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This Week in Rust 542

Hello and welcome to another issue of This Week in Rust! Rust is a programming language empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient software. This is a weekly summary of its progress and community. Want something mentioned? Tag us at @ThisWeekInRust on Twitter or @ThisWeekinRust on mastodon.social, or send us a pull request. Want to get involved? We love contributions.

This Week in Rust is openly developed on GitHub and archives can be viewed at this-week-in-rust.org. If you find any errors in this week's issue, please submit a PR.

Updates from Rust Community

Official

Announcing Rust 1.77.2

Security advisory for the standard library (CVE-2024-24576)

Changes to Rust's WASI targets

Rust Nation UK

Hannah Aubrey - A Web of Rust: The Future of the Internet Depends on Trust

JD Nose - Rust Infrastructure: What it takes to keep Rust running

Amanieu D'Antras - The path to a stable ABI for Rust

Luca Palmieri - Pavex: re-imaging API development in Rust

Lachezar Lechev - Typed for Safety

Marco Concetto Rudilosso - Building a profiler for web assembly

Jon Gjengset - Towards Impeccable Rust

Nicholas Yang - Porting Turborepo From Go To Rust

David Haig - What’s that behind your ear? An open source hearing aid in Rust.

Frédéric Ameye - Renault want to sell cars with rust!

Nikita Lapkov - Type-safe and fault-tolerant mesh services with Rust

Andre Bogus - Easy Mode Rust

Lars Bergstrom - Beyond Safety and Speed: How Rust Fuels Team Productivity

Tim McNamara - Unwrapping unsafe

Nicholas Matsakis - Rust 2024 and beyond

Project/Tooling Updates

Shipping Jco 1.0, WASI 0.2

This month in Pavex, #10

"Containerize" individual functions in Rust with extrasafe

rust-analyzer changelog #228

Rerun 0.15.0 - Blueprints from Python · rerun-io/rerun

Bevy 0.13.2, Curves, Gizmos, and Games

What's new in SeaORM 1.0-rc.x

Observations/Thoughts

Improve performance of you Rust functions by const currying

Ownership in Rust

Thoughts on the xz backdoor: an lzma-rs perspective

hyper HTTP/2 Continuation Flood

Leaky Abstractions and a Rusty Pin

[audio] Launching RustRover: JetBrains' Investment in Rust

[audio] Pavex with Luca Palmieri

[video] Decrusting the tokio crate

[video] Rust 1.77.0: 70 highlights in 30 minutes

[video] Simulate the three body problem in #rustlang

[video] Exploring Fiberplane's 3-Year Rust Journey - with Benno van den Berg

Rust Walkthroughs

Working with OpenAPI using Rust

Zed Decoded: Async Rust

Writing a Unix-like OS in Rust

Fivefold Slower Compared to Go? Optimizing Rust's Protobuf Decoding Performance

Write Cleaner, More Maintainable Rust Code with PhantomData

[video] Extreme Clippy for an existing Rust Crate

[video] developerlife.com - Build a color gradient animation for a spinner component, for CLI, in Rust

[video] developerlife.com - Build a spinner component, for CLI, in Rust

[video] developerlife.com - Build an async readline, and spinner in Rust, for interactive CLI

Research

"Against the Void": An Interview and Survey Study on How Rust Developers Use Unsafe Code

Sound Borrow-Checking for Rust via Symbolic Semantics

Miscellaneous

Rust indexed - Rust mdbooks search

March 2024 Rust Jobs Report

Rust Meetup and user groups (updated)

Embedding the Servo Web Engine in Qt

A memory model for Rust code in the kernel

Building Stock Market Engine from scratch in Rust (II)

Ratatui Received Funding: What's Next?

Crate of the Week

This week's crate is archspec-rs, a library to track system architecture aspects.

Thanks to Orhun Parmaksız for the suggestion!

Please submit your suggestions and votes for next week!

Call for Testing

An important step for RFC implementation is for people to experiment with the implementation and give feedback, especially before stabilization. The following RFCs would benefit from user testing before moving forward:

No calls for testing were issued this week.

If you are a feature implementer and would like your RFC to appear on the above list, add the new call-for-testing label to your RFC along with a comment providing testing instructions and/or guidance on which aspect(s) of the feature need testing.

Call for Participation; projects and speakers

CFP - Projects

Always wanted to contribute to open-source projects but did not know where to start? Every week we highlight some tasks from the Rust community for you to pick and get started!

Some of these tasks may also have mentors available, visit the task page for more information.

If you are a Rust project owner and are looking for contributors, please submit tasks here.

CFP - Speakers

Are you a new or experienced speaker looking for a place to share something cool? This section highlights events that are being planned and are accepting submissions to join their event as a speaker.

If you are an event organizer hoping to expand the reach of your event, please submit a link to the submission website through a PR to TWiR.

Updates from the Rust Project

431 pull requests were merged in the last week

CFI: change type transformation to use TypeFolder

CFI: fix ICE in KCFI non-associated function pointers

CFI: restore typeid_for_instance default behavior

CFI: support function pointers for trait methods

CFI: support non-general coroutines

MSVC targets should use COFF as their archive format

actually use the inferred ClosureKind from signature inference in coroutine-closures

add Ord::cmp for primitives as a BinOp in MIR

add a debug asserts call to match_projection_projections to ensure invariant

add aarch64-apple-visionos and aarch64-apple-visionos-sim tier 3 targets

add consistency with phrases "meantime" and "mean time"

assert FnDef kind

assert that args are actually compatible with their generics, rather than just their count

avoid ICEing without the pattern_types feature gate

avoid expanding to unstable internal method

avoid panicking unnecessarily on startup

better reporting on generic argument mismatchs

cleanup: rename HAS_PROJECTIONS to HAS_ALIASES etc

do not ICE in fn forced_ambiguity if we get an error

do not ICE on field access check on expr with ty::Error

do not ICE when calling incorrectly defined transmute intrinsic

fix ByMove coroutine-closure shim (for 2021 precise closure capturing behavior)

fix capture analysis for by-move closure bodies

fix diagnostic for qualifier in extern block

hir: use ItemLocalId::ZERO in a couple more places

impl get_mut_or_init and get_mut_or_try_init for OnceCell and OnceLock

implement T-types suggested logic for perfect non-local impl detection

implement minimal, internal-only pattern types in the type system

instantiate higher ranked goals outside of candidate selection

link against libc++abi and libunwind as well when building LLVM wrappers on AIX

make inductive cycles always ambiguous

make sure to insert Sized bound first into clauses list

match ergonomics: implement "&pat everywhere"

match lowering: make false edges more precise

more postfix match fixes

move check for error in impl header outside of reporting

only allow compiler_builtins to call LLVM intrinsics, not any link_name function

only inspect user-written predicates for privacy concerns

pass list of defineable opaque types into canonical queries

pattern analysis: fix union handling

postfix match fixes

privacy: stabilize lint unnameable_types

put checks that detect UB under their own flag below debug_assertions

revert removing miri jobserver workaround

safe Transmute: Compute transmutability from rustc_target::abi::Layout

sanitizers: create the rustc_sanitizers crate

split hir ty lowerer's error reporting code in check functions to mod errors

teach MIR inliner query cycle avoidance about const_eval_select

transforms match into an assignment statement

use the more informative generic type inference failure error on method calls on raw pointers

