#RF based Simultaneous Interpretation Systems

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RF Interpretation System

An RF interpretation system is a wireless system that allows interpreters to broadcast their translations to listeners wearing headsets. The system consists of a transmitter, receiver, and headsets. The transmitter is connected to the interpreter's microphone, and the receiver is connected to the listener's headset.RF interpretation systems offer a number of benefits over other types of interpretation systems, such as infrared (IR) systems. They are more flexible and scalable, as they do not require a line-of-sight between the transmitter and receiver. This makes them ideal for use in large venues or venues with complex layouts. RF systems are also more resistant to interference from other electronic devices.RF interpretation systems play an important role in facilitating communication at multilingual events. They enable interpreters to deliver their translations to a large audience of listeners in real time.

[anjalisiotey]

Radio Frequency Interpretation

Translation India is India’s most trusted and experienced service provider for RF based Simultaneous Interpretation Systems RF Simultaneous Interpretation Systems has been successfully used for conferences with a large number of delegates/conferences organised in large area -e.g Herbalife Annual Event : Extravaganza ,BIEC ,Bangalore - for over 20000 participants in one single hall RF transmission technology allows us to operate in multiple languages/ Channels simultaneously within interference-free frequencies . Radio Frequency Interpretation Translation India has the capability to transmit upto 40 channels across geographically spread out conferences/ events.RANGE : RF transmission biggest advantage is its coverage which can be from 500 meters to 1 KM. We operate between the frequency range of 72 to 78 Mhz with 2KW transmitters.PERMISSION TO OPERATE /License: RF transmission In India needs govt permission to operate . Translation India undertakes the complete process to obtain necessary licenses for each event. The charges for obtaining the license are dependent number of event days , number of channels and number of pax attending the event.WIRELESS RECEIVERS for delegates :Translation India has IN HOUSE CAPACITY TO CATER TO over 25000delegates and can provided FM Based Multichannel Wireless receivers with Headphones.

[translationindia1111]

Simultaneous interpretation in London

https://translationindia.com/silent-conference-in-london

 Simultaneous interpretation is a highly skilled and demanding form of communication where the interpreter delivers the speaker's message in the target language as close to real-time as possible. This is achieved through specialized equipment, such as interpreting booths and headsets, which allow the interpreter to listen to the speaker while simultaneously speaking into a microphone. It is often used in large conferences and events, as it allows for a smooth and uninterrupted flow of communication between speakers of different languages. London, a global city with a diverse population, is in high demand for simultaneous interpretation services. Many experienced and qualified interpreters in London can provide simultaneous interpretation services in a wide range of languages. Benefits of using simultaneous interpretation in London include accessibility, efficiency, accuracy, and professionalism. When planning an event or meeting in London with attendees who speak different languages, it is important to consider using simultaneous interpretation services to ensure everyone can participate fully and benefit from the event. To choose a reputable simultaneous interpretation service provider in London, consider their qualifications and experience, get quotes from multiple companies, and book your interpreters well in advance. Simultaneous interpretation is used in London include conferences at the London Book Fair, business meetings at offices in London and Tokyo, and courtrooms at the Old Bailey. Simultaneous interpretation is a vital tool for communication in a global city like London, ensuring that everyone can participate fully and benefit from the event or meeting

[translationindia]

Radio Frequency Interpretation

Translation India is India’s most trusted and experienced service provider for RF based Simultaneous Interpretation Systems

RF Simultaneous Interpretation Systems has been successfully used for conferences with a large number of delegates/conferences organised in large area -e.g Herbalife Annual Event : Extravaganza ,BIEC ,Bangalore - for over 20000 participants in one single hall RF transmission technology allows us to operate in multiple languages/ Channels simultaneously within interference-free frequencies . Translation India has the capability to transmit upto 40 channels across geographically spread out conferences/ events.

RANGE : RF transmission biggest advantage is its coverage which can be from 500 meters to 1 KM. We operate between the frequency range of 72 to 78 Mhz with 2 KW transmitters.

PERMISSION TO OPERATE /License: RF transmission In India needs govt permission to operate . Translation India undertakes the complete process to obtain necessary licenses for each event. The charges for obtaining the license are dependent number of event days , number of channels and number of pax attending the event.

WIRELESS RECEIVERS for delegates :Translation India has IN HOUSE CAPACITY TO CATER TO over 25000 delegates and can provided FM Based Multichannel Wireless receivers with Headphones.

BENEFITS OF RF INTERPRETATION SYSTEMS

less expensive, easier to setup and do not require a lot of additional equipment for events with larger coverage areas.

DONOT require clear line of sight making it AN EFFECTIVE choice for large gatherings - indoor and outdoor

There is no interference from light and physical obstacles in general and hence have been widely used for big size events.

FM receivers are comparatively cheaper than other interpretation headsets and easy to handle.

FM receivers have multi channel capability to support multi language interpretation at the same time

[kathleenseiber]

Quantum entanglement could take GPS to the next level

Quantum entanglement can help detect radio frequencies with more sensitivity and accuracy than ever, researchers report.

Your phone’s GPS, the WiFi in your house, and communications on aircraft are all powered by radio-frequency waves, or RF waves, which carry information from a transmitter at one point to a sensor at another.

The sensors interpret this information in different ways. For example, a GPS sensor uses the angle at which it receives an RF wave to determine its own relative location. The more precisely it can measure the angle, the more accurately it can determine location.

In a paper in Physical Review Letters, researchers demonstrate how a combination of two techniques—radio frequency photonics sensing and quantum metrology—can give sensor networks a previously unheard-of level of precision.

The research involves transferring information from electrons to photons, then using quantum entanglement to increase the photons’ sensing capabilities.

“This quantum sensing paradigm could create opportunities to improve GPS systems, astronomy laboratories, and biomedical imaging capabilities,” says Zheshen Zhang, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering and optical sciences, as well principal investigator of the Quantum Information and Materials Group at the University of Arizona. “It could be used to improve the performance of any application that requires a network of sensors.”

From electrons to light

Traditional antenna sensors transform information from RF signals to an electrical current made up of moving electrons. However, optical sensing, which uses photons, or units of light, to carry information, is much more efficient.

Not only can photons hold more data than electrons, giving the signal larger bandwidth, but photonics-based sensing can transmit that signal much farther than electronics-based sensing, and with less interference. Because optical signals offer so many advantages, the researchers used an electro-optical transducer to convert RF waves into the optical domain in a method called RF-photonics sensing.

