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guillaumelauzier · 1 year

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Mastering the Power of C at 42 Lausanne: A Journey into Lower-Level Programming Languages

C and C++ are powerful, efficient, and widely-used programming languages that have shaped the technological world we see today. They form the backbone of many systems, ranging from embedded systems and operating systems to browsers and games. Not only are they integral to the history of computer programming, but they are also continually shaping the present and future of technology.

Introduction to C and C++

C is a procedural language developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. Its purpose was to make utilities run on the new Unix operating system. Given its origins and purpose, it's not surprising that C and Unix have influenced each other to such an extent that understanding C provides insight into Unix and vice versa. On the other hand, C++ is an extension of the C programming language with additional features like classes and objects, making it an object-oriented language. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the 1980s with the idea of having a language that has the efficiency of C but provides high-level features.

When to Use C and C++

C is generally used when speed and flexibility are paramount, such as in embedded systems or high-performance computing. It provides near-direct control over the system's hardware and memory, making it an excellent choice for system-level programming. For instance, operating systems, file systems, and network drivers are often written in C. C++ expands upon C by adding object-oriented features, which can make programs easier to understand, design, and maintain. This makes C++ suitable for software infrastructure and resource-constrained applications, including desktop applications, servers, and performance-critical applications.

Where C and C++ Shine

These languages are not for the faint-hearted or those who want quick results. They require a deep understanding of how computers work. They might not be the best fit for creating a website or a simple mobile application, but when it comes to building systems that require real-time performance, high computational efficiency, or specific hardware access, C and C++ are unparalleled. Many hardware devices, from the tiniest microcontrollers to supercomputers, are powered by software written in C and C++. Moreover, their close-to-the-metal nature makes them suitable for graphics-intensive tasks like game development. Popular game engines like Unreal Engine rely heavily on C++ for core systems and high-performance parts.

Experience at 42 Lausanne

My experience at 42 Lausanne, a unique tuition-free, peer-to-peer IT school, helped me truly understand and appreciate the power of C and C++. The school's innovative "Piscine" (Pool) program immerses students in coding by offering a series of challenging exercises in C and Shell over a month-long period. Students not only solve these tasks but also evaluate others' solutions, fostering a collaborative learning environment. The 42 Lausanne's unique model of education, focusing on practical project-based learning, in stark contrast to conventional academic environments, provided a conducive environment for me to hone my C and C++ skills. The school's open-campus policy, round-the-clock operation, and exceptional IT infrastructure offered me the freedom to delve deep into the intricacies of these languages. More than just coding, the 42 Lausanne experience taught me the power of peer learning, collaboration, and the ability to learn by doing. These invaluable experiences have been integral to my development as a professional and have imbued me with the skills to tackle future technological challenges. Conclusion C and C++ are here to stay. Despite the arrival of high-level languages, the need for direct control over hardware and high computational efficiency keeps them relevant. Schools like 42 Lausanne provide a platform for aspiring programmers to master these challenging languages and embark on Read the full article

#42Lausanne #Cprogramming #C++programming #High-performancecomputing #Lower-levellanguages #Peer-to-peerlearning #Piscineprogram #Practicallearning #Real-timeperformance #Systemsprogramming

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banksstore · 5 years

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Canon 1DX Mark II Specifications

Camera TypeDigital, AF/AE single-lens reflex cameraRecording MediaCF Card (Type I; compatible with UDMA 7 CF cards) and CFast Card (CFast 2.0 supported)Image FormatApprox. 36 x 24mm (35mm Full-frame)Compatible LensesCanon EF Lenses (excluding EF-S and EF-M lenses)Lens MountCanon EF mountImage Sensor TypeHigh-sensitivity, high-resolution, large single-plate full-frame CMOS sensorPixelsEffective pixels: Approx. 20.2 megapixelsTotal PixelApprox. 21.5 megapixelsAspect Ratio3:2 (Horizontal: Vertical)Color Filter SystemRGB primary color filtersLow Pass FilterFixed position in front of the image sensorDust Deletion Feature1. Self Cleaning Sensor Unit

2. Dust Delete Data acquisition and appending

3. Manual cleaningRecording FormatDesign Rule for Camera File System 2.0 and EXIF 2.3Recording Image FormatStill Image: JPEG, RAW (14 bit Canon Original), M-RAW, S-RAW, RAW+JPEG, M-RAW+JPEG, S-RAW+JPEG

Video: MOV (4K Movie: Motion JPEG, Full HD Movie: MPEG4 AVC/H.264*; Audio: Linear PCM), MP4 (Movie: MPEG4 AVC/H.264*; Audio: AAC)

* Variable (averaged) bit rateFile SizeLarge: Approx. 20.0 Megapixels (5472 x 3648)

M1: Approx. 12.7 Megapixels (4368 x 2912)

