#amphiarthrosis

[expertacademicassignmenthelp]

Human musculoskeletal system.

Human musculoskeletal system, often referred to as the locomotor system, is a complex and integral component of human anatomy, enabling movement and providing structural support to the body. Comprising bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues, this intricate system plays a crucial role in maintaining form, stability, and mobility. This comprehensive article aims to explore the various components and functions of the musculoskeletal system, addressing the nuanced interplay between bones, muscles, and joints. Additionally, it delves into the classification of bones, the functions of the skeletal system, the role of muscles in movement, and the clinical significance of this system. Understanding the musculoskeletal system is fundamental to appreciating its profound significance in human anatomy and physiology.

The Skeletal System:

At the core of the musculoskeletal system lies the skeletal framework, serving as the foundation for the attachment of tissues and organs. This section provides an in-depth exploration of the skeletal system, elucidating its dynamic structure, classifications of bones, and the critical functions they perform. From supporting the body’s shape to acting as a storage site for essential minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, bones play a multifaceted role. The controversies surrounding the number of bones in the human skeleton are addressed, emphasizing the dynamic nature of the skeletal system, which evolves from birth to maturity.

2.The Muscular System:

The musculoskeletal system’s functionality is inherently intertwined with the muscular system, comprising skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. This section delves into the characteristics and roles of each muscle type, with a particular focus on the conscious control exerted by skeletal muscles. A comprehensive exploration of muscle contraction processes, initiation mechanisms, and the role of tendons in transmitting forces during contractions enriches our understanding of the system’s biomechanics. Recognizing the distinct attributes of cardiac and smooth muscles contributes to a holistic grasp of the musculoskeletal system’s dynamic nature.

3.Joints, Ligaments, and Bursae:

Movement within the musculoskeletal system is facilitated by joints, which connect bones and allow for a diverse range of motions. This section categorizes joints into diarthroses, amphiarthrosis, and synarthroses, elucidating their specific functions. A detailed examination of synovial joints, lubricated by synovial fluid, and the role of ligaments in limiting dislocation and controlling movement enhances our comprehension of joint dynamics. The significance of bursae, fluid-filled sacs providing cushioning around joints, is explored, emphasizing their role in minimizing friction and supporting efficient movement.

Clinical Significance:

The musculoskeletal system’s clinical significance extends to its susceptibility to disorders, impacting overall health. Diseases affecting this system can manifest as functional disorders, motion discrepancies, or complications arising from disorders in other body systems. This section explores the intricacies of musculoskeletal disorders, acknowledging the interconnections with the vascular, nervous, and integumentary systems that contribute to diagnostic challenges. Articular disorders are prevalent, but the musculoskeletal system is also affected by muscular diseases, neurologic deficits, toxins, endocrine abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, blood and vascular disorders, and nutritional imbalances. An exploration of inpatient procedures involving musculoskeletal interventions underscores the clinical importance of this system.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the human musculoskeletal system stands as a marvel of biological engineering, orchestrating movement, providing support, and safeguarding vital organs. This comprehensive exploration, spanning bones, muscles, joints, and clinical significance, highlights the intricate interplay of various components that contribute to the system’s overall functionality. Despite the challenges posed by disorders and diseases, advancements in medical science, particularly in fields like rheumatology and orthopedic surgery, continue to enhance our understanding and treatment of musculoskeletal issues. Recognizing the complexity and clinical significance of this system is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing comprehensive care. As we delve deeper into the intricacies of the human body, the musculoskeletal system stands as a testament to the harmonious coordination of various components for the fundamental purpose of movement and stability. This expansive exploration serves as a valuable resource for those seeking a profound understanding of the human musculoskeletal system.

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JOINTS

Now that we know that we, animals, have bones in our system and understand its functions without the connection of these bones like a lego we wouldn’t be at least move or held all the bones in an exact place.

This is the role of the joints. Joints can be defined as the place where two or more bones come and connect together in the body.

Joints for instance have different types and functions namely :

- Fibrous or fixed or immovable joints

- Cartilaginous or slightly Movable joints

-Synovial or Freely movable joints

Note : SYNOVIAL JOINTS WILL BE ELABORATE IN THE NEXT POST

Fibrous or fixed or immovable joints

As the name of the joint can tell this joint is considered to have no movement around the bones.

Many of the joints in your skull are fixed. There are eight bones that fuse together to form the cranium. The joints between these bones do not allow movement, which helps protect the brain.