“We designed a bridge between an optical system and a physical quantity in a completely different domain,” Zhang explains. “We demonstrated that with an RF domain in this experiment, but the idea could also be applied to other scenarios. For example, if you want to measure temperature using photons, you could use a thermo-optical transducer to convert the temperature into an optical property.”

Breaking down quantum entanglement

After converting information to the optical domain, the researchers applied a technique called quantum metrology.

Usually, a sensor’s precision is limited by something called the standard quantum limit. For example, smartphone GPS systems are usually accurate within a 16-foot radius. Quantum metrology uses entangled particles to break past the standard quantum limit and take ultrasensitive measurements.

How does it work? Entangled particles are tied together so anything that happens to one particle affects the particles it’s entangled with as well, as long as appropriate measurements are taken.

Picture a supervisor and an employee working together on a project. Because it takes time for the employee to share information with his supervisor through methods like emails and meetings, the efficiency of their partnership is limited. But if the two could entangle their brains together, the employee and the supervisor would automatically have the same information—saving time and allowing them to jointly tackle a common problem more efficiently.

Quantum metrology has been used to improve sensor precision in places like the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, or LIGO, which has opened up a new window for astronomers. However, almost all prior quantum metrology demonstrations, including LIGO, only involve a single sensor.

Networks of sensors

However, RF waves are usually received by a network of sensors, each of which processes information individually—more like a group of independent employees working with their supervisors. Quntao Zhuang, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering, previously demonstrated a theoretical framework to boost performance by teaming up entangled sensors.

This new experiment demonstrates for the first time that researchers can entangle a network of three sensors with one another, meaning they all receive the information from probes and correlate it with one another simultaneously. It’s more like if a group of employees could share information instantly with their bosses, and the bosses could instantly share that information with each other, making their workflow ultra-efficient.

“Typically, in a complex system—for example, a wireless communications network or even our cellphones—there’s not just a single sensor, but a set of sensors that work together to undertake a task,” Zhang says.

“We’ve developed a technology to entangle these sensors, rather than having them operate individually. They can use their entanglement to ‘talk’ to each other during the sensing period, which can significantly improve sensing performance.”

While the experiment only used three sensors, it opens the door to the possibility of applying the technique to networks of hundreds of sensors

“Imagine, for example, a network for biological sensing: You can entangle these biosensors so that they work together to identify the species of a biological molecule, or to detect neural activities more precisely than a classical sensor array,” Zhang says. “Really, this technique could be applied to any application that requires an array or network of sensors.”

In theory work published in Physical Review X in 2019, Zhuang presented how machine learning techniques can train sensors in a large-scale entangled sensor network like this one to take ultra-precise measurements.

“Entanglement allows sensors to more precisely extract features from the parameters being sensed, allowing for better performance in machine learning tasks such as sensor data classification and principal component analysis,” Zhuang says. “Our previous work provides a theoretical design of an entanglement-enhanced machine learning system that outperforms classical systems.”

Additional coauthors are from the University of Arizona and General Dynamics Mission Systems.

Source: University of Arizona

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Digital Signals and Modulation for communication | Soukacatv.com

Radio waves are naturally sinusoidal, with frequencies covering a wide range. They are capable of travelling through space, and are widely used for communication. This is a brief explanation of how they are able to carry information. Many of the same principles apply to other communication media, such as optical signals and electric currents.

Radio waves cover a wide range of frequencies, some of which are more suitable than others for a particular service. You can explore some uses of radio with this interactive chart.

HDMI Encoder Modulator, 16in1 Digital Headend, HD RF Modulator at Soukacatv.com

Click on the image of the electromagnetic spectrum below to learn more about the highlighted part of the spectrum (radio and microwave frequencies). You will see that this part of the spectrum is conventionally divided into bands, each covering a decade in frequency (or wavelength). Make a note of the frequencies and wavelengths and the typical uses of each band.

[The radio and microwave frequencies interactive will open in a new window. After you have viewed the interactive, click on the link 1.3 Digital signals and modulation, to return to this page.]

Generally a medium used for communication (such as radio waves) needs to be processed in some way to carry information. The process is called modulation. Two signals are combined in modulation:

·         The message signal, called the modulating signal. (Often this is non-periodic.)

·         A signal of the right frequency for transmission, called the carrier signal.

When they are combined, the modulating signal changes the carrier signal in some way, such as by changing its amplitude or frequency. This creates a new signal that contains the message information and is also at the correct transmission frequency. Note that although modulation of some kind is essential for wireless transmission, it is also used in much wired transmission, for example broadband and optical fiber.

In the next section, assume that the message to be sent is in the form of a digital signal (that is, a signal that is interpreted as a sequence of discrete values). In fact, most communications fall into this category; computer networks and almost all telephony, as well as digital TV and radio. Analogue signals such as speech are converted to digital form at one end of a communications link and back to analogue at the other. When the message signal is digital, modulation produces distinct states of the carrier wave that can be distinguished by the receiver and can be used to represent ones and zeros, or groups of ones and zeros. Next you will see some basic digital modulation schemes.

1.4 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

In ASK, only the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified in modulation. The simplest version is on–off keying (OOK). In OOK, either bursts of a carrier wave are transmitted or nothing is transmitted depending whether the input message signal is 1 or 0. Other versions of ASK use differing (non-zero) amplitudes to represent 1 and 0.

Figure 1.2(a) shows a digital message signal using two voltage levels. One level represents 1 and the other represents 0. The unmodulated carrier is illustrated in Figure 1.2(b). Figure 1.2(c) and (d) are the modulated waveforms using two versions of ASK. Figure 1.2(c) uses OOK, and 2(d) uses binary ASK, or BASK.

Figure 1.2 ASK: (a) data; (b) unmodulated carrier; (c) on–off keying (OOK); (d) binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK)

In OOK and BASK, the modulated carrier can take one of two different states: one state representing a 0, the other a 1. These different carrier states are what are known as symbols. If there are more than two possible carrier states – that is, more than two symbols available – then it is possible for each symbol to represent more than one bit.

Figure 1.3 shows ASK with four possible amplitude levels, or four symbols. With four symbols available, each symbol can be uniquely represented with a two-bit binary number. This is because there are just four possible two-bit binary numbers: 11, 10, 01 and 00.