M2: Approx. 8.9 Megapixels (3648 x 2432)

Small: Approx. 5.0 Megapixels (2736 x 1824)

RAW: Approx. 20.0 Megapixels (5472 x 3648)

M-RAW: Approx. 11.2 Megapixels (4104 x 2736)

S-RAW: Approx. 5.0 Megapixels (2736 x 1824)

Exact file sizes depend on the subject, ISO speed, Picture Style, etc.Recording FunctionsStandard

Recorded to the selected card

Auto switch card

When the current card becomes full, the camera switches to the other card automatically

Record separately

The CF card and CFast card record the same image at a different image recording quality (L, M1, M2, S, RAW, M-RAW, S-RAW)

Record to multiple

Both the CF card and CFast card record the same image at the same image recording quality (Also applies to RAW+JPEG)Backup RecordingN/AFile NumberingThe following three types of file numbers can be set:

1. Continuous numbering

2. Auto reset

3. Manual resetRAW + JPEG Simultaneous RecordingOne of three types of RAW images and one of four types of JPEG images can be recorded together.Color SpacesRGB, Adobe RGBPicture StyleAuto, Standard, Portrait, Landscape, Fine Detail, Neutral, Faithful, Monochrome, User Defined 1-3*

* [Standard] is the default setting for [User Def. 1-3]White Balance - SettingsAuto (Ambience priority/White priority), Daylight, Shade, Cloudy*1, Tungsten Light, White Fluorescent Light, Flash, Custom (Custom WB) 1-5*2, Color Temperature, PC-1-5*3 (Personal WB)

*1 Also effective in twilight and sunset.

*2 [Select image on card], [Record and register WB] and [Edit WB name] can be used.

*3 Up to five white balance data settings set with EOS Utility.Auto White BalanceOption between ambience priority and white priority settingsColor Temperature CompensationBlue/amber bias: +/-9 levels

Magenta/green bias: +/-9 levels

Corrected in reference to the current WB mode's color temperature.Color Temperature Info TransmissionProvidedViewfinder TypeEye-level pentaprismCoverageApprox. 100% vertically and horizontallyMagnificationApprox. 0.76x (-1m-1 with 50mm lens at infinity) / 35.1deg. angle of viewEye PointApprox. 20mm (at -1m-1 from eyepiece lens center)Dioptric Adjustment Correction-3.0 to +1.0 m-1 (diopter)Focusing ScreenEc-C6 provided, can be changed to Ec-A, B or LMirrorQuick-return half mirrorViewfinder InformationAF area selection mode

AF point information

Area AF frame

Spot metering circle

Electronic level (dedicated indicator)*

Grid*

Shooting mode*

Metering mode*

White balance*

Drive mode*

AF operation*

Flicker detection*

Warning symbol

AF status indicator

* Asterisked items can be displayed or not with [Show/hide in viewfinder].Depth Of Field PreviewProvidedAutofocus TypeTTL secondary image-forming phase-difference detection system with AF-dedicated CMOS sensorAF PointsMax. 61 points (Cross-type AF points: Max. 41 points)Focusing ModesAutofocus

One-Shot AF

Predicitve Al Servo AF (Al Servo AF III+)

Manual focusAF Point SelectionSingle-point Spot AF (Manual selection)

Single-point AF (Manual selection)

The checkmark cannot be removed from this option.

AF point expansion (Manual selection, 4 points: Up, down, left and right)

AF point expansion (Manual selection, surrounding 8 points)

Zone AF (Manual zone selection)

All AF points divided into nine focusing zones.

Large Zone AF (Manual zone selection)

All AF points divided into three focusing zones.

AF point Auto selection AFAF Function Registration/SwitchingCustomizable with Custom ControlsSelected AF Point DisplaySuperimposed displayActive AF Point IndicatorDisplayed in viewfinder area

Displayed outside viewfinder areaAF Assist BeamWhen an external EOS-dedicated Speedlite is attached to the camera, the following options are available:

Enable

Disable

Enable external flash onlyExposure Control: Metering Modes216-zone (18 x 12) metering with approx. 360,000-pixel RGB+IR metering sensor. The following metering modes selectable:

Evaluative metering (linked to all AF points)

Partial metering (center, approx. 6.2% of viewfinder)

Spot metering (center, approx. 1.5% of viewfinder)

Center spot metering

AF point-linked spot metering (Custom Function)

Linkable to all AF points.

With automatic AF point selection, center spot metering will apply.Exposure Control: Metering Modes Cont.Multi-spot metering

Up to eight multi-spot meter readings can be taken.

Center-weighted average metering

The selectable metering modes can be restricted (Custom Function).Exposure Control: Metering RangeEV 0.0 - EV 20.0 (at 73deg F/23deg C, ISO 100, with evaluative metering)Exposure Control SystemsProgram AE (Shiftable)

Shutter-priority AE (Safety shift possible)

Aperture-priority AE (Safety shift possible)

Manual exposure

The metering mode can be specified.