add missing ?Sized bounds for HasInterner impls

introduce Lifetime::Error

perf: cache type info for ParamEnv

encode dep graph edges directly from the previous graph when promoting

remove debuginfo from rustc-demangle too

stabilize const_caller_location and const_location_fields

stabilize proc_macro_byte_character and proc_macro_c_str_literals

stabilize const Atomic*::into_inner

de-LLVM the unchecked shifts

rename expose_addr to expose_provenance

rename ptr::from_exposed_addr → ptr::with_exposed_provenance

remove rt::init allocation for thread name

use unchecked_sub in str indexing

don't emit divide-by-zero panic paths in StepBy::len

add fn const BuildHasherDefault::new

add invariant to VecDeque::pop_* that len < cap if pop successful

add Context::ext

provide cabi_realloc on wasm32-wasip2 by default

vendor rustc_codegen_gcc

cargo: Build script not rerun when target rustflags change

cargo add: Stabilize MSRV-aware version req selection

cargo toml: Decouple target discovery from Target creation

cargo toml: Split out an explicit step to resolve Cargo.toml

cargo metadata: Show behavior with TOML-specific types

cargo: don't depend on ? affecting type inference in weird ways

cargo: fix github fast path redirect

cargo: maintain sorting of dependency features

cargo: switch to using gitoxide by default for listing files

rustdoc-search: shard the search result descriptions

rustdoc: default to light theme if JS is enabled but not working

rustdoc: heavily simplify the synthesis of auto trait impls

rustdoc: synthetic auto trait impls: accept unresolved region vars for now

clippy: manual_swap auto fix

clippy: manual_unwrap_or_default: check for Default trait implementation in initial condition when linting and use IfLetOrMatch

clippy: allow cast lints in macros

clippy: avoid an ICE in ptr_as_ptr when getting the def_id of a local

clippy: correct parentheses for needless_borrow suggestion

clippy: do not suggest assigning_clones in Clone impl

clippy: fix ice reporting in lintcheck

clippy: fix incorrect suggestion for !(a as type >= b)

clippy: reword arc_with_non_send_sync note and help messages

clippy: type certainty: clear DefId when an expression's type changes to non-adt

rust-analyzer: apply cargo flags in test explorer

rust-analyzer: fix off-by-one error converting to LSP UTF8 offsets with multi-byte char

rust-analyzer: consider exported_name="main" functions in test modules as tests

rust-analyzer: fix patch_cfg_if not applying with stitched sysroot

rust-analyzer: set the right postfix snippets competion source range

Rust Compiler Performance Triage

A quiet week; all the outright regressions were already triaged (the one biggish one was #122077, which is justified as an important bug fix). There was a very nice set of improvements from PR #122070, which cleverly avoids a lot of unnecessary allocator calls when building an incremental dep graph by reusing the old edges from the previous graph.

Triage done by @pnkfelix. Revision range: 3d5528c2..86b603cd

3 Regressions, 3 Improvements, 7 Mixed; 1 of them in rollups 78 artifact comparisons made in total

See full report here

Approved RFCs

Changes to Rust follow the Rust RFC (request for comments) process. These are the RFCs that were approved for implementation this week:

Merge RFC 3513: Add gen blocks

Final Comment Period

Every week, the team announces the 'final comment period' for RFCs and key PRs which are reaching a decision. Express your opinions now.

RFCs

[disposition: merge] RFC: Drop temporaries in tail expressions before local variables

[disposition: merge] RFC: Reserve unprefixed guarded string literals in Edition 2024

Tracking Issues & PRs

Rust

[disposition: merge] Always display stability version even if it's the same as the containing item

[disposition: merge] Tracking Issue for cstr_count_bytes

[disposition: merge] rustdoc-search: single result for items with multiple paths

[disposition: merge] Tracking Issue for #![feature(const_io_structs)]

[disposition: merge] Tracking Issue for alloc::collections::BinaryHeap::as_slice

[disposition: merge] Tracking Issue for fs_try_exists

[disposition: merge] stabilize -Znext-solver=coherence

[disposition: merge] Document overrides of clone_from() in core/std

[disposition: merge] Stabilise inline_const

[disposition: merge] Tracking Issue for RFC 3013: Checking conditional compilation at compile time

[disposition: merge] sess: stabilize -Zrelro-level as -Crelro-level

[disposition: merge] Implement FromIterator for (impl Default + Extend, impl Default + Extend)

[disposition: close] Return the delimiter from slice::split_once

[disposition: merge] Support type '/' to search

[disposition: merge] Tracking Issue for Seek::seek_relative

[disposition: merge] Tracking Issue for generic NonZero

New and Updated RFCs

[new] Add an expression for direct access to an enum's discriminant

[new] RFC: Drop temporaries in tail expressions before local variables

Upcoming Events

Rusty Events between 2024-04-10 - 2024-05-08 🦀

Virtual

2024-04-11 | Virtual + In Person (Berlin, DE) | OpenTechSchool Berlin + Rust Berlin

Rust Hack and Learn | Mirror: Rust Hack n Learn Meetup

2024-04-11 | Virtual (Nürnberg, DE) | Rust Nüremberg

Rust Nürnberg online

2024-04-11 | Virtual (San Diego, CA, US) | San Diego Rust

San Diego Rust April 2024 Tele-Meetup

2024-04-15 & 2024-04-16 | Virtual | Mainmatter

Remote Workshop: Testing for Rust projects – going beyond the basics

2024-04-16 | Virtual (Dublin, IE) | Rust Dublin

A reverse proxy with Tower and Hyperv1

2024-04-16 | Virtual (Washington, DC, US) | Rust DC

Mid-month Rustful—forensic parsing via Artemis

2024-04-17 | Virtual | Rust for Lunch

April 2024 Rust for Lunch

2024-04-17 | Virtual (Cardiff, UK) | Rust and C++ Cardiff

Reflections on RustNation UK 2024

2024-04-17 | Virtual (Vancouver, BC, CA) | Vancouver Rust

Rust Study/Hack/Hang-out

2024-04-18 | Virtual (Charlottesville, VA, US) | Charlottesville Rust Meetup

Crafting Interpreters in Rust Collaboratively

2024-04-21 | Virtual (Israel) | Rust in Israel

Using AstroNvim for Rust development (in Hebrew)

2024-04-25 | Virtual + In Person (Berlin, DE) | OpenTechSchool Berlin + Rust Berlin

Rust Hack and Learn | Mirror: Rust Hack n Learn Meetup

2024-04-30 | Virtual (Dallas, TX, US) | Dallas Rust

Last Tuesday

2024-05-01 | Virtual (Cardiff, UK) | Rust and C++ Cardiff

Rust for Rustaceans Book Club: Chapter 5 - Project Structure

2024-05-01 | Virtual (Indianapolis, IN, US) | Indy Rust

Indy.rs - with Social Distancing

2024-05-02 | Virtual (Charlottesville, NC, US) | Charlottesville Rust Meetup

Crafting Interpreters in Rust Collaboratively

2024-05-07 | Virtual (Buffalo, NY) | Buffalo Rust Meetup

Buffalo Rust User Group

Africa

2024-05-04 | Kampala, UG | Rust Circle Kampala

Rust Circle Meetup

Asia

2024-04-16 | Tokyo, JP | Tokyo Rust Meetup

The Good, the Bad, and the Async (RSVP by 15 Apr)

