#Tritium Stack Monitor

[overhoff-credentials]

Carbon-14 in Air Monitors

Features:

NEMA-4X wall-mount enclosure Smart, microprocessor driven with onboard data logging and custom software Two C-14 level alarms (alert and high), malfunction alarm, and low flow alarm included Gamma compensation (2L) Visual alarm indicators for signal level, low flow, and malfunction Alpha pulse suppression, radon rejection Long-term zero stable, span calibration is permanently stable due to special electrometer design Description:The Model Triathalon-C14 is a single-range ionization chamber C-14 (CO2) in air monitor housed in a NEMA-4X wall-mount enclosure designed for stack or room monitoring applications.  This smart instrument includes a microprocessor, color LCD touch-screen display, and custom software with onboard data logging.  The subtractive balanced chamber electrometer circuit and radon rejection decrease background to negligible levels.  The software allows you to adjust units of measurement, alarm limits, the flow rate for totalizing, among other parameters.  An upgraded alarm system provides two adjustable level alarms (alert level and high level), low flow alarm, and malfunction alarm (low voltage failure, high voltage failure, or electrometer failure).An optional totalizer can be included which computes the total C-14 concentration released up the stack by multiplying the stack flow rate (manual or dynamic from stack flow sensor) by the measured C-14 concentration.  The Triathalon-C14 is a cost-effective C-14 effluent monitor that is compact, lightweight, and includes an easy wall-mount configuration.

Specifications Options Documents MEASUREMENT RANGE0.1 – 1,999.9 μCi/m3 0.01 – 199.99 MBq/m3DISPLAYLCD Color Touch Screen; units of display user settable (pCi/cc, pCi/ml, nCi/m3, μCi/m3, mCi/m3, Ci/m3, MBq/m3, kBq/L, Bq/cc, Bq/ml, MPCa)ACCURACY, SPAN±10 % of reading, ±L.S.D, whichever is greaterNOISE LEVEL± 0.2 μCi/m3, 1 sigma with alpha suppression in useZERO STABILITY± 0.2 μCi/m3 long term (thirty days), ambient temperature conditionsGAMMA COMPENSATIONA second ionization chamber of equal volume, mounted on the same axis, serves to cancel effects of external gamma fieldsOFFSET COMPENSATIONValues keyed-in from LCD set-up to offset effects of gamma radiation and/or C-14 build-upALPHA PULSE SUPPRESSIONA circuit provides recognition and cancellation of undesirable noise spikes attributed to airborne radonRESPONSE RATETwo linear electronic time constants 1. Approximately 20 seconds for signals up to ~80 μCi/m3 2. Approximately 3 seconds for signals above 80 μCi/m3LEVEL ALARMSThere are two C-14 Level Alarms, the indicator on the LCD is normally green and the message displayed is “C-14 Level OK” 1. C-14 Alert Level Alarm user-settable from 0.1 – 100 μCi/m3. Upon a C-14 Level Alarm the indicator on the LCD will turn yellow and display “High C-14 Level” 2. C-14 High Level Alarm user-settable from 1 – 1,000 μCi/m3. Upon a C-14 High Level Alarm, the indicator on the screen will turn red and display “HIGH C-14 LEVEL”MALFUNCTION ALARMS1. Power Supply Fault: Upon any failure of the low voltage power supplies, the indicator on the LCD will turn red and display “POWER SUPPLY FAULT LV” Upon any failure of the high voltage bias supplies, the indicator on the LCD will turn red and display “POWER SUPPLY FAULT HV” 2. Sample Flow: Upon a low flow condition, the indicator on the LCD will turn red and display “LOW FLOW”EXTERNAL CONNECTIONSRJ-45, USB, and relay closures included, 4-20 mA optionalIONIZATION CHAMBER VOLUMEMeasuring: 1,600 cm3 Total wetted: 2,000 cm3ELECTRODESSolid Wall on both sidesDUST/ELECTROSTATIC PRE-FILTERHigh efficiency 99.99% at 0.1 microns cartridge typePUMPLong-life, continuous duty linear motor driven diaphragm typeFLOW METER0-10 LPM adjustable rotameterENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATUREStorage: -30° C – +50° C; Operating: 5° C – 50° CPOWER115 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 5A, single phaseWEIGHT53 lbs [24.1 kg]DIMENSIONS16.2” Wide x 20.3” High x 9.19” deep [41.2cm x 51.5cm x 23.4cm]ENCLOSUREMolded fiberglass with poly carbonate window on a hinged door; NEMA-4X, IP66 Technical Specifications

[inhandnetworks-blog]

A Bi Dual SIM M2M router  g Step Forward for Nuclear Fusion Power

www.inhandnetworks.com

ITER is based on the ‘tokamak’ concept of magnetic confinement, in which the plasma is contained in a doughnut-shaped vacuum vessel. The fuel—a mixture of deuterium and tritium, two isotopes of hydrogen—is heated to temperatures in excess of 150 million°C, forming a hot plasma. Strong magnetic fields are used to keep the plasma away from the walls; these are produced by superconducting coils surrounding the vessel, and by an electrical current driven through the plasma. Credit: ITER.org

ITER researchers working to help bring fusion power to the commercial market completed a critical step this week, successfully testing their technology that serves to insulate and provide structural integrity to the central sol Intelligent Traffic Enforcement  enoid of the tokamak reactor.