Bulb

Three custom shooting modesISO Speed Range: Manual SettingNormal ISO Speeds: ISO 100-51200 (in 1/3-stop increments)

Expanded ISO Speeds (Equivalent): L: 50, H1: 102400, H2: 204800, H3: 409600

For [Highlight tone priority], the settable ISO speed range will be ISO 200-51200.

ISO speed safety shift possible with a Custom Function.

All the expanded ISO speeds, even for movies, are only "equivalent speeds."ISO Speed Range: Auto SettingP, Tv, Av, M:

No Flash: ISO 100-51200*1

With Flash: ISO 400

During Bulb shooting: No Flash: ISO 400 fixed*1

With Flash: fixed*1,*2,*3

*1 It depends on [Minimum] and [Maximum] of [Auto range].

*2 If overexposure will result with fill flash, the minimum ISO speed will be set to ISO 100 (except in the M and bulb modes).

*3 In the P mode, using bounce flash with an external Speedlite will have the ISO speed set automatically within ISO 400 1600 to suit the brightness.Exposure Control: Exposure CompensationManual: +/-5 stops in 1/3- or 1/2-stop increments

AEB: +/-3 stops in 1/3- or 1/2-stop increments

* Indicated up to ±3 stops on the LCD panel and in the viewfinder.AE LockAuto AE lock

In the One-Shot AF mode with evaluative metering, AE lock takes effect when focus is achieved.

Manual AE lock

With AE lock button in P, Av, Tv and M modes. (AE lock is updated each time you press the button.)

Enabled in all metering modes.Shutter TypeVertical-travel, mechanical, focal-plane shutter with all speeds electronically-controlledShutter Speeds1/8000 to 30 sec., bulb (Total shutter speed range. Available range varies by shooting mode.) X-sync at 1/250 sec.

Shutter speed's control range can be set.Shutter ReleaseSoft-touch electromagnetic releaseSelf Timer10-sec. delay, 2-sec. delayBuilt in FlashFlash Exposure Compensation: +/-3 stops in 1/3- or 1/2-stop incrementsEOS Dedicated SpeedliteE-TTL II autoflash with all EX Series SpeedlitesZooming to Match Focal LengthProvidedFlash MeteringE-TTL II autoflashFlash Exposure Compensation+/-3 stops in 1/3- or 1/2-stop incrementsFE LockProvidedExternal Flash SettingsExternal flash control

Flash firing

E-TTL II Flash metering

Flash sync. Speed in Av mode

Flash mode

Radi wireless flash shooting

Optical wireless flash shooting

Zoom

Sync setting

Flash exposure compensation

FEB

Clear settings

Flash Custom Function settingPC TerminalProvided

* No polarity.

* Sync speed: Since the flash duration of studio flash units vary, set a sync speed within 1/125 sec. to 1/30 sec. and check if the flash sync works.

* Both the accessory shoe (X-sync contact with maximum sync speed of 1/250 sec.) and the PC terminal can be used simultaneously for simultaneous flash firing.Drive ModesSingle shooting

High-speed continuous shooting

Low-speed continuous shooting

Silent single shooting

Silent high-speed continuous shooting

Silent low-speed continuous shootingContinuous Shooting SpeedViewfinder shooting

High-speed: Max. 14 shots/sec.

Low-speed: Max. 13 shots/sec.

Silent high-speed: Max. 5 shots/sec.

Silent low-speed: Max. 4 shots/sec

Live View shooting

High-speed: Max. 16 shots/sec.

Low-speed: Max. 13 shots/sec.

Silent high-speed: Max. 5 shots/sec.

Silent low-speed: Max. 4 shots/sec

* Continuous shooting speed may vary depending on the shutter speed, the aperture, the lens being used, the battery charge and various camera settings.Shooting ModesStill photo shooting and video shootingLive View: FocusingDual Pixel CMOS AF

Dual Pixel CMOS AF is possible with all EF lenses.