Europe

2024-04-10 | Cambridge, UK | Cambridge Rust Meetup

Rust Meetup Reboot 3

2024-04-10 | Cologne/Köln, DE | Rust Cologne

This Month in Rust, April

2024-04-10 | Manchester, UK | Rust Manchester

Rust Manchester April 2024

2024-04-10 | Oslo, NO | Rust Oslo

Rust Hack'n'Learn at Kampen Bistro

2024-04-11 | Bordeaux, FR | Rust Bordeaux

Rust Bordeaux #2 : Présentations

2024-04-11 | Reading, UK | Reading Rust Workshop

Reading Rust Meetup at Browns

2024-04-15 | Zagreb, HR | impl Zagreb for Rust

Rust Meetup 2024/04: Building cargo projects with NIX

2024-04-16 | Bratislava, SK | Bratislava Rust Meetup Group

Rust Meetup by Sonalake #5

2024-04-16 | Leipzig, DE | Rust - Modern Systems Programming in Leipzig

winnow/nom

2024-04-16 | Munich, DE + Virtual | Rust Munich

Rust Munich 2024 / 1 - hybrid

2024-04-17 | Bergen, NO | Hubbel kodeklubb

Lær Rust med Conways Game of Life

2024-04-17 | Ostrava, CZ | TechMeetup Ostrava

TechMeetup: RUST

2024-04-20 | Augsburg, DE | Augsburger Linux-Infotag 2024

Augsburger Linux-Infotag 2024: Workshop Einstieg in Embedded Rust mit dem Raspberry Pico WH

2024-04-23 | Berlin, DE | Rust Berlin

Rust'n'Tell - Rust for the Web

2024-04-23 | Paris, FR | Rust Paris

Paris Rust Meetup #67

2024-04-25 | Aarhus, DK | Rust Aarhus

Talk Night at MFT Energy

2024-04-23 | Berlin, DE | Rust Berlin

Rust'n'Tell - Rust for the Web

2024-04-25 | Berlin, DE | Rust Berlin

Rust and Tell - TBD

2024-04-27 | Basel, CH | Rust Basel

Fullstack Rust - Workshop #2 (Register by 23 April)

2024-04-30 | Budapest, HU | Budapest Rust Meetup Group

Rust Meetup Budapest 2

2024-04-30 | Salzburg, AT | Rust Salzburg

[Rust Salzburg meetup]: 6:30pm - CCC Salzburg, 1. OG, ArgeKultur, Ulrike-Gschwandtner-Straße 5, 5020 Salzburg

2024-05-01 | Utrecht, NL | NL-RSE Community

NL-RSE RUST meetup

2024-05-06 | Delft, NL | GOSIM

GOSIM Europe 2024

2024-05-07 & 2024-05-08 | Delft, NL | RustNL

RustNL 2024

North America

2024-04-10 | Boulder, CO, US | Boulder Rust Meetup

Rust Meetup: Better Builds w/ Flox + Hangs

2024-04-11 | Lehi, UT, US | Utah Rust

Interactive Storytelling using Yarn Spinner with Rex Magana

2024-04-11 | Seattle, WA, US | Seattle Rust User Group

Seattle Rust User Group Meetup

2024-04-11 | Spokane, WA, US | Spohttps://www.meetup.com/minneapolis-rust-meetup/kane Rust

Monthly Meetup: The Rust Full-Stack Experience

2024-04-15 | Minneapolis, MN, US | Minneapolish Rust Meetup

Minneapolis Rust: Getting started with Rust! #2

2024-04-15 | Somerville, MA, US | Boston Rust Meetup

Davis Square Rust Lunch, Apr 15

2024-04-16 | San Francisco, CA, US | San Francisco Rust Study Group

Rust Hacking in Person

2024-04-16 | Seattle, WA, US | Seattle Rust User Group

Seattle Rust User Group: Meet Servo and Robius Open Source Projects

2024-04-18 | Chicago, IL, US | Deep Dish Rust

Rust Talk: What Are Panics?

2024-04-18 | Mountain View, CA, US | Mountain View Rust Meetup

Rust Meetup at Hacker Dojo

2024-04-24 | Austin, TX, US | Rust ATX

Rust Lunch - Fareground

2024-04-25 | Nashville, TN, US | Music City Rust Developers

Music City Rust Developers - Async Rust on Embedded

2024-04-26 | Boston, MA, US | Boston Rust Meetup

North End Rust Lunch, Apr 26

Oceania

2024-04-15 | Melbourne, VIC, AU | Rust Melbourne

April 2024 Rust Melbourne Meetup

2024-04-17 | Sydney, NSW, AU | Rust Sydney

WMaTIR 2024 Gala & Talks

2024-04-30 | Auckland, NZ | Rust AKL

Rust AKL: Why Rust? Convince Me!

2024-04-30 | Canberra, ACT, AU | Canberra Rust User Group

CRUG April Meetup: Generics and Traits

If you are running a Rust event please add it to the calendar to get it mentioned here. Please remember to add a link to the event too. Email the Rust Community Team for access.

Jobs

Please see the latest Who's Hiring thread on r/rust

Quote of the Week

As a former JavaScript plebeian who has only been semi-recently illuminated by the suspiciously pastel pink, white and blue radiance of Rust developers, NOT having to sit in my web console debugger for hours pushing some lovingly crafted [object Object] or undefined is a blessing.

– Julien Robert rage-blogging against bevy

Thanks to scottmcm for the suggestion!

Please submit quotes and vote for next week!

This Week in Rust is edited by: nellshamrell, llogiq, cdmistman, ericseppanen, extrawurst, andrewpollack, U007D, kolharsam, joelmarcey, mariannegoldin, bennyvasquez.

Email list hosting is sponsored by The Rust Foundation

Discuss on r/rust

#rust-lang #rust #rustlang #twir #long post

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edwinlddv922 · 4 years ago

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pattersondelfina-blog · 5 years ago

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kp8200985 · 5 years ago

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evoldir · 4 years ago

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Fwd: Postdoc: UOslo.EvolutionaryGenomics