Imagine a world without man-made climate change, energy crunches, or reliance on foreign oil. It may sound like a dream world, but University of Tennessee, Knoxville, engineers have made a giant step toward making this scenario a reality.

UT researchers have successfully developed a key technology in developing an experimental reactor that can demonstrate the feasibility of fusion energy for the power grid. Nuclear fusion promises to supply more energy than the nuclear fission used today but with far fewer risks.

Mechanical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering professors David Irick, Madhu Madhukar, and Masood 3g   Parang are engaged in a project involving the United States, five other nations, and the European Union, known as ITER. UT researchers completed a critical step this week for the project by successfully testing their technology this week that will insulate and stabilize the central solenoid—the reactor’s backbone.

Watch as Susan and Ned Sauthoff of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory become shadows, in the glow of an animation of an actual  Overhead Line Monitoring  fusion reaction.

ITER is building a fusion reactor that aims to produce ten times the amount of energy that it uses. The facility is now under construction near Cadarache, France, and will begin operations in 2020.

“The goal of ITER is to help bring fusion power to the commercial market,” Madhukar said. “Fusion power is safer and more efficient than nuclear fission power. There is no danger of runaway reactions like what happened in nuclear fission reactions in Japan and Chernobyl, and there is little radioactive waste.”

Unlike today’s nuclear fission reactors, fusion uses a similar process as that which powers the sun.

Since 2008, UT engineering professors and about fifteen students have worked inside UT’s Magnet Development Laboratory (MDL) located off of Pellissippi Parkway to develop technology that serves to insulate and provide structural integrity to the more than 1,000 ton central solenoid.

Researchers and staff at UT’s Magnet Development Laboratory prepare the central solenoid mockup for the vacuum pressure impregnation process

A tokamak reactor uses magnetic fields to confine the plasma—a hot, electrically charged gas that serves as the reactor fuel—into the shape of a torus. The central solenoid, which consists of six giant coils stacked on top of one another, plays the starring role by both igniting and steering the plasma current.

The key to unlocking the technology was finding the right material—a glass fiber and epoxy chemical mixture that is liquid at high temperatures and turns hard when cured—and the right process of inserting this material into all of the necessary spaces inside the central solenoid. The special mixture provides electrical insulation and strength to the heavy structure. The impregnation process moves the material at the right pace, factoring in temperature, pressure, vacuum, and the material’s flow rate.

This week, the UT team tested the technology inside its mockup of the central solenoid conductor.

“During the epoxy impregnation, we were in a race against time,” Madhukar said. “With the epoxy, we have these competing parameters. The higher the temperature, the lower the viscosity; but at the same time, the higher the temperature, the shorter the working life of the epoxy.”

It took two years to develop the technology, more than two days to impregnate the central solenoid mockup and multiple pairs of watchful eyes to ensure everything went according to plan.

It did.

This summer, the team’s technology will be transferred to US ITER industry partner General Atomics in San Diego, which will build the central solenoid and ship it to France.

ITER—designed to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion power—will be the world’s largest tokamak. As an ITER member, the US receives full access to all ITER-developed technology and scientific data, but bears less than 10 percent of the construction cost, which is shared among partner nations. US ITER is a Department of Energy Office of Science project managed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Images: ITER.org; University of Tennessee

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[overhoff-credentials]

Passive Tritium/C-14 Air Samplers

Features:

Ultra-reliable tritium air sampler

Includes mass flow air control for consistent, precise sampling

Collects both HT and HTO with cascaded vials to ensure virtually 100% collection efficiency

Thermal oxidizer with a temperature indicator to convert HT to HTO, regulated range 455 – 475 °C

Standard flow rate sensitivity for 3H: 10-9 µCi/ml (10-9 Ci/m3) for 7-day period at 100 ml/min

High flow rate sensitivity for 3H: 10-9 µCi/ml (10-9 Ci/m3) for 24-hour period at 1 L/min

Description:

The Model TASC-HT-HTO is a high-quality and reliable passive tritium in air sampler.  Airborne tritium in the sample stream is continuously collected in vials filled with a liquid collection medium (water or glyocol).  The amount trapped increases linearly with elapsed time.  At regular intervals, the sampling is stopped, the contents removed and assayed using liquid scintillation counting to determine the amount of radioactivity collected.  Knowing the collection flow rate and the results of the scintillation assay, the average sample activity can be calculated for the period of time over which the sample was collected.   Passive samplers, although they do not provide real-time data, provide a low-cost and highly effective method of measuring extremely low levels for ensuring compliance with local regulations.

The TASC-HT-HTO is carefully designed and engineered so that it is easy to use, reliable, and consistent.  It has been in service for over 23 years, and many of the original units are still working to this day which is a testament to its reliability.  The sample holder tubing is made of 304/316 stainless steel which is cut, bent into shape, and brazed directly into sample holder caps which hold the sample collection bottles.  The whole assembly is leak tested, sandblasted for a uniform finish free of burs and oxidation, and finally electroplated for a bright nickel finish.

The TASC-HT-HTO collects both elemental tritium (HT) and tritium oxide (HTO).  First, the sample air is filtered by a high efficiency HEPA filter (99.99% at 0.1 microns) to remove dust and other particulates.  Next, HTO is directly trapped in the first set of vials, while the HT fraction of airborne tritium is trapped in the second set of vials by converting HT into HTO by means of a tube furnace.  Cascaded sets of vials are used to ensure virtually 100% sample collection.