Cartilaginous or slightly Movable joints

Only a slight movement is possible in this type of joint. The ends of the bones concerned, are held together by strong cord called ligaments and joined by cartilage.

Movement is only possible by compression on the pad of cartilage which provides stability and_possesses shock absorption properties. An example is the joints between the vertebrae.

Slightly movable joints are called amphiarthroses. The singular form is amphiarthrosis. In this type of joint, the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. The ribs connected to the sternum by costal cartilages are slightly movable joints connected by hyaline cartilage.

Synovial or Freely movable joints

Synovial joints allow for movement. Where the bones meet to form a synovial joint, the bones' surfaces are covered with a thin layer of strong, smooth articular cartilage. A very thin layer of slippery, viscous joint fluid, called synovial fluid, separates and lubricates the two cartilage-covered bone surfaces.

[sanskritintheeveryday]

In Star Wars, there is a melody called “Duel of the Fates”, Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace (1999), by John Williams. 

John Williams wanted something "pagan" and "ritualistic", so for lyrics, he chose a Celtic poems called Cad Goddeu. Cad Goddeu is a medieval Welsh poem, telling about how an enchanter Gwydion causes trees to come alive to fight for him. He then translated the slice of the poem he wanted into Sanskrit, choosing the words for how they sounded, and not what they meant. 

After trying to come up with plausible Sanskrit meanings for these lyrics words, despite the words not having meaning, (of course borrowing words from different parts of the lyrics) I came up with this translation:

“A bud (the Jedi) heeds the mother, the mother gives a warrior"

“A bud heeds the mother in the war, that bud”

“A bud speedily rejoices in speed”

“A bud has a speedily flame {aka light saber}“

“You appear O bud, with a flame”

“Speedily the flame magnifies the warrior“

“The bud, made of grain, the bud, opulent indeed, gives a magic formula“

“The bud, made of grain, the bud, opulent indeed, gives a magic formula“

“You appear O bud, with a flame”

“Speedily the flame magnifies the warrior“

“Bud“

“A bud heeds the mother, the mother gives a warrior“

Obviously, these are not the real lyrics. But if we stretch our imaginations, this is related to the Cad Goddeu and Star Wars. It’s related to the Cad Goddeau in that they both talk about trees-the buds- in a war, given life by an enchanter, in this case the mother. 

And for Star Wars, we can pretend the Jedi are buds, with flames, given powers by their mothers. 

Here are the actual lyrics:

Korah Matah Korah Rahtahmah

Korah Rahtahmah Yoodhah Korah Korah Syadho Rahtahmah Daanyah Korah Keelah Daanyah Nyohah Keelah Korah Rahtahmah Syadho Keelah Korah Rahtahmah Korah Daanyah Korah Rahtahmah

Korah Daanyah Korah Rahtahmah Nyohah Keelah Korah Rahtahmah Syadho Keelah Korah Rahtahmah Korah Korah Matah Korah Rahtahmah

Korah Daanyah Korah Rahtahmah Nyohah Keelah Korah Rahtahmah Syadho Keelah Korah Rahtahmah Korah

The closest actual Sanskrit words to these are:

कोर-meaning a movable joint, amphiarthrosis, or a bud  

मात-meaning formed or made, or is a metronomic for मातृ, mother.

“rahtahmah” I could not find, but if it were broken down into “rahtah“ and “mah“ then these words could mean...

रथ-meaning a chariot, a warrior, limb, or joy.

म-meaning time, poison, a magic formula, the moon, or various gods. 

मह्, मह​-meaning second person imperative, to magnify, esteem highly, honor, revere, rejoice, delight in, to give, etc.

युध्-meaning war, or fight.

धान्य-meaning made of grain, corn, a measure, a kind of house, or being rich.

धन्य-meaning opulent, fortunate, wholesome, an atheist, a spell for using or restraining magical weapons, or a man.

किल-meaning play, or a particle meaning verily

कील-meaning a sharp piece of wood, a post, a tumor, an elbow, a weapon, or a flame.   

न्यूह्, न्यूह​-meaning the imperative second person, meaning you heed, appear, drive into a stable, or push in for one’s self, etc.

स्यद-meaning driving, or speed.  

   Sources:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilSqBCx4ygU

http://lyrics.wikia.com/wiki/John_Williams:Duel_Of_The_Fates

http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Duel_of_the_Fates

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad_Goddeu

[chromoscience]

What is a Syndesmosis Joint?