Begin forwarded message: > From: [email protected] > Subject: Postdoc: UOslo.EvolutionaryGenomics > Date: 11 November 2021 at 05:18:15 GMT > To: [email protected] > > > > Postdoctoral Research Fellow in evolutionary genomics, University of Oslo > > Apply here: > https://ift.tt/3bXGOhX > Apply by: 30th November 2021 > > Job description Position as post doc available at Centre for Ecological > and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences. > > The position is for a period of 3 years. Starting date no later than > 01.03.2022 > > No one can be appointed for more than one Postdoctoral Research Fellowship > at the University of Oslo. > > We are looking for a highly motivated candidate for a three-year post doc > position as part of this exciting collaborative research project between > the University of Oslo, University of Nottingham (UK) and the Netherlands > Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW). The researcher will help develop > our understanding of the evolutionary origins of human-commensalism in > Passer sparrows. The project will focus on two key questions; 1) does > human commensalism have a single origin within the house sparrow? and 2) > has adaptation to a human-commensal niche occurred in parallel in the > tree sparrow? > > We aim to combine morphological and genomic data from existing datasets, > museum samples and ongoing fieldwork to address the core aims of the > project. The successful candidate will be allowed to choose aspects of > the larger program as best fits their skills and research interests. They > will also be encouraged to develop additional, complementary avenues > of research. The researcher will oversee population-level whole genome > resequencing from the wet-lab to data interrogation and will be expected > to be proficient in bioinformatics (R/Unix/Python) with documented > skills in genomic analyses. A PhD in population genetics/genomics, > evolutionary genomics, evolutionary biology or a related subject is > necessary. Experience with working with birds and bird genomes would be > helpful but is not a requirement. The researcher will be based at the > Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis at the University of > Oslo but will also be expected to visit the University of Nottingham > (UK) for additional training and support with research visits to the > Netherlands. There will likely be opportunities for fieldwork in Central > and Southern Asia. The working language of the research group is English. > > It is becoming exceedingly clear that humans have been, and still are, > drastically altering the planet. Although human activity typically has > a negative effect on biodiversity, some species have rapidly adapted > to novel niches opened up by human activity. The house sparrow (Passer > domesticus) is a successful human commensal that thrives in human > created niches. It has adapted to urban and agricultural habitats on > every continent except Antarctica. Intriguingly, a number of other > Passer sparrows are also human commensals having likely experienced > similar selective pressures; one of the most striking is the Eurasian > tree sparrow (Passer montanus), which is an obligate commensal across > much of East Asia. The overarching aim of this newly funded project > (Norwegian Research Council) is to determine the evolutionary causes > and consequences of human commensalism in Passer sparrows using whole > genome resequencing, high resolution phenotyping and extensive fieldwork. > > The main purpose of a postdoctoral fellowship is to provide the candidates > with enhanced skills to pursue a scientific top position within or beyond > academia. To promote a strategic career path, all postdoctoral research > fellows are required to submit a professional development plan no later > than one month after commencement of the postdoctoral period. > > Qualification requirements: The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural > Sciences has a strategic ambition to be among the leading communities > for research, education and innovation in Europe. Candidates for these > fellowships will be selected in accordance with this, and expected to be > in the upper segment of their class with respect to academic credentials. > > - Applicants must hold a degree equivalent to a Norwegian doctoral > degree in evolutionary biology/genetics/genomics. Doctoral > dissertation must be submitted for evaluation by the closing > date. Only applicants with an approved doctoral thesis and > completed defence are eligible for appointment. > - Fluent oral and written communication skills in English > is required > > Desirable qualifications: > > - Experience in bioinformatics including in Unix, python and/or R > - Experience with population genomic analyses and reconstructing > evolutionary histories > - Experience in using high-powered computer clusters and resources > - A demonstrated record of published scientific research in > population genomics, evolutionary biology, evolutionary genetics > or a related discipline > > We offer: > - salary NOK 534 400 – 615 800 per annum depending on > qualifications in position as Postdoctoral Research Fellow > (position code 1352) > - a professionally stimulating working environment > - vibrant international academic environment > - postdoctoral development plans > - attractive welfare benefits and a generous pension agreement, in > addition to Oslo’s family-friendly environment with its rich > opportunities for culture and outdoor activities > > How to apply: > The application must include > > - Cover letter (statement of motivation, summarizing scientific > work and research interest) > - CV (summarizing education, positions, pedagogical experience, > administrative experience and other qualifying activity) > - A complete list of publications and up to 5 academic works > that the applicant wishes to be considered by the > evaluation committee > - Names and contact details of 2-3 references (name, relation to > candidate, e-mail and telephone number) > > The application with attachments must be delivered in our electronic > recruiting system. Foreign applicants are advised to attach an explanation > of their University's grading system. Please note that all documents > should be in English (or a Scandinavian language). > > In assessing the applications, special emphasis will be placed on the > documented, academic qualification as well as the candidates motivation > and personal suitability. > > Interviews with the best qualified candidates will be arranged. It is > expected that the successful candidate will be able to complete the > project in the course of the period of employment. > > Formal regulations: Please see the guidelines and regulations for > appointments to Postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Oslo. > > No one can be appointed for more than one Postdoctoral Fellow period at > the University of Oslo. > > According to the Norwegian Freedom of Information Act (Offentleglova) > information about the applicant may be included in the public applicant > list, also in cases where the applicant has requested non-disclosure. > > Inclusion and diversity are a strength. The University of Oslo has a > personnel policy objective of achieving a balanced gender composition. We > also want to have employees with diverse expertise, combinations of > subjects, life experience and perspectives. We will make adjustments > for employees who require this. > > If there are qualified applicants with special needs, gaps in their CVs > or immigrant backgrounds, we will invite at least one applicant in each > of these groups to an interview. > > Contact information: > > For further information please contact: Glenn-Peter Sætre > ([email protected]) & Mark Ravinet ([email protected]) > > For questions regarding the recruitment system please contact: HR adviser > Nina Holtan, phone +47 22854424, e-mail: [email protected]. > > About the University of Oslo: > > The University of Oslo is Norway’s oldest and highest rated institution > of research and education with 28 000 students and 7000 employees. Its > broad range of academic disciplines and internationally esteemed research > communities make UiO an important contributor to society. > > Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) is a research > centre and a section at the Department of Biosciences, University of > Oslo. CEES combines a broad spectrum of disciplines (population biology, > genomics, statistics, mathematical modelling) to foster the concept > of ecology as a driving force of evolution via selective processes, > with a corresponding influence of evolutionary changes on ecology. CEES > has over 180 members (Professors (20), postdocs/researchers (60), PhDs > (35), Master’s students (40) and technical and administrative staff) > and many guest researchers. The members represent 30 nationalities and > constitute a vibrant and creative research environment. CEES coordinate > several international networks. The budget = 170 million NOK (about 55 > externally funded research projects). CEES successfully completed its > 10 year status of Centre of Excellence (CoE) in 2017. > > > "Silje K. Fuglerud" > via IFTTT

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keyopacker · 4 years ago

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The web hosting companies usually offer Microsoft

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jasminemishra · 5 years ago

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What are career and opportunities after learning python programming course??

Python is thinking about a programming language, which is simple and easy to learn when contrasted with different dialects like Java and C++ and so on Python is easy to understand language structure and has simple inviting gathering highlights. Python is quicker being developed and execution. The 6 to 7 lines of code you write in Java or C++ language, a similar code on the off chance that you convert into the Python it very well may be 2 to 3 lines. It can likewise diminish the code intricacy with regards to an immense structure level. Python has a lot of libraries that help information examination, information control and information representation.

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codeavailfan · 5 years ago

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m71ohr · 7 years ago

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Everyone lost in the great email war

OK. It was never Barcelona versus Real or England v Germany or even on the scale of VHS v Betamax. But there was a battle for the format of emails which raged at the turn of the millennium the outcome of which left us with a sour legacy.

GCHQ are patiently trying to help businesses secure their email and admirably trying to put the genie back in the bottle: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/blog-post/making-email-mean-something-again

But it could have all been very different. If only us messaging geeks had won and the unix sysadmins hadn’t been quite so promiscuous.

X.400 had been the standard for email long before the world wide web was even a thing. It’s rival SMTP/Mime (now just called SMTP) was an upstart. The upstart won over the whole technology stack in the end. Even people who new it was wrong gave in.

I first used X.400 supporting a messaging system for the NHS. It was mostly data being transferred; pathology results, xrays, prescriptions, purchasing etc. Very few messages left NHSnet. Person to person messages were rare. I later moved onto look after systems for the RAF and crucially a system that ran the financial transactions between European central banks that would later become the Euro currency.

But X.400 was superb at this job. It was super secure, reliable, trustworthy. SPAM and junk mail was almost impossible. Every step of the message transfer process trusted every other step. X.400 handled attachments superbly, perfect for shuttling documents, financial transactions, images, encrypted messages etc.

SMTP on the other hand was invented to be simple. Simple to setup, simple to send. It was quick and dirty, literally. It was loved by unix system administrators who used it fire status messages around the computers they looked after into a central mailbox. It was designed for text messages only. It was (and still is) awful with attachments.