A highly reliable mass flow meter precisely controls the flow rate through the sampler at a consistent value.  On the standard flow version, the mass flow rate is adjusted at the factory to 100 3 scc/min, and is set by a potentiometer on the flow controller circuit board.  The high flow version includes a front panel potentiometer to easily adjust the flow rate from 300 to 1,000 scc/min.

The front panel of the instrument has digital displays for flow rate, elapsed time, tube furnace temperature, as well as a visual indicator for low sample flow.  The high flow version also includes a digital display for totalized flow (flow rate x elapsed time).

Available in two versions:

Standard flow rate: 100 scc/min, with choice of 6x20mL collection vials or 4x60mL collection vials

High flow rate: 300 to 1,000 scc/min, flow rate adjustable via front panel potentiometer, with 4x250mL collection vials, includes totalized flow display

Technical Specifications

TRITIUM in AIR SAMPLE COLLECTING SYSTEMModel TASC-HTO-HT, standard flow versionSensitivity for 3H10-9 µ Ci/ml (10-9 Ci/m3) for 7 day period at 100 ml/minAir Flow Rate100±3 ml/minute factory calibrated set pointFlow MeterMass flow meter, 250 ml/minute full scaleAir Flow Indicatorml/min, Digital Display, 3½-digits, 0.1 to 199.9Air MoverContinuous duty, diaphragm pumpElapsed Time IndicatorMultifunction timer module, with maximum time setting of 0.1 to 999.9 hoursThermal OxidizerTube furnace, regulated range: 455° – 475°C (851° – 887°F)Temperature Indicator°C, Digital Display, 3½-digits, 1 to 1999Unit CoolingContinuous duty fan; 1 m3/min (30 CFM) free flowSample CollectorsTwo manifolds, one for HT and the other for HTO, made from a silver-brazed construction of stainless steel and brass, nickel electroplated.Choice ofa)Three polyethylene vials on each manifold, 20 ml volume each, total 6 vials b) Two polyethylene vials on each manifold, 60 ml volume each, total 4 vialsSample MediumDistilled water or Propylene GlycolPower Connection10 feet, three wire, grounded cable.Power Requirements115VAC or 230VAC, 50-60 Hz, 200 WattsOverall Dimensions356mm (14”) d X 483mm (19”) w X 310mm (12.2”) hWeight13.6 kgs (30 pounds)Sample ConnectionsInlet/Exhaust: Hose barb for 5mm (3/16”) I.D. vinyl tubingCARBON 14 and TRITIUM in AIR SAMPLE COLLECTING SYSTEMModel TASC-HTO-HT-C14, standard flow versionTritium CollectionAs above, plus a separate panel for Carbon 14 CollectionSensitivity for 14 C10-10 µCi/ml (10-10 Ci/m3) for 7 day sample at 100 ml/minDesiccantUp to 4 drying columns containing indicating Drierite™Sample Collector15ml polycarbonate tubeSample MediumSodium Hydroxide, granular form, 20 – 30 mesh Available from chemical suppliers as Ascarite™Overall Dimensions135mm (5.3”) d X 483mm (19”) w X 415mm (16.3”) hWeight9.1 kgs (20 pounds)ConnectorsHose barbs for 5mm (3/16”) I.D. vinyl tubingTRITIUM in AIR SAMPLE COLLECTING SYSTEMTASC-HTO-HT-HF, High Flow VersionSensitivity for 3H10-9 µCi/ml (10-9 Ci/m3) for 24 hour period at 1.000 Liters/minAir Flow Rate RangeAdjustable, 0.300 min. to 1.000 max. (±0.01) Liters/minuteFlow MeterMass flow meter, 1.000 Liters/minute full scaleAir Flow IndicatorLiters/min, Digital Display, 3½-digits, 0.001 to 1.999Air MoverContinuous duty, diaphragm pumpElapsed Time IndicatorMultifunction timer module, with maximum time setting of 0.1 to 999.9 hours, and programmable resetThermal OxidizerTube furnace, regulated range: 455° – 475°C (851° – 887°F)Temperature Indicator°C, Digital Display, 3½-digits, 1 to 1999Unit CoolingContinuous duty fan; 1 m3/min (30 CFM) free flowSample CollectorsTwo manifolds made from stainless steel Two glass bottles, 250 ml volume each mount onto each manifold for HT and HTO, total of four bottlesSample MediumDistilled water or Propylene GlycolPower Connection10 feet, three wire, grounded cable.Power Requirements115VAC or 230VAC, 50-60 Hz, 300 WattsOverall Dimensions356mm (14”) d X 483mm (19”) w X 310mm (12.2”) h Note: 125-150mm (5 to 6”) additional height is required under the enclosure to permit mounting/dismounting of the bottlesWeight15 kgs (33 pounds)Sample ConnectionsInlet/Exhaust: Hose barb for 5mm (3/16”) I.D. vinyl tubing

https://overhoff.com/

[overhoff-credentials]

ALPHA-7A Alpha Air Monitors

Thermos Scientific™ ALPHA-7A Air Monitor is designed to provide early warning to workers exposed to airborne releases of alpha-emitting radionuclides.