Source: OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology A syndesmosis (“fastened with a band”) is a type of fibrous joint in which two parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue. The gap between the bones may be narrow, with the bones joined by ligaments, or the gap may be wide and filled in by a broad sheet of connective tissue called an interosseous membrane. In the forearm, the wide gap between the shaft portions of the radius and ulna bones are strongly united by an interosseous membrane. Similarly, in the leg, the shafts of the tibia and fibula are also united by an interosseous membrane. In addition, at the distal tibiofibular joint, the articulating surfaces of the bones lack cartilage and the narrow gap between the bones is anchored by fibrous connective tissue and ligaments on both the anterior and posterior aspects of the joint. Together, the interosseous membrane and these ligaments form the tibiofibular syndesmosis. The syndesmoses found in the forearm and leg serve to unite parallel bones and prevent their separation. However, a syndesmosis does not prevent all movement between the bones, and thus this type of fibrous joint is functionally classified as an amphiarthrosis. In the leg, the syndesmosis between the tibia and fibula strongly unites the bones, allows for little movement, and firmly locks the talus bone in place between the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint. This provides strength and stability to the leg and ankle, which are important during weight bearing. In the forearm, the interosseous membrane is flexible enough to allow for rotation of the radius bone during forearm movements. Thus in contrast to the stability provided by the tibiofibular syndesmosis, the flexibility of the antebrachial interosseous membrane allows for the much greater mobility of the forearm. The interosseous membranes of the leg and forearm also provide areas for muscle attachment. Damage to a syndesmotic joint, which usually results from a fracture of the bone with an accompanying tear of the interosseous membrane, will produce pain, loss of stability of the bones, and may damage the muscles attached to the interosseous membrane. If the fracture site is not properly immobilized with a cast or splint, contractile activity by these muscles can cause improper alignment of the broken bones during healing. Source: Read the full article

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New Post has been published on Biology Dictionary

New Post has been published on https://biologydictionary.net/synovial-joint/

Synovial Joint

Synovial Joint Definition

A synovial joint is a connection between two bones consisting of a cartilage lined cavity filled with fluid, which is known as a diarthrosis joint. Diarthrosis joints are the most flexible type of joint between bones, because the bones are not physically connected and can move more freely in relation to each other. In synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis connections between bones, the bones are directly connected with fibrous tissue or cartilage, limiting their ultimate range of motion. The image below shows several different joints in the human body, each of which are an example of a synovial joint.

Types of Synovial Joints

Structure of a Synovial Joint

Although the exact structure of a synovial joint may vary depending on the function of the joint and the animal it is in, the general structure of each joint is the same. Extending from the periosteum of the bone, an articular capsulemade of cartilage and other fibers encapsulates the entire joint. Inside the articular capsule, a synovial membrane creates a sac which holds a specialized hydraulic fluid, called synovial fluid. This fluid creates a lubricating cushion between the two bones, allowing them to glide past one another. The ends of the bones are protected in another layer of articular cartilage.

Synovial Joints structure

The exact shape of the bone is determined by evolution and the bone’s function in the animal. For instance, ball-and-socket joints have evolved in the human hip to allow humans to have full rotation of their legs. This allows us to run, dance, bend over, climb trees, and even swim.

Function of a Synovial Joint

The main purpose of a synovial joint is to allow to bones to rotate freely about each other. Some synovial joints, like the hip joint mentioned above, are meant to give the greatest flexibility around the joint. Other joints, like the joints found in the ankle, have a slightly more limited range of motion, but provide an enormous cushion for the repeated impacts from running and jumping. A synovial joint may vary slightly in function based on design, but the main purpose of a synovial joint is to provide a range of motion between two or more bones and to cushion the impacts of those bones against each other. Other types of joints provide less range of motion and are susceptible to the cartilage and fibers that connect bones directly breaking down under the stresses of motion.

Although there are many classes and types of synovial joint, the main classifications in function depend on the range of motion conferred by the synovial joint. A uniaxial joint can only move in one direction, such as the elbow. While this is slightly limited in range, it allows the muscles to make extremely powerful levers of the bones connected to these synovial joints. A biaxial joint can move in two directions, which is important for joints in the wrist and ankle. A multiaxial joint can move in a variety of directions, and is seen in the hip and shoulder synovial joints.

Related Biology Terms

Periosteum – A special layer of tissue that covers bones, creating both new bone tissue and the connections between bones.

Synovial Cavity – A fluid-filled cavity which exists in every synovial joint and allows the bones to glide smoothly past each other.

