#classification of polyamide fabric | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

mychdesign-blog · 6 years ago

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Project 4: Research

We all delegated jobs for everyone to look into some research on fashion so that we could have some foundation information and statistics to work off of.

Waste Statistics on Fashion Consumption - Claudia

- Second to oil, the clothing and textile industry is the largest polluter in the world. - The fashion industry contributes 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions due to its long supply chains and energy intensive production. - Nearly 20% of global waste water is produced by the fashion industry - 15.1 million tons of textile waste was generated in 2013, of which 12.8 million tons were discarded. - A few communities have textile recycling programs, about 85% of this waste goes to landfills where it occupies about 5% of landfill space and the amount is growing. - Up to 95% of the textiles that are land filled each year could be recycled. - Using recycled cotton saves 20,000 liters of water per kilogram of cotton, a water-intensive crop. - Only about 0.1% of recycled fiber collected by charities and take-back programs is recycled into new textile fibers - Consumers are regarded as the main culprit for throwing away their used clothing, as only 15 percent of consumer-used clothing is recycled, whereas more than 75 percent of pre-use clothing is recycled by the manufacturers. - The average person buys 60 percent more items of clothing every year and keeps them for about half as long as 15 years ago, generating a huge amount of waste.The average lifetime of a piece of clothing is approximately 3 years.

https://ecowarriorprincess.net/2018/10/facts-statistics-about-fast-fashion-inspire-ethical-fashion-advocate/

https://edgexpo.com/fashion-industry-waste-statistics/

https://www.thebalancesmb.com/textile-recycling-facts-and-figures-2878122

Fast Fashion - Huy

Negative - Cheap, trendy clothing - One of the most polluting industries - Creates a huge climate change footprint through its unsustainable practices - Popular brands include ASOS, Boohoo, H&M, Zara, Missguided, Shein - Average person discards about 80 pounds (36kgs) of textiles each year, being almost double of what was discarded 20 years ago - Cheap labor, harsh working conditions - H&M produces so much surplus inventory, they began burning the clothing for fuel

Positive - Better to prioritise quality > quantity of clothing - “Slow fashion” promotes conscious consumption and supports companies that protect the environment and respects their workers. - rent /sell clothing, there is a growing market for second-hand clothes - Many aren’t actually aware of the damage because information on the impacts of our clothes are not readily available to us, so once they are educated, their behaviour is likely to change - Good to inform people in a way that is easily digestible and visually appealing

https://experiencelife.com/article/6-ways-to-quit-fast-fashion/

https://goodonyou.eco/five-fast-fashion-brands-we-avoid/

https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/understanding-sustainable-fashion?gclid=CjwKCAjw8e7mBRBsEiwAPVxxiCd-idEeP1-zAubixbxUQd0QIAf-LP5FT5ueX2bM91LWgqAJQnmgghoC_7gQAvD_BwE

Fabric/Material Analysis - Oliver

Common clothing fabric

1. Cotton cloth

Cotton cloth is a general term for all kinds of cotton textiles. Most of them are used for making casual wear, underwear, shirts, etc. The advantages are good warmth, softness, moisture absorption and good breathability. The disadvantage is that it is easy to shrink and wrinkle.

2. Burlap

Burlap is a kind of cloth made of linen, jute, sisal, and hemp. Generally used to make casual wear, work wear, summer wear, the advantages are extremely high strength, moisture absorption, heat conduction, and good ventilation. The disadvantage is that it is uncomfortable to wear, rough and blunt.

3. Silk

Silk is a general term for various silk fabrics made from silk. It is used to make a variety of clothing, especially suitable for making women's clothing, such as some scarves and dresses. The advantages are light, fit, soft, smooth, breathable, multi-colored, shiny and comfortable to wear. The disadvantage is that it is prone to wrinkles, easy to stick, not strong, and easy to fade.

4. Wool

Wool is a general term for fabrics of various types of wool and cashmere. Usually used to make dresses, suits, coats, and other high-end clothing. The utility model has the advantages of anti-wrinkle and abrasion resistance, soft hand feeling, elasticity, strong heat retention and secondary use. The disadvantage is that the washing is difficult, and the material is heavy.

5. Leather

Leather is an animal fur fabric that has been tanning. Divided into two categories, one is leather, depilated leather. The other is suede, a treated leather with skin and hair that has the advantage of being light and warm. The disadvantages are that they are expensive, storage, and care.

6. Chemical fiber

Chemical fiber is a kind of fiber textile made from high molecular compound, which is usually divided into artificial fiber and synthetic fiber. Their common advantages are bright colors, soft texture and comfort. The disadvantages are wearing resistance, heat resistance, moisture absorption, poor gas permeability, preheating and deformation, and easy generation of static electricity. Can make all kinds of clothes, but most of them are not comfortable.

7. Blended

Blended, it is a fabric made of natural fiber and chemical fiber mixed in a certain proportion, which can be used to make all kinds of clothing. The advantages are that there are advantages of cotton, hemp, silk, woolen cloth and chemical fiber, and they avoid their respective shortcomings, and the value is relatively low and relatively popular.

Fiber classification: natural fabrics and non-natural fabrics

Natural

A. Plant fiber: cotton, hemp, fruit fiber

B. Animal fiber: wool, rabbit hair, silk

C. Mineral fiber: asbestos

Unnatural

D. Recycled fiber: viscose, acetate, modal, bamboo fiber

E. Synthetic fiber: synthetic cotton, polyester, acrylic, spandex... (Synthetic fiber: Polyester fiber: Polyester, melting point 255~260°C, bonding starts at 205°C, safe ironing temperature is 135°C.

Polyamide: Nylon, melting point 230~270 °C, available on the Internet.)

F. Inorganic fiber: glass fiber, metal fiber.

Old clothes collection process:

1. Clothing eligible for donation - disinfection - donation, charity;

2. white cotton fabric - fiber treatment - cotton yarn;

3. colored fines - fiber treatment - non-woven fabrics;

4. polyester fabric - chemical treatment decomposition - polyester raw materials;

How Clothing Recycling Works (https://www.thebalancesmb.com/textile-recycling-facts-and-figures-2878122)

Clothing recycling is part of textile recycling. It involves recovering old clothing and shoes for sorting and processing. End products include clothing suitable for reuse, cloth scraps or rags as well as fibrous material. Interest in garment recycling is rapidly on the rise due to environmental awareness and landfill pressure. For entrepreneurs, it provides a business opportunity. In addition, various charities also generate revenue through their collection programs for old clothing.

Garment recycling involve a series of sequential activities as outlined below:

Creating Awareness of Clothing Recycling

Website information. A basic step for garment recyclers is to raise public awareness with information about the importance and benefits of donating used items like clothing and shoes. As such, recycling companies often provide educational materials at their websites regarding garment recycling and its importance. They may also explain what items they accept for recycling.

Informative bins and truck signage. Other approaches to raising awareness truck and bin markings. Colorful bins help describe what articles of clothing are accepted and what charity benefits from the contribution. Truck signage can be useful in raising awareness, for example, of home pickup programs for old clothing.

Collection

Clothing recyclers use a variety of strategies for picking up clothing. Post-consumer clothing is picked up generally from bins placed in public places, as well as from clothing drives and door-to-door collection. Bins are typically placed strategically in public places like parking lots in business centers and shopping malls. Colorful bins are positioned in high traffic, high visibility locations to help maximize donations.

One recent development has been the partnering of leading retailers with garment recycling companies such as I:Co. In collaboration with its partners, I:CO collected around 17,000 tons of clothing and shoes in 2015 (or 37 million pounds) while recycling 40 percent of the clothing or almost 15 million pounds.

Clothing sorting

Once collected, clothing is classified into three groups: reuse, rags, and fiber. Typically this is a manual sorting process that requires expertise in identifying various types of material. The process can be aided by such mechanical systems as conveyor belts and bins to segregate various grades of material. There is, however, at least one initiative to automate the sorting process, known as Textiles4Textiles.

Recyclers report that about one-half of donated garments can be reused. Some recyclers bale this clothing for export to developing countries, while some garments are used domestically for sale in thrift shops. Industrial cloth rags and wipes are another important residuals of the recycling process. Additionally, clothing may be reduced to fibrous material.

Processing

Textile fabric and clothing commonly consist of composites of synthetic plastics and cotton (biodegradable material). The composition will influence its method of recycling and durability.

Collected clothing is sorted and graded by highly experienced and skilled workers. These sorted items are sent to different destinations as outlined.

For natural textiles, incoming items are sorted in terms of color and material. By segregating colors, the need for re-dying can be eliminated, reducing the need for pollutants and energy. Then the clothing is torn into sloppy fibers and combined with other chosen fibers, conditional on the planned end use of the recycled fiber. Once cleaned and spun, fibers can be compressed for use in mattress production. Textiles which are sent to the flocking industry are used to produce filling material for furniture padding, panel linings, loudspeaker cones, and car insulation.

The recycling process works somewhat differently for polyester-based materials. In this case, the first thing is to remove zippers and buttons and then to cut the clothing into smaller pieces. Those shredded small fabrics are then granulated and shaped into pellets.

As the textile industry continues to grow, it will be challenged to devise ways to boost recycling rates as well as to develop technologies that will help maximize the value of recovered material.

Conversation with Galleries - Mac

Guidance for appropriate places to display our creative creator as an interactive installation. - Asking what they are looking for and requirements to get published/displayed. - What is required to get it displayed on a national level. Contacted the acting director at Auckland city art gallery Toi o Tamaki about what it would take to have an installation at that level. The results being that they only publish widely known artists as installations. They gave recommendations for local community hubs and suggested starting at that level.