Modern, PC-based continuous air monitor provides faster, more powerful algorithms for the identification and quantification of airborne releases of alpha-emitting radionuclides, primarily transuranic such as 238Pu and 239Pu.

Product overview:

Simultaneously monitors up to 8 isotopes

Advanced peakshape algorithms; calculates isotopic activity by mapping peaks rather than using regions of interest (ROI)

Alpha-spectral data updated every second

Concentration, dose, and activity alarms

Pentium-class PC-based, Windows 2000 operating system

Removable filter holder cartridge

High-speed connections via 10-base T Ethernet connection

4 to 20mA analog input and output capacity

High-visibility display for status and messages

New isotopes easily added from library using any ODBC database manager

Automatic gain control based on naturally occurring peaks

Tracks alpha-emitting daughter products

Full-featured, Windows-based client software presents graphical displays of spectrum and status to any networked or local PC

Two detector designs:

Radial entry head for ambient air monitoring

Inline head for process or stack monitoring applications

Either head may be used remotely from the central display and control un

For More Information: http://overhoff.com/

[overhoff-credentials]

Radiation Monitoring Software

Overhoff Overvie

Features:

Stores all instrument data to a database (Microsoft Access) at user-definable intervals Displays all instrument data in table and graphical form (summary and real-time)Limit checks incoming data of all types; each instrument can have its own set of limits of desire Displays over limit or alarm status to security personnel at a terminal and sends email/phone alerts Generates reports on stored data: shift reports, or daily, weekly, and monthly reports can all be generated automatically and in hardcopy.  Graphs can also be included Identifies upward or downward trends in data Identifies non-transmitting instruments Tracks maintenance due on instruments and tracks locations of all instruments within your facility Displays video/images from webcams Overhoff Overview is a customizable software package for networking multiple Overhoff instruments together or modeling a facility graphically in a series of views.

For More Information: http://overhoff.com/

[overhoff-credentials]

FHT 63 D Tritium Noble Gas Monitor

Related applications: Radiation Detection Measurement

Thermo Scientific™ FHT 63 D Tritium Noble Gas Monitor is used to continuously monitor tritium in workplace or effluent air.

The counting gas and the sample air are blended and measured inside a triple proportional counter tube.

Product Overview: Measurement of tritium is taken from air sampling combined with counting gas; detection is made possible by a triple proportional counter tube. The measurement system is capable of compensating for interference from other noble gas isotopes.

Used in stack emissions monitoring systems Offers maintenance-free long-term operation with easy systems integration via RS232 serial interface Uses low-cost methane gas supply; high-level spectroscopy-quality counting gas not required Direct read-out of measured values in physical units of Bq/m3 LAN coupling optionally available Gas flow triple proportional counter tube Aerosol filter Measuring electronics FHT8000 operable under Windows™ Menu-driven calibration check procedure with complete track record of detector data Low-noise maintenance-free membrane pump For More Information: http://overhoff.com/

[overhoff-credentials]

Ensuring Healthy Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) – The New Standard

A New Normal

COVID-19 has become an unfortunate part of all our lives. Finding ways to combat its spread, and that of similar viruses, has become a top priority worldwide. As we roll into the winter months when the common cold and flu also become rampant, it becomes imperative for building owners and operators to have the ability to implement the recommendations of the ASHRAE Epidemic Task Force (ashrae.org) and to demonstrate compliance with all regulatory and statutory requirements such as ASHRAE 62.1, etc.

Can I Operate My Building in a Way That Reduces Risk?

Yes, you can! But you will likely need to make a few changes. ASHRAE has identified several, core, interrelated, functionalities that are needed to operate buildings in a way that reduces occupant exposure to infectious aerosols.Effective air-cleaning, air distribution, system commissioning, ventilation rates, humidity levels, and building pressurization.📷The Air Monitor OAM II is the only AMCA certified system that is designed to measure outside air using the fixed orifice method with ±5% of reading accuracy and flow rates as low as 150 FPM.Under-supplying outside air by 62% could have direct impact on the health of building occupants.Four of these six functions require effective, accurate control to accomplish; a level of control that is not possible without accurate measurement of multiple airflow streams, etc.The guidance provided by ASHRAE encourages building operators to increase outdoor air ventilation, while at the same time maintaining humidity levels within a limited range. These recommendations include:Increased-ventilation control Pressure control Purge control Humidity control strategies Precision measurement of outside airflow rates is required to implement these recommendations in a way that does not compromise the core functions of the air conditioning systems.Measurement, With Certainty The most effective way to ensure delivery of the required amount of outside air is by measuring it directly. Inferring outside airflow rates based on the difference between measured supply and return airflow rates can lead to significant error. Consider the effect this has in a typical example with 20,000 CFM Supply Air, 17,000 CFM Return Air, and 3,000 CFM Outside Air. Assuming an overall +/-5% uncertainty for each measurement point…20,000 CFM Supply x 5% = 1,000 CFM 17,000 CFM Return x 5% = 850 CFM …this is a maximum uncertainty of 1,850 CFM associated with 3,000 CFM of Outside Air (+/-62%)! Under-supplying outside air by 62% could have direct impact on the health of building occupants.Fixed Orifice Method For “Real World” Accuracy Principal of Taylor Engineering, Steve Taylor, recognizes the difficulties in measuring outside air in the “real world” due to low velocities, asymmetric velocity profiles, dirt, and moisture. His recommendation for outside air measurement is to use the differential pressure across a “fixed orifice method”.The Air Monitor OAM II is the only AMCA certified system that is designed to measure outside air using the “fixed orifice method” with 5% of reading accuracy.Peace Of Mind According to the COVID-19 Pulse Study published by Johnson Controls, more than 70% of organizations plan to increase outdoor air ventilation to help ensure healthy IAQ. Taking proper measures will give building owners piece of mind that they have mitigated the risks to the health and safety of occupants while maintaining comfort and building integrity.Air Monitor Corporation offers a full line of airflow measurement technologies to directly measure outside air as well as supply, return, and exhaust airflow rates. Visit: https://overhoff.com/ or contact your local representative to find the product that fits your healthy IAQ needs.

