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21 Different Types Of Arches In Construction

An arch is a curved structure used in architecture and construction to span an opening, such as a doorway or window, and distribute weight evenly across supports, such as walls or columns. Arches are typically made of stone, brick, or concrete, and are held in place by a combination of gravity and lateral forces. Arches have been used for thousands of years and have been a crucial component in many architectural styles, including Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque. Arches are valued for their strength, versatility, and aesthetic appeal, and continue to be a widely used feature in contemporary architecture.

What Is Arch?

Gateway Arch St. Louis The arch consists of a curved structural shape that transmits loads over the opening, transmitting them over the shape of the arch to jambs, abutments, or piers on either side. Arches are compressive structures, which is why there are no tensile stresses. Arches are self-supporting, balanced by the force of gravity conducting on their weight to carry them in compression. This establishes them as largely stable and productive, capable of larger spans and supporting considerable loads than horizontal beams. The downward load of an arch must be transmitted to its foundations. The external thrust put out by an arch at its floor must be restricted either by the weight of supporting walls or weight, by foundations, or by a contradicting tie between the two sides. The external thrust rises as the height, or rise, of the arch declines. Read More: Culvert | What Is a Culvert | Types of Culvert | Culvert Meaning | Parts of Culvert

Arch Construction

Since several building materials, such as concrete and masonry, can withstand compression, arches are generally constructed utilizing these types of materials.

Arch Construction Construction of the arches is needed where the span between the two supports is surplus and the load arriving on the supports is heavy. Arches are similarly utilized as an Architectural element that will enable to increase in the aesthetical view of the structure. Wedge-shaped blocks, named voussoirs, establish flank-to-flank with the upper perimeter being broader than the lower edge. The downward pressure on the arch possesses the impact of forcing the voussoirs together instead of apart. The voussoir that is situated in the center of the arch is called the keystone. This adjustment reflects that the arch is self-supporting, but temporary supports from the under, normally in the form of timber ' centers ' (occasionally called 'centering or 'arch formers'), must be provided until the keystone has been established in place. The interior, lower curve of the arch is called the intrados. The outer, upper curve of the arch is called the extrados. A springing line, or spring, is the point from which the arch starts to increase from its vertical supports.

Types Of Arches In Construction

The arches are classified as per the following factors, According To The Shape - Pointed Shape Arch - Horseshoe Shape Arch - Flat Arch - Segmental Arch - Semi Circular Arch - Venetian Arch - Semi-Elliptical Arch - Stilted Arch - Relieving Arch According To The Type Of Material Used For Construction - Stone Arches - Brick Arches - Concrete Arches Types of Arch According To The Number Of Center - One Centered Arch - Two Centered Arches - Three Centered Arches - Four Centered Arches - Five Centered Arches

Arches Types According To Shape

Types of Arches in this category are as follows, 1. Pointed Shape Arch

Pointed Shape Arch The pointed-shaped arches are similarly identified as the Gothic arch. The pointed shape arch carries two arcs of the circle which fulfills at the apex and sets a triangle. Triangle elements may be equilateral or isosceles (similarly recognized as Lancet Arch). 2. Horseshoe Shape Arch

Horseshoe Shape Arch The title of this arch is offered horseshoe arch because its shape is like a horseshoe that curves better than the semicircle. The horseshoe arches are normally utilized for architectural provisions. 3. Flat Arch

Flat Arch The Flat arch creates an equilateral triangle within Intrados as a base at an angle of 60° degrees. The Flat arch is normally utilized for the construction of light-load structures. The Extrados in the Flat arches is straight and Flat. The intrados is similarly Flat and provided a slight increase of camber of about 10 mm to 15 mm. A flat arch is generally the weakest arch. 4. Segmental Arch

Segmental Arch The segmented arch is a type of arch in which a circular arc is less than 180° degrees. This type of arch is recognized as a Syrian arch. The segmental arch is one of the toughest arches which has a decent capacity to withstand thrust. The Romans were the first who invented the segmental arch. This type of purchase was normally utilized in the construction of residential windows and doors within the 20th century. The Segmental arch is the traditional type of arch utilized for buildings in which the center of the arch lies under the springing line. In the segmental arch, the thrust is carried in an inclined direction to the abutment. 5. Semi-Circular Arch

Semi-Circular Arch The semi-circular arch in the center will lie on the spring line. In the semi-circular arch, the thrust transmitted to the abutment is completely in a vertical direction. The shape of the arch looks like a semi-circle. 6. Venetian Arch

Venetian Arch A Venetian arch is a three-centered arch. It has a deeper depth at the crown than the springing line. The Venetian arch is another form of the pointed arch. It includes four centers, all placed on the springing line. 7. Semi-Elliptical Arch

Semi-Elliptical Arch The semi-elliptical arch has a form of a semi-ellipse that has either 3 or 5 centers. The semi-elliptical arch is similarly recognized as the basket-handle arch. Read More: Refractory Bricks | Fire Bricks | Types of Refractory Bricks 8. Stilted Arch

Stilted Arch The stilted arch is the type of arch in which the curve starts above the impost line. This arch contains a semicircular arch with two vertical parts at springings. The center of the stilted arches on a straight line. 9. Relieving Arch

Relieving Arch This type of arch is created above the Flat arch or on a wooden lintel. The major purpose of the Relieving arch is to give greater strength. The ends of this arch should be taken adequately into the abutments. In the case of relieving the arch, we can restore the decayed wooden lintel easily without affecting the arch and the stability of the structure.