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1market · 3 years ago

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Film Adhesives Market Market Growth, Trends, Future Opportunities, Analysis and Forecast To 2025 |Research Informatic

Film adhesives are thin layers of solvent adhesives held together by a removable underlay. However, the resin used in these sheets is not limited to epoxy adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, and acrylic adhesives.

The Film Adhesives Market is expected to reach $1.48 billion by 2026, with a CAGR of 5.34 percent from 2022 to 2027.

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Some of the Top companies influencing in this Market includes:

· 3M Company

· Henkel AG

· Arkema (Bostik)

· Solvay Group

· BASF SE

· Dow Chemical

· H. B. Fuller

· Gluetex GmbH

· Bayer AG

· DuPont

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By Type: Pressure-sensitive, Heat Cured (Thermoset and Thermoplastic)

By Resin Type: Epoxy, Polyurethane, Acrylic, Polyamide, Phenolic, Cyanate Ester, Others

By Substrate: Metal, Fabric & Leather, Composites, Aramid Honeycomb Cores, Rubber & Plastic, Others

By End-Use Industry: Automotive Industry, Aerospace Industry, Marine, Building & Construction, Electrical & Electronics Industry, Others

By Geography: Global, North America, South America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and RoW

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The study presents an evaluation of the factors that are expected to inhibit or boost the progress of the global Film Adhesives market. The global Film Adhesives market has been examined thoroughly on the basis of key criteria such as end user, application, product, technology, and region.

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Classified by region, this research report is segmented into many key sections, with production, consumption, revenue, market share and progress rate of Film Adhesives in these regions, from 2022 to 2029, covering the regions like North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.

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#Film Adhesives Market #Film Adhesives Market Share #Film Adhesives Market Growth #Film Adhesives Market Opportunity #Film Adhesives Market future

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chenshiji · 3 years ago

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What are the types of non-woven fabrics?

What types of non-woven fabrics are there? There are also many types of non-woven fabrics. The exact name of non-woven fabrics should be non-woven fabrics, or non-woven fabrics. Because it is a kind of fabric that does not need spinning and weaving, it just orients or randomly arranges textile staple fibers or filaments to form a web structure, which is then reinforced by mechanical, thermal bonding or chemical methods. Nonwovens break through the traditional textile principle, and have the characteristics of short process flow, fast production speed, high output, low cost, wide application, and many sources of raw materials.

1. Spunlace non-woven fabric

The spunlace process is to spray high-pressure fine water flow onto one or more layers of fiber webs, so that the fibers are entangled with each other, so that the fiber webs are reinforced and have a certain strength.The process of spunlace non-woven fabrics is similar to that of other dry-laid non-woven fabrics. They all need to go through the preparation of raw materials, opening and mixing, carding into a net (or air-laid or cross-folded into a net), spunlace reinforcement, and post-finishing. Drying, coiling, finished product slitting inspection and packaging for storage. The web-forming method of spunlace cloth can be dry-laid, wet-laid, or even one-step melt-spinning.

2. Heat-sealed non-woven fabrics

Thermally bonded non-woven fabrics refer to adding fibrous or powdery hot-melt bonding reinforcement materials to the fiber web, and the fiber web is then heated, melted, cooled, and reinforced into a cloth.

3. Pulp airlaid non-woven fabric

Airlaid non-woven fabrics can also be called clean paper and dry-laid non-woven fabrics. It uses the air-laid technology to open the wood pulp fiberboard into a single fiber state, and then uses the air-laid method to condense the fibers on the web-forming curtain, and the fiber web is then reinforced into a cloth.

The difference of non-woven fabrics means that the common fibers of non-woven fabrics and special fibers of non-woven fabrics have different functions.The fiber classification of non-woven fabrics are classified below

Common fibers of non-woven fabrics

1. Polypropylene fiber

It is made by melt spinning of polypropylene, also known as polypropylene, abbreviated as PP. Wide range of uses, such as geosynthetics, carpets, surgical gowns, surgical cover cloths, baby diapers and women's sanitary napkin wrapping materials, oil-absorbing materials, filter materials, thermal insulation materials, sound insulation materials, wipers, etc.The most classic among the Common fibers of non-woven fabrics.

2. Polyester fiber

The chemical name is polyethylene terephthalate, also known as polyester, abbreviated as PET or PES. The commonly used cross-sections in the non-woven process are circular, triangular, flat belt, hollow circular, etc., which are usually suitable for insulating materials, thermal flakes, wall coverings, clothing lining fabrics, roof waterproofing materials, geosynthetics, etc.

3. Polyamide fiber

Usually made from polyamide 6 melt spinning, also known as nylon fiber, abbreviated as PA. Mainly used in clothing lining fabrics, papermaking blankets, carpets, synthetic leather fabrics, polishing materials, etc.

4.polyvinyl alcohol fiber

Polyvinyl formal fiber obtained by wet spinning, also known as vinylon. It can be mixed with polypropylene fibers to produce geosynthetics, and water-soluble fibers can be used for embroidery base fabrics, disposable materials, etc.

5. polyacrylonitrile fiber

It is formed by the copolymerization of acrylonitrile and other monomers, and is formed by wet or dry spinning. Mainly used for the production of thermal flakes, artificial fur, blankets, etc.

6. Cotton fiber

Cotton fiber contains a lot of impurities, and it can be used for medical non-woven fabrics after removing impurities and bleaching. The whiteness should be greater than 80%, and the residual sulfur content should be less than 8mg/100g.

The fiber classification of non-woven fabrics can be roughly divided into these two types

Special fibers for non-woven fabrics

1. Soluble binding fibers

Soluble bonding fibers soften and melt in hot water or steam, and dry to bond fibers in the web. Such fibers are usually copolymerized by a variety of polymers. For example, the Efpakal L90 fiber developed in Japan is a copolymer of 50% polyvinyl chloride and 50% polyvinyl alcohol. Partially softened and bonded. The N40 fiber of German Enka Company is a copolyamide, which can be melted in superheated steam or 190 ℃ drying hot air.

2. Hot melt adhesive Special fibers for non-woven fabrics

Synthetic fibers made by melt spinning can be used as hot melt bonding fibers for the production of non-woven materials by thermal bonding. However, some fibers have high melting point, high energy consumption and large thermal shrinkage, so they are not suitable for hot melt bonding fibers. As a result, some low melting point hot melt adhesive fibers have been developed at home and abroad.

Requirements for low melting point hot melt adhesive fibers:

(1) Low melting point

(2) The softening temperature range is large

(3) Small thermal shrinkage

3. Bicomponent fiber

Bicomponent fibers, also known as composite fibers, are formed by using two polymers at the same time through a composite spinning hole. There are 4 common structural forms:

(1) Side by side

(2) Core shell type (mantle/core)

(3) discontinuous fiber core shell type (short fibres in a matrix)

(4) Filament core shell type (fibres of unlimited length)

The bicomponent fibers used in the non-woven process include ES fibers, islands-in-the-sea fibers and orange-petal fibers. ES fiber is a kind of hot melt adhesive fiber with excellent performance. It is used as both the main fiber and the adhesive fiber in the fiber web. It has been produced in China. Sea-island fibers and segmental fibers are chemically or

Mechanical methods can form microfibers.This is the end of the introduction to fiber classification of non-woven fabrics.

About CHENSHIJI

Changshu Chenshiji Non-woven Products Co., Ltd. is a manufacturer specialized in needle punched or laminated non-woven fabrics. with roll making, hot shrinking, we produce various products upon different customers standards. which integrates design, development, manufacture and sales.

Our products are wildly used in wrapping, moving blanket, Floor Protection. painter fleece is our hot-selling product. when decorating the house it is covered on the floor to effectively protect the floor from dirty and broke down. with the function of waterproof, anti-slip, eco-friendly. Painter fleece is very popular in Europe, middle East, America and Australia.

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karma-international · 3 years ago

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About Acid Red 88 ( Acid fast red A )

Classification : Acid Dyes

CAS NO. : 1685-56-6

Place of origin : India

Purity : 99%

Shade : Red to Slightly Brown

Appearance : Red to Slightly Brown Colored Powder

Grade : Industrial Grade

Strength : 100%

Karma’s Acid red 88 (ACID FAST RED A), is widely used for dyeing and printing of fabrics like jute, wool, nylon & silk. It is also used for dyeing of leather and shading. It is also Applicable on Polyamides and other coloration. It’s other applications are in ink, paper, wood stains, soap hydrated creams and special grade for cosmetics.

Karma International is ISO certified color organic pigment and acid dyes dealer and exporter in USA, Vietnam , Russia and Spain.

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reportsjournal · 4 years ago

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Spun Bond Non-Woven Market Share Growing Rapidly with Recent Trends and Outlook 2021 – 2028

The ‘Global Spun Bond Non-Woven Market’ Report recently published by Reports and Data provides a comprehensive overview of the Spun Bond Non-Woven market with regards to market share, market size, revenue share, revenue contribution, financial developments, macro- and micro-economic factors, and overall industry outlook. The report includes beneficial insights about the market dynamics, profit margins, market share, gross revenue, and other fundamental segments of the market for the forecast period of 2021-2028. Furthermore, the report also discusses the business strategies undertaken by the companies to gain the market share and a larger consumer base and offers strategic recommendations to established companies and new entrants.

This report covers the current COVID-19 effects on the economy. This outbreak has brought along drastic changes in world economic situations. The current scenario of the ever-evolving business sector and present and future appraisal of the effects are also covered in the report.

For Sample PDF, Click Here @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/sample-enquiry-form/1459

Some of the dominant and influential players in the Spun Bond Non-Woven market are:

Avangard Innovative

Schoenberg & Co.