[overhoff-credentials]

Model 400SBDyC - High Performance Tritium in Air Portable Survey Monitor

High Performance Tritium In Air Portable Survey Monitor. The Model 400SBDyC is a high-performance Tritium in air monitor, useful for measurements as low as 2µCi/m3. This model features an OTC electrometer, which measures below 10-16 amperes, and combines low noise and high zero stability. Unlike other instruments, the Model 400SBDyC no longer requires front panel zero control. The thermally induced zero shifts of the electrometer and associated electronics have been eliminated.

Product Overview

Tritium is the most difficult radionuclide to detect and measure. It requires a unique detection process different from all others. US Nuclear Corps’ Overhoff Technology Corp is recognized as the premier Tritium detection and measurement company globally. Nuclear power plants, hospitals, laboratories, EPA, the biotech industry, fusion power research and all industries handling radioactive materials in their manufacture are subject to the direction of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to detect, measure, and monitor Tritium.

For More Information: http://overhoff.com/

[overhoff-credentials]

ION BEAM ANALYSIS FOR TRITIUM DETECTION

Nuclear reaction measurements on tritiated samples were performed using 3He beam to develop new possible ion beam method to detect tritium.

Development of this ion beam analysis for tritium detection will provide a unique opportunity to detect fusion fuel (deuterium and tritium) at the same time. Tungsten sample that was pre-irradiated by 20 MeV W ions was exposed to tritium (T) gas at 450oC. Such exposure populates the traps induced by W ion irradiation by T homogeneously down to 2 µm and ensures little outgassing as was observed by deuterium gas loading of a W sample prepared on the same way.

The activity of the sample was 220 MBq as measured by liquid scintillation technique during W sample chemical erosion. The nuclear reaction product was detected by a thick silicon detector placed at the angle of 135o with respect to the incoming beam. Small signal was observed in the spectrum and was increasing with the impact energy.

INSIBA experimental station where the experiment was performed and schematically the nuclear reaction between 3He and T in a tritiated tungsten sample producing alpha particle and deuteron which we have analysed in the TRANSAT study.

For More Information: https://overhoff.com/

[overhoff-credentials]

Starve nuclear weapons to death with a tritium freeze

📷

Proponents of nuclear non-proliferation will be pleased in late 2020 as the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) crosses the threshold of 50 ratifications and enters into force. Under this treaty, it will be illegal to hold nuclear weapons, and the parties will have to dismantle any in their possession. The problem with the TPNW approach is that no state that actually possesses nuclear weapons has signed it or is likely to. An alternative to this ‘all-or-nothing’ approach is needed—a freeze on the production of tritium is a different way to manage nuclear disarmament that will gradually bring an end to nuclear weapons.

Tritium and its critical role in nuclear weapons

Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen (hydrogen-3). It is used in the nuclear weapon systems of most of the five nuclear weapon states (NWS)—China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia—today to ‘boost’ the yield of a fission weapon or fission primary. It is important to note that elemental tritium is not used in hydrogen bombs.

While tritium is necessary for boosted nuclear weapons to function, it is not a nuclear material as defined by international statute. It is a radioactive gas and decays with a half-life of 12.3 years. That means that half of this material disappears every 12.3 years.

This relatively short half-life distinguishes tritium from the fissile materials used in nuclear bombs, such as plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU). For many years diplomats have tried to negotiate a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) to prohibit the further production of fissile materials. But an FMCT would leave stockpiles frozen at high levels without increase or decrease. Unlike the FMCT, a proposed tritium cut-off treaty (TCOT) would begin to reduce weapons stocks immediately because of tritium’s natural decay.

Neutron bombs, believed to be in the stockpiles of China and Israel, would be among the first casualties of a TCOT. The neutron bomb uses large quantities of tritium to produce a huge flood of neutrons designed to kill living organisms but produce a drastically reduced blast. The USA abandoned this type of weapon because of its high tritium consumption, many times that of a boosted weapon.

Why a tritium cut-off treaty could work

A TCOT would be more likely to be accepted politically as it does not demand immediate and total disarmament. Under such a treaty, the reduction in nuclear stockpiles would take place gradually, inexorably and without human intervention. Radioactive decay does the job—the essential material simply disappears. Unlike uranium and plutonium—which have half-lives of thousands of years—tritium decays quickly enough to force a natural arms reduction. The process is fast enough to be seen as a genuine step towards nuclear disarmament. It is slow enough for states to monitor its effectiveness and to withdraw from a TCOT if they feel it is not working.