Figure 1.3 ASK with four amplitude levels

If there were eight symbols, each could represent three data bits. The relationship between the number of available symbols, M, and the number of bits that can be represented by a symbol, n, is:

M = 2n

The term baud refers to the number of symbols per second, where one baud is one symbol per second.

Data rate (or bit rate) and baud are closely related.

Activity 1.4 Self assessment

·                        a.If a communications system uses 16 symbols, how many bits does each symbol represent?

·                        b.If the same system has a symbol rate of 10 000 baud, what is the data rate?

Increasing the number of bits a symbol can represent means that higher data rates can be achieved.

1.5 Frequency-shift keying (FSK)

In FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is modified. An illustration of binary FSK, or BFSK, is given in Figure 1.4. Here, bursts of a carrier wave at one frequency or bursts of a carrier wave at a second frequency are transmitted according to whether the input data is 1 or 0.

Figure 1.4 Binary FSK

1.6 Phase-shift keying (PSK)

The third fundamental digital modulation technique, and the most widely used in one form or another, is PSK. Its simplest form is Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK).

In BPSK, 0 and 1 are represented by segments of sinusoids that differ in their phase. At the receiver, distinguishing between the two segments is easier if their phases differ by as much as possible. In BPSK the phases are separated by half a cycle (equivalent to π radians or 180°). See Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5 BPSK

A BPSK-modulated signal is less susceptible to certain kinds of noise than ASK.

Activity 1.5 Self assessment

Figure 1.6 shows three examples of digitally modulated waveforms. For each example, decide which modulation scheme has been used and, based on the figures you saw earlier, work out what binary data each of these represents.

Figure 1.6 Three digitally modulated waveforms.

Activity 1.6 Exploratory

This interactive activity will allow you to explore the three binary digital modulation schemes: OOK, ASK, BFSK and BPSK.

Start the activity by clicking on the image or ‘View’ link below. You will see that you are invited to ‘Create a binary data stream’. Enter a series of 0s and 1s, then click on ‘Submit’ to create a modulating waveform and use this to modulate a carrier using one of the modulation schemes. You can change the modulation scheme using the drop-down menu at the top left, and change the carrier frequency using the slider at the top right.

Try creating different modulated waveforms.

1.7 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

It is possible to combine ASK, FSK and PSK. One benefit of combining different modulation methods is to increase the number of symbols available. Increasing the number of available symbols is a standard way to increase the bit rate, because increasing the number of symbols increases the number of bits per symbol. It is rare for all three methods to be combined, but very common for ASK and PSK to be combined to create Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

QAM is based on the application of ASK and PSK to two sinusoidal waves of the same frequency but with a phase difference of 90°. Sinusoidal waves 90° apart are said to be in a quadrature phase relationship. It is customary to refer to one of these waves as the I wave, or in-phase wave or component, and the other as the Q wave, or quadrature wave or component (Figure 1.7).

Figure 1.7 (a) I (in-phase or sine) wave and (b) Q (quadrature or cosine) wave

You may recognize the I wave in Figure 1.7 as a sine function and the Q wave as a cosine function. These functions are said to be orthogonal to each other. If two signals are orthogonal, when they are transmitted simultaneously one can be completely recovered at the receiver without any interference from the other.

The I and Q waves remain orthogonal if either or both of them are inverted (multiplied by –1, or flipped vertically). Negative amplitudes just mean that the wave is inverted.

The set of symbols in QAM can be conveniently represented on a signal constellation diagram (Figure 1.8). This is a plot of the I and Q amplitudes with I on the horizontal axis and Q on the vertical axis. Each dot in Figure 1.8 is a symbol, as it represents a unique combination of amplitude and phase of the I and Q waves. So, in each symbol period, only one of the ‘dots’ is transmitted. As there are 16 symbols, this version of QAM is called 16-QAM.

Figure 1.8 Constellation diagram for 16-QAM.

To understand what each dot in the diagram represents, take the top left one. This represents a symbol where the Q wave is at amplitude of 3 and the I wave is at an amplitude of –3. The minus sign means the I wave is inverted (or phase shifted by 180°) relative to the I wave in Figure 1.7(a).

As the number of symbols increases, more data bits are transmitted per symbol. For example, 64-QAM is a QAM scheme with 64 symbols, and 256-QAM is a scheme with 256 symbols. 256-QAM conveys 8 bits per symbol (as 256 = 28), so achieving twice the data rate of 16-QAM for the same symbol rate.

The points on the diagram in the answer to Activity 1.7 are placed at values of +/−1, 3, 5 and 7. The actual amplitudes used in practice are likely to be different; but if the spacing between constellation points remains the same (2 in this case) and we keep adding more points in this way, then we are increasing the power in the signal. The further away from the origin a constellation point is, the more power is required in the signal. Alternatively, it could be necessary to keep the maximum signal power constant whether we are using 16-QAM or 64-QAM, for instance. This would mean packing the points closer together in 64-QAM than in 16-QAM. However, if the points are closer together then adjacent symbols will be more likely to be misinterpreted at the receiver as a neighboring symbol. One of the effects of noise (which is unavoidable in communication) is to add a degree of uncertainty about which symbol has arrived at the receiver.

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Source: open.edu

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Zx Spectrum

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Zx Spectrum

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ZX Spectrum 48K motherboard (Issue 3B  1983, heat sink removed)

The Spectrum is based on a Zilog Z80A CPU running at 3.5 MHz (or NEC D780C-1 clone). The original model Spectrum has 16 KB (161024 bytes) of ROM and either 16 KB or 48 KB of RAM. Hardware design was by Richard Altwasser of Sinclair Research, and the machine’s outward appearance was designed by Sinclair’s industrial designer Rick Dickinson.

Video output is through an RF modulator and was designed for use with contemporary portable television sets, for a simple colour graphic display. Text can be displayed using 32 columns 24��rows of characters from the ZX Spectrum character set or from a set provided within an application, from a palette of 15 shades: seven colours at two levels of brightness each, plus black. The image resolution is 256192 with the same colour limitations. To conserve memory, colour is stored separate from the pixel bitmap in a low resolution, 3224 grid overlay, corresponding to the character cells. Altwasser received a patent for this design.