Manual focus

Magnify the image by 5x or 10x and focus manually.Metering ModesEvaluative metering (linked to all AF points)

Partial metering (approx. 6.5% of viewfinder)

Spot metering (approx. 2.8% of viewfinder)

Center-weighted average metering

AE lock possible. The active metering timer can be changed.Metering RangeEV 0.0 - EV 20.0 (at 73deg F/23deg C, ISO 100, with evaluative metering)Grid DisplayOff

3x3

6x4

3x3+diagExposure SimulationSame as with viewfinder shootingSilent ShootingProvidedVideo File FormatMOV (4K Movie: Motion JPEG, Full HD Movie: MPEG4 AVC/H.264; Audio: Linear PCM), MP4 (Movie: MPEG4 AVC/H.264; Audio: AAC)

Internal monaural microphone

External stereo microphone jack availableVideo File Size4096 x 2160 (4K)

1920 x 1080 (Full HD)Video Format4K:

MOV

4096 x 2160p / 59.94 fps (800 Mbps) / 50 fps (800 Mbps) / 29.97 fps (500 Mbps) / 25 fps (500 Mbps) / 24 fps (500 Mbps) / 23.98 fps (500 Mbps)

High Definition:

MOV 1920 x 1080p / 120 fps (360 Mbps) / 100 fps (360 Mbps) / 59.94 fps (180 Mbps) / 50 fps (180 Mbps) / 59.94 fps (60 Mbps) / 50 fps (60 Mbps) / 29.97 fps (90 Mbps) / 25 fps (90 Mbps) / 24 fps (90 Mbps) / 23.98 fps (90 Mbps) / 29.97 fps (30 Mbps) / 25 fps (30 Mbps) / 24 fps (30 Mbps) / 23.98 fps (30 Mbps)Video Format Cont.High Definition:

MP4

1920 x 1080p / 59.94 fps (60 Mbps) / 50 fps (60 Mbps) / 29.97 fps (30 Mbps) / 25 fps (30 Mbps) / 24 fps (30 Mbps) / 23.98 fps (30 Mbps) / 29.97 fps (12 Mbps) / 25 fps (12 Mbps)FocusingDual Pixel CMOS AF

Manual focus

* Magnify the image by 5x or 10x and focus manually (not possible during movie shooting).Exposure CompensationUp to +/-3 stops in 1/3- or 1/2-stop increments

* If AE Microadjustment is performed, the settable exposure compensation amount will decrease by the amount of the AE Microadjustment. For example, if you set the AE Microadjustment to +1 stop, the exposure compensation amount will be limited to a maximum +2 stops on the positive side.LCD TypeTFT color, liquid-crystal monitorMonitor Size3.2-inchesMonitor PixelsApprox. 1.62 million dotsMonitor CoverageApprox. 100% vertically and horizontally

Viewing angle: Approx. 170deg vertically and horizontallyBrightness Control7 levels providedInterface Languages25 (English, German, French, Dutch, Danish, Portuguese, Finnish, Italian, Norwegian, Swedish, Spanish, Greek, Russian, Polish, Czech, Hungarian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Turkish, Arabic, Thai, Simplified/Traditional Chinese, Korean, Japanese)Single Image Display FormatNo information display

Basic information display

Detailed shooting information display

Basic shooting information

Lens information and RGB histogram

White balance

Picture Style

Color space and noise reduction

Lens optical correction

GPS informationIndex Display Format4-image index

9-image index

36-image index

100-image indexHighlight AlertOn the single-image display, highlight areas without any image information will blink.Image Protection and EraseProtection: Erase protection can be applied or canceled for a single image, all images in a folder or all images in the card.

Erase: Erase a single image, selected images, all images in a folder, all images in a card or erase only unprotected images.Direct PrintingCompatible Printers: N/A (Direct printing not possible)DPOF: Digital Print Order FormatDPOF: Version 1.1 compatibleDirect Image TransferCompatible Images:

JPEG images, RAW images and movies

RAW+JPEG images can be transferred JPEG only, RAW only or RAW+JPEG. If JPEG or RAW images are appended with a voice memo, the voice memo file will also be transferred.CustomizationCustom Functions: Total 34

Camera User Settings:

Current camera settings can be registered to C1, C2 and C3 on the Mode Dial.

Automatic updating of the registered settings can be set to Enable or Disable.

My Menu Registration:

Up to six top-tier menu options and Custom Function settings can be registered.

Up to five My Menu tabs can be added.InterfaceUSB Terminal: SuperSpeed USB (USB 3.0)

For computer communication

Image transfer

For Connect Station CS100 connection

Video Out Terminal: AV/OUT terminal not provided.

HDMI mini OUT terminal is Type C (Resolution switches automatically) / CEC compatible.

The correct video format of [NTSC] or [PAL], matching the connected TV, must be set or the video image will not appear.

Extension System Terminal: For connection to WFT-E8A and WFT-E6APower SourceBattery 1x LP-E19 Rechargeable Lithium-ion Battery Pack, 11.1 VDC, 2750 mAhOperating EnvironmentWorking Temperature Range: 32 to 113deg F (0 to 45deg C)

Humidity: 0 - 85%Dimensions (WxHxD)Approx. 6.22 x 6.60 x 3.25" (158.0 x 167.6 x 82.6mm)WeightApprox. 53.97 oz (1530g) (Based on CIPA guidelines)

Approx. 47.27 oz (1340g) (Body only, without battery, cards, body cap or eyecup)

#photo #canon #printer #camera

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