Delta Plastics

UltrePET LLC

CarbonLITE Industries

Veolia

Suez Recycling & Recovery Holdings

KW Plastics

Clear Path Recycling

Summary: The recent analysis of the Spun bond non-woven market suggests that the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.8% and projected to hold a market value of USD 26.56 Billion by the end of the forecast frame in 2028. The Spun bond non-woven polymer is a thermoplastic fibre which is produced without using traditional methods of fabric making by laying the thermoplastic inputs into a series of continuous filaments.

The report evaluates the CAGR value as well as the market value based on the key market dynamics and growth-inducing factors. This study is based on the latest industry news, growth potentials, and trends. The study is meticulously drawn and is exclusively centered around the market scenarios, competitive landscapes, and the influential participants of the markets.

Speak to Analyst@ https://www.reportsanddata.com/speak-to-analyst-form/1459 The market has been segmented in the following terms to forecast revenue growth among the sub-segments.

Material type (Revenue, USD Million; 2020–2028)

Polyester Spun Bond Nonwoven

Polypropylene Spun Bond Nonwoven

Polyethylene Spun Bond Nonwoven

Polyurethane Non-woven

Polyamide Spun Bond Nonwoven

Functions (Revenue, USD Million; 2020–2028)

Disposable

Non- disposable

End Use (Revenue, USD Million; 2020–2028)

Agriculture

Automotive

Medical

Packaging

Others

Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilo Tons; Revenue, USD Billion; 2016-2027)

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia)

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Analytical Market Highlights & Approach:

On the basis of geographical regions, the Spun Bond Non-Woven Market is segmented broadly into Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa. The global market is still in its exploratory stage in most of the regions, but it holds a promising potential to flourish steadily in the coming years.

Benefits that the studies provide:

Competing player’s revenue analysis

Opportunities in new regions

Strategies to gain market share

Instructive guide to expansion and sustenance of a business

Accurate information of events, market scenario and factors influencing demand

Assisting in allocating marketing investments

Table of Content

Global Spun Bond Non-Woven Market Research Report

Chapter 1: Global Spun Bond Non-Woven Market Overview

Chapter 2: Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3: Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4: Global Productions, Revenue (Value) by Region

Chapter 5: Global Supplies, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6: Global Productions, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

Chapter 7: Global Market Analysis by Application

Chapter 8: Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 9: Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 10: Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 11: Market Effect Factors Analysis

Chapter 12: Global Spun Bond Non-Woven Market Forecast

Access Full Report details @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/report-detail/spun-bond-non-woven-market

Reasons to buy this market intelligence report:

Detailed market evaluation both at regional and global levels.

Significant changes in market scenario, along with an extensive competitive analysis.

Classification of the industry based on product type, application, and region.

Market segments segregated on the basis of type, application, and geography.

Comprehensive analysis of the historical data and contemporary market scenario to infer industry size, volume, share, growth, and sales.

Investigation of significant developments in the market dynamics.

Also, the customizations are available for this report and can be availed by the purchaser. The customizations can be made on the basis of the selected regions or participants.

#Spun Bond Non-Woven Market

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cosmodyes · 4 years ago

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Acid Dyes | Residence of Acid Dyes

Acid dyes are very water-soluble, as well as have much better lightfastness than fundamental dyes. The fabric acid dyes are effective for healthy protein fibers such as silk, woolen, nylon as well as additionally tailored polymers. They have sulphonic acid groups, which are normally present as salt sulphonate salts. These increase solubility in water, along with gives the color bits an unfavorable charge. In acidic options, the -NH2 capabilities of the fibers are protonated to supply a favorable charge: -NH3+. This fee gets in touch with the adverse shade charge, enabling the formation of ionic communications. In addition to this, Van-der-Waals bonds, dipolar bonds, and also hydrogen bonds are developed between color as well as fiber. En masse, acid dyes can be divided right into 2 sub-groups: acid-leveling or acid-milling. Chemical framework of acid dyes These dyes are normally actually complicated in structure yet have massive aromatic particles, having a sulphonyl or amino team which makes them soluble in water. The majority of the acid dyes originate from abiding by 3 significant building particles, 1. Anthraquinon type 2. Azo color type 3. Triphenylmethane kind. Various kinds of acid dyes The standard dyes are identified right into numerous groups, based upon the progressing homes, the financial environment of the dyeing, and also fastness properties, however typically these are categorized into these three classes, 1. Neutral acid dyes These are supra milling or rapid acid dyes, having a tool to wonderful moist fastness properties, numerous of the dyes have insufficient lightfastness in light tones. A variety of the dyes are made use of as self tones just. These are related to the fiber in a perforce acid or neutral pH. 2. Weak acid dyes These dyes come from the milling training course of dyes These dyes have wonderful fastness residential properties, yet lightfastness is moderate to inadequate. 3. Strong acid dyes. These acid dyes for wool are used with a highly acidic medium and also called leveling dyes, however, their damp fastness buildings are a restraint. These dyes are excellent to produce the mix tones.

Classification according to coloring qualities Acid dyes are generally classified according to their coloring behavior, particularly in connection with the dyeing pH, their movement capability throughout dyeing as well as their washing fastness. The molecular weight as well as likewise the level of sulphonation of the color particle recognize these dyeing high qualities. The first group of this kind, based upon their behavior in woolen dyeing, is as adheres to: 1. Level dyeing or equalizing acid dyes; 2. Fast acid dyes 3. Milling acid dyes 4.Super-milling acid dyes Milling is the procedure in which a woolen material is treated, in a weakly alkaline option, with significant mechanical action to advertise felting. Dyes of excellent fastness to milling are necessary to remain clear of color blood loss throughout the procedure. Characteristic of acid dyes Since these are offered as the sodium salt, therefore these form a large anion in the aqueous tool. •The primary properties of acid dyes are. •These dyes are anionic in nature. •These dyes appropriate for wool, silk, polyamide as well as changed acrylics. •These are used from an extremely acidic to neutral pH bathroom. •These dyes have no fondness for cotton cellulose, consequently not ideal for cellulosic. •These dyes incorporate with the fiber by hydrogen bonds, Vander Waals pressures, or via ionic affiliations. Fastness residential properties of acid dyes The wet, as well as light fastness properties of the acid dyes, vary from bad to outstanding, relying on the molecular structure of the dyes. The fastness homes according to the category are as complies with: Neutral acid dyes:- taking into consideration that these dyes have very good leveling as well as movement properties, and likewise have a lowered fondness for the fiber, therefore the wet fastness properties of this program are usually insufficient. Weak acid dyes or fifty percent milling dyes:-. These dyes have a device to the exceptional affinity for the fiber as well as are usually utilized in a weakly acidic bath, discloses medium to exceptional wet fastness homes. Solid acid dyes, or really milling dyes: - These dyes have inadequate exhaustion homes, therefore used under really solid acidic trouble, show wonderful fastness residential properties. Cosmonaut Chemicals is the leading maker of textile dyes (responsive dyes, acid dyes, direct dyes, barrel dyes), shade transforming pigments (thermochromic, photochromic, glow colors), and fast developing salts. Get in touch with us to obtain even more info!

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juniperpublishers-fashion-b-blog · 5 years ago

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Antimicrobial finishes for Textiles - Juniper Publishers

To know more about Journal of Fashion Technology-https://juniperpublishers.com/ctftte/index.phpTo know more about open access journals Publishers click on Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Infestations by micro-organism instigate cross disease by pathogens and odor develops in fabric have direct contact with the skin. Moreover, discoloration, tints and loss of functional characteristics of textiles are consequence of microbial damage. Antibacterial finished textile is an important area for medical and hygienic applications and there is enormous need of non-toxic and eco-friendly antimicrobial agents. The synthetic biocides finishes extensively reported were polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), metals (including metal oxides and salts), triclosan and n-halamines. Whereas, the natural based biocides (aromatic compounds, dyes, essential oil), chitosan and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were mainly considered among plant-based extracts. This paper will cover briefly, review of the latest research work on antimicrobial finishing, types of finish agents and various current developments in antimicrobial finishing to minimize the risks associated with application of organic, inorganic and plant based antimicrobial finishes

Keywords: Antimicrobial; Organic and inorganic finishes; Life; Textiles

Introduction

The major use of the antimicrobial was in the medical and the pharmaceutical industry. However, newer applications are possible. The textile fibers are these days increasingly treated with antimicrobial reagents. The other examples include the applications in food packaging and food storage, and medical, surgery and hygienic products etc. [1-3]. With the improvement of life standards, the demand of hygienic products is increasing for biocidal finishes in textiles (sports-wears, undergarment, bed-linen) and water filtration. The antibacterial finish treatment has become vital area of medical, surgical and healthcare activities due potential pathogenic microorganisms present in hospital environment and cause cross-infection diseases [4-8]. The types of micro-organisms include different kinds of organisms such as virus, bacteria, unicellular plants and animals, certain algae and fungi. Classification in bacteria family is “gram positive, gram negative, spore bearing or non-spore bearing type”. Some of the bacteria are of pathogenic nature that may cause infections to human [9]. A microbe (e.g. bacteria and fungus) normally protected with an outer cell wall that is composed of polysaccharides. The cell wall keeps up the veracity of cellular components and protects the cell from the extracellular situation; below the cell wall is a semi-permeable membrane that holds intracellular organelles, enzymes and nucleic acids. Chemical reactions within cell wall take place due to the enzymes present in cell wall. The nucleic acids hold the entire genetic directory of organisms [10]. The microorganisms responsible for microbial damage are generally present in surroundings; besides, formation of the substrates and the chemical processes may encourage growth of the microbes; further moist and warm environment still exaggerate the problem [11]. A gram-positive bacterium contains peptidoglycan and teichoic acid, peptidoglycan comprises of 90% of cell walls and made of amino acid and sugar. One example of gram-positive bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus that is in form of pair, short chain or graphic like cluster. Its size range is 0.5μm to 1.0μm and grows in temperature range of 35 to 40 °C.

