largest share of the next-generation sequencing market”

The next-generation sequencing market by product is categorized into major consumables and equipments. NGS consumables dominated the market in 2020. The large share of this segment can be attributed to growing number of sequencing procedures and launch of easy-to-use consumables.

“Asia Pacific: The fastest-growing region in the next-generation sequencing market.”

The Asia Pacific market is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period, mainly due to increasing number of NGS-based research projects, growing number of cancer cases, and rising awareness about precision medicine.

“North America: the largest share of the next-generation sequencing market”

North America accounted for the largest share of the next-generation sequencing market. Factors such as availability of research funding and the development of NGS data analysis solutions are the major factors driving the market growth.

Breakdown of primaries

The study contains insights from various industry experts, ranging from component suppliers to Tier 1 companies and OEMs. The break-up of the primaries is as follows:

By Respondent– Supply Side- 70%, Demand Side- 30%

By Designation— Executives- 25%, CXOs, Directors–30%, Managers – 45%

By Region— North America – 40%, Europe – 25%, APAC – 20%, LATAM- 10%, MEA- 5%

The next-generation sequencing market is dominated by a few globally established players such as Illumina (US), Thermo Fisher Scientific (US), PerkinElmer (US), BGI Group (China), Agilent Technologies (US), Eurofins Scientific (Luxembourg), Pacific Biosciences (US), Oxford Nanopore Technologies (UK), QIAGEN (Netherlands), F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG (Switzerland), GENEWIZ (US), Psomagen, Inc. (South Korea), 10x Genomics (US), Takara Bio (Japan), Zymo Research (US), NuGen Technologies (US), Hamilton Company (US), Beckman Coulter (US), Becton, Dickinson, and Company (US), Lucigen Corporation (US), and Novogene Co., Ltd. (China).

Research Coverage:

The report segments the next-generation sequencing market  based on region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa), Product & Service (NGS Consumables, Sequencing Services (Exome & Targeted Resequencing & Custom Panels, Whole-Genome Sequencing & De Novo Sequencing, RNA Sequencing, Other Sequencing Services), Presequencing Products & Services (Library Preparation & Target Enrichment, Quality Control), NGS Platforms (Illumina (Novaseq Systems, Nextseq Systems, Miseq Systems, Miniseq Systems, iSeq Systems), Thermo Fisher Scientifi (ION PGM Systems, ION Proton Systems, ION Genestudio Systems, Ion Torrent Genexus Systems), Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Pacific Biosciences, Other Platforms), Bioinformatics, Services for NGS Platforms), Bioinformatics (Data Analysis Services, NGS Data Analysis Software & Workbenches, NGS Storage, Management, & Cloud Computing Solutions), Technology (Sequencing by Synthesis, ION Semiconductor Sequencing, Nanopore Sequencing, Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing, Other Technologies), Application (Diagnostics (Cancer Diagnostics, Infectious Disease Diagnostics, Reproductive Health Diagnostics, Other Diagnostic Applications), Drug Discovery, Agricultural & Animal Research, Other Applications), End User (Academic Institutes & Research Centers, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Hospitals & Clinics, Other End Users)

The report also provides a comprehensive review of market drivers,  challenges, and opportunities in the next-generation sequencing market

Key Benefits of Buying the Report:

The report will help the leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall market and the sub-segments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to better position their businesses and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the next-generation sequencing market and provides them information on key market drivers, challenges, and opportunities.

[research-analyst]

Next Generation Sequencing Market Trend, Growth, Size, Forecast, Key Players and Competitive Landscape Research Report by 2027

Reports and Data has added a new informative research report titled Global Next Generation Sequencing Market report to its ever-expanding database, which provides an in-depth assessment of the challenges and growth prospects faced by the Next Generation Sequencing industry currently and a futuristic outlook for the same. The report aims to help the participants, companies, and readers understand the market scenario thoroughly, along with the problems or hurdles they might potentially face over the coming years.

Furthermore, the report strives to offer an accurate analysis of the market pertaining to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Next Generation Sequencing industry and its key verticals. The COVID-19 crisis has dynamically altered the economic scenario of the world and given rise to certain disruptions in the operations of the Next Generation Sequencing market on the global as well as regional level. The report is updated with the latest impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, current and future outlook of the economic scenario, along with a present and future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the overall Next Generation Sequencing market.

Get a sample of the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/sample-enquiry-form/1868

The research report delivers a comprehensive assessment of the existing and projected market scenario to offer estimations of the anticipated growth rate of the industry vertical over the forecast period of 2020-2027. Moreover, the report also offers key solutions and methodologies to help the companies and readers overcome the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the market.

The market is further segmented into product types offered in the market and their application spectrum along with key geographical regions where the market has established substantial footing and comprehensive competitive analysis.

The key companies profiled in the report include:

Illumina, Inc. (U.S.), Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (U.S.), Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. (U.S.), Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Ltd. (U.K.), BGI (China), PerkinElmer (U.S.), Agilent Technologies (U.S.), QIAGEN N. V. (Germany), Macrogen Inc. (South Korea), and Eurofins Scientific (Luxembourg).

Request a discount on the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/discount-enquiry-form/1868

Product & Service Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2016–2026)

· Pre-sequencing Products and Services

o Sample Preparation

o Library Preparation & Target Enrichment

o Quality Control

· NGS Consumables

· NGS Platforms

o Illumina

§ Hiseq Series

§ Hiseq X Ten & HiSeq X Five

§ Miseq Series

§ NextSeq500

§ MiniSeq

§ NovaSeq

§ iSeq

· 

o Thermo Fisher Scientific

§ Ion PGM

§ Ion Proton

§ Ion Genestudio S5

· 

o 

§ 

§ Ion GeneStudio S5 System

§ Ion GeneStudio S5 Plus System

§ Ion GeneStudio S5 Prime System

o Pacific Biosciences

· 

o 

§ Pacbio Sequel Systems

o Oxford Nanopore Technologies

o Other Next-generation Platforms

· Services for NGS Platforms

· Sequencing Services

o Exome & Targeted Sequencing and Custom Panels

o RNA-Seq

o Whole-genome Sequencing and De Novo Sequencing

o Other Services

· Bioinformatics

o NGS Data Analysis Software & Workbenches

o NGS Data Analysis Services

o NGS Storage Management and Cloud Computing Solutions

Technology Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2016–2026)