X.400 imagined a closed world where large central mail servers all trusted each other and where any email sent was guaranteed to be delivered, somehow. SMTP on the other hand was much more open. More like the postal system, where anyone with access to an envelope could post a letter to anyone they knew the address of. X.400 relied on trusted predetermined routes, SMTP on the other hand relied on the new technology of DNS.

I dug out this old paper http://www.ittoday.info/AIMS/DCM/52-30-01.PDF which explains the differences in more detail. It concludes that X.400 and SMTP will converge into one format at some point. The author couldn’t have been more wrong.

At the same time, those of us in the front line waged a battle on forums, at the coffee machine; defending X.400 against the SMTP onslaught.

I knew we would lose. For the same reason that VHS beat Betamax. VHS won out because it was much cheaper, although massively technically inferior. Betamax in fact lived on as the video format of choice for professionals until very recently.

X.400 was more expensive to manage. It needed skilled people. It had a much worse issue for users though. And this is what killed it. It didn’t matter how many times we tried to explain that no-one actually needed to know anyone else’s email address because we would all be using directories; it was the format of the address which killed it.

the very simplest email address you could have would be something like:

C=UK;A= ;P=gmail;O=hillohr;S=Ohr;G=Martin

It could be much much worse depending on how your company had setup it’s mail. Worse still, if you wanted to send an email to someone who only had an SMTP email address on the internet (and there were quite a few people at the time)

their address to you would be something like:

C=UK;A= ;P=gmail;o=goole;cn=internetgateway;RFC-822=J.Bloggs(a)hotmail.com

while your address to them would be something even worse:

‘G=Martin/S=Ohr/O=hillohr/P=gmail/A= /C=UK’@google.com

it hardly trips off the tongue.

Whereas SMTP had the email address format we all know and love now.

The battles raged. X.400 was the backbone of every ‘proper’ messaging system. Microsoft’s Exchange, the worlds most successful email server seemed to have it cracked. It used X.400 in the background but exposed a lovely easy to use directory to users and was happy to accept the SMTP address format for emailing people outside the organisation.

“There” we said. That’s how you do it. The friendly email address, with the rock solid technology underneath. But website developers were having none of it. They wanted their webservers to be a able to ping out an email. Easy as pie. Without having to worry about the messy business of knowing the password for a central mail server, in fact without having to worry about knowing what their organisations webserver was called. They didn’t want to talk to the annoying messaging geeks. And they wanted to have the sender’s address as anything they cared to configure.

They wanted to eat their cake and have it too.

But all this openness was about to bring down a storm, or maybe an avalanche.

You probably don’t get that many penis enlargement emails any more. But that’s because you company, or google or whoever it is you trust, is already filtering out at least 80% of your email. They invest millions of pounds per day in effort holding back the tide. It’s never got any less.

In the early days it was good for messaging geeks. Sure we weren’t sorting out the shared password between MTAs anymore. But we were gainfully employed trying to stop spam, and porn and viruses.

SMTP’s open system and it’s terrible handling of attachments made it so easy. Spoofed emails were until a couple of years ago trivial to create. Me and my colleagues used to send them for fun on a rare quiet afternoon. But they are still one of the main sources of phishing attacks. Likewise the way that SMTP handles attachments is to convert them to text. It’s very messy and never been properly fixed. It’s a ripe area for malicious code because the attachments and message text are only separated by carriage returns. It’s trivially easy to make an executable look harmless.

Even with the best efforts of the current technology SPAM is rife, spoofed emails are very common and viruses make up 50% of email traffic. None of these were possible with X.400

GCHQ and others are slowly trying to fix. If only we could turn back time. Maybe we would have battled a bit harder.

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itssuperbcollectionpaperblo-blog · 6 years ago

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Difference between compiler and interpreterCompilerInterpreter

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5. Memory requirement is more.5. Less memory is required.

6. Example: C++, C6. Example: Python, Ruby

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FORTAN: It is a high-level programming language that is basically used for mathematics and scientific computation. Some of the features of FORTAN programming language are: easy to learn and execute, problem oriented, machine independent, etc.

C: Designed by Dennis Ritchie, this programming language is important in designing programs for personal computers. UNIX operating system was the first program written in C but now it stands independent of UNIX. C is termed high level programming language but the use of efficient code brings it closer to assembly language.

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unixcommerce · 5 years ago

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In the News – Small Business Pandemic Recovery Continues, Employees Happy

Since March – that’s more than 3 months ago now – we’ve dealt with a lot of troubling news for small business (and big business, too).

But it appears we may be seeing some positive changes.

Just this week, we learned of several developments that indicate businesses are ready to get back to work and most importantly, so are employees, including yours.

First, it’s the fact that jobs are coming back. That’s good for workers who worried about their futures. And of course, it’s great news for companies like your small business.

In the latest ADP Small Business Report, small businesses across the country added nearly 1 million jobs to the US economy between May and June. Now, there’s still work to do. At the height of the pandemic, small businesses lost more than 6 million jobs. But for 2 straight months, ADP reports job gains for small business. And that’s certainly good news.

For more on this, check out: Small Business Adds Close to 1 Million Jobs from May to June, ADP Reports

Secondly, there’s a new report from Zoho which shows those employees who are back to work and others waiting to come back are actually happy with the work they do. Zoho found about two-thirds of employees are satisfied with the work they do.

Check out more details from that survey: Your Employees May Be Happier Than You Think, Per Zoho Study

There are other signs that small businesses are bouncing back from the pandemic response and ready to get back to work. You can check out those details and more in our weekly small business news roundup:

Small Business News Headlines – Week Ending July 10, 2020

The Best Freelance Side Gigs for Professionals

Since the start of the pandemic, some freelancers have lost significant amounts of work. And small businesses that were forced closed may be struggling to get back on their feet. For each, finding a side gig in another field or hiring a freelancer may be the way to slowly rebuild a business.

Businesses in These Cities Haven’t Felt the COVID Pandemic Too Hard

The pandemic impacted businesses of all sizes across the country. But companies in some cities didn’t bear the brunt of the business shutdown orders as much as others. LendingTree recently analyzed data to see what American cities saw the least negative impact as a result of the pandemic response.

Only 12% of Salespeople Believe Automation Will Take Their Job

Automation is making a huge impact on small businesses and the workforce as a whole. But salespeople aren’t generally concerned about losing jobs to automation. A recent report on the state of retail sales from Raydiant, a digital signage platform for businesses, found that only 12% of retail sales professionals believe that their jobs will be taken by robots in the coming years.

45% More Productive Working at the Office, Not Home

Office productivity vs. home productivity. Right now, there’s a dilemma facing many employers. Where are your employees at their best? Almost half (45%) of workers say they are more productive working in an office than remotely. The sentiment to work more productively in an office comes at a time when an unprecedented number of employees are working remotely.

PPP Loan Application Deadline Extended to August 8

If you didn’t complete an application for a Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan before the previous deadline, you’re in luck. On July 4, President Donald Trump extended the deadline for PPP loan applications for more than another month. The new deadline for PPP loan applications is August 8.

34% Working from Home Have Lockdown Lethargy

Almost one-third of one country’s workforce is currently suffering from lockdown lethargy. A new survey of UK employees found 34% suffering from a lull in production brought on by weariness caused by the COVID-19 pandemic response. While this survey looked at British employees, we presume the feeling is likely mutual in the US.