Note that even under a nuclear weapon ban treaty such as the TPNW, disarmament would be a slow process. The actual dismantlement of nuclear weapons takes decades. For example, in 2013, thousands of Russian weapons were eliminated permanently by burning their HEU components in power reactors to produce electricity (ironically in the USA). It took about 20 years to dismantle the weapons, verify their dismantlement and convert the uranium to reactor fuel. No matter what treaty path is chosen this is an illustrative timeline.

Furthermore another agreement for the conversion of plutonium to fuel for electricity, the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement between the USA and Russia, eventually broke down because the USA was unable to build the factory to do the job. Much of the Russian factory was completed, ironically again, with US financial aid. This agreement was signed in 2000 and abrogated in 2016. Good intentions were not enough.

Politicians are more likely to embrace a treaty that begins slowly but visibly. The NWS regard nuclear weapons as vital to their security so total disarmament without a verification experience is seen as precipitous. Freezing tritium production gives each state time to observe the working of a TCOT, to implement and monitor any safeguards from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), and to convince their public and their military that the move is in its national interest.

This is similar to the voluntary suspension of nuclear explosive testing. The rate of testing slowed drastically for a number of years. When the major states simply stopped testing, the positive value of this voluntary move was apparent to policymakers and was easy to convey to the public and the military establishment (even without the entry into force of the 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)). No state gained an advantage over any other during the period when testing slowed and ceased. It was seen as no longer necessary. This was a cooperative effort on the part of the NWS without acceding to the CTBT.

There are also some major implications for cost savings, such as in the above-mentioned case of repurposing Russian uranium weapons for generating electricity in the USA. The cost of dismantlement was hugely offset by the enormous value of the uranium fuel produced. There are also major implications for changes in military doctrine. In the first year or so of a tritium freeze, tritium reserves can be used to refresh most weapons in the stockpile. Within a few years the dwindling supply will need to be distributed to fewer and fewer weapons and many will need to be removed from active service. This will have major impacts on doctrine.

Take, for example, the nuclear triad that the USA touts as necessary: ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in silos and bombers. Justifying a triad would become increasingly difficult under a TCOT as warheads cease to function. This is the essence of irreversible denuclearization: constant pressure to redistribute dwindling tritium stocks until it is no longer possible to have an effective strategic stockpile.

Countries considering building new nuclear delivery systems would need to take pause if there will be no warheads for them to deliver. The greatest resistance to a TCOT will come from the military-industrial complex that builds enormously expensive weapon systems, such as a new fleet of SSBNs or a new generation of ICBMs with the same vulnerabilities as the existing arsenal. Cost savings of deferring the planned US nuclear weapons modernization can run into trillions of dollars.

The effectiveness of a tritium freeze

What is the effect of removing tritium from a nuclear warhead? A good example is revealed in unclassified information about the UK's Trident warhead. The full yield of the warhead is about 100 kilotons as designed and deployed. There is a version that only has the fission-stage boosted primary for relatively small engagements. But if the tritium is removed from the fission stage, then the yield drops to only 0.3 kt. Although 0.3 kt is not total disarmament, it is small enough to be militarily insignificant, especially when launched from a multibillion-dollar platform: a Trident submarine. Simply put, modern nuclear weapons without tritium are not military weapons.

Monitoring and verifying a tritium cut-off treaty

Verifying a tritium freeze could be accomplished with arrangements similar to IAEA safeguards on plutonium and HEU. Tritium would need to be defined to be a weapon-usable material of the same class as nuclear materials. Verification would be similar to the IAEA’s existing mission of verifying legal stocks of existing nuclear materials. It would require new technologies and training for inspectors, but this is not an insurmountable problem.

Tritium has legitimate civilian uses, largely exploiting its beta particle emission for such uses as self-illuminating lights requiring no electric power source, medical procedures and as a radioactive tracer. Tritium is considered to be a future source of electricity in fusion reactors, although this application has been a goal for at least 60 years and is unlikely to be realized for many more decades. Legitimate uses of tritium can easily be accommodated under an IAEA-type monitoring programme just as large quantities of uranium and plutonium are monitored for the civilian power cycle. The civilian market for tritium is tiny compared to the fissile material nuclear fuel cycle. It would not be a huge burden to monitor.

Tritium is a radioactive gas similar to normal hydrogen. Its radioactive properties mean that there is no point in clandestinely stockpiling it because it is constantly disappearing through decay. Tritium that escapes to the environment can be monitored using gas-sampling systems similar to the ones fielded today by the CTBTO. The CTBTO’s worldwide network of samplers is designed to detect other radioactive substances. Adding tritium detectors to a functioning and reliable existing network would be feasible and not costly.

Tritium has historically been produced in dedicated military production reactors at temperatures and pressures much lower than commercial electric power-production reactors. The USA was forced to develop new technology to produce tritium in some US commercial power reactors. The technological hurdles were difficult. Furthermore, such an activity in a nuclear power reactor subject to IAEA safeguards would be notable, distinctive and subject to investigation and verification.

Challenges bringing states on board

Bringing in other states that possess nuclear weapons, particularly India and Pakistan, will be the most difficult task. For example, the five NWS have essentially voluntarily implemented an FMCT-like posture. Since China is not transparent it may be an exception. Significantly, India and Pakistan are actively producing HEU and plutonium, both for nuclear bombs and for the propulsion of future SSBNs. Pakistan, in particular, has been a major impediment to achieving an FMCT. These two states are actively increasing their nuclear weapon stockpiles through fissile material production and it will be difficult to persuade them to end tritium production. They may also have weapons in their stockpiles that do not use tritium at all, reducing the value of a TCOT.