· Sequencing by Synthesis (SBS)

· Ion Semiconductor Sequencing

· Single-molecule Real-time Sequencing (SMRT)

· Nanopore Sequencing

· Other Technologies

Application Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2016–2026)

· Diagnostics

· Cancer Diagnostics

· Infectious Disease Diagnostics

· Reproductive Health Diagnostics

· Other Diagnostic Applications

· Drug Discovery

· Agricultural and Animal Research

· Other Applications

End User Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2016–2026)

· Academia & Research Centers

· Hospitals & Clinics

· Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies

· Other End Users

Regional Analysis of the Next Generation Sequencing Market:

The report offers a comprehensive regional bifurcation of the key regions included in the Next Generation Sequencing market along with production and consumption patterns, supply and demand ratio, import/export analysis, revenue contribution, market share and size, volume and value, and the operations of the key players located in each key regions. Along with this, the report also offers an estimated year-on-year growth rate of all the regions and their key countries along with total revenue generated by each region during the entirety of the forecast timeline (2020-2027).

To know more about the report, visit @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/next-generation-sequencing-market

The regional analysis of the Next Generation Sequencing industry assesses the following crucial geographical regions:

Regional Outlook (Revenue in Million USD; 2016–2026)

· North America

o U.S.

o Canada

· Europe

o Germany

o France

o UK

o Spain

o Italy

o Rest of the Europe

· Asia Pacific

o China

o India

o Japan

o Rest of Asia-Pacific

· Middle East & Africa

· Latin America

Competitive Landscape:

Competitive analysis of the Next Generation Sequencing industry offers key data regarding product portfolio, company overview, market concentration rate, pricing analysis, and other key elements. Additionally, it offers key insights into their strategic alliances such as mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and collaborations, corporate and government deals, product launches, and brand promotions, and agreements, among others. It also provides details about their expansion tactics, the latest developments in products and technologies, production and manufacturing sites, and capacities, along with sales, revenue, returns, and financial standings.

In conclusion, the Next Generation Sequencing market report provides a granular assessment of the market through extensive segmentations along with analysis of supply chains, sales network and distribution network, and downstream buyers in the Next Generation Sequencing market.

Radical Features of the Next Generation Sequencing Market Report:

· Valuable insights into the Next Generation Sequencing market to impart an in-depth understanding of the business verticle

· An 8-year forecast estimation along with an analysis of key elements of the market

· Technological advancements, regulatory framework, and recent developments covered in the report

· Growth analysis and projections until 2027

· Statistical analysis of the key players operating in the Next Generation Sequencing industry

Thank you for reading the report. The report can be customized as per the requirements of the clients. For further information or query about customization, please reach out to us, and we will offer you the report best suited for your needs.

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300+ TOP COBOL Interview Questions and Answers

COBOL Interview Questions for freshers experienced :-

1. What is COBOL? COBOL is abbreviated as Common Business Oriented Language and it is one of the oldest programming languages. It primarily used for business, finance and administrative systems for companies. 2. What is the use of EVALUATE statement? Evaluate is like a case statement and can be used to replace nested Ifs. The difference between EVALUATE and case is that no ‘break' is required for EVALUATE i.e. control comes out of the EVALUATE as soon as one match is made. 3. How do you come out of an EVALUATE statement? After the execution of one of the when clauses, the control is automatically passed on to the next sentence after the EVALUATE statement. There is no need of any extra code. 4. What is a scope terminator Give example? Scope terminator is used to mark the end of a verb e.g. EVALUATE, END-EVALUATE; IF, END-IF. 5. When would you use in-line perform? When the body of the perform will not be used in other paragraphs. If the body of the perform is a generic type of code (used from various other places in the program), it would be better to put the code in a separate Para and use PERFORM Para name rather than in-line perform. 6. What the difference is between CONTINUE and NEXT SENTENCE ? They appear to be similar, that is, the control goes to the next sentence in the paragraph. But, Next Sentence would take the control to the sentence after it finds a full stop (.). Check out by writing the following code example, one if sentence followed by 3 display statements (sorry they appear one line here because of formatting restrictions) If 1 0 then next sentence end if display ‘line 1' display ‘line 2'. display ‘line 3'. Note- there is a dot (.) only at the end of the line. 7. How many bytes does a S9(7) COMP-3 field occupy? It will take 4 bytes. Sign is stored as hex value in the last nibble. General formula is INT((n2) + 1)), where n=7 in this example. 8. What is Static and Dynamic linking? In static linking, the called subroutine is link-edited into the calling program, while in dynamic linking, the subroutine & the main program will exist as separate load modules. You choose static dynamic linking by choosing either the DYNAM or NODYNAM link edit option. (Even if you choose NODYNAM, a CALL identifier (as opposed to a CALL literal), will translate to a DYNAMIC call).A statically called subroutine will not be in its initial state the next time it is called unless you explicitly use INITIAL or you do a CANCEL. A dynamically called routine will always be in its initial state. 9. What is AMODE(24), AMODE(31), RMODE(24) and RMODE(ANY) (applicable to only MVSESA Enterprise Server) ? These are compile link edit options. AMODE stands for Addressing mode and RMODE for Residency mode. AMODE(24) - 24 bit addressing; AMODE(31) - 31 bit addressing AMODE(ANY) - Either 24 bit or 31 bit addressing depending on RMODE. RMODE(24) - Resides in virtual storage below 16 Meg line. Use this for 31-bit programs that call 24-bit programs. (OSVS Cobol pgms use 24-bit addresses only). RMODE(ANY) - Can reside above or below 16 Meg line. 10. What is SSRANGE, NOSSRANGE? These are compiler options with respect to subscript out of range checking. NOSSRANGE is the default and if chosen, no run time error will be flagged if your index or subscript goes out of the permissible range.