New Editor X from Wix Improves Web Design Capabilities

Wix.com, a leading website creator, has launched a new innovative website creation platform, Editor X. Editor X is designed to empower web designers, professionals, and agencies to create exceptional websites. The product was previously available as a closed beta program and is now available to the public.

How Effective is Your Customer Communication During the Pandemic?

During this time of unprecedented change, communication with your customers is critical. Most businesses will benefit by interacting with their customers more not less. In the process, your customers will have more questions about your service and any issues they face now will be even more time sensitive.

Count Me In Founder Reignites Non-profit to Fund Women Owned Small Business

Count Me In, the national non-profit founded to help women entrepreneurs turn micro-businesses into million-dollar enterprises, is undergoing a revival in the wake of COVID-19. Here’s what women business owners should know about the organization, its history, and the opportunities that are currently available.

What Are the Business Credit Bureaus?

Did you know there are more than just the big 3 credit reporting agencies for businesses? Check out our report on these companies and how to get a credit report on your small business.

Image: Depositphotos.com

This article, “In the News – Small Business Pandemic Recovery Continues, Employees Happy” was first published on Small Business Trends

https://smallbiztrends.com/

The post In the News – Small Business Pandemic Recovery Continues, Employees Happy appeared first on Unix Commerce.

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laurelkrugerr · 5 years ago

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How To Make Life Easier When Using Git

About The Author

Shane Hudson is an independent front-end developer from the UK who has worked on a variety of projects ranging from a national online healthcare triage service … More about Shane …

You don’t need to know your trees from your dangling blobs, if you use Git every day and feel like it’s a juggling act then here’s some tricks and tips to help make your life a bit easier when using Git.

Git was released almost 15 years ago. In that time it has gone from underdog to unbeaten champion, git init is often the first command run on a new project. It is undoubtedly an important tool that many of us use on a daily basis… and yet it is often seen as magic: brilliant, but scary.

There’s been a lot written about getting started with git, understanding how git works under the hood or techniques for better branching strategies. In this article, we will specifically target the stuff that just makes your life better in a small way.

Finding Your Old Socks

The whole point of git is to be able to save your work, to switch context and do something else. It could be to backup the code for the future, or to be able to make progress on a few different features asynchronously. It would be awful to have to throw out v2 just because there was a bug in v1, it would be equally a shame to have files named like v1_final_bug_fixed which notoriously become an impossible mess.

We know life is easier, to some extent, with our updates neatly compartmentalised into git branches that can be shared with other team members. However, I’m sure you can agree, there are often times when you’ve context switched and when you go back it’s impossible to find the right branch. Was it ever committed? Maybe it was stashed? Maybe it wasn’t committed and now the work is in the wrong branch and everything is going awful and I am awful at my job! We’ve all been there.

Sort Branches By Date

My first attempt at figuring out how to find lost work, in a short blog post titled “How to find the branch you lost in git” was to sort the branches by date. This outputs every single branch you’ve got locally beginning with the one most recently committed to. It’s not fancy or surprising but it has helped me many times.

# To sort branches by commit date git branch --sort=-committerdate

Previous Branch

What can you do if you didn’t commit, switched branch then wanted to get back to it? You could probably work out frorm the branch list anyway, if you’ve some idea of the branch name. But what if it wasn’t a branch, if it was a “detached HEAD”, a specific commit.

It turns out there is a way to do this with ease:

# Checkout previous branch git checkout -

The - acts as a shorthand for @{-1} which is a syntax you can use for going back any given amount of checkouts. So if, for example, you had checked out branch feature/thing-a then feature/thing-b then bugfix/thing-c, you can use @{-2} to get back to feature/thing-a.

# Checkout branch N number of checkouts ago git checkout @{-N}

Show Information About All Branches

If you are looking for a way to see what the last commit in each branch was, you can use option flags v to show a list of all branches with the last commit ID and message from each. If you do it twice (vv) then it will also show the upstream remote branch that it is linked to.

# List branches along with commit ID, commit message and remote git branch -vv

That One File

We’ve all done it: Somehow, a single file was left in the wrong branch. Do you need to redo all of your work, or copy and paste between the two branches? Nope, thankfully there’s a way to do it.

It’s a bit odd, especially given git checkout - goes back a previous branch; if you use -- after a branch name on checkout then it will let you specific the specific file you’re looking for. It’s not something you would guess, but really handy once you know it.

git checkout feature/my-other-branch -- thefile.txt

Make Status Easier To Read

In a tweet, Tomasz Łakomy mentioned about reducing the output of git status using -sb flags and said, “I’ve been using git for YEARS and nobody told me about this.” This isn’t strictly about finding lost files, but there’s cases where simplifying the output could make it easier to see what’s been changed.

Most git commands have flags like this so it’s always worth looking into how you can use them to customise your workflow!

# Usually we would use git status to check what files have changed git status # Outputs: On branch master Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: README.md Untracked files: (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) another-file my-new-file # Using the flags -sb we can shorten the output git status -sb # Outputs: ## master M README.md ?? another-file ?? my-new-file

See Everything That Has Happened

There are times when something goes completely wrong — such as accidentally discarding staged changes before commiting them. When git log isn’t enough to get back to what you were last doing and none of the above tips are helpful, then there’s git reflog.

Everything you do in git that changes where HEAD@{} points to (such as push/pull/branch/checkout/commit) will update the reference log so it essentially acts as a history of everything you’ve done no matter which branch you’re on. This contrasts with git log which is everything that has changed over time for the particular branch.

With the commit ID, you are able to do git show to see the change and if it’s definitely the one you want you can use git checkout or even select a specific file as shown above.

# See the reference log of your activity git reflog --all # Look at the HEAD at given point from reflog git show HEAD@{2} # Checkout the HEAD, to get back to that point git checkout HEAD@{2}

Staged Files That Were Never Commited

In the extreme case that git reflog is unable to help you get your files back (e.g. if you ran a hard reset with staged files), there’s one more trick up your sleeve. Every change is stored in .git/objects which on an active project would be full of files and impossible to decipher. There is, however, a git command called git fsck which is used to verify integrity (check for corrupt files) within a repository. We are able to use this command with the --lost-found flag to find all files that are not related to a commit; these files are called a “dangling blob”.

It will also find “dangling trees” and “dangling commits” — you can use --dangling if you want but --lost-found has the advantage that it extracts all of the appropriate files into a folder .git/lost-found. On an active project, it’s likely you will have a lot of these dangling files without even knowing about it; git has a garbage cleanup command that runs regularly to get rid of them.

So, by using --lost-found, you’re then able to list the files and see the time/date they were made which makes it a lot easier to see the files you’re looking for. Note that each individual file will still be an individual file (you cannot use checkout) and all files will have unrecognisable names (a hash) so you will need to copy the files you want.

# This will find any change that was staged but is not attached to the git tree git fsck --lost-found # See the dates of the files ls -lah .git/lost-found/other/ # Copy the relevant files to where you want them, for example: cp .git/lost-found/other/73f60804ac20d5e417783a324517eba600976d30 index.html

Git As A Team

Using Git as a single user is one thing but when you’re on a team of people — usually with a mix of backgrounds and technologies — Git can become both a blessing and a curse. It can be powerful for sharing the same codebase, getting code reviews, and seeing progress of the whole team. But at the same time, everyone needs to have a shared understanding of how the team intends to use it. Whether it is branch naming conventions, how you structure a commit message or exactly which files are committed, it’s essential to have good communication and talk about how you will all use the tool.