Staphylococcus aureus is major cause of cross infection in hospital environment and 19% of total surgical infection. It’s also responsible for boils and also cause scaled skin infections. Other gram-positive bacteria are Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes and Steptococcus viridians. The gram-negative bacteria are alike to gram positive bacteria apart from an outer layer of membrane affixed to peptidoglycan by lipoproteins which used to transport too low molecular weight substances. Gram negative bacteria are firm to diminish has compare to gram positive bacteria for the reason that of extra cell walls. An example of gram-negative bacteria is Escherichia coli (E. coli); its shape is similar to a bacillus and dwell in intestine of human. Escherichia coli can be proliferated during eating and/or usage of raw food stuff. The indications of E. coli are result in rigorous diarrhea (especially in kids) and kidney destruction. Other bacteria of this class are Klebsieella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella enteritidis and Haemophilusinfluenzae etc. [12]. Infestations by micro-organism instigate cross disease by pathogens and odor develops in fabrics that are worn after to skin or having direct contact with the body mass. Moreover, discoloration, tints and loss of functional characteristics of textiles are consequence of microbial damage [13-17]. Fungi moth or mildews are organism with lower progress ion rate; they stained the substrate and damage the fabric functional characteristics. Algae are classic microbes that either be fungi or bacteria, generate darker stains on the fabric surface [18]. Dust mites’ dwell in the home textiles and bed linen items include blankets, bed sheet, pillows and; especially in mattress and carpets. The dust mites feed on human skin and causes allergic reaction by healing waste products.

Antimicrobial Finishing Process

“The antimicrobial finishing process imparts the ability, to textile substrate, to inhibit the growth (-static) or reproduction of at least some types of microorganisms or to kill (-cidal) at least some types of microorganisms” [19,20]. Therefore, an antimicrobial finish should be capable to kill the microbes by breaching the cell wall or alter cell membrane permeability, obstructing the synthesis of proteins of microbes, blocking enzyme production necessary for microbes’ food. A few established antimicrobial agents, e.g. silver, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), N-Halamines; triclosan [21- 28] and polyhexamethylenebiguanide (PHMB) all are almost biocides [29-31].

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Finishing Mechanism

Three finishing mechanisms may be recognized based on the antimicrobial function performed by the particular finish on the textile. These mechanisms include control-release, regeneration and barrier-block. The first two finishing mechanism having problems in usage

The problems with control release mechanism are its durability after laundering and leaching of antimicrobial agent from fabric which can come in contact with wearer’s skin. These agents have the potential to affect the normal skin, which could lead to extreme skin irritation and allergy issues. These problems can occur with the fabric using a regenerate mechanism as these agents require chlorine bleach to activate its antimicrobial properties after laundering. Chlorine bleach not only damages the cotton fabric but is also harmful for human skin. Barrier- block mechanism does not pose the problems associated with other two methods. These agents are bonded on fabric surface and do not leach, thereby killing the bacteria that come in contact with the fabric [32].

Classification of Antimicrobial Finishing Process

The antimicrobial finish can be applied by physical and chemical methods, and by adding functional agents on to textile fibers. Such functional finishes can be of two main types, i.e. temporary antimicrobial finish and durable antimicrobial finish. The temporary finishes may lose easily while come into contact with skin or body fluids or during washing process because of weak bonding of finishing agent with fibers surface. Durable finish can generally be achieved by adding an antimicrobial finishing agent into fiber or textiles in wet processing, this method also known as controlled release mechanism. In such treatment, the finishing agent itself bonded with the fiber surface or a bonding substance may be used. The treated textiles deactivate bacteria by slowly releasing the biocide from the fiber or fabric surface [32].

Types of Antimicrobial Finish

A variety of chemical agents are available that may impart significant effect in textile fibers to inhibit the growth of microorganism. The important types of antimicrobial chemical agents are described in the following sections

Organic antimicrobial agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs),N-Halamines, Polyhexamethylene Biguanide; triclosan,; silicon based quaternary agent [33]; iodohors, phenols and thiophenols, heterocyclics, inorganic salts, nitro compound, urea, amines and formaldehyde derivatives, have been applied for antimicrobial treatment of textiles [34].QACs have been tested for antimicrobial activity of protein base wool, cellulose base cotton, synthetic base polyamides and polyester, the MIC value 10-100mg/l presented good reproducibility and good washing durability. These formations kill the microbes by altering cell membrane permeability, obstructing the synthesis of proteins of microbes, blocking enzyme production necessary for microbes’ food. The N-halamine compound is used for the development of antimicrobial cotton fabric through pad-drycure process followed by the exposure to chlorine bleach. The chlorinated sample showed potential antimicrobial ability against gram +ve and Gram –ve pathogens. It was experimented that on chlorinated after 15 days storage 85% of chlorine could be recharged that shows N-halamine compounds have good biocidal efficiency for healthcare textiles. Another organic based antimicrobial agent, Triclosan has been investigated for its antimicrobial ability for polyester, nylon, regenerated cellulose and acrylic fibers; with MIC value below than 10ppm versus bacteria against. Triclosan has excellent durability after use/washing and it prevents microbial growth by obstructing lipid biosynthesis. The most acceptable organic agent used for healthcare procedures, pharmaceutical and food industry is Poly-hexamethylene biguinide (PHMB). It’s efficient against both types of bacteria, in addition to yeasts and fungi. PHMB is slightly toxic and fewer skin infection issues were reported. It used in variety of products including undergarment and towel fabric to obstruct microbial growth and exhibited good washing durability. PHMB is bacterio-static at 1-10mg/l but at elevated values its bactericidal activity and inhibition rate raise collectively. The utmost antibacterial inhibition action of PHMB obtained between 5-6pH value [35,36].

Inorganic antimicrobial agents

The inorganic finishing agents such as metal oxides, copper and zinc, titanium, magnesium, silver and gold were applied for antimicrobial effects on textiles. These agents exhibited good durability for cellulose, protein, regenerated and synthetic materials with MIC value 0.05-0.1mg/lversus gram negative bacteria, E.coli. Sliver is wide acceptable inorganic antimicrobial agent and kills microorganisms by blocking and disengages the intracellular proteins. However, silver is a slight toxicagent, it releases slowly and can worn-out of the fabric [37-40].

Zeolites of chabazite-type with its optimal morphology and lowest silicon to aluminum ratio (Si/Al)solution that replaced with different combinations of silver, copper, and zinc ions to prepare single, binary, and ternary metal cation-modified zeolites were experimented and silver based zeolites exhibited more antimicrobial activity than the others and demonstrated good/suitable mechanical characters and excellent biocide effect against food borne bacteria and fungi on green polyethylene developed based on injection-molded composite. Further, the result confirmed its capability to rule the propagation of dangerous pathogens in environment of food processing and storage. Thus, these innovative antimicrobial materials are prospects for hygiene surfaces, kitchen accessories and packaging applications [41].

Limitations of inorganic and organic agents

In general, antibacterial property of any inorganic finishing agent is established with its chemical components. The biocide efficiency of inorganic agents slowly drops in use and during wash. The most of such agents carry limited intensity of microbes’ inhibition, moreover they are poisonous, initiate skin problem to humans and having problem to decompose in down streaming [42,43]. To reduce the risks allied with the application such inorganic agents, there is enormous need of substitute agents for antimicrobial treatment of textiles. As mentioned early, a wide range of organic antimicrobial agents are available for textiles treatment but out of these agents; triclosan, quaternary ammonium compounds, Polyhexamethylene Biguanide have been used on commercial scale. Polyhexamethylene Biguanide is slightly contaminated with poisonous concerns and hard to decompose in down streaming. In US Preregistration Eligibility Decision for PHMB by US Environment Protection Agency” the discharge of effluents containing PHMB is not allowed without mandatory treatment.

Eco-Friendly Antimicrobial Agents (Natural Plant and Fruit Extracts)

Plant extracts provided an attractive source of eco- friendly antimicrobial finish. The natural cure using plant extracts is increasingly receiving interest in the development of antimicrobial textiles. One of the plant-based sources is belong to Meliaceae family Neem (Azadirachtaindica); it is one of the most prominent from natural gifted sources of antimicrobial compound. All parts of neem are established for potential antimicrobial constituents. The extract from each part of the neem presented active antimicrobial effectiveness to block the proliferation of the bacteria. Currently, a small number of studies has demonstrated neem’ used for textiles to evaluate it antimicrobial activity. However, cotton and cotton/polyester blended fabric treatment with seed and bark extracts were reported [44-46]. Moreover, the cotton fabric imparted with neem leaf extract loaded nanoparticle [47]and synthesis of sliver nano-particles using extract of neem leaf for cotton treatment was also used [48]. Another plant-based source belongs to the Liliaceae family Aloevera (Aloe barbadensis), its leaf extract has antibacterial and antifungal potential and have been used for dressing gauzes, sutures and other medical textile applications [49,50]. Similar to neem applications in textiles, a few studies of aleovera application for cotton fabric treatment were articulated. However, more research is required. Antimicrobial finishing of cotton and cellulose fibers is significantly useful and important in medical textiles utilization [51]. One of the other plant-based sources is Ginkgo biloba or Ginkgoceae (Mantissa Plantarum Altera). Ginkgo biloba tree has flourished in jungles for more than 150-250 million years. It is assumed to be one of the aged living species on earth [52-54]. The standardized extract formulation of ginkgo leaf in used hold “5-7% ginkgolides and bilobalide (BB) [55]”. It is an excellent candidate for antimicrobial treatment of healthcare cotton textiles. The formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract standard values were forced because cyto-toxicity issues was reported beyond these limits [56-58]. Jang and Lee investigated ginkgo leaf extract antimicrobial activity for Tencel fabric in extract formulation containing silicon softer along with crosslinking agent.