COBOL Interview Questions 11. How do you set a return code to the JCL from a COBOL program? Move a value to RETURN-CODE register. RETURN-CODE should not be declared in your program. 12. How can you submit a job from COBOL programs? Write JCL cards to a dataset with xxxxxxx SYSOUT= (A, INTRDR) where ‘A' is output class, and dataset should be opened for output in the program. Define a 80 byte record layout for the file. 13. What are the differences between OS VS COBOL and VS COBOL II? OSVS Cobol pgms can only run in 24-bit addressing mode, VS COBOL II pgms can run either in 24 bit or 31-bit addressing modes. Report writer is supported only in OSVS Cobol. USAGE IS POINTER is supported only in VS COBOL II. Reference modification e.g. WS-VAR(12) is supported only in VS COBOL II. EVALUATE is supported only in VS COBOL II. Scope terminators are supported only in VS COBOL II. OSVS Cobol follows ANSI 74 stds while VS COBOL II follows ANSI 85 stds. Under CICS Calls between VS COBOL II programs are supported 14. What are the steps you go through while creating a COBOL program executable? DB2 precompiled (if embedded SQL used), CICS translator (if CICS pgm), COBOL compiler, Link editor. If DB2 program, create plan by binding the DBRMs. 15. Can you call an OS VS COBOL pgm from a VS COBOL II pgm ? In non-CICS environment, it is possible. In CICS, this is not possible. 16. What is an in line PERFORM When would you use it anything else to say about it? The PERFORM and END-PERFORM statements bracket all COBOL II statements between them. The COBOL equivalent is to PERFORM or PERFORM THRU a paragraph. In line, PERFORM's work as long as there are no internal GO TOs, not even to an exit. The in line PERFORM for readability should not exceed a page length - often it will reference other PERFORM paragraphs. 17. What COBOL construct is the COBOL II EVALUATE meant to replace? EVALUATE can be used in place of the nested IF THEN ELSE statements. 18. Explain how to differentiate call by context by comparing it to other calls? The parameters passed in a call by context are protected from modification by the called program. In a normal call, they can be modified. 19. Explain how will you differentiate between an internal and an external sort, the pros and cons, internal sort syntax etc An external sort is not COBOL; it is performed through JCL and PGM=SORT. It is understandable without any code reference. An internal sort can use two different syntax's 1) USING, GIVING sorts are comparable to external sorts with no extra file processing; 2) INPUT PROCEDURE, OUTPUT PROCEDURE sorts allow for data manipulation before and/or after the sort. 20. What is the difference between comp and comp-3 usage Explain other COBOL usages? Comp is a binary usage, while comp-3 indicates packed decimal. The other common usage's are binary and display. Display is the default. 21. What is the default value(s) for an INITIALIZE? What keyword will allow for an override of the default? INITIALIZE moves spaces to alphabetic fields and zeros to alphanumeric fields. The REPLACING option can be used to override these defaults. 22. What is the difference between a binary search and a sequential search what are the pertinent COBOL? In a binary search, the table element key values must be in ascending or descending sequence. The table is ‘halved' to search for equal to, greater than or less than conditions until the element is found. In a sequential search, the table is searched from top to bottom, so (ironically) the elements do not have to be in a specific sequence. The binary search is much faster for larger tables, while sequential works well with smaller ones. SEARCH ALL is used for binary searches; SEARCH for sequential. 23. Why do we code S9 (4) comp. Inspite of knowing comp-3 will occupy less space? Here s9(4)comp is small integer ,so two words equal to 1 byte so totally it will occupy 2 bytes(4 words).here in s9(4) comp-3 as one word is equal to 12 byte.4 words equal to 2 bytes and sign will occupy 12 byte so totally it will occupy 3 bytes. 24. How do you differentiate between COBOL and COBOL-II? The following features are available with VS COBOL II MVSXA and MVSESA support the compiler and the object programs it produces can be run in either 24- or 31-bit addressing mode. VMXA and VMESA support the compiler and the object programs it produces can be run in either24- or 31-bit addressing mode. VSEESA supports the compiler and the object programs it produces can be run under VSEESA. 25. What is PERFORM what is VARYING? The PERFORM statement is a PROCEDURE DIVISION statement which transfers control to one or more specified procedures and controls as specified the number of times the procedures are executed. After execution of the specified procedures is completed (i.e., for the appropriate number of times or until some specified condition is met), control is transferred to the next executable statement following the PERFORM statement. There are 5 types of PERFORM statements Basic PERFORM PERFORM TIMES PERFORM UNTIL PERFORM VARYING IN-LINE PERFORM 26. What is the difference between Structured COBOL Programming and Object Alternativelyiented COBOL? Structured programming is a Logical way of programming, you divide the functionalities into modules and code logically. OOP is a Natural way of programming; you identify the objects first, and then write functions, procedures around the objects. Sorry, this may not be an adequate answer, but they are two different programming paradigms, which is difficult to put in a sentence or two. 27. Why do we code s9 (4) comp In spite of knowing comp-3 will occupy less space? Here s9(4)comp is small integer, so two words equal to 1 byte so totally it will occupy 2 bytes(4 words).here in s9(4) comp-3 as one word is equal to 12 byte.4 words equal to 2 bytes and sign will occupy 12 byte so totally it will occupy 3 bytes. 28. What are the different forms of EVALUATE statement? EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO FILE-STATUS WHEN A=B AND C=D WHEN 100 ALSO ‘00' imperative stmt imperative stmt WHEN (D+X)/Y = 4 WHEN -305 ALSO ‘32' imperative stmt imperative stmt WHEN OTHER WHEN OTHER imperative stmt imperative stmt END-EVALUATE END-EVALUATE EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO A=B EVALUATE SQLCODE ALSO TRUE WHEN 100 ALSO TRUE WHEN 100 ALSO A=B imperative stmt imperative stmt WHEN -305 ALSO FALSE WHEN -305 ALSO (A/C=4) imperative stmt imperative stmt 29. Is it possible that the REDEFINES clause has different picture clauses compared to the one it redefined? Yes, we can have different PIC clauses. E.g.: 05 REGULAR-EMPLOYEES 10 LOCATION PICTURE A(8) 10 GRADE PICTURE X(4) 10 SEMI-MONTHLY-PAY PICTURE 9999V99 10 WEEKLY-PAY REDEFINES SEMI-MONTHLY-PAY PICTURE 999V999 05 TEMPORARY-EMPLOYEE REDEFINES REGULAR-EMPLOYEE 10 LOCATION PICTURE A(8) 10 FILLER PICTURE X(6) 10 HOURLY-PAY PICTURE 99V99 30. How you can read the file from bottom? The question is very general. Let us look into these possibilities: QSAM (sequential) file: You can run it thru SORT utility adding SEQNUM and then sort then sort by SEQNUM in DESC order VSAM: In CICS, you can read backward using READREV; VSAM: I Batch, unload the VSAM file using SORT in DESC order by key value 31. If you are current on the owner of a set, what is the difference between obtain next and obtain first? There is no, difference. There is a difference between obtain first and obtain next for an area sweep, but not when current on the owner in a set. 32. What is a bind? Binding is a process that creates the access path logic for the sql statements within a COBOL program. After precompilation of a COBOL program a dbrm (has all the embedded sql statements) is created. This dbrm is then bound to form a plan (executable form of the sql statements). 33. Why would you use find and get rather than to obtain? Find tells you whether the record is actually in the database. If it is not found you save the overhead to obtain. 