It’s always important to consider how easy it is to on-board a new developer, what would happen if they began committing without knowing some of the agreed principles and conventions? It wouldn’t be the end of the world, but it would likely cause some confusion and take time to get things back to the agreed approach.

This section has some tips and tricks for getting the repository itself to know the conventions, to automate and declare as much as possible. In the ideal case, any new contributor would almost straight away be working the same way as the rest of the team.

Same Line Endings

By default, Windows uses DOS line endings \r\n (CRLF) while Mac and LinUX both use UNIX line endings \n (LF) and really old versions of Mac used to use \r (CR). So as a team grows, it becomes more likely that mismatched line endings will become a problem. Usually, these are an inconvenience; they (probably) won’t break your code but will make commits and pull requests show all kinds of irrelevant changes. Quite often people will just ignore them — it’s quite a hassle to go through and change.

There is a solution to this: You can get everyone on the team to set their local configs to automatic line endings.

# This will let you configure line-endings on an individual basis git config core.eol lf git config core.autocrlf input

Of course, that would mean making sure the new contributor does that and it’s so easy to forget to tell them. So how would we do it for the whole team? Well the way Git works is it checks for a config file in the repository at .git/config, then it checks the user’s system-wide config at ~/.git/config then checks the global config at /etc/gitconfig. These are all useful at times but it turns out that none of those can be set through the repository itself. You can add repository-specific configurations but that will not carry over to other members of the team.

There is, however, a file that does get committed to the repository. It’s called .gitattributes. You won’t have one by default, so make a new file and save it as “*.gitattributes*”. This file is used for setting attributes per file; for example, you could make git diff use exif data for image files instead of trying to diff a binary file. In this case, we can use a wildcard to make the setting work for all files, essentially acting as a team-wide config file.

# Adding this to your .gitattributes file will make it so all files # are checked in using UNIX line endings while letting anyone on the team # edit files using their local operating system’s default line endings. * text=auto

Auto-Collapse

It’s a well-known solution to add package-managed files (such as node_modules/) to the .gitignore file in order to keep compiled files locally and not add them to the repository. However, sometimes there are files that you do want to check in but don’t want to see each time in the pull request.

For this situation (at least on GitHub), you can add paths annotated with linguist-generated to your .gitattributes file and check that file in at the root of the repository. This will collapse the files in the pull request, so you can still see they were changed without the full contents of the change.

Anything to reduce stress and cognitive load of code reviewing is going to help improve the quality of the code reviews and reduce the time it takes.

For example, if you have a Unity project, you would want to check-in your asset files but not actually care about them so you can add it to the attributes file like so:

*.asset linguist-generated

Use Git Blame More Often

This is a tip that Harry Roberts suggested in his post about Git, “Little Things I Like To Do With Git.” He says to alias git blame to git praise so it feels like a positive action. This seems like semantics — renaming something doesn’t change what it does at all. But whenever I’ve seen any team speak about using Git’s blame feature, everyone tenses up, and I certainly do, too. It’s a natural reaction to think it’s a negative thing… it really shouldn’t be!

It’s a powerful feature knowing who last touched the code you’re looking at. Not to blame them or even to praise them, but simply to ask the right person questions and to save time figuring out who to talk to.

Not only should you think of git blame as a good thing (call it ‘praise’ if you want to), but you should think of it as a communication tool that will help the entire team reduce confusion and prevent wasting time figuring out who knows about what. Some IDEs such as Visual Studio include this feature as annotations (without any negative connotation at all) of each function so you can instantly see who last modified it (and therefore who to talk to about it).

Git Blame For A Missing File

Recently, I saw a developer on the team trying to figure out who removed a file, when it was, and why it was removed. This seems like a useful time for git blame but that works based on lines in a file; it doesn’t help with stuff that isn’t there any more. There is, however, a solution. The old trusty git log. If you look at the log with no arguments, then you will see a long list of all the changes on the current branch. You can add a commit ID to see the log for that specific commit, but if you use -- (which we’ve used before to target a specific file), then you can get the log for a file — even one that no longer exists.

# By using -- for a specific file, # git log can find logs for files that were deleted in past commits git log -- missing_file.txt

Commit Message Template

One thing that eventually gets mentioned within teams is that commit messages could be improved. Maybe they could reference a project management tool’s ID for the bug the commit fixes or maybe you want to encourage some text instead of an empty message.

This one needs to be run manually each time someone clones the repository (as git config files are not committed to the repository), but it is handy because you can have a shared file in the repository (named anything you want) that can act as the commit message template.

# This sets the commit template to the file given, # this needs to be run for each contributor to the repository. git config commit.template ./template-file

Git As Automation

Git is powerful for automation. This is not immediately obvious but if you consider that it knows all of your past activity within the repository — plus that of other contributors — it has a lot of information that can be very useful.

Git Hooks

Quite often you will find that within a team you all want to be doing repeated tasks while you work. This could be ensuring tests and code linters pass before it lets you push using the pre-push hook, or to enforce a branch naming strategy using the pre-commit hook. Here on Smashing Magazine, Konstantinos Leimonis wrote an article titled “How To Ease Your Team’s Development Workflow With Git Hooks” which is all about improving workflow using Git Hooks.

Manual Automation

One of the key automation features that Git has is git bisect. This is something that many people have heard of but probably not used. The purpose of it is to work through the git tree (the history of commits) and work out where a bug was introduced. The simplest way to do this is manually; you run git bisect start, give it the good and bad commit IDs, then git bisect goodor git bisect bad for each commit.

This is more powerful than it seems at first because it doesn’t iterate linearly through the git log, which you could do manually and it would be a repetitive process. It, instead, uses a binary search so it’s an efficient way to go through the commits with the least amount of steps.

# Begin the bisect git bisect start # Tell git which commit does not have the bug git bisect good c5ba734 # Tell git which commit does have the bug git bisect bad 6c093f4 # Here, do your test for the bug. # This could be running a script, doing a journey on a website, unit test etc. # If the current commit has bug: git bisect bad # If the current commit does not have the bug git bisect good # This will repeat until it finds the first commit with the bug # To exit the bisect, either: # Go back to original branch: git bisect reset # Or stick with current HEAD git bisect reset HEAD # Or you can exit the bisect at a specific commit git bisect reset <commit ID>

Taking It Further: Automating The Scientific Method

In his talk “Debugging With The Scientific Method,” Stuart Halloway explained how Git’s bisect functionality could be used to automate debugging. It focuses on Clojure but you don’t need to know that language to find the talk interesting and useful.

“Git bisect is actually partial automation of the scientific method. You write a little program that will test something and git will bounce back and fourth cutting the world in half each time until it finds the boundary at which your test changes.”

— Stuart Halloway

At first, git bisect can feel interesting and quite cool but in the end not very useful. Stuart’s talk goes a long way to showing how it’s actually counterproductive to debug in the way most of us usually do. If you, instead, focus on the empirical facts whether or not a test passes, you can run it against all commits since a working version and reduce the “feeling around in the dark” kind of debugging that we are used to.

So how do we automate git bisect? We pass it a script to run for each appropriate commit. Previously, I said we can manually run a script at each step of the bisect but if we pass it a command to run then it will automatically run the script at each step. This could be a script you write specifically to debug this one particular issue, or it could be a test (unit, functional, integration, any type of test could be used). So you could write a test to ensure the regression doesn’t happen again and use that test on previous commits.