Synarthrosis – A type of joint between bones which is completely immobile, such as those in the skull.

Amphiarthrosis – Joints which allow a range of motion, but nonetheless keep the bones immobile, like the joints between most vertebrae in a spine.

Quiz

1. One of the benefits of a synovial joint over other types of joints is the ability of the joint to recover after trauma. A synovial joint can undergo an event called dislocation, when the bones become misaligned. However, the bones can usually be forced back into place. Why is this not possible with more fixed forms of joints? A. Only synovial joints connect bones without firmly connecting their ends B. More fixed types of joints cannot heal after a tear C. The fiber used in fibrous joints cannot reform

Answer to Question #1

A is correct. Because of the disconnected nature of synovial joints, the bones do not actually touch. This creates a situation in which the cartilage and fibrous capsule can move and stretch. When bones are dislocated, they are displaced from the proper position they rest in. Other types of joints, if over extended or pulled, will tear or rupture the cartilage and fibers that connect the bones. If tearing happens, the cartilage can heal, but it will still take a lot longer than simply popping the joint back into place.

[ptotonline-blog]

Structural Classification of Joints | PT/OT Online

Structural Classification of Joints

3 Structural Classification of Joints Synarthrosis Synarthrodial Joints immovable to very slightly movable joints Functions: stability, transmission of force, shock absorption Examples: sutures, gomphosis (tooth socket), syndesmosis Amphiarthrosis Amphiarthrodial Joints slightly...

#Amphiarthrosis, #Diarthrosis, #Joints, #Synarthrosis

[chromoscience]

Functional Classification of Joints

OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones. Joints are thus functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint (arthroun = “to fasten by a joint”). Depending on their location, fibrous joints may be functionally classified as a synarthrosis (immobile joint) or an amphiarthrosis (slightly mobile joint). Cartilaginous joints are also functionally classified as either a synarthrosis or an amphiarthrosis joint. All synovial joints are functionally classified as a diarthrosis joint. Synarthrosis

The suture joints of the skull are an example of a synarthrosis, an immobile or essentially immobile joint. Source: OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology An immobile or nearly immobile joint is called a synarthrosis. The immobile nature of these joints provide for a strong union between the articulating bones. This is important at locations where the bones provide protection for internal organs. Examples include sutures, the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull that surround and protect the brain and the manubriosternal joint, the cartilaginous joint that unites the manubrium and body of the sternum for protection of the heart. Amphiarthrosis

An intervertebral disc unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the vertebral column. Each disc allows for limited movement between the vertebrae and thus functionally forms an amphiarthrosis type of joint. Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage and thereby structurally form a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint. Source: OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has limited mobility. An example of this type of joint is the cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. Filling the gap between the vertebrae is a thick pad of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc. Each intervertebral disc strongly unites the vertebrae but still allows for a limited amount of movement between them. However, the small movements available between adjacent vertebrae can sum together along the length of the vertebral column to provide for large ranges of body movements. Diarthrosis

A multiaxial joint, such as the hip joint, allows for three types of movement: anteriorposterior, medial-lateral, and rotational. Source: OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology A freely mobile joint is classified as a diarthrosis. These types of joints include all synovial joints of the body, which provide the majority of body movements. Most diarthrotic joints are found in the appendicular skeleton and thus give the limbs a wide range of motion. These joints are divided into three categories, based on the number of axes of motion provided by each. An axis in anatomy is described as the movements in reference to the three anatomical planes: transverse, frontal, and sagittal. Thus, diarthroses are classified as uniaxial (for movement in one plane), biaxial (for movement in two planes), or multiaxial joints (for movement in all three anatomical planes). A uniaxial joint only allows for a motion in a single plane (around a single axis). The elbow joint, which only allows for bending or straightening, is an example of a uniaxial joint. A biaxial joint allows for motions within two planes. An example of a biaxial joint is a metacarpophalangeal joint (knuckle joint) of the hand. The joint allows for movement along one axis to produce bending or straightening of the finger, and movement along a second axis, which allows for spreading of the fingers away from each other and bringing them together. A joint that allows for the several directions of movement is called a multiaxial joint (polyaxial or triaxial joint). This type of diarthrotic joint allows for movement along three axes. The shoulder and hip joints are multiaxial joints. They allow the upper or lower limb to move in an anteriorposterior direction and a medial-lateral direction. In addition, the limb can also be rotated around its long axis. This third movement results in rotation of the limb so that its anterior surface is moved either toward or away from the midline of the body. Source: Read the full article