Israel, on the other hand, does not even admit to having nuclear weapons, a poorly kept political secret. SIPRI estimates that Israel has 90 nuclear weapons, largely based on plutonium. Israel’s tritium production, if any, comes from its 56-year-old Dimona reactor, which is approaching the end of its lifetime. Israel could easily agree to a tritium freeze because its production is going to end in the near future. Israel will already be busily searching for ways to keep its stockpile effective in the absence of tritium or it may come to depend on its ample conventional strength.

The case of Israel is unusual but illustrative. The Israeli stockpile is presumed to have many thermonuclear weapons. Yet Israel has not used nuclear weapons in its disagreements with its neighbours. Instead it uses high-precision conventional explosives to target individual buildings and sites from which it believes threats emanate, for example in Gaza. Its powerful nuclear weapons have little application beyond deterrence in its current military posture.

Denuclearization begins on day one

Freezing tritium supplies is an attractive disarmament step because it begins inexorably on day one of the treaty going into force. It does not make any state suddenly vulnerable to attack from another. All TCOT states parties will begin to see natural radioactive decay reduce their stockpiles on an identical basis. After 12.3 years each state will have exactly half of its tritium left and will have had to make some hard choices about dismantling its nuclear weapon stockpile. A great deal can change in 12 years: entire weapons systems will become obsolete and remaining military objectives will be constantly reassessed. The USA will hold three presidential elections. Under these circumstances, politicians and the public will see measurable progress and reduced threats.

A negotiated TCOT is an attractive adjunct to other approaches to disarmament. It begins the process of making weapons obsolete on the first day of its implementation. Every day that a TCOT exists, more and more weapons will become disabled. At first there will be an effort to redistribute dwindling tritium stocks to the weapons considered most essential. This effort, in itself will illustrate why legacy cold war weapons systems no longer matter. It will become increasingly apparent that the huge stockpiles targeted on adversary missile systems are obsolete in an age of precise conventional targeting against military objectives and asymmetric warfare against small, often urban targets. Implementation of a TCOT could mean that, after 25 years, 75 per cent of nuclear weapons that use tritium will have disappeared.

Implementation of a TCOT would require a new definition of tritium as a material similar to existing nuclear materials. Verification and inspections are missions familiar to the CTBTO International Monitoring System and the IAEA. A cooperative working agreement between these two international organizations would be necessary.

A complete nuclear weapon ban treaty, such as the TPNW, is a lofty and worthwhile goal. But its total immediate implementation is a difficult option for the NWS, with their shared monopoly on powerful weapons. The TCOT offers a simpler option based on radioactive decay that will immediately, slowly but inexorably eliminate large nuclear weapon stockpiles and highlight the need for rethinking nuclear deterrence.

For More Information: http://overhoff.com/

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Portable Tritium Monitor

Feature:

High performance

Continuous measurement

Tritium detection from 12.5 kBq/m3

Response time under 60 seconds

Simple

Easy maintenance

User-friendly interface

Easy and quick to set up

Reliable

Precise and stable

Performance validated by the CTHIR laboratory

Easy to use

Light and robust

Color touch screen, graphical display

DESCRIPTION :

The portable monitor, β ionix is intended for the continuous tritium activity monitoring and other beta emitters in ambient air.

Thanks to its very high sensitivity, its user-friendliness and its reliability, the β ionix portable monitor ensures the radioprotection of your teams, on dismantling & construction jobs, process controls, premises monitoring...

Ready for use, the portable monitor offers the most advanced features, such as: graphical plotting, archiving of data, remote display of the alarms, data extraction via USB stick, etc.

The β ionix portable monitor can be found in 2 versions:

A simple measurement with a single ionization chamber of 660 cc real time gamma compensated version with 2 ionization chambers of 300 cc

For More Information : https://overhoff.com/

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Portable tritium in air monitors

Model 200SB

Model 200SB-HTO

Model200-SS

Model 2x200-LD

Model 400AC

Model 400AC-M

Model 400AC-WP

Model 400SBDyC

Model 400SBDyC-HTO

Model RS400

Model RS400-HTO

Model FP400

Model SP1400DD

Tri Cair

For More Information: https://overhoff.com/

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Radon Monitor

The Overhoff Radon Monitor is intended to measure radon-222 and radon-220 over a wide range of concentrations. The radon monitor is useful to those individuals who need to establish radon background levels or demonstrate compliance with regulations and to those individuals involved in radon mitigation efforts. The radon monitor can log 40,000 data points to accurately establish the daily variation in radon concentrations.  The radon monitor’s internal rechargeable battery can operate the monitor for 24 hours. By using the AC/DC adapter the monitoring time can be extended indefinitely which allows for logging the variations in radon concentrations due to the environmental effects of changes in barometric pressure and rainfall. The radon monitor is very useful as a real-time radon monitor for those individuals involved in radon mitigation since the real-time indication gives an immediate indication of any mitigation efforts. Mitigation of radon concentrations can be as simple as a change in ventilation flow or a more complex effort such as installing a vapor barrier.