34. What is an area sweep and when is it used? An area sweep accesses records based on the physical location in a database area. It can be total, meaning a record-by-record search of the area, or it can be of occurrences of records of a specific type. 35. What does a status return code of nn29 mean in relation to record locks? nn29 means that two run units are waiting to set locks on the same record and are in deadlock. 36. How are record locks released? Locks are released by a change in currency or by a commit, rollback, or finish command. 37. What are the types of record locks and how are they set? Locks may be shared or exclusive. Shared means that other run units can retrieve the record but cannot modify it. Exclusive means that other run units can neither retrieve nor modify it. Record locks may be implicit or explicit. Implicit locks are set in the ready statement usage clause. Explicit locks are set using either the keep statement or keep option of the find/obtain command. 38. Name the divisions, which are available in a COBOL program? IDENTIFICATION DIVISION, ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, DATA DIVISION, PROCEDURE DIVISION. 39. What are the different data types available in COBOL? The different data types available in COBOL are Alphanumeric (X), alphabetic (A) and numeric (9). 40. What does the INITIALIZE verb do? Alphabetic, Alphanumeric fields & alphanumeric edited items are set to SPACES. Numeric, Numeric edited items set to ZERO. FILLER OCCURS DEPENDING ON items left untouched. 41. What are 77 levels used for? It is used in Elementary level item. It cannot be subdivisions of other items (cannot be qualified), nor can they be subdivided themselves. 42. What does the IS NUMERIC clause establish? IS NUMERIC can be used on alphanumeric items, signed numeric & packed decimal items and unsigned numeric & packed decimal items. “IS NUMERIC” return TRUE if the item only consists of 0-9. However, if the item being tested is a signed item, then it may contain 0-9, + and -. 43 How do you define a table/array in COBOL? ARRAYS. 05 ARRAY1 PIC X(9) OCCURS 10 TIMES. 05 ARRAY2 PIC X(6) OCCURS 20 TIMES INDEXED BY WS-INDEX. 44. What is the difference between index and subscript? Subscript refers to the array occurrence while index is the displacement (in no of bytes) from the beginning of the array. An index can only be modified using PERFORM, SEARCH & SET. Need to have index for a table in order to use SEARCH, SEARCH ALL. 45. What is the difference between SEARCH and SEARCH ALL? SEARCH - is a serial search. SEARCH ALL - is a binary search & the table must be sorted ( ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY clause to be used & data loaded in this order) before using SEARCH ALL. 46. What should be the sorting order for SEARCH ALL? It can be either ASCENDING or DESCENDING. ASCENDING is default. If you want the search to be done on an array sorted in descending order, then while defining the array, you should give DESCENDING KEY clause. (You must load the table in the specified order). 47. What is binary search? Search on a sorted array. Compare the item to be searched with the item at the center. If it matches, fine else repeat the process with the left half or the right half depending on where the item lies. 48. My program has an array defined to have 10 items. Due to a bug, I find that even if the program access the 11th item in this array, the program does not ABEND. What is wrong with it? Must use compiler option SSRANGE if you want array bounds checking. Default is NOSSRANGE. 49. How do you sort in a COBOL program Give sort file definition, sort statement syntax and meaning? Syntax: SORT file-1 ON ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY…. USING file-2 GIVING file-3. USING can be substituted by INPUT PROCEDURE IS para-1 THRU para-2 GIVING It can be substituted by OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS para-1 THRU para-2. file-1 is the sort (work) file and must be described using SD entry in FILE SECTION. file-2 is the input file for the SORT and must be described using an FD entry in FILE SECTION and SELECT clause in FILE CONTROL. file-3 is the out file from the SORT and must be described using an FD entry in FILE SECTION and SELECT clause in FILE CONTROL. file-1, file-2 & file-3 should not be opened explicitly. INPUT PROCEDURE is executed before the sort and records must be released to the sort work file from the input procedure. OUTPUT PROCEDURE is executed after all records have been sorted. Records from the sort work file must be returned one at a time to the output procedure. 50. How do you define a sort file in JCL that runs the COBOL program? Use the SORTWK01, SORTWK02… dd names in the step. Number of sort datasets depends on the volume of data being sorted, but a minimum of 3 is required. 51 What is the difference between performing a SECTION and a PARAGRAPH? Performing a SECTION will cause all the paragraphs that are part of the section, to be performed. Performing a PARAGRAPH will cause only that paragraph to be performed. 52 What the difference is between CONTINUE and NEXT SENTENCE? They appear to be similar, that is, the control goes to the next sentence in the paragraph. But, Next Sentence would take the control to the sentence after it finds a full stop (.). Check out by writing the following code example, one if sentence followed by 3 display statements (sorry they appear one line here because of formatting restrictions) If 1 > 0 then next sentence end if display ‘line 1' display ‘line 2' display ‘line 3'. *** Note- there is a dot (.) only at the end of the last 2 statements, see the effect by replacing Next Sentence with Continue *** 53 What does EXIT do? Does nothing! If used, must be the only sentence within a paragraph. 54 Can I redefine an X(100) field with a field of X(200)? Yes. Redefines just causes both fields to start at the same location. For example: 01 WS-TOP PIC X(1) 01 WS-TOP-RED REDEFINES WS-TOP PIC X(2). If you MOVE ‘12' to WS-TOP-RED, DISPLAY WS-TOP will show 1 while DISPLAY WS-TOP-RED will show 12. 55 What do you do to resolve SOC-7 error? Basically you need to correct the offending data. Many times the reason for SOC7 is an un-initialized numeric item. Examine that possibility first. Many installations provide you a dump for run time ABEND's (it can be generated also by calling some subroutines or OS services thru assembly language). These dumps provide the offset of the last instruction at which the ABEND occurred. Examine the compilation output XREF listing to get the verb and the line number of the source code at this offset. Then you can look at the source code to find the bug. To get capture the runtime dumps, you will have to define some datasets (SYSABOUT etc) in the JCL. If none of these are helpful, use judgment and DISPLAY to localize the source of error. Some installation might have batch program debugging tools. Use them. 56 How is sign stored in Packed Decimal fields and Zoned Decimal fields? Packed Decimal fields: Sign is stored as a hex value in the last nibble (4 bits) of the storage. Zoned Decimal fields: As a default, sign is over punched with the numeric value stored in the last bite. 57 How is sign stored in a comp-3 field? It is stored in the last nibble. For example if your number is +100, it stores hex 0C in the last byte, hex 1C if your number is 101, hex 2C if your number is 102, hex 1D if the number is -101, hex 2D if the number is -102 etc… 58 How is sign stored in a COMP field? It is stored in the most significant bit. Bit is ON if -ve, OFF if +ve. 59 What is the difference between COMP and COMP-3? COMP is a binary storage format while COMP-3 is packed decimal format. 60 What is COMP-1 and COMP-2? COMP-1 - Single precision floating point. It uses 4 bytes. COMP-2 - Double precision floating point. It uses 8 bytes. 61 How do you define a variable of COMP-1 and COMP-2? There is no picture clause to be given. Example 01 WS-VAR USAGE COMP-1 62 How many bytes do a S9 (7) COMP-3 field occupy? It will take 4 bytes to occupy. Sign is stored as hex value in the last nibble. General formula is INT((n/2) + 1)), where n=7 in this example. 