An “attribute” consists of a foreground and a background colour, a brightness level (normal or bright) and a flashing “flag” which, when set, causes the two colours to swap at regular intervals. Unfortunately, this scheme leads to what was dubbed colour clash or attribute clash with some bizarre effects in the animated graphics of arcade style games. This problem became a distinctive feature of the Spectrum and an in-joke among Spectrum users, as well as a point of derision by advocates of other systems. Other machines available around the same time, for example the Amstrad CPC, did not suffer from this limitation. The Commodore 64 used colour attributes in a similar way, but a special multicolour mode, hardware sprites and scrolling were used to avoid attribute clash.

Sound output is through a beeper on the machine itself. This is capable of producing one channel with 10 octaves. The machine also includes an expansion bus edge connector and audio in/out ports for the connection of a cassette recorder for loading and saving programs and data.

The machine’s Sinclair BASIC interpreter is stored in ROM (along with fundamental system-routines) and was written by Steve Vickers on contract from Nine Tiles Ltd. The Spectrum’s chiclet keyboard (on top of a membrane, similar to calculator keys) is marked with BASIC keywords, so that, for example, pressing “G” when in programming mode would insert the BASIC command GO TO.

Models

Pre-production designs

Rick Dickinson came up with a number of designs called the ZX82 before the finalised ZX Spectrum. A number of the keyboard legends changed during the design phase including ARC becoming CIRCLE, FORE becoming INK and BACK becoming PAPER.

Sinclair Research models

ZX Spectrum 16K/48K

ZX Spectrum 16K/48K (Dimensions (mm): 233x144x30 (WxHxD) @ ~552 grams).

The original ZX Spectrum is remembered for its rubber keyboard, diminutive size and distinctive rainbow motif. It was originally released in 1982 with 16 KB of RAM for 125 Sterling or with 48 KB for 175; these prices were later reduced to 99 and 129 respectively. Owners of the 16 KB model could purchase an internal 32 KB RAM upgrade, which for early “Issue 1” machines consisted of a daughterboard. Later issue machines required the fitting of 8 dynamic RAM chips and a few TTL chips. Users could mail their 16K Spectrums to Sinclair to be upgraded to 48 KB versions. To reduce the price, the 32 KB extension used eight faulty 64 kilobit chips with only one half of their capacity working and/or available. External 32 KB RAM packs that mounted in the rear expansion slot were also available from third parties. Both machines had 16 KB of onboard ROM.

About 60,000 “Issue 1” ZX Spectrums were manufactured; they can be distinguished from later models by the colour of the keys (light grey for Issue 1, blue-grey for later models).

ZX Spectrum+

ZX Spectrum+ (Dimensions (mm): 319x149x38 (WxHxD))

Planning of the ZX Spectrum+ started in June 1984, and the machine was released in October the same year. This 48 KB Spectrum (development code-name TB) introduced a new QL-style case with an injection-moulded keyboard and a reset button. Electronically, it was identical to the previous 48 KB model. It retailed for 179.95. A DIY conversion-kit for older machines was also available. Early on, the machine outsold the rubber-key model 2:1; however, some retailers reported a failure rate of up to 30%, compared with a more usual 5-6%.

ZX Spectrum 128

ZX Spectrum 128

Sinclair developed the ZX Spectrum 128 (code-named Derby) in conjunction with their Spanish distributor Investrnica. Investrnica had helped adapt the ZX Spectrum+ to the Spanish market after the Spanish government introduced a special tax on all computers with 64 KB RAM or less which did not support the Spanish alphabet (such as ) and show messages in Spanish.

New features included 128 KB RAM, three-channel audio via the AY-3-8912 chip, MIDI compatibility, an RS-232 serial port, an RGB monitor port, 32 KB of ROM including an improved BASIC editor, and an external keypad.

The machine was simultaneously presented for the first time and launched in September 1985 at the SIMO ’85 trade show in Spain, with a price of 44,250 pesetas. Because of the large number of unsold Spectrum+ models, Sinclair decided not to start selling in the UK until January 1986 at a price of 179.95. No external keypad was available for the UK release, although the ROM routines to use it and the port itself, which was hastily renamed “AUX”, remained.

The Z80 processor used in the Spectrum has a 16-bit address bus, which means only 64 KB of memory can be directly addressed. To facilitate the extra 80 KB of RAM the designers used bank switching so that the new memory would be available as eight pages of 16 KB at the top of the address space. The same technique was also used to page between the new 16 KB editor ROM and the original 16 KB BASIC ROM at the bottom of the address space.

The new sound chip and MIDI out abilities were exposed to the BASIC programming language with the command PLAY and a new command SPECTRUM was added to switch the machine into 48K mode, keeping the current BASIC program intact (although there is no way to switch back to 128K mode). To enable BASIC programmers to access the additional memory, a RAM disk was created where files could be stored in the additional 80 KB of RAM. The new commands took the place of two existing user-defined-character spaces causing compatibility problems with some BASIC programs.

The Spanish version had the “128K” logo in white while the English one had the same logo in red.

Amstrad models

ZX Spectrum +2

ZX Spectrum +2

The ZX Spectrum +2 was Amstrad’s first Spectrum, coming shortly after their purchase of the Spectrum range and “Sinclair” brand in 1986. The machine featured an all-new grey case featuring a spring-loaded keyboard, dual joystick ports, and a built-in cassette recorder dubbed the “Datacorder” (like the Amstrad CPC 464), but was in most respects identical to the ZX Spectrum 128. The main menu screen lacked the Spectrum 128’s “Tape Test” option, and the ROM was altered to account for a new 1986 Amstrad copyright message. These changes resulted in minor incompatibility problems with software that accessed ROM routines at certain addresses. Production costs had been reduced and the retail price dropped to 139149.

The new keyboard did not include the BASIC keyword markings that were found on earlier Spectrums, except for the keywords LOAD, CODE and RUN which were useful for loading software. This was not a major issue however, as the +2 boasted a menu system, almost identical to the ZX Spectrum 128, where one could switch between 48k BASIC programming with the keywords, and 128k BASIC programming in which all words (keywords and otherwise) must be typed out in full (although the keywords are still stored internally as one character each). Despite these changes, the layout remained identical to that of the 128.

ZX Spectrum +2A

ZX Spectrum +2A

The ZX Spectrum +2A was produced to homogenise Amstrad’s range in 1987. Although the case reads “ZX Spectrum +2”, the +2A/B is easily distinguishable from the original +2 as the case was restored to the standard Spectrum black.