For More Information: https://overhoff.com/newproducts.html 

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Overhoff Technology Corporation

For nearly 37 years, Overhoff Technology has been designing and manufacturing high quality tritium monitors. Overhoff Technology has earned a remarkable reputation as the world’s leading manufacturer of tritium monitors. The key values established by founder, Dr. Mario W. Overhoff(1928-2005), continue to this day.

At Overhoff, product development has always been a key aspect of our business.  If you can’t seem to find an Overhoff product that meets your needs, we can design a monitor to your specifications. Customers have contributed ideas which have led to standard equipment modification and/or new product development.  Feel free to contact us to discuss your application and requirements.

For More Information: https://overhoff.com/

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Portable tritium in air monitors

Model 200SB

Model 200SB-HTO Model200-SS Model 2x200-LD Model 400AC Model 400AC-M Model 400AC-WP Model 400SBDyC Model 400SBDyC-HTO Model RS400 Model RS400-HTO Model FP400 Model SP1400DD Tri Cair

For More Information: https://overhoff.com/ 

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Stationary Tritium in Air Monitors

📷

Features:

NEMA-12 enclosure

Plate-out proof wire-grid electrodes eliminate “background” zero drift

Gamma compensation (2L or 4L)

Range: 1 to 19,999 µCi/m3, 0.1 to 1,999.9 µCi/m3, 0.01 to 199.99 MBq/m3

±5% accuracy over the entire measurement range

Audible and visual alarm indicators for signal level, low flow, and malfunction

Alpha pulse suppression, radon rejection

Long-term zero stable, span calibration is permanently stable due to special electrometer design

Options:

HTO only measurement, noble gas compensation

Upgraded heavy-duty pump system

Mounted on wheeled stainless-steel cart for portability

Description:

The Model 357BW is a single-range ionization chamber tritium in air monitor contained in a NEMA-12 enclosure suitable for permanent installation and continuous duty.  It is designed for the monitoring of rooms, glove boxes, fume hoods, exhaust stacks, as well as process piping.  The enclosure has a hinged door with a tempered glass window and is also double-hinged so that the inside components can be easily serviced.  The Model 357BW has an upgraded alarm system, including: high-level alarm (latching or non-latching), malfunction alarm (internal DC power supply or electrometer failure), and low flow alarm.  Exceptionally stable with accuracy and reproducibility of ±5% over the entire measurement range.

Dual 2L or quad 2L ionization chambers are available, with optional plate-out proof wire-grid electrodes to reduce tritium or other radioactive gas contamination by up to 1000x.  Quad 2L ion chamber assembly arranged in a cruciform geometry provides the best sensitivity, stability, and omnidirectional gamma compensation.

Technical Specifications

RANGETypical Measurement Ranges: a) 1 to 19,999 μCi/m3, MDA is 1 μCi/m3 b) 0.01 to 199.99 MBq/m3, MDA is 0.03 MBq/m3 c) 0.1 to 1,999.9 MBq/m3 or DAC where 1 DAC=10μCi/m3 d) 1 to 19,999 μSv/h, MDA is 1 μSv/h Extra-sensitive option with quad 2L chambers: e) 0.1 to 1,999.9 μCi/m3 , MDA is 0.5 μCi/m3DISPLAYDigital Meter, 4 ½” digit LEDACCURACY±5 % of reading, ±1 μCi/m3, whichever is greaterREPRODUCABILITY±5 % across the entire measurement rangeSTABILITY AND DRIFT, LONG TERM±1 μCi/m3, over the entire temperature rangeTEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTless than ±0.3%/°C, total accumulated error ≤±10% relative to 20 °C readingNOISE±1 μCi/m3, 2 sigma, with 20 second time constantGAMMA COMPENSATIONsecond ion chamber of equal volume, mounted coaxially for dual chambers, or in a cruciform arrangement for quad, serves to cancel effects of external gamma fieldsRESPONSE RATEtwo linear time constants 20 seconds for measurements below 80 μCi/m3 3 seconds for measurements above 80 μCi/m3ALARM SYSTEM-single level alarm, with adjustable set point -mode switch: latching or non-latching operation with a momentary reset position -low flow alarm: differential pressure switch, activates audible and visual alarm -system failure alarm: high or low voltage out of tolerance and electrometer failure -acknowledge push button, silences the audible indicator for all above alarmsINDICATORSacoustic signaler, red LEDIONIZATION CHAMBER VOLUMEdual 2L (measuring: 1,800cm3, total wetted: 4,000cm3), or quad 2L (measuring: 3,600cm3, total wetted: 8,000cm3)FLOWMETER0-10 LPM adjustable rotameterDUST FILTER AND PUMPhigh efficiency 99.99% at 0.1 microns HEPA respirator type cartridge long-life oscillating piston positive displacement pumpENVIRONMENTALstorage: -40° C to +65° C, operating: 0° C to +55° C, 0 to 95 % R.H. non-condensing ventilation or air conditioning not requiredPOWER120 VAC or 240VAC, 50/60 HzDIMENSIONS24.0” [610mm] Wide x 19.0” [483mm] Long x 24.0” [610mm] High wall-mount NEMA-12 rated enclosureFUSE1 A slow blow fuseWEIGHT160 lbs. [73 kg]

https://overhoff.com/product/model-357bw/