63 What is COMP SYNC? Causes the item to be aligned on natural boundaries. Can be SYNCHRONIZED LEFT or RIGHT. For binary data items, the address resolution is faster if they are located at word boundaries in the memory. For example, on main frame the memory word size is 4 bytes. This means that each word will start from an address divisible by 4. If my first variable is x(3) and next one is s9(4) comp, then if you do not specify the SYNC clause, S9(4) COMP will start from byte 3 ( assuming that it starts from 0 ). If you specify SYNC, then the binary data item will start from address 4. You might see some wastage of memory, but the access to this computational field is faster. 64 How do you reference the following file formats from COBOL programs? Fixed Block File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS F, BLOCK CONTAINS 0 . Fixed Unblocked - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS F, do not use BLOCK CONTAINS Variable Block File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS V, BLOCK CONTAINS 0. Do not code the 4 bytes for record length in FD i.e. JCL rec length will be max rec length in pgm + 4 Variable Unblocked - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS V, do not use BLOCK CONTAINS. Do not code 4 bytes for record length in FD i.e. JCL rec length will be max rec length in pgm + 4. ESDS VSAM file - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. KSDS VSAM file - Use ORGANISATION IS INDEXED, RECORD KEY IS, ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS RRDS File - Use ORGANISATION IS RELATIVE, RELATIVE KEY IS Printer File - Use ORGANISATION IS SEQUENTIAL. Use RECORDING MODE IS F, BLOCK CONTAINS 0. (Use RECFM=FBA in JCL DCB). 65 What are the differences between COBOL and COBOL II? There are at least five differences: COBOL II supports structured programming by using in line Performs and explicit scope terminators, It introduces new features (EVALUATE, SET. TO TRUE, CALL. BY CONTEXT, etc) It permits programs to be loaded and addressed above the 16-megabyte line It does not support many old features (READY TRACE, REPORT-WRITER, ISAM, Etc.), and It offers enhanced CICS support. 66 What is an explicit scope terminator? A scope terminator brackets its preceding verb, e.g. IF... END-IF, so that all statements between the verb and its scope terminator are grouped together. Other common COBOL II verbs are READ, PERFORM, and EVALUATE, SEARCH and STRING. 67 What is an in line PERFORM? When would you use it? Anything else you wish to say about it. The PERFORM and END-PERFORM statements bracket all COBOL II statements between them. The COBOL equivalent is to PERFORM or PERFORM THRU a paragraph. In line PERFORMs work as long as there are no internal GO TOs, not even to an exit. The in line PERFORM for readability should not exceed a page length - often it will reference other PERFORM paragraphs. 68 What is the difference between NEXT SENTENCE and CONTINUE? NEXT SENTENCE gives control to the verb following the next period. CONTINUE gives control to the next verb after the explicit scope terminator. (This is not one of COBOL II's finer implementations). It is safest to use CONTINUE rather than NEXT SENTENCE in COBOL II. 69 What is the significance of above the line and below the line? Before IBM introduced MVS/XA architecture in the 1980's a program's virtual storage was limited to 16 Megs. Programs compiled with a 24 bit mode can only address 16 Mb of space, as though they were kept under an imaginary storage line. With COBOL II a program compiled with a 31 bit mode can be ‘above the 16 Mb line. (This ‘below the line', ‘above the line' imagery confuses most mainframe programmers, who tend to be a literal minded group.) 70 What was removed from COBOL in the COBOL II implementation? Partial list: REMARKS, NOMINAL KEY, PAGE-COUNTER, CURRENT-DAY, TIME-OF-DAY, STATE, FLOW, COUNT, EXAMINE, EXHIBIT, READY TRACE and RESET TRACE. 71 Explain call by context by comparing it to other calls? The parameters passed in a call by context are protected from modification by the called program. In a normal call they are able to be modified. 72 What is the linkage section? The linkage section is part of a called program that ‘links' or maps to data items in the calling program are working storage. It is the part of the called program where these share items are defined. 73 What is the difference between a subscript and an index in a table definition? A subscript is a working storage data definition item, typically a PIC (999) where a value must be moved to the subscript and then incremented or decrements by ADD TO and SUBTRACT FROM statements. An index is a register item that exists outside the program's working storage. You SET an index to a value and SET it UP BY value and DOWN BY value. 74 If you were passing a table via linkage, which is preferable - a subscript or an index? Wake up - you haven't been paying attention! It is not possible to pass an index via linkage. The index is not part of the calling programs working storage. Those of us, who've made this mistake, appreciate the lesson more than others. 75 Explain the difference between an internal and an external sort, the pros and cons, internal sort syntax etc? An external sort is not COBOL; it is performed through JCL and PGM=SORT. It is understandable without any code reference. An internal sort can use two different syntax's: 1.) USING, GIVING sorts are comparable to external sorts with no extra file processing; 2) INPUT PROCEDURE, OUTPUT PROCEDURE sorts allow for data manipulation before and/or after the sort. 76 When is a scope terminator mandatory? Scope terminators are mandatory for in-line PERFORMS and EVALUATE statements. For readability, it is recommended coding practice to always make scope terminators explicit. 77 In a COBOL II PERFORM statement, when is the conditional tested, before or after the perform execution? In COBOL II the optional clause WITH TEST BEFORE or WITH TEST AFTER can be added to all perform statements. By default the test is performed before the perform. 78 In an EVALUTE statement is the order of the WHEN clauses significant? Absolutely. Evaluation of the WHEN clauses proceeds from top to bottom and their sequence can determine results. 79 What is the default value(s) for an INITIALIZE and what keyword allows for an override of the default? INITIALIZE moves spaces to alphabetic fields and zeros to alphanumeric fields. The REPLACING option can be used to override these defaults. 80 What is SET TO TRUE all about, anyway? In COBOL II the 88 levels can be set rather than moving their associated values to the related data item. (Web note: This change is not one of COBOL II's better specifications.) 81 What is LENGTH in COBOL II? LENGTH acts like a special register to tell the length of a group or elementary item. 82 What is the difference between a binary search and a sequential search? What are the pertinent COBOL commands? In a binary search the table element key values must be in ascending or descending sequence. The table is ‘halved' to search for equal to, greater than or less than conditions until the element is found. In a sequential search the table is searched from top to bottom, so (ironically) the elements do not have to be in a specific sequence. The binary search is much faster for larger tables, while sequential works well with smaller ones. SEARCH ALL is used for binary searches; SEARCH for sequential. 83 What is the point of the REPLACING option of a copy statement? REPLACING allows for the same copy to be used more than once in the same code by changing the replace value. 84 How can I tell if a module is being called DYNAMICALLY or STATICALLY? The ONLY way is to look at the output of the linkage editor (IEWL) or the load module itself. If the module is being called DYNAMICALLY then it will not exist in the main module, if it is being called STATICALLY then it will be seen in the load module. Calling a working storage variable, containing a program name, does not make a DYNAMIC call. This type of calling is known as IMPLICITE calling as the name of the module is implied by the contents of the working storage variable. Calling a program name literal 85 What is the difference between a DYNAMIC and STATIC call in COBOL? To correct an earlier answer: All called modules cannot run standalone if they require program variables passed to them via the LINKAGE section. Dynamically called modules are those that are not bound with the calling program at link edit time (IEWL for IBM) and so are loaded from the program library (joblib or steplib) associated with the job. For DYNAMIC calling of a module the DYNAM compiler option must be chosen, else the linkage editor will not generate an executable as it will expect u address resolution of all called modules. A Statically called module is one that is bound with the calling module at link edit, and therefore becomes part of the executable load module. 