The +2A was derived from Amstrad’s +3 4.1 ROM model, using a new motherboard which vastly reduced the chip count, integrating many of them into a new ASIC. The +2A replaced the +3’s disk drive and associated hardware with a tape drive, as in the original +2. Originally, Amstrad planned to introduce an additional disk interface, but this never appeared. If an external disk drive was added, the “+2A” on the system OS menu would change to a +3. As with the ZX Spectrum +3, some older 48K, and a few older 128K, games were incompatible with the machine.

ZX Spectrum +2B

The ZX Spectrum +2B signified a manufacturing move from Hong Kong to Taiwan later in 1987.

ZX Spectrum +3

ZX Spectrum +3

The ZX Spectrum +3 looked similar to the +2 but featured a built-in 3-inch floppy disk drive (like the Amstrad CPC 6128) instead of the tape drive, and was in a black case. It was launched in 1987, initially retailed for 249 and then later 199 and was the only Spectrum capable of running the CP/M operating system without additional hardware.

The +3 saw the addition of two more 16 KB ROMs. One was home to the second part of the reorganised 128 ROM and the other hosted the +3’s disk operating system. This was a modified version of Amstrad’s AMSDOS, called +3DOS. These two new 16 KB ROMs and the original two 16 KB ROMs were now physically implemented together as two 32 KB chips. To be able to run CP/M, which requires RAM at the bottom of the address space, the bank-switching was further improved, allowing the ROM to be paged out for another 16 KB of RAM.

Such core changes brought incompatibilities:

Removal of several lines on the expansion bus edge connector (video, power, and IORQGE); caused many external devices problems; some such as the VTX5000 modem could be used via the “FixIt” device

Dividing ROMCS into 2 lines, to disable both ROMs

Reading a non-existent I/O port no longer returned the last attribute; caused some games such as Arkanoid to be unplayable

Memory timing changes; some of the RAM banks were now contended causing high-speed colour-changing effects to fail

The keypad scanning routines from the ROM were removed

move 1 byte address in ROM

Some older 48K, and a few older 128K, games were incompatible with the machine.

The +3 was the final official model of the Spectrum to be manufactured, remaining in production until December 1990. Although still accounting for one third of all home computer sales in the UK at the time, production of the model was ceased by Amstrad at that point.

Clones

Didaktik M

See also: list of ZX Spectrum clones

Sinclair licensed the Spectrum design to Timex Corporation in the United States. An enhanced version of the Spectrum with better sound, graphics and other modifications was marketed in the USA by Timex as the Timex Sinclair 2068. Timex’s derivatives were largely incompatible with Sinclair systems. However, some of the Timex innovations were later adopted by Sinclair Research. A case in point was the abortive Pandora portable Spectrum, whose ULA had the high resolution video mode pioneered in the TS2068. Pandora had a flat-screen monitor and Microdrives and was intended to be Sinclair’s business portable. When Alan Sugar bought the computer side of Sinclair it got ditched (a conversation with UK computer journalist Guy Kewney went thus: AS: “Have you seen it?” GK: “Yes” AS: “Well then.”).

In the UK, Spectrum peripheral vendor Miles Gordon Technology (MGT) released the SAM Coup as a potential successor with some Spectrum compatibility. However, by this point, the Commodore Amiga and Atari ST had taken hold of the market, leaving MGT in eventual receivership.

Many unofficial Spectrum clones were produced, especially in the former Eastern Bloc countries (e.g. in Romania, several models were produced (Tim-S, HC85, HC91, Cobra, Junior, CIP, CIP 3, Jet) , some featuring CP/M and a 5.25″/3.5″ floppy disk) and South America (e.g. Microdigital TK 90X and TK 95). In the Soviet Union, ZX Spectrum clones were assembled by thousands of small start-ups and distributed though poster ads and street stalls. Over 50 such clone models existed. Some of them are still being produced, such as the Pentagon and ATM Turbo. In India, Decibells Electronics introduced a licensed version of the Spectrum+ in 1986. Dubbed the “db Spectrum+”, it did reasonably well in the Indian market and sold quite a few thousand until 1990 when the market died away.

Peripherals

Several peripherals for the Spectrum were marketed by Sinclair: the ZX Printer was already on the market, as the ZX Spectrum expansion bus was backwards-compatible with that of the ZX81.

The ZX Interface 1 add-on module included 8 KB of ROM, an RS-232 serial port, a proprietary LAN interface (called ZX Net), and an interface for the connection of up to eight ZX Microdrives  somewhat unreliable but speedy tape-loop cartridge storage devices released in July 1983. These were later used in a revised version on the Sinclair QL, whose storage format was electrically compatible but logically incompatible with the Spectrum’s. Sinclair also released the ZX Interface 2 which added two joystick ports and a ROM cartridge port.

There were also a plethora of third-party hardware addons. The better known of these included the Kempston joystick interface, the Morex Peripherals Centronics/RS-232 interface, the Currah Microspeech unit (speech synthesis), Videoface Digitiser, RAM pack, the Cheetah Marketing SpecDrum, a drum machine, and the Multiface, a snapshot and disassembly tool from Romantic Robot. Keyboards were especially popular in view of the original’s notorious “dead flesh” feel.

ZX Printer

ZX Interface 1

ZX Interface 2

ZX Microdrive

Kempston joystick interface

There were numerous disk drive interfaces, including the Abbeydale Designers/Watford Electronics SPDOS, Abbeydale Designers/Kempston KDOS and Opus Discovery. The SPDOS and KDOS interfaces were the first to come bundled with Office productivity software (Tasword Word Processor, Masterfile database and OmniCalc spreadsheet). This bundle, together with OCP’s Stock Control, Finance and Payroll systems, introduced many small businesses to a streamlined, computerised operation. The most popular floppy disk systems (except in East Europe) were the DISCiPLE and +D systems released by Miles Gordon Technology in 1987 and 1988 respectively. Both systems had the ability to store memory images onto disk snapshots could later be used to restore the Spectrum to its exact previous state. They were also both compatible with the Microdrive command syntax, which made porting existing software much simpler.

During the mid-1980s, Telemap Group Ltd launched a fee-based service allowing users to connect their ZX Spectrums via a Prism Micro Products VTX5000 modem to a viewdata service known as Micronet 800, hosted by Prestel. This service pre-dated the web, but offered many of the services now considered commonplace.