The study concluded that Ginkgo Biloba extract is ecofriendly antimicrobial agent and their application was investigated in health and medicinal purposes. It is exclusively for non-toxicity characteristics linked with such other agents, it is potential candidate for antimicrobial finishing of institutional textiles range including home accessories and hospital bed sheet, nurses’ uniforms, surgical gown and drapes etc. [59]. The plant based natural fruit source reported for antimicrobial properties, the fruit-based source is Pineapple (Ananascomosus) juice was investigated against harmful microbes60. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated through agar diffusion method. Another plant base source reported is Papaya (Carica papaya). Its fleshy tissues hold three influential antioxidants i.e., vitamin A, C and E. Further, it contains stuff of proteolytic enzymes that have good antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and virus. The papaya fruit seeds are spicy and very strong that yield them almost indigestible. These seeds have more potential pharmaceutical worth as compare to it’s the flesh and are effective against bacterial infection. The juice presented the excellent antimicrobial ability versus a number of gram native bacteria [60-63]. Moreover, the uses of both these fruit juices/ extracts were not reported to assess their biocide or bio-static activity.

The medicinal plants Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), Falsedaisy (Eclipta alba), Leadwort (Plumbagozeylanica), and Mint (Mentha Arvenesis) parts were dried, powdered, grinded and extracted with solvents and applied through pad-drycure and microencapsulation techniques. The fabric samples were then subjected to antimicrobial testing and the bacterial growth was analyzed after 5, 10, 15 and 20 washing cycles. The antimicrobial activity of microencapsulated finish was effective till 15 wash cycles64. Several other plant base dyes are reported for their antimicrobial and antifungal activity such as Henna (Lawsoniainermis), Walnut and alkanet (Anchusa Tinctoria), curcumin, pomegranate, cutch, red onion peel and a mixture of red onion peel/curcumin (40 g/L, 50%)65. The extract of neem (Azadirachataindica), Lam (Buteamonosperma) and Gaetin (Litchi chinensis) trees was used to check antibacterial, antifungal activity and aesthetic properties (stiffness and appearance) of 100% silk fabric. It was confirmed that the formulation of antimicrobial finish improves the aesthetic properties. It is further reported that treated finished showed good/suitable/optimize results and 89% reduction in microbial growth was achieved up to 25 washes66. Application of the plant base dye-stuff is the art of imparting hues and tints to textile substrate. Dye-stuff or coloring matters acquired from natural resource are tested for antibacterial activity of the fabrics and results of the dyed fabrics presented these days have effective antibacterial activity. Although, synthetic dyes contain a range of vibrant color and are extensively used but now a day, natural dyes gaining interest because of strict environmental standard forced by a number of European states due to carcinogenicity and photosynthetic issues of synthetic dyes. Natural dyes are considered as eco-friendly, nontoxic, medicinal features [67]. The essential oil extracted from Rosemary (Rosmarinusofficinalis) and orange (Citrus sinensis) were obtained by steam distillation from rosemary vegetal mater and orange peel used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity for textile substrate (56% cotton/44% polyester) with concentration of 1%, 3% and 5%of each oil and antimicrobial activity was assessed against each strain. The demonstrated results support textiles functionalized with rosemary and orange essential oils, both are efficient active antimicrobial barriers with maximum reduction of 56.99% for rosemary and 92.48% reduction for orange essential oil [68].

Plant based Bamboo material is well known for their antimicrobial ability. In presented reported study focused to evaluate the antimicrobial property of plasma treated bamboo fabric imparted with combinatorial herbal extract. The knitted bamboo fabrics were rendered to plasma treatment at most appropriate setting to improve the hydrophilicity. The variations in the hydrophilic characteristics, physical and chemical changes of the plasma treated fabric were measured by using standard tests and combinatorial herbal powder was subjected to different solventextracts and their antimicrobial efficiency against pathogens were evaluated. The ethanol herbal extract presented higher antimicrobial activity against E. coli (12mm), S. aureus (14mm) for zone of inhibition and tests proved wash durability retained till 25 washes [69,70].

The chitosan and alginate have been used for antimicrobial finishing of textiles. Chitosan is derivate of chitin, water-soluble cellulose based. Chitin is a polysaccharide base on amino sugars. In an acid solvent amine component turn into quarterly amino unit that inhibits growth of microbes. Theses amino unit performs as shield to block protein and slow down proliferation by distracting cell membrane; this permit the substance to escape from bacterial cell, consequential results is death of the bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan was reported in many studies and it is widely accepted antimicrobial agent [71]. The β-Cyclodextrin, Chitosan citrate and β-Cyclodextrin/Grafted Chitosan with lavender essential oil were also used to evaluate the combined effect of fragrance and antimicrobial activity on cotton textiles through pad-dry method. The results discovered that β-CD was highly soluble in 0.6g/l NaOH solution and 80 gpl β-CD and 6% essential lavender oil solutions were found to be a most suitable combination for fragrance and antimicrobial property [72]. In another study, the most common polymers polypyrrole (PPy) was used with its environmental stability, ease of synthesis, exciting chemical, electrical, electrochemical and optical properties [73]. The antimicrobial activity of polypyrrole-graftchitosan copolymer was investigated by chemically synthesized, and then its composition and morphological characteristics were evaluated. The results discovered the strong interactions among polypyrrole and chitosan chains. Further, the electrical conductivity of chitosan increased to semi-conducting level by grafting. The thermal stability and crystallinity of polypyrrolegraft- chitosan copolymer increased while compared to chitosan. The copolymer was evaluated versus various bacterial and fungal strains at different concentrations and results achieved were evaluated with the reference antibiotics and it was pointed that the polypyrrole-graft-chitosan copolymer has stronger antibacterial activity than the polypyrrole and the chitosan alone; and it further increased at higher concentrations [74]. Monica Periolatto reported, the sound fastness and stability was attained with both photo-grafted chitosan and polypyrrole coating on textiles. It was proposed that a synergic impression of polypyrrole-chitosan finish, exploitable in textiles [75].

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Challenges Associated with Plant Finishes

The chitosan is one of the recognized bioactive agents used on commercial scale for fabric antimicrobial finishing. On the other hand, its effectiveness is spoiled by a few factors. It depends on the chitosan molecular weight, pH value, ions intensity, add-on of non-aqueous solvents and the grade of deacetylation. Moreover, their treatments for textiles are efficient at maximum concentrations consequently reduce the air permeability of fabric and impart stiffness. Normally, herbal extracts including chitosan evaluated for their antimicrobial activity for textiles reported various issues, such as problem in extraction, separation of bioactive substances, textiles treatment with bioactive agents and the most important concern is poor finish durability after uses and during washing. Regardless of few most important challenges linked with plant based antimicrobial finishes, nevertheless these extract formulations are appealing with their non-toxic and environment friendly characteristics [76,77].

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Role of Nanotechnology in Antimicrobial Finishing

Nanotechnology may provide finishes to combat infectious pathogens. Their application through nanotechnology engaged several parameters that control, manipulate and assemble nanoscale constituents to develop materials, systems or devices. Studies reported that the silver nano-particles exhibit excellent antimicrobial property versus microorganisms. For examples, the expedient use of antimicrobial metals such as zinc, copper and silver were incorporated into an FDA-approved polymer (polycaprolactone– PCL) to produce filaments. Hot melt extrusion was used to extrude pellets obtained by vacuum-drying of solutions of PCL and the different metals in order to manufacture metal-homogeneously-loaded filaments. Wound dressings with different shapes were produced with the filaments containing different concentrations of metals. The antibacterial efficacy of the wound dressings was tested using a thermal activity monitor system, revealing that silver and copper wound dressings had the most potent bactericidal properties [78].

Now a day, metal oxide nanoparticles (MeO-NPs) become a potential substitution to combat toxic infectious complaints and substantially resistant to different types of antibiotics [79]. ZnO particles nano-structured use on the cotton textile surface with different surfactants to stabilize, homogenize the coating and has improved the durability of ZnO NPs with decreased its leaching and showed the highest antibacterial and antifungal activities against different pathogenic bacterial and fungal species with high reduction reached over 90% [80]. Another technique used to investigate the antimicrobial property, i.e. application of Znonano-particle and use soluble starch as capping agents revealed that antimicrobial activity is oversee by the type of capping agents and results in achieved lower particle size of 3-5nm and higher antimicrobial rate as compared to other capping agents [81].

The use of Copper nano particle/nano-composite for antimicrobial ability in glycerol-polyvinyl alcohol matrix in gel and moldable plastic form proves that it can be produced and easily figured at high temperature. The materials show very good long-term stability in air, protecting the produced copper nano-particles from oxidation and proven inhibition of bacterial proliferation of both Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria in nano-composite existence [82]. Biocompatible nanogold (AuNPs) have gained considerable attention for potential applications in nano-medicine due to their characteristic size dependent chemical, electronic and optical properties and displayed antibacterial efficacy towards different bacterial species and the MIC was evaluated to be 960μL/ml against S. aureus [83].

To overcome the toxicity and washing durability problems associated with plant-based extracts, application of chitosanneem nano composites for development of antimicrobial cotton was used. Silver nanoparticles micro-gel based on poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) and chitosan [84]; and chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Fe2+ or Fe3+ surfactant-assisted chitosan chelating Fe2+, Fe3+ and ionic gelation chitosan showed very high antimicrobial property at lower concentrations as compared to chitosan [85]. In another study, the results confirmed the biosynthesized AgNPsusing pre-hydrolysis liquor of Eucalyptus wood as effective growth inhibitors against microbes for various biomedical applications [86]. Further, Chitosan and acrylic acid bi-grafted polypropylene melt-blown nonwoven membrane immobilized with silver nanoparticles presented excellent antibacterial and hydrophilic properties [87].