86 What is the difference between PIC 9.99 and 9v99? PIC 9.99 is a FOUR-POSITION field that actually contains a decimal point where as PIC 9v99 is THREE- POSITION numeric field with implied or assumed decimal position. 87 What is Pic 9v99 Indicates? PICTURE 9v99 is a three position Numeric field with an implied or assumed decimal point after the first position; the v means an implied decimal point. 88 What guidelines should be followed to write a structured COBOL prgm? Use ‘evaluate' stmt for constructing cases. Use scope terminators for nesting. Use in line performs stmt for writing ‘do ‘constructions. Use test before and test after in the perform stmt for writing do-while constructions. 89 What is the difference between SEARCH and SEARCH ALL? What is more efficient? SEARCH is a sequential search from the beginning of the table. SEARCH ALL is a binary search, continually dividing the table in two halves until a match is found. SEARCH ALL is more efficient for tables larger than 70 items. 90 What care has to be taken to force program to execute above 16 Meg line? Make sure that link option is AMODE=31 and RMODE=ANY. Compile option should never have SIZE (MAX). BUFSIZE can be 2K, efficient enough. 91 How do you submit JCL via a COBOL program? Use a file //dd1 DD sysout=(*, intrdr)write your JCL to this file. Pl some on try this out. 92 How to execute a set of JCL statements from a COBOL program? Using EXEC CICS SPOOL WRITE (var-name) END-EXEC command. Var-name is a COBOL host structure containing JCL statements. 93 Give some advantages of REDEFINES clause? 1. You can REDEFINE a Variable from one PICTURE class to another PICTURE class by using the same memory location. 2. By REDEFINES we can INITIALISE the variable in WORKING-STORAGE Section itself. 3. We can REDEFINE a Single Variable into so many sub variables. (This facility is very useful in solving Y2000 Problem.) 94 What is the difference between static call and Dynamic call? In the case of Static call, the called program is a stand-alone program, it is an executable program. During run time we can call it in our called program. As about Dynamic call, the called program is not an executable program it can executed through the called program 95 What do you feel makes a good program? A program that follows a top down approach. It is also one that other programmers or users can follow logically and is easy to read and understand. 96 How do you code COBOL to access a parameter that has been defined in JCL? And do you code the PARM parameter on the EXEC line in JCL? Using JCL with sysin. //sysin dd *here u code the parameters (value) to pass in to Cobol program /* and in program you use accept variable name (one accept will read one row)/.another way. 2) in jcl using parm statement ex: in exec statement parm='john','david' in Cobol pgm u have to code linkage section in that for first value you code length variable and variable name say, abc pic x(4).it will take john inside to read next value u have to code another variable in the same way above mentioned. 97 Why do we code S9 (4) comp. Inspite of knowing comp-3 will occupy less space ? Here s9(4)comp is small integer ,so two words equal to 1 byte so totally it will occupy 2 bytes(4 words).here in s9(4) comp-3 as one word is equal to 1/2 byte.4 words equal to 2 bytes and sign will occupy 1/2 byte so totally it will occupy 3 bytes. 98 Differentiate COBOL and COBOL-II. (Most of our programs are written in COBOLII, so, it is good to know, how, this is different from COBOL)? The following features are available with VS COBOL II: 1. MVS/XA and MVS/ESA support. The compiler and the object programs it produces can be run in either 24- or 31-bit addressing mode. 2. VM/XA and VM/ESA support the compiler and the object programs it produces can be run in either 24- or 31-bit addressing mode. 3. VSE/ESA supports the compiler and the object programs it produces can be run under VSE/ESA. 99 Describe the difference between subscripting and indexing? Indexing uses binary displacement. Subscripts use the value of the occurrence. 100 What is the LINKAGE SECTION used for? The linkage section is used to pass data from one program to another program or to pass data from a PROC to a program. 101 What is the Purpose of POINTER Phrase in STRING command? The Purpose of POINTER phrase is to specify the leftmost position within receiving field where the first transferred character will be stored 102 What is the Importance of GLOBAL clause According to new standards of COBOL? When any data name, file-name, Record-name, condition name or Index defined in an Including Program can be referenced by a directly or indirectly in an included program, Provided the said name has been declared to be a global name by GLOBAL Format of Global Clause is01 data-1 pic 9(5) IS GLOBAL. 103 Difference between next and continue clause? The difference between the next and continue verb is that in the continue verb it is used for a situation where there in no EOF condition that is the records are to be accessed again and again in an file, whereas in the next verb the indexed file is accessed sequentially, read next record command is used. 104 What is difference between COBOL and VS COBOL II? In using COBOL on PC we have only flat files and the programs can access only limited storage, whereas in VS COBOL II on M/F the programs can access up to 16MB or 2GB depending on the addressing and can use VSAM files to make I/O operations faster. 105 What is the difference between external and global variables? Global variables are accessible only to the batch program whereas external variables can be referenced from any batch program residing in the same system library. 106 What happens when we move a comp-3 field to an edited (say z (9). ZZ-)? The editing characters r to be used with data items with usage clause as display which is the default. When u tries displaying a data item with usage as computational it does not give the desired display format because the data item is stored as packed decimal. So if u want this particular data item to be edited u have to move it into a data item whose usage is display and then have that particular data item edited in the format desired. 107 What divisions, sections and paragraphs are mandatory for a COBOL program? IDENTIFICATION DIVISION and PROGRAM-ID paragraph are mandatory for a compilation error free COBOL program. 108 What is the difference between Structured COBOL Programming and Object Alternativelyiented COBOL programming? Structured programming is a Logical way of programming, you divide the functionalities into modules and code logically. OOP is a Natural way of programming; you identify the objects first, and then write functions, procedures around the objects. Sorry, this may not be an adequate answer, but they are two different programming paradigms, which is difficult to put in a sentence or two. 109 What is the different between index and subscript? Subscript refers to the array of occurrence, where as Index represents an occurrence of a table element. An index can only modified using perform, search & set. Need to have an index for a table in order to use SEARCH and SEARCH All. 110 What is Redefines clause? Redefines clause is used to allow the same storage allocation to be referenced by different data names. 120. How many sections are there in data division? SIX SECTIONS FILE SECTION WORKING-STORAGE SECTION LOCAL-STORAGE SECTION SCREEN SECTION REPORT SECTION LINKAGE SECTION COBOL Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article