Software

A screenshot from Rebelstar, a well-known Spectrum game

Main article: ZX Spectrum software

The Spectrum enjoys a vibrant, dedicated fan-base. Since it was cheap and simple to learn to use and program, the Spectrum was the starting point for many programmers. The hardware limitations of the Spectrum imposed a special level of creativity on game designers, and so many Spectrum games are very creative and playable even by today’s standards. The early Spectrum models’ great success as a games platform came in spite of its lack of built-in joystick ports, primitive sound generation, and colour support that was optimised for text display.

The Spectrum family enjoys a very large software library of more than 20,000 titles which is still increasing. While most of these are games, the library is very diverse, including programming language implementations, databases (eg VU-File), word processors (eg Tasword II), spreadsheets (eg VU-Calc), drawing and painting tools (eg OCP Art Studio), and even 3D-modelling (e.g. VU-3D) as well as astronomy and astrology programs and archaeology software.

Distribution

Most Spectrum software was originally distributed on audio cassette tapes. The Spectrum was intended to work with a normal domestic cassette recorder, and despite differences in audio reproduction fidelity, the software loading process was quite reliable, if somewhat slow (by today’s standards).

Although the ZX Microdrive was initially greeted with good reviews, it never took off as a distribution method due to worries about the quality of the cartridges and piracy. Hence the main use became to complement tape releases, usually utilities and niche products like the Tasword word processing software and Trans Express, (a tape to microdrive copying utility). No games are known to be exclusively released on Microdrive.

Despite the popularity of the DISCiPLE and +D systems, most software released for them took the form of utility software. The ZX Spectrum +3 enjoyed much more success when it came to commercial software releases on floppy disk. More than 700 titles were released on 3-inch disk from 1987 to 1997.

Software was also distributed through print media; magazines and books. The reader would type the Sinclair BASIC program listing into the computer by hand, run it, and could save it to tape for later use. The software distributed in this way was in general simpler and slower than its assembly language counterparts. Magazines also printed long lists of checksummed hexadecimal digits with machine code games or tools.

Another software distribution method was to broadcast the audio stream from the cassette on another medium and have users record it onto an audio cassette themselves. In radio or television shows in many European countries, the host would describe a program, instruct the audience to connect a cassette tape recorder to the radio or TV and then broadcast the program over the airwaves in audio format. Some magazines distributed 7″ 33 rpm flexidisc records, a variant of regular vinyl records which could be played on a standard record player. These disks were known as floppy ROMs.

Copying and backup software

Many copierstilities to copy programs from audio tape to another tape, microdrive tapes, and later on diskettesere available for the Spectrum. As a response to this, publishers introduced copy protection measures to their software, including different loading schemes. Other methods for copy prevention were also used including asking for a particular word from the documentation included with the gameften a novella like in Silicon Dreams trilogyr another physical device distributed with the software.g. Lenslok as used in Elite. Special hardware, such as Romantic Robot’s Multiface, was able to dump a copy of the ZX Spectrum RAM to disk/tape at the press of a button, entirely circumventing the copy protection systems.

Most Spectrum software has, in recent years, been converted to current media and is available for download. One popular program for converting Spectrum files from tape is Taper; it allows connecting a cassette tape player to the line in port of a sound card, orhrough a simple home-built deviceo the parallel port of a PC. Once in files on a host machine, the software can be executed on one of many emulators, on virtually any platform available today.

The largest on-line archive of ZX Spectrum software is World of Spectrum, with more than 18,000 titles. The legality of this practice is still in question and a number of copyright holders have explicitly objected to the posting of their software, with which some Spectrum abandonware sites have usually complied.

Notable developers

A number of current leading games developers and development companies began their careers on the ZX Spectrum, including David Perry of Shiny Entertainment, and Tim and Chris Stamper (founders of Ultimate Play The Game, now known as Rare, maker of many famous titles for Nintendo and Microsoft game consoles). Other prominent games developers include Julian Gollop (Chaos, Rebelstar, X-COM series), Matthew Smith (Manic Miner, Jet Set Willy), Jon Ritman (Match Day, Head Over Heels), The Oliver Twins (the Dizzy series), Clive Townsend (Saboteur), Pete Cooke (Tau Ceti), Mike Singleton (The Lords of Midnight,War In Middle Earth), and Alan Cox. Although the Spectrum’s audio hardware was not as capable as that of the Commodore 64, computer musicians David Whittaker and Tim Follin produced notable multi-channel music for the machine.

Jeff Minter ported some of his Commodore VIC-20 games for the ZX Spectrum.

Community

The ZX Spectrum enjoyed a very strong community early on. Several dedicated magazines were released including Sinclair User (1982), Your Sinclair (1983) and CRASH (1984). Early on they were very technically oriented with type-in programs and machine code tutorials. Later on they became almost completely game-oriented. Several general contemporary computer magazines covered the ZX Spectrum in more or less detail. They included Computer Gamer, Computer and Video Games, Computing Today, Popular Computing Weekly, Your Computer and The Games Machine.

The Spectrum is affectionately known as the Speccy by elements of its fan following.

More than 80 electronic magazines existed, mostly in Russian. Most notable of them were AlchNews (UK), ZX-Format (Russia), and Spectrofon (Russia).

See also

SAM Coup A Similar system, often considered a clone of the ZX Spectrum.

ZX Spectrum graphic modes

List of ZX Spectrum games

List of ZX Spectrum clones

History of computing hardware (1960s-present)

References

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^ Dickinson, Rick. “specLOGO02”. Sinclair Spectrum development. http://www.flickr.com/photos/9574086@N02/697783938/in/set-72157600607571866/. Retrieved 2007-07-24. 

^ Dickinson, Rick. “specModel01”. Sinclair Spectrum development. http://www.flickr.com/photos/9574086@N02/696932215/in/set-72157600607571866/. Retrieved 2007-07-24. 

^ Klooster, Erik. “SINCLAIR ZX SPECTRUM : the good, old ‘speccy'”. Computer Museum. http://computermuseum.50megs.com/brands/zxspectrum.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-19. 

^ a b Owen, Chris. “ZX Spectrum 16K/48K”. Planet Sinclair. http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/zxspectrum/spec1648.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-14. 

^ Williams, Chris (2007-04-23). “Sinclair ZX Spectrum: 25 today”. Register Hardware. Situation Publishing. http://www.reghardware.co.uk/2007/04/23/spectrum_zx_25/. Retrieved 2008-09-14. 