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Conclusion

An interesting variety of antimicrobial finishing agents is available. However, limitations are possible to provide acceptable performance, environment-friendly traits, and cost requirements. Majority of inorganic antimicrobial agents are poisonous, potential problem to degrade in environment, inhibited a limited range of microbes and possess poor laundering durability; but comparatively organic agents have lower adverse effects. The use of nano-particle has improved the efficiency of some of the present use antimicrobial agents and reduced the environmental issues associated with these agents (such as toxicity and washing durability) and exhibit excellent antimicrobial property versus microorganisms. Moreover, despite the washing durability challenge associated with natural plants based antimicrobial finishes; they are widely accepted antimicrobial agents for textiles finishing with their eco-friendly and non-toxic characteristics. Use of plant based nano-particle antimicrobial agents has been growing in many different fields primarily due to their advanced characteristics and protection against pathogens as comparison to conventionally used biocides and such value-added finishes may provide sustainable healthcare applications in textiles

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#Juniper Publishers #Juniper Publishers group #Juniper Publishers Indexing Sites List #fashion technology #textile engineering

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yes-lazystudentconnoisseur-fan · 6 years ago

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Things You Need to Know ABout Baffle Bags

SUMMARY

As we all know, FIBC stands for Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container. They are generally known as Baffle Bags or Bulk Bags. The packages are categorised as intermediate containers because of their size, commonly having filled weights somewhere around 500 and 4000 pounds.

Picture Courtesy:- National Bulk Bag Blog

Baffle bags are not that much small enough which can be moved easily by your hand, Generally it is not large enough to be classified as a full baffle container, for example a truckload or railcar. FIBC were basically developed in Europe in the late 1970’s, but were hugely adopted thereafter in the Americas and other developing industrial nations.

Are there any other materials which are used in making a baffle bag?

Yes, many types of polyethylene bulk bag liners are used to line the interior of an FIBC. Other more exotic materials also include polyamide (nylon), numerous metallic foils, carbon infused plastics, polyester, and many more.

What sizes do baffle bags come in?

Baffle bags come in many different sizes and styles, and it also can be customized into almost any 3 dimensional size which is possible for your product. There are certain limits to the sizes, but a standard baffle bag base dimension is around 35" x 35”, usually the height of a bulk bag can range up to 96” plus inches tall. Again, the size and dimensions of bulk bags are examined by its safety, functionality, and usability by the customer.

Can baffle bags be stored outside? If so, how long?

Yes, generally, baffle bags will degrade as a result of UV exposure. An ideal baffle bag has a UV blockage which is being added into the fabric at the manufacturing level. There are many manufacturers who add enough UV blockage so that it can resist the UV rays for approximately 1600 hours. However this is dependent upon where the actual bag is located and what type of weather conditions, sometimes at the extreme, can happen in this region. UV rays may vary in strength and also in degree in different parts of the world. Hence, storing bulk bags outside is never recommended.

Below you will be able to find some commonly referred to terms used when describing an FIBC.

By Application

Food Grade Bags

UN Bags

Multi-Trip Bags

Chemical Bags

Conductive or Static Dissipative Bags

Valve Bags or Liquid Bags

By Fabric Electrostatic Classification

Type A – No Electrostatic Protection

Type B – Surface Breakdown Voltage of <6kV

Type C – Electrically Conductive or Groundable

Type D – Static Dissipative

What is a Four Panel bag?

Usually you can say that a four panel bag is the original polypropylene design. This kind of design requires seams along four separate pieces of fabric which is sewn to create a four panel bag. Whose capacity is up to 4400 lbs.

What is a Baffle Bag? What are baffles?

As per of our experts baffles are pieces of fabric which are sewn to the inside corners of a bag to maintain its cube shape after filling. The baffles have many holes which allow the product to flow freely through them. The baffles bags also prevent the bag from bulging, that makes the bag stand up straight and in turn of that just allows the bags to be more efficient in their use of space.

What are Food Grade FIBC's?

Food grade bulk bags are usually made with resins meeting FDA standards with the intent of putting food products into the bags. Food grade FIBCs are also manufactured in a clean room facility which can also be certified by a food safety standard.

Some of the best way to transport FIBC bags

We can say that transportation of FIBCs is not as manifold as the designs or you can say applications in which they are generally used. Depending on their contents, baffle bags can be transported by most all normal means of industrial transportation which including truck, rail, ship, or even air. It also provide, ISO containers which are used if there will be multiple modes of transportation used. This can also eliminate the need to actually transfer each individual bag to a new vehicle or container and hance significantly reduces the risk of package integrity loss during transit. With almost any bulk bag application, it is also very important to consider all of the final characteristics of the filled package including weight, shape, bulk density, and package design (lined, unlined, etc.). Bulk density, which was mentioned earlier, is particularly important. In most cases, it is highly beneficial to insure that the material within the bag is brought to more than 90% of its fully tamped bulk density before transporting the package.

#FIBC bags #Baffle bags #bulk bags

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ketan-wagh121-blog · 5 years ago

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Global Thermoplastic Resin Market 2018 - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Strategies and Forecast to 2023

Global Thermoplastic Resin Industry

New Study on “2018-2023 Thermoplastic Resin Market Global Key Player, Demand, Growth, Opportunities and Analysis Forecast” added to Wise Guy Reports Database

This report, from Research, studies the thermoplastic resin market in the composites industry over the trend period 2012 to 2017 and the forecast period of 2018 to 2023. The report provides detailed insights into the market dynamics to enable informed business decision-making and growth strategy formulation based on the opportunities in the market.

The Global Thermoplastic Resin Market in the Composites Industry: Highlights

The global thermoplastic resin market in the composites industry is projected to reach US$ 14,372 million in 2023 and offers favorable growth opportunities in the entire ecosystem of the market. Increasing automobile production, development of new composite applications using thermoplastic composites, rising demand for sustainable (recycling) and fast-curing materials, increasing demand for lightweight components to address stringent regulations such as CAFÉ Standards, and increasing penetration of composite materials by replacing metals are the key factors that are bolstering the demand for thermoplastic resins in the composites industry.

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The global thermoplastic resin market in the composites industry is segmented based on the resin type as Polypropylene, Polyamide, Polybutylene Terephthalate, Polyphenylene Sulfide, Polycarbonate, and Other Resins. Polyamide is expected to remain the most dominant resin type in the global thermoplastic resin market in the composites industry during the forecast period of 2018 to 2023. This resin is most widely used in short fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (SFRT) applications. Polyphenylene sulfide is likely to witness the highest growth over the next five years, driven by an increasing usage of thermoplastic composites in the aerospace & defense and automotive industries.

Based on the compound type, SFRT generates the highest demand for thermoplastic resins and is forecasted to remain the largest compound type during the forecast period. SFRT is the most dominant compound type in all the major end-use industries including transportation, consumer goods, and electrical & electronics. CFRT and LFRT are relatively small segment but are gaining market tractions by registering an increased acceptance in the automotive and aerospace & defense industries.

Based on the end-use industry type, transportation is projected to remain the largest market for thermoplastic resins in the composites industry during the forecast period. This segment is the second largest composites market (thermoset thermoplastic) after building & construction. The segment is also likely to witness the highest growth over the next five years, driven by stringent government regulations, such as CAFÉ Standards and EU’s directive on carbon emission reductions. All the major automakers are forming strategic alliances with the composite material suppliers to develop advanced thermoplastic composites that can fabricate parts in less than five minutes and offer significant weight savings. They are increasingly incorporating advanced materials including composites in the structural and semi-structural applications of their vehicles by replacing traditional metals, such as steel.

Based on the composite type, glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) generates the highest demand for thermoplastic resins and is expected to remain the largest composite type during the forecast period. GFRP dominates in all the major end-use industries, such as transportation, electrical & electronics, and consumer goods. Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) is likely to witness the highest growth during the same period, propelled by its excellent properties at a relatively lower weight.

Asia-Pacific is expected to remain the largest and the fastest-growing thermoplastic resin market in the composites industry during the forecast period. High production of automobiles, continuous shift of electronic industry from the developed economies to the developing Asian economies, and increasing penetration of composites are major growth drivers of the thermoplastic resin market in the Asia-Pacific’s composites industry.

BASF SE, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Koninklijke DSM N.V., Solvay S.A., Lanxess, LyondellBasell Industries N.V., and SABIC are the key suppliers of thermoplastic resins to the composites industry. Most of the players are forward integrated and supply reinforced compounds. New product development, wide geographical reach, and vast product portfolio are the key strategies adopted by major players to gain a competitive edge in the market throughout the globe.

Research Methodology

This report offers high-quality insights and is the outcome of detailed research methodology comprising extensive secondary research, rigorous primary interviews with industry stakeholders and validation and triangulation with internal database and statistical tools. More than 1,500 authenticated secondary sources, such as company annual reports, fact book, press release, journals, investor presentation, white papers, patents, and articles have been leveraged to gather the data. More than 10 detailed primary interviews with the market players across the value chain in all the four regions have been conducted and with industry experts to obtain both qualitative and quantitative insights.

Report Features

This report provides market intelligence in the most comprehensive way. The report structure has been kept such that it offers maximum business value. It provides critical insights into the market dynamics and will enable strategic decision making for the existing market players as well as those willing to enter the market. The following are the key features of the report:

Market structure: Overview, industry life cycle analysis, supply chain analysis Market environment analysis: Growth drivers and constraints, Porter’s five forces analysis, SWOT analysis Market Trend and Forecast Analysis Market segment trend and forecast Competitive landscape and dynamics: Market share, Product portfolio, Product launches, etc. Attractive market segments and associated growth opportunities Emerging trends Strategic growth opportunities for the existing and new players Key success factors The thermoplastic resin market in the composites industry is segmented into the following categories.