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First Case of Ceftriaxone-Resistant Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Singapore

The SGH laboratory has been doing antimicrobial surveillance testing on regular  systematic sample collections of Neisseria gonorrhoeae sent to us from the Department of  Sexually Transmitted Infection Control, National Skin Centre since 1992 (at least). These results are submitted to the World Health Organization Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (WHO GASP). If you are interested, the reports are freely available at the WHO GASP website (https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/rtis/gonococcal_resistance/en/).

Local isolates of N. gonorrhoeae are often resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. The key antibiotic is therefore a third generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone, with azithromycin thrown in for good measure (https://www.dsc-clinic.sg/Healthcare-Professionals/Books%20and%20Publications/Pages/STI-Management-Guideline-6th-Edition-(2013).aspx).

Ceftriaxone has remained a reliable antibiotic for a surprisingly long time but resistance has finally emerged. The first ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae was reported in Japan in 2011 (Ohnishi M, 2011). This strain named H041 had a ceftriaxone MIC of 2 mg/L. Since then, ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae have been reported in an increasing number of countries. Resistance is due to a mosaic penA allele (i.e. the gene is made up of bits of DNA from different genomes, N. gonorrhoeae can do this because they can acquire DNA from their environment by a process called transformation). This results in an altered penicillin-binding protein with reduced affinity to beta-lactam antibiotics.