^ Owen, Chris. “ZX Spectrum”. Planet Sinclair. http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/zxspectrum/zxspectrum.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-14. 

^ Vickers, Steven (1982). “Introduction”. Sinclair ZX Spectrum BASIC Programming. Sinclair Research Ltd. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/ZXBasicManual/zxmanchap1.html. Retrieved 2006-08-23. 

^ a b Vickers, Steven (1982). “Colours”. Sinclair ZX Spectrum BASIC Programming. Sinclair Research Ltd. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/ZXBasicManual/zxmanchap16.html. Retrieved 2006-08-23. 

^ EP patent 0107687, “Display for a computer”, granted 1988-07-06 , assigned to Sinclair Research Ltd 

^ Vickers, Steven (1982). “Basic programming concepts”. Sinclair ZX Spectrum BASIC Programming. Sinclair Research Ltd. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/ZXBasicManual/zxmanchap2.html. Retrieved 2006-09-19. 

^ a b “The Machines”. The Home Computers Hall of Fame. http://www.gondolin.org.uk/hchof/machinelist.html. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 

^ “The High Street Spectrum”. ZX Computing: 43. February 1983. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8302/Pages/ZXComputing830200043.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ “News: Spectrum prices are slashed”. Sinclair User (15): 13. June 1983. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/015/news.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-15. 

^ Goodwin, Simon (September 1984). “Suddenly, it’s the 64K Spectrum!”. Your Spectrum (7): 3334. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~jg27paw4/yr07/yr07_33.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-21. 

^ Owen, Chris. “Spectrum 48K Versions”. Planet Sinclair. http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/zxspectrum/spec48versions.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-24. 

^ a b c Denham, Sue (December 1984). “The Secret That Was Spectrum+”. Your Spectrum (10): 104. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~jg27paw4/yr10/yr10_a4.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-21. 

^ a b Owen, Chris. “ZX Spectrum+”. Planet Sinclair. http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/zxspectrum/specplus.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-21. 

^ “News: New Spectrum launch”. Sinclair User (33): 11. December 1984. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/033/news.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-19. 

^ Bourne, Chris (November 1985). “News: Launch of the Spectrum 128 in Spain”. Sinclair User (44): 5. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/044/news.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-15. 

^ Crookes, David. “Why QWERTY?”. Micro Mart. http://www.micromart.co.uk/features/article/default.aspx?id=22913. Retrieved 2006-08-15. 

^ “Clive discovers games  at last”. Sinclair User (49): 53. April 1985. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/049/128lnch.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-20. 

^ Phillips, Max (November 1986). “ZX Spectrum +2”. Your Sinclair (11): 47. http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/spectrumplustworeview.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-29. 

^ Kendall, Philip (2000-01-06). “Sinclair ZX Spectrum FAQ: Question 14”. Planet Sinclair. http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/faq/faqs.html#Q14. Retrieved 2008-01-05. 

^ South, Phil (July 1987). “It’s here… the Spectrum +3”. Your Sinclair (17): 2223. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=YourSinclair/Issue19/Pages/YourSinclair1900022.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ Amstrad (November 1987). “The new Sinclair has one big disk advantage”. Sinclair User (68): 23. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=SinclairUser/Issue068/Pages/SinclairUser06800002.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ Rupert Goodwins (2002-05-12). “Sinclair Loki Superspectrum”. comp.sys.sinclair. (Web link). Retrieved on 2006-11-08.

^ Owen, Chris. “Clones and variants”. Planet Sinclair. http://www.nvg.org/sinclair/computers/clones/clones.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-26. 

^ Owen, Chris. “ZX Printer”. Planet Sinclair. http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/peripherals/zxprinter.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-24. 

^ “News: Some surprises in the Microdrive”. Sinclair User (18): 15. September 1983. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/018/news.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-29. 

^ Adams, Stephen (October 1983). “Hardware World: Spectrum receives its biggest improvement”. Sinclair User (19): 2729. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/019/hardwre.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-29. 

^ “Hardware World: Sinclair cartridges may be out of step”. Sinclair User (21): 35. December 1983. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/021/hardwre.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-29. 

^ “Hardware World: Clear speech from Currah module”. Sinclair User (21): 40. December 1983. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/021/hardwre.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-29. 

^ Frey, Franco (February 1987). “Tech Niche: Videoface to Face”. CRASH (37): 8687. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=Crash/Issue37/Pages/Crash3700086.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ Bates, Jon (April 1986). “Tech Niche: SpecDrum”. CRASH (27): 100. http://www.crashonline.org.uk/27/specdrum.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-09. 

^ Frey, Franco (March 1986). “Tech Niche: Multifaceted device”. CRASH (36): 86. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=Crash/Issue26/Pages/Crash2600086.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ “Hardware World: Emperor Looks Good”. Sinclair User (31): 31. October 1984. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/031/hardwre.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-30. 

^ Frey, Franco (March 1987). “Tech Niche: Pure Gospel”. CRASH (38): 8283. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=Crash/Issue38/Pages/Crash3800082.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. “What’s new”. World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/whatsnew.html. Retrieved 2006-08-19. 

^ “raww.org :: zx spectrum demoscene news”. http://www.raww.org/. Retrieved 2006-08-19. 

^ McCandless, David (1998-09-17), “Retrospectrum”, Daily Telegraph, http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/sinclair/clive_dt170998.htm 

^ Adamson, Ian; Richard Kennedy (1986-10-30). Sinclair and the “Sunrise” Technology: The Deconstruction of a Myth. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0140087745. http://www.nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/computers/zxspectrum/spec_sst.htm. 

^ a b Heide, Martijn van der. “Archive!”. World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/archive.html. Retrieved 2006-08-11. 

^ a b Pearce, Nick (October/November 1982). “Zap! Pow! Boom!”. ZX Computing: 75. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8210/Pages/ZXComputing821000075.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ Wetherill, Steven (June 1984). “Tasword Two: The Word Processor”. CRASH! (5): 126. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=Crash/Issue05/Pages/Crash0500126.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ Gilbert, John (October 1985). “Art Studio”. Sinclair User (43): 28. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/043/sftwreb.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18. 