Global Thermoplastic Resin Market in the Composites Industry by Resin Type:

Polypropylene (PP) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Polyamide (PA) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Polycarbonate (PC) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Other Resins (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Global Thermoplastic Resin Market in the Composites Industry by Compound Type:

Short Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic (SFRT) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic (LFRT) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic (CFRT) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Glass-Mat Thermoplastic (GMT) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Global Thermoplastic Resin Market in the Composites Industry by End-Use Industry Type:

Transportation (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Consumer Goods (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Electrical & Electronic (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Others (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Global Thermoplastic Resin Market in the Composites Industry by Composite Type:

Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (GFRPs) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Global Thermoplastic Resin Market in the Composites Industry by Manufacturing Process Type:

Injection Molding (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Compression Molding (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Others (Regional Analysis: NA, Europe, APAC, and RoW) Global Thermoplastic Resin Market in the Composites Industry by Region:

North America (Country Analysis: the USA, Canada, and Mexico) Europe (Country Analysis: Germany, France, the UK, Russia, and Rest of Europe) Asia-Pacific (Country Analysis: China, Japan, India, and Rest of Asia-Pacific) Rest of the world (Country Analysis: the Middle East, Latin America, and Others)

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Some points from table of content:

Executive Summary 2. Global Thermoplastic (TP) Resin Market in the Composites Industry - Overview and Market Forces 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Market Classification 2.2.1. By Resin Type 2.2.2. By Compound Type 2.2.3. By End-Use Industry Type 2.2.4. By Composite Type 2.2.5. By Region 2.3. Market Drivers 2.4. Market Constraints 2.5. Supply Chain Analysis 2.6. Industry Life Cycle Analysis 2.7. PEST Analysis: Impact Assessment of Changing Business Environment 2.8. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 2.8.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers 2.8.2. Bargaining Power of Customers 2.8.3. Threat of New Entrants 2.8.4. Threat of Substitutes 2.8.5. Competitive Rivalry 2.9. SWOT Analysis 3. Global Thermoplastic (TP) Resin Market in the Composites Industry – By Resin Type 3.1. Strategic Insights 3.2. PP Resin Market Trend and Forecast in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.2.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.3. PA Resin Market Trend and Forecast in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.3.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.4. PBT Resin Market Trend and Forecast in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.4.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.5. PPS Resin Market Trend and Forecast in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.5.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.6. PC Resin Market Trend and Forecast in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.6.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.7. Other Resins Market Trend and Forecast in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 3.7.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4. Global Thermoplastic (TP) Resin Market in the Composites Industry – By Resin Type 4.1. Strategic Insights 4.2. SFRT: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4.2.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4.3. LFRT: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4.3.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4.4. CFRT: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4.4.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4.5. GMT: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 4.5.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 5. Global Thermoplastic (TP) Resin Market in the Composites Industry – By End-Use Industry Type 5.1. Strategic Insights 5.2. Transportation Composites: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs.) 5.2.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 5.3. Consumer Goods Composites: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs.) 5.3.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 5.4. Electrical & Electronic Composites: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs.) 5.4.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 5.5. Other Composites: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs.) 5.5.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 6. Global Thermoplastic (TP) Resin Market in the Composites Industry – By Manufacturing Process Type 6.1. Strategic Insights 6.2. Injection-Mold Composites: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 6.2.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 6.3. Compression-Molded Composites: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 6.3.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 6.4. Other-Processed Composites: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 6.4.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 7. Global Thermoplastic (TP) Resin Market in the Composites Industry – By Composite Type 7.1. Strategic Insights 7.2. GFRP: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 7.2.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 7.3. CFRP: TP Resin Market Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 7.3.1. Regional Trend and Forecast (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8. Global Thermoplastic (TP) Resin Market in the Composites Industry – By Region 8.1. Strategic Insights 8.2. North American TP Resin Market Analysis in the Composites Industry 8.2.1. North American TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry, by Country (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.1.1. The USA: TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.1.2. Canada: TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.1.3. Mexico: TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.2. North American TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry, by Resin Type (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.3. North American TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry, by Compound Type (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.4. North American TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry, by End-Use Industry (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.5. North American TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry, by Process Type (US$ Million and Million Lbs) 8.2.6. North American TP Resin Market T&F in the Composites Industry, by Composite Type (US$ Million and Million Lbs)

Continued…….

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massivecheesecakereview · 5 years ago

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Plastic Films Market Key Players- Research Forecasts to 2027

Plastic film is a polymeric material produced from different resins with a unique combination of properties. They are widely used across packaging, decoration, plastic bags, labeling, electrical fabrication, building construction, industrial purposes, and others. Different types of plastic materials are Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), etc. Among all these PVC is the most commonly used plastic for producing safety boots, construction material such as window frames and PP films are another major plastic used for manufacturing stationery products, plastic components and other applications such as packaging, labeling, decoration, industrial application, and electronic & electrical application.

The market analysis report speaks about the growth rate of Plastic Films market till 2027 manufacturing process,key factors driving this market with sales, revenue, and price analysis of top manufacturers of Digital Mapping Cameras (Dmc) Market, distributors, traders and dealers of Plastic Films Market.

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Note- This report sample includes:

- Brief Introduction to the research report.

- Table of Contents (Scope covered as a part of the study)

- Top players in the market

- Research framework (presentation)

- Research methodology adopted by Coherent Market Insights

Key players operating in global plastic films market are The Dow Chemical Company, DuPont, Eastman Chemical Company, Evonik Industries AG, Amcor Limited, Berry Plastics Corporation, Griffon Corporation Inc., Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), and Honeywell International Inc.

Plastic Films Market study covers market space, opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the Plastic Films Market. The process is analyzed thoroughly with respect three points, viz. raw material and equipment suppliers, various manufacturing associated costs (material cost, labour cost, etc.) and the actual process.

Plastic Films Market reports cover a complete modest view with the market stake and company profiles of the important contestants working in the worldwide market. Also, it offers a summary of product specification, production analysis, technology, product type, considering key features such as gross, gross margin, revenue & cost structure. The report helps the user to strengthen decisive power to plan their strategic moves to launch or expand their businesses by offering them a clear picture of this market.

If you are involved in the Global Plastic Films market or intend to be, then this study will provide you a comprehensive outlook. It’s vital you keep your market knowledge up to date segmented by major players. If you have a different set of players/manufacturers according to geography or needs regional or country segmented reports we can provide customization according to your requirement.

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Key Stakeholders

-Plastic Films Manufacturers -Plastic Films Distributors/Traders/Wholesalers -Plastic Films Subcomponent Manufacturers -Industry Association -Downstream Vendors

In this study, the years considered to estimate the market size of Plastic Films are as follows:

History Year: 2014-2018

Base Year: 2018

Estimated Year: 2019

Forecast Year 2019 to 2026

The next part also sheds light on the gap between supply and consumption. Apart from the mentioned information, growth rate of Plastic Films market in 2026 is also explained. Additionally, type wise and application wise consumption tables and figures of Plastic Films market are also given.

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Points cover in Global Plastic Films Market Research Report:

Chapter 1: Overview of Global Plastic Films Market (2019-2026) • Definition • Specifications • Classification • Applications • Regions

Chapter 2: Market Competition by Players/Suppliers 2019 and 2026 • Manufacturing Cost Structure • Raw Material and Suppliers • Manufacturing Process • Industry Chain Structure

Chapter 3: Sales (Volume) and Revenue (Value) by Region (2019-2026) • Sales • Revenue and market share

Chapter 4, 5 and 6: Global Plastic Films Market by Type, Application & Players/Suppliers Profiles (2019-2026) • Market Share by Type & Application • Growth Rate by Type & Application • Drivers and Opportunities • Company Basic Information

Chapter 7, 8 and 9: Global Plastic Films Manufacturing Cost, Sourcing & Marketing Strategy Analysis • Key Raw Materials Analysis • Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing • Marketing Channel

Chapter 10 and 11: Plastic Films Market Effect Factors Analysis and Market Size (Value and Volume) Forecast (2019-2026) • Technology Progress/Risk • Sales Volume, Revenue Forecast (by Type, Application & Region)

Chapter 12, 13, 14 and 15: Global Plastic Films Market Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source • Methodology/Research Approach • Data Source (Secondary Sources & Primary Sources) • Market Size Estimation

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alexandraclot94 · 5 years ago

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CONCEPT - TEXTILES

Textiles ideas top layers:

What does the top layer need to do? - Protect the wearer from different weather conditions. - Protect the wearer from getting wet. - Be very strong, should not rip easily. - Does not have to be tight to the body. - Easy to adjust; take of sleeves/legs, reverse. - Durable, last a life time. - Sheer and lightweight, should not be in the way of the wearer.

With these needs, hard shell fabrics, synthetics like polyester and nylon. These are in the first instance not very sustainable fabrics, but there are sustainable options on the market. Like Econyl; made from recycled nylon (fishnets and other collected waste materials), and can be recycled over and over again, without losing its quality.

Brands/fabrics I have found:

DYNEEMA COMPOSITE FABRICS

Technical apparel designer Conroy Nachtigall was commissioned by The Dyneema® Project to develop an alpine jacket of tomorrow with Dyneema® Composite Fabric. Dyneema® Composite Fabrics have been applied to every possible domain – from automotive to architecture. The ultra-light movement, whose trailblazers took this remarkable material and ran with it. Rather than absorb and retain your sweat, the material is engineered to be breathable and complement your body’s natural processes in keeping you dry and not overheated. In other words, you’ll be able to perform at your best even when conditions are at their worst. Much like our tents, the seams are taped instead of stitched and thereby provide complete watertight protection. Meanwhile, the tricot lining works to enhance skin comfort while being twinned with the performance of the world's strongest, lightest fiber. Result: the perfect jacket for both on mountain and off.