A particular clone, named after the original strain FC428 isolated in Japan in 2015 has spread internationally (Lee K, 2019). In 2017, the World Health Organization published a list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. Cephalosporin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae were listed as Priority 2: High.

Our lab diagnosed the first ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae to be isolated in Singapore in early 2018.

The isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone with an MIC of 1 mg/L (left) and an annular radius of 5 mm by the CDS method.

Whole genome sequencing was performed and analysis showed that the strain had the same penA allele as the FC428 clone. Furthermore it belonged to ST13871 (allele profile abcZ 126 adk 39 aro E67 fumC 987 gdh 148 pdhC 153 pgm 65) which is a single locus variant of ST1903 (allele profile abcZ 126 adk 39 aroE 67 fumC 157 gdh 148 pdhC 153 pgm 65), the common multi locus sequence type of the FC428 clone. More details can be found in our paper which has just been published (Ko K, 2019).

As many of the cases of ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae were reported to have been acquired in south-east asia, we can only expect this problem to become worse.

Ohnishi M, Saika T, Hoshina S, Iwasaku K, Nakayama S, Watanabe H, Kitawaki J. Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan;17(1):148-9. doi: 10.3201/eid1701.100397. PubMed PMID: 21192886; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3204624. (free access)

Lee K, Nakayama SI, Osawa K, Yoshida H, Arakawa S, Furubayashi KI, Kameoka H, Shimuta K, Kawahata T, Unemo M, Ohnishi M. Clonal expansion and spread of the ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain FC428, identified in Japan in 2015, and closely related isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Apr 19. pii: dkz129. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkz129. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 31002306. (no free access)

Ko KKK, Chio MT, Goh SS, Tan AL, Koh TH, Abdul Rahman NB. First Case of Ceftriaxone-Resistant Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Singapore. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Mar 11. pii: AAC.02624-18. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02624-18. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30858209. (free access from May 2020)

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Life Science Instrumentation Market Growth, Size, Opportunity, Share, Forecast 2019-2025

Recent advancement such as microarray-based expression profiling in genomics, proteomics and drug discovery domains, created new possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of various fatal diseases such as Cancer and CVD. The life science instrument supported R&D programs and other research studies to discover and develop safe and effective drugs for various chronic diseases including Cancer, Diabetes, and neurological diseases, among others. Research programs related to human genetics have been analyzed in combination with health data and have become increasingly vital for understanding the most complex diseases.

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Government grants and funding are expected to boost the research programs for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, intervention, and discovery of new drugs. To support these researches, focus on sharing and establishment of resources consisting of data, biological samples and information derived from the analysis are taken into consideration. 

R&D budget have been increased around the globe owing to increasing funding, grants and other government support in R&D for drug discovery. The increase in R&D expenditure is also driven by increasing pharmaceutical sales coupled with technological advancement. Significant increase in government funding for R&D programs have boosted drug discovery industry and other associated markets such as life science instrumentation. In 2018, it was stated by the NIH (National Institutes of Health), one of the foremost medical research centers, globally, that it invests around $39 billion for medical research in the US annually. Over 80% of the organization’s funding is granted through around 50,000 competitive grants to over 300,000 researchers at research institutions, medical schools, and universities across the US and other economies.

Advancement in NGS further contribute significantly to the life science Instrumentation market

Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also known as high-throughput sequencing, is the catch-all term that is used to describe a number of different modern sequencing technologies such as Illumina (Solexa) sequencing, Roche 454 sequencing, Ion torrent: Proton / PGM sequencing, SOLiD sequencing and so on. These recent technologies allow us to sequence DNA and RNA much more quickly and cheaply than the previously used Sanger sequencing. Such technologies have therefore revolutionized the study of genomics and molecular biology therefore creating significant market during the forecast period.

The advancements in next generation sequencing is driving the R&D programs across the globe. Companies such as Thermo fisher Scientific, Roche, Illumina Inc., Knome Inc., Life technologies, International Business Machines Corp., Genia, Oxford Nanopore Technologies and so on are contributing significantly toward the advancement of next generation sequencing. Thermo Fisher Scientific is positive on the U.S. FDA approval for the first next-generation sequencing-based companion diagnostic that can analyze alterations in a panel of genes that are predictive of response across three non-small cell lung cancer treatments in the second quarter of 2017. The rising R&D in Cancer diseases will create significant demand for advanced next generation sequencing and various other products, kits, instrument, and other medical devices.

A Full Report of Life Science Instrumentation Market is Available at https://www.omrglobal.com/industry-reports/life-science-instrumentation-market 

Global life science Instrumentation Market Segmentation

By Technology

Chromatography

Spectroscopy

 Polymerase     Chain Reaction (PCR)

Clinical     Chemistry Analyzers

Immunoassays

Next     Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Flow     Cytometry

Microscopy 

Others(     Centrifuges, Electrophoresis)

By End-User

Pharmaceutical     & Biotechnology Companies

Research     Institutes 

Hospitals     and Laboratories 

Global life science Instrumentation Market – Segment by Region 

North America           

US

Canada

Europe

Germany

UK

France

Spain

Italy

Rest of     Europe

Asia-Pacific    

China

Japan

India

Rest of     Asia-Pacific

Rest of the World

Latin     America

Middle     East and Africa

Company Profiles

·        Agilent Technologies, Inc.

·        Becton, Dickinson and Co.

·        Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

·        Biomerieux S.A.

·        Bruker Corp.

·        Carl Zeiss AG

·        Danaher Corp.

·        Eppendorf AG

·        General Electric Co.

·        Hitachi High-Tech Corp.

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