^ Carter, Alasdair (October/November 1983). “VU-3D”. ZX Computing: 7677. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8210/Pages/ZXComputing821000076.jpg. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 

^ “Psion Vu-3D”. http://www.bioeddie.co.uk/Spectrum/vu-3d.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-18. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. “World of Spectrum”. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekadv.cgi?type=Astro. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 

^ Brown, Paul N.. “Pitcalc  simple interactive coordinate & trigonometric calculation software”. http://www.pitcalc.com/. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 

^ Vickers, Steven; and Bradbeer, Robin (1982). “6. Using the cassette recorder”. Sinclair ZX Spectrum: Introduction. Sinclair Research Ltd. p. 21. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/ZXSpectrumIntroduction/chapter_six.html. Retrieved 2007-08-10. 

^ Frey, Franco (May 1984). “Epicventuring and Multiplayer Networking”. CRASH (4): 4647. http://www.crashonline.org.uk/04/microdv.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-11. 

^ Foot, Cathy (November 1985). “Microdrive revisited”. CRASH (22): 8. http://www.crashonline.org.uk/22/opinion.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-10. 

^ Grimwood, Jim. “The Type Fantastic”. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~jg27paw4/type-ins/typehome.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. “Books”. World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/books.html. Retrieved 2008-09-17. 

^ “News”. Sinclair User (16): 17. July 1983. http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/016/news.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-19. 

^ Collins, Paul Equinox. “Spectrum references in popular music”. http://equ.in/ox/spectrum/music/. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. “Sinclair Inforseek”. World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekadv.cgi?type=Copy. Retrieved 20080918. 

^ Barker, Andy. “ZX Spectrum Loading Schemes”. http://newton.sunderland.ac.uk/~specfreak/Schemes/schemes.html. Retrieved 20080918. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. “Taper”. World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/taper.html. Retrieved 2008-09-12. 

^ Heide, Martijn van der. “World of Spectrum  Software  Copyrights and Distribution Permissions”. World of Spectrum. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/permits/. Retrieved 2008-09-12. 

^ Bezroukov, Nikolai. “Alan Cox: and the Art of Making Beta Code Work”. Portraits of Open Source Pioneers. http://www.softpanorama.org/People/Cox/index.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-18. 

^ Minter, Jeff. “Llamasoft History  Part 8 – The Dawn of Llamasoft”. http://www.llamasoft.co.uk/lshistory8.php. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 

^ “The Top Shelf  magazines, comics and papers of the near past.”. TV Cream’s Top Shelf. http://tv.cream.org/specialassignments/topshelf/arjcomp.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-10. 

^ “The YS Top 100 Speccy Games Of All Time (Ever!)”. Your Sinclair (70): 31. October 1991. http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/ystop100.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-13. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sinclair ZX Spectrum

World of Spectrum  Fan site officially endorsed by Amstrad

Planet Sinclair  Spectrum pages

ZX Spectrum at the Open Directory Project

ZXF magazine

The Incomplete Spectrum ROM Assembly and actual assembly listing

comp.sys.sinclair Newsgroup covering all Sinclair computers

Sinclair Spectrum development  more preproduction designs of the Spectrum from Rick Dickinson

The Anatomy/Dissection of a Spectrum +2B Photographic study of a +2B vs the screwdriver

v  d  e

Sinclair computers, derivatives, and clones (ZX80/81, ZX Spectrum, and QL clones)

Sinclair Research

ZX80  ZX81  ZX Spectrum, Spectrum+, Spectrum 128  QL

Amstrad

ZX Spectrum +2  ZX Spectrum +3

Timex Sinclair

TS 1000  TS 1500  TS 2048  TC 2048  TS 2068, TC 2068

Others

Jupiter Ace  SAM Coup  Didaktik  Dubna 48K  Hobbit  Pentagon  Scorpion  Sprinter  One Per Desk  CST Thor  Q40/Q60  Komputer 2086

Sinclair Research Peripherals

ZX Printer  ZX Interface 1  ZX Interface 2  Microdrive

Timex Peripherals

TS1016  TS2020  TS2040  TS2050  TS2090  FDD  FDD3000  TIRS232

Categories: English inventions | Home computers | ZX Spectrum | Sinclair Research | 1982 introductions (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push(); Source by vivi

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BOSCH IR Systems form Translation India.

“High quality Bosch Simultaneous Interpretation Equipment Rental only on Translation India”

Translation India is one of the premiere service providers for Simultaneous Interpretation Services. It has always been known for offering best quality solutions with high level of innovativeness to handle all kinds of multilingual conferences and events, where Simultaneous Interpretation is a critical component for the success of the event.

To deliver the best to our quality conscious clientele (across India and abroad), we have created our own inventory of BOSCH Simultaneous Interpretation equipment and systems. We have done extensive research to identify the best products for wireless language distribution systems and have zeroed in best-in-class solutions from BOSCH.

Bosch is in conference business since last 60 years and is considered as the market leader for conferencing and Simultaneous Interpretation solutions and equipment. Bosch systems have simple and elegant styling with the advance technology that proved to be the most reliable systems across the world for Simultaneous Interpretation.

Infrared technology is capable of running multiple conferences simultaneously in adjacent halls as the IR radiation does not go beyond the walls of the particular hall where the radiators are placed.RELAY Interpretation: One of the key success criteria of Conference Interpretation is ability to handle Simultaneous relay interpretation commonly also known as “Indirect Interpretation” .This is extremely important for events requiring multiple language interpretation and or when a specific language pairing interpreter is not available. BOSCH inbuilt technology supports AUTO Relay for seamless interpretation for multilingual situations. And as for the listeners they will enjoy receiving standard simultaneous interpretation without any indication.

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Bosch Simultaneous Interpretation Equipment Rental | Translation System Equipment

Translation India.The globe can be brought together via language. It shouldn't have a wall dividing it. High-quality interpreting tools are available for rent from Translation India, enabling unhindered communication across international boundaries.You must hire language interpreting services from Translation India if you're organising a multilingual event or a large multicultural programme with representatives from many different nations.We not only hire out top-notch interpretation equipment, but we also offer you round-the-clock support to ensure that your big event runs well.For conferences, businesses, and events, Translation India offers a variety of simultaneous interpretation tools, as well as the option to hire silent conference tools.We meticulously supply error-free language interpretation services thanks to our cutting-edge infrastructure and skilled team of translators.In the industry of translating and interpreting services, Translation India is a reputable name that never sacrifices quality. You can get in touch with us at any time whether you need equipment for Bosch simultaneous interpretation or sound-proof interpretation booths.