# Begin the bisect git bisect start # Tell git which commit does not have the bug git bisect good c5ba734 # Tell git which commit does have the bug git bisect bad 6c093f4 # Tell git to run a specific script on each commit # For example you could run a specific script: git bisect run ./test-bug # Or use a test runner git bisect run jest

On Every Commit In The Past

One of the strengths of git bisect is the efficient use of binary searches to iterate through history in a non-linear way. However, sometimes a linear crawl through history is exactly what you need. You could write a script that reads git log and loops through each commit executing code, but there’s a familiar command that can do this for you git rebase.

Kamran Ahmed wrote a tweet about using rebase to run a test suite on every commit to see which commit fails the test:

Find the commit that broke the tests

$ git rebase -i –exec “yarn test” d294ae9

This will run “yarn test” on all the commits between d294ae9 and HEAD and stop on the commit where the tests fail

— Kamran Ahmed (@kamranahmedse) February 2, 2020

We’ve already looked at using git bisect to do this efficiently so that’s generally more useful for this use-case, but what if we could have all of the other use-cases running a script for a given set of commits?

There’s room to be creative here. Maybe you want a way to generate a report of how your code has changed over time (or maybe show history of tests) and parsing the git log is not enough. This is perhaps the least directly useful trick in this article, but it’s interesting and raises the possibility of doing things that maybe we wouldn’t realise is possible.

# This will run for every commit between current and the given commit ID git rebase -i --exec ./my-script

Further Reading

It’s impossible to more than scratch the surface of git in an article — it would end up being a book! In this article, I have chosen little tricks that could be new to even someone that’s been using git for years.

There’s so much more to Git from the foundations through to complex scripting, precise configurations and integrating into the terminal, so here are some resources to look at if this has piqued your interest:

Git Explorer This interactive website makes it easy to figure out how to achieve what you are trying to do.

Dang it Git! Everyone at some point gets lost in git and doesn’t know how to solve an issue. This gives solutions to a lot of the most common issues people have.

Pro Git It’s a book and yet it is available online for free too, so Pro Git is an invaluable resource for understanding git.

Git Docs It’s become a meme to tell developers to read the manual, but seriously both the git docs website and man git (for example man git-commit) go into detail about the internals of git and can be really useful.

Thoughtbot The git category on Thoughtbot has some very useful tips for using git.

Git Hooks The git hooks website has resources and ideas for all the available git hooks.

Demystifying Git Internals Trees, blobs… these terms can seem a bit odd. This article explains some of the fundamentals of how Git works internally which can be useful (as shown already) to use Git to it’s full potential.

Git From Beginner To Advanced Mike Riethmuller wrote this useful article that is ideal for beginners to Git.

Little Things I Like To Do With Git It was this article by Harry Roberts that made me realise how much more there is to Git after you’ve learned enough to move code around.

Atlassian’s Advanced Git Tutorials These tutorials go into detail about many of the topics mentioned in this article.

Github Git Cheatsheet It’s always handy to have a good cheatsheet for tools like Git.

Git Shortcuts This article goes into depth about the various flags git commands have and recommends lots of aliases to use.

(ra, il)

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source http://www.scpie.org/how-to-make-life-easier-when-using-git/ source https://scpie1.blogspot.com/2020/03/how-to-make-life-easier-when-using-git.html

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douglassmiith · 5 years ago

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How To Make Life Easier When Using Git

About The Author

Shane Hudson is an independent front-end developer from the UK who has worked on a variety of projects ranging from a national online healthcare triage service … More about Shane …

Finding Your Old Socks

Sort Branches By Date

# To sort branches by commit dategit branch --sort=-committerdate

Previous Branch

It turns out there is a way to do this with ease:

# Checkout previous branchgit checkout -

# Checkout branch N number of checkouts agogit checkout @{-N}

Show Information About All Branches

# List branches along with commit ID, commit message and remotegit branch -vv

That One File

We’ve all done it: Somehow, a single file was left in the wrong branch. Do you need to redo all of your work, or copy and paste between the two branches? Nope, thankfully there’s a way to do it.

git checkout feature/my-other-branch -- thefile.txt

Make Status Easier To Read

Most git commands have flags like this so it’s always worth looking into how you can use them to customise your workflow!

# Usually we would use git status to check what files have changedgit status # Outputs:On branch masterChanges not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: README.md Untracked files: (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) another-file my-new-file # Using the flags -sb we can shorten the outputgit status -sb # Outputs:## master M README.md?? another-file?? my-new-file

See Everything That Has Happened

With the commit ID, you are able to do git show to see the change and if it’s definitely the one you want you can use git checkout or even select a specific file as shown above.

# See the reference log of your activitygit reflog --all # Look at the HEAD at given point from refloggit show HEAD@{2} # Checkout the HEAD, to get back to that pointgit checkout HEAD@{2}

Staged Files That Were Never Commited

# This will find any change that was staged but is not attached to the git treegit fsck --lost-found # See the dates of the filesls -lah .git/lost-found/other/ # Copy the relevant files to where you want them, for example:cp .git/lost-found/other/73f60804ac20d5e417783a324517eba600976d30 index.html

Git As A Team

Same Line Endings

There is a solution to this: You can get everyone on the team to set their local configs to automatic line endings.

# This will let you configure line-endings on an individual basisgit config core.eol lfgit config core.autocrlf input

# Adding this to your .gitattributes file will make it so all files# are checked in using UNIX line endings while letting anyone on the team# edit files using their local operating system’s default line endings. * text=auto

Auto-Collapse

Anything to reduce stress and cognitive load of code reviewing is going to help improve the quality of the code reviews and reduce the time it takes.

For example, if you have a Unity project, you would want to check-in your asset files but not actually care about them so you can add it to the attributes file like so:

*.asset linguist-generated

Use Git Blame More Often

Git Blame For A Missing File

# By using -- for a specific file,# git log can find logs for files that were deleted in past commitsgit log -- missing_file.txt

Commit Message Template

# This sets the commit template to the file given,# this needs to be run for each contributor to the repository.git config commit.template ./template-file

Git As Automation

Git Hooks

Manual Automation

# Begin the bisectgit bisect start # Tell git which commit does not have the buggit bisect good c5ba734 # Tell git which commit does have the buggit bisect bad 6c093f4 # Here, do your test for the bug.# This could be running a script, doing a journey on a website, unit test etc. # If the current commit has bug:git bisect bad # If the current commit does not have the buggit bisect good # This will repeat until it finds the first commit with the bug# To exit the bisect, either: # Go back to original branch:git bisect reset # Or stick with current HEADgit bisect reset HEAD # Or you can exit the bisect at a specific commitgit bisect reset <commit ID>

Taking It Further: Automating The Scientific Method

— Stuart Halloway

# Begin the bisectgit bisect start # Tell git which commit does not have the buggit bisect good c5ba734 # Tell git which commit does have the buggit bisect bad 6c093f4 # Tell git to run a specific script on each commit# For example you could run a specific script:git bisect run ./test-bug # Or use a test runnergit bisect run jest

On Every Commit In The Past

Kamran Ahmed wrote a tweet about using rebase to run a test suite on every commit to see which commit fails the test:

Find the commit that broke the tests

$ git rebase -i –exec “yarn test” d294ae9

This will run “yarn test” on all the commits between d294ae9 and HEAD and stop on the commit where the tests fail

— Kamran Ahmed (@kamranahmedse) February 2, 2020

# This will run for every commit between current and the given commit IDgit rebase -i --exec ./my-script