Arches Classification According to Material Used For Construction

1. Stone Arches The stone arches are similarly sub-classified into two types which are as follows, A. Ashlar Arches

Ashlar Arches For the formation of the arches, the stones are cut into an adequate shape and dressed suitably. The joints are filled appropriately with the use of cement mortar so that adequate bonding should be obtained. The Ashlar stones are similarly utilized in the construction of the Flat arches. B. Rubble Arches

Rubble Arches The Rubble arches are utilized for the formation of arches up to a span of 1 meter. These types of spans are formulated of rubber stones that are hammered and dressed appropriately. The rubble arches are unstable and normally utilized for inferior work only. The mortar is utilized for binding stones. Occasionally these are also utilized as relieving arches up to a depth of 37.5 cm, but these are established in one ring. If the depth is greater, we can go for two rings in an alternate procedure of headers and stretchers. 2. Brick Arches Brick arches are one of the popular types of arches that are utilized in construction. This type of arch that established with the help of conventional bricks. Cement mortar is utilized in the construction of brick arches. The brick arches are subdivided into three types, A. Rough Brick Arch

Rough Brick Arch The Rock brick arches are generally wedged in form. This type of arches is established where high accuracy for completion is not needed. These are constructed with conventional bricks without cutting to the shape of voussoirs. The arch curve is given by creating wedge-shaped joints with incredible thickness at extrados and less thickness at intrados. So, it looks unattractive. For this reason, it is not approved for exposed brickworks. B. Fine Axed Brick Arch

Fine Axed Brick Arch The Fine Axed arches are composed by establishing bricks into the desired shape. In the case of the formation of Fine axed brick arches, the bricks are cut into wedge-shaped appropriately any three are normally utilized where the Fine work is needed. These are roughly shaped and sized. Thus, the complete surface of this type of arch provides an extremely aesthetical appearance. C. Gauged Brick Arches

Gauged Brick Arches This type of arches is relatively expensive in formation and the bricks which are utilized in this type of arches should have fine dressing. The formation of the gauged brick arches needed experienced workmanship for its construction. In the gauge brick type of arch, bricks are cut to the perfect shape and size of the necessary voussoir with the help of a wire saw. The bricks are completely dressed and these bricks are joined by lime putty. Nevertheless, for gauged brick arches simply soft bricks are utilized. The joints are fine, thin, and simply radial. D. Purpose Made Brick Arches

Purpose Made Brick Arches The unique bricks are generated, similar to the accurate shape and size of voussoirs, to give extremely fine workmanship. Lime putty is utilized as a binding material. 3. Concrete Arches The stone arches are subdivided into two types, A. Monolithic Concrete Block Arches

Monolithic Concrete Arches The Monolithic concrete arches were initially utilized for longer spans. Monolithic concrete block arches are generally formed from cast-in-situ concrete, either plain or reinforced. The thickness is around 15 cm for the arches up to 3 m spans. It is essential that the curing of the monolithic concrete block should be done for 14 to 28 days. B. Precast Concrete Block Arches

Precast Concrete Block Arches These types of arches are established with the help of precast concrete blocks. The precast concrete blocks are available in the accurate shape and sizes which are needed for the construction of the arches. In the case of the requirements of the keystone, a particular type of mold is prepared for the formation of the precast concrete block arches. In the formation of the precast concrete blocks, the 1:2:4 ratio is utilized. Because of the perfect shape and size of the precast concrete blocks, it will provide a very decent view. Read More: What Is a Porch | 15 Types of Porch used for Home

According To The Number Of Center

Arches Classified as per the number of centers are given below, 1. Centered Arches

One Centered Arch The one-centered type of arches has simply one special center. These types of arches that arrive under the classification of types of arches are semicircular arches, Flat arches, horseshoe arches, segmental arches, etc. In some cases, the completely circular arch is furnished for circular windows which are called bull’s eye arches similarly come under these categories. 2. Two Centered Arches

Two Centered Arches The two-centered type of arches has simply two centers. The pointed arches or gothic arches or lancet arches come under the category of two-centered arches. Semi-elliptical arches similarly come under this classification. 3. Equilateral Arch

Equilateral Arch An Equilateral Arch possesses a two-center. The Curves surface creates 2 Center Points. The shape arrives at an equilateral Arch so-called an equilateral Arch. 4. Lancet Arch

Lancet Arch Lancet Arch appears in Two Center Arch. The curved surface creates 2 center points and the shape of the Lancet Arch is indicated in the figure. 5. Venetian Arch

Venetian Arch Venetian Arch possesses 2 centers. Its curved surface is responsible for creating two numbers of center points its shape is as shown in the figure. 6. Three Centered Arches

Three Centered Arches These types of arches contain three centers. The elliptical arches as well as equilateral arches approach under the classification of three centered arches. 7. Four Centered Arches

Four Centered Arches These types of arches contain four centers. The Venetian arches come under the classification of four center arches which have a sum of four centers. Tudor similarly comes under this category. 8. Five-Centered Arches

Five Centered Arches The Five center arches possess a total of five centers and it enables getting a decent semi-elliptical shape.

Types of Arches PDF

Free download types of arches pdf here, Types of Arches PDF Download

Conclusion

In conclusion, arches are a critical component in architecture and construction. There are various types of arches including round arches, horseshoe arches, lintel arches, trefoil arches, and pointed arches. Each type of arch has unique characteristics and is used in specific architectural styles. The choice of arch depends on the functional and aesthetic requirements of a building, as well as the building materials and techniques available at the time of construction. Regardless of the type, arches remain a powerful and timeless architectural feature that continues to inspire and influence modern-day design.

FAQs

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