ESVO - TENT FABRICS

Ripstop nylon tent fabric. Lightweight. With PU coating. This special, ultra light, ripstop nylon fabric, has two distinguishing characteristics: - Ripstop weave construction. Extra squares, woven INTO the nylon fabric. This gives more tenacity to the woven fabric. - Polyurethane coating. This is a special and durable finish.

Tent canvas Ten Cate Campshield FR-1 flame retardant 420 gr/m² 205 cm, green 70209. Meets flammability standards DIN 4102 B2, BS 7837 and NF 92-503 class: M1.BS 7837: 1996DIN 4102 part 1 - 1998 - Class B2M1 Classification NF P 92-503 (1995)CSE RF 1/75/A (1984)On request it can be delivered with a certificate.

4-way stretching stretch fabric. Polyester plus P.U. Incomparably waterproof. Waterproof stretch fabric. Coated. 50% polyester, 50% polyurethane. BlackAs the European market leader in outdoor fabrics we have special waterproof stretch fabrics. Beautiful to look at, smooth, matt, supple, yet strong and durable.

PVC Mesh Weight: 250 gr/m². Material: polyester. Water permeability: Water permeable. Width: 210 cm.

NOMAD - DUTCH OUTDOOR BRAND.

NOMAD® began with the design and manufacture of sleeping bags using the first ever hollow fibre materials, then referred to as Polydaun, which now finds expression in the insulation technology 3D- Helixthermo®. Ongoing textile innovation allowed us to be a market leader in the creation of compact, lightweight and affordable sleeping bags. That innovation has featured the classic Blazer sleeping bag, to innovations right up to this season featuring the Orion 700 which provides sleeping comfort to -13 degrees centigrade. There is nothing we don’t know about how to have a good night’s sleep.

Tents are made of: - 15D Nylon Ripstop, siliconized outside, PU coating inside, Volledig getaped, 3000 mm/H2O - 30D Nylon Ripstop, siliconized outside, PU coating inside, Volledig getaped, 3,000/H2O - Polyester - Volledig getaped, PU coating, vlamvertragend 75D polyester, 3.000 mm/H2O

Sleeping bags are made of: - 20D Superlichtgewicht zacht polyester, ademend, waterafstotende en Polygiene® behandeling. Outside: 20D Superlichtgewicht ripstop, ademend, waterafstotend aftwerking

The nice thing of these sleeping bags is that they can be used in extreme weather conditions, and are super light. The can be packable in small bags.

STONE ISLAND

SKIN TOUCH NYLON-TC_PACKABLE: Light hooded jacket made of a light high-performance fabric with a clean appearance using fine denier microfiber nylon yarns. A very thin wind and water resistant coating is applied to the textile base. The increased stretch component makes this fabric super comfortable. The garment dyeing process, with the addition of an anti-drop agent, enhances the colour rendering of the fabric. Primary material:90% Polyamide, 10% Elastane

S.I. PA/PL SEERSUCKER-TC: Waistcoat. The seersucker weave of the nylon polyester fabric is obtained from STONE ISLAND’s expertise in textile constructions aimed at emphasising the final aspects of garment dyeing processes. The glossy nylon warp is woven with nylon yarns, as well glossy, and black polyester yarns. The different reactions of nylon and polyester during the garment dyeing phase create the distinctive wavy aspect of seersucker woven fabrics. The addition of a special agent to the dye recipe creates an anti-drop effect. Nylon mesh lining. Primary material: 84% Polyamide, 16% Polyester

CONCLUSION: The materials that I’ve stumbled upon are lightweight, water-resistant/repellent, some even fire retardant. They are made of synthetics and some have special coatings to obtain the functional characteristics and durability.

#CONCEPT #RESEARCH #TEXTILES

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swapnil70-blog · 6 years ago

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Fire Resistance Performance Fabric Market Likely to Emerge over a Period of 2019 – 2023: Topweaving New Material Tech, DowDupont, Hexcel, Sigmatex, Owens Corning, Toray, Royal Tencate, Omnova, Spradling International, etc.

Industry Overview of Fire Resistance Performance Fabric Market

The global Fire Resistance Performance Fabric market research report studies market overview defining; definition, types, applications latest trends to identify the revenues and the progress of the market over the forecast period. The report offers preventive and premeditated management along with emphasizes the summary of the global Fire Resistance Performance Fabric market along with classifications and market chain structures. It also highlights authorized statistics of the global Fire Resistance Performance Fabric market.

Improvement approaches and plans are examined just as assembling procedures and cost structures are additionally investigated. This report likewise states import/trade utilization, free market activity Figures, cost, value, income and gross edges. The report centers around Global real driving Fire Resistance Performance Fabric Industry players giving data, for example, organization profiles, item picture and determination, limit, generation, value, cost, income and contact data.

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Manufacturer Detail: Topweaving New Material Tech, DowDupont, Hexcel, Sigmatex, Owens Corning, Toray, Royal Tencate, Omnova, Spradling International, Invista, Milliken, W.L. Gore & Associates, Teijin

Product Type Segmentation: Coated fabric, Polyamide fabric, High-strength polyester fabric, Composite fabric

Industry Segmentation: Defense & Public Safety, Construction, Fire-Fighting, Aerospace & Automotive, Sports Apparel

Fire Resistance Performance Fabric MarketThe fundamental purpose of this Fire Resistance Performance Fabric market report is to provide a correct and strategic analysis of the Profile Projectors industry. The report scrutinizes each segment and sub-segments presents before you a 360-degree view of the said market.It provides a deep insight into the industry parameters by accessing the market growth, consumption volume, the upcoming market trends, and the different prices variation for the forecast year.

The research methodology of the market involves both primary as well as secondary research data sources. It commits different factors affecting Fire Resistance Performance Fabric industry such as market environment, various policies of the government, past data and market trends, technological advancements, upcoming innovations, market risk factors, market restraints, and challenges in the industry.

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The report grants knowledge on the accompanying pointers:

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For compiling the report, data has been derived from a number of paid and unpaid sources such as presentations, white papers, journals, and press releases. It offers in-depth information obtained through extensive primary and secondary research methods. The information has been further assessed using various effective analytical tools. Therefore, the report provides a 360-degree view of market.

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marketreasearch · 7 years ago

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Global Technical Textile Market 2018-2025 Focuses on Major Companies (3M, DuPont, Ahlstrom, Johns Manville, HUESKER Group, DiloGroup, Hindoostan Technical Fabrics Limited), Research Methodology

The Global Technical Textile Market with figures as recent as 2018 and forecasts up to 2025 provides an overview of the industry including its definition, size, share, growth, applications and manufacturing technology. Report also explores the major industry players in detail as well as company profile, product specifications, capacity and production value.

Global Technical Textile market report is in-depth study on how the status is for the industry. This report includes a study of marketing and development strategies, along with the product portfolios of the leading companies. It also includes profiles of leading companies and brands that are driving the market with their recent developments, product launches, joint ventures, merges, and accusations.

The global Technical Textile market report also gives a deep knowledge about market definition, classifications, applications, engagements and market trends while also showing the CAGR figures for the Forecast years 2018–2025. SOWT analysis is used to find the market drivers and restrains.

The Global Technical Textile Market is expected to reach USD 249.23 billion by 2025, from USD 156.68 billion in 2017 growing at a CAGR of 5.87% during the forecast period of 2018 to 2025. The upcoming market report contains data for historic year is 2016, the base year of calculation is 2017 and the forecast period is 2018 to 2025.

Download PDF Sample Copy of Report@ https://databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-technical-textile-market

Competitive Landscape:

The global technical textile market is highly fragmented and the major players have used various

strategies such as new product launches, expansions, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, acquisitions, and others to increase their footprints in this market. The report includes market shares of Technical Textile market for global, Europe, North America, Asia Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa.

In 2016, DiloGroup (Germany) introduced its latest products and development at CINTE Techtextil China, CINTE Techtextil China is the Asia’s leading biennial trade fair for technical textile.

Research objectives

To perceive the most influencing pivoting and hindering forces in Technical Textile Market and its footprint in the international market.

Learn about the market policies that are being endorsed by ruling respective organizations.

To gain a perceptive survey of the market and have an extensive interpretation of the Technical Textile Market and its materialistic landscape.

To understand the structure of Technical Textile Market by identifying its various sub segments.

Focuses on the key global Technical Textile Market players, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in next few years.

To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.

To share detailed information about the key factors influencing the growth of the market (growth potential, opportunities, drivers, industry-specific challenges and risks).

To project the consumption of Technical Textile Market submarkets, with respect to key regions (along with their respective key countries).

To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies

To analyze the Technical Textile Market with respect to individual growth trends, future prospects, and their contribution to the total market.

Market Definition:

Technical textile is used for their multifunctional features. It is manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes and offers various advantages for its functional aspect in improving health and safety. Hometech textile and mobiltech textile are two form of textile which is widely used by automotive in reducing the weight of the vehicle by providing light material that is tough and durable. It has various applications in agriculture, packaging and furnishing, clothing, and other. According to the Industrial Trade Administration, in 2017, U.S. light vehicle sales reached up to 17.1 million units. In the same year, about 2.0 million new light vehicles and 130,000 medium and heavy trucks were shipped by the U.S. to more than 200 markets all round the world with additional exports of automotive parts valued almost about USD 85.6 billion. As per the U.S. Food and Agriculture Industries, in 2017, the food and agriculture industries are the active contributors to the US economy, accounting for around USD 6.79 trillion or 20.4% of total national output. Thus above factor proves that automotive sector is growing and will derive the demand for technical textile.

Key Market Competitors:

The key players operating in the global technical textile market are –

3M,

Dupont,

Ahlstrom Corporation,

Johns Manville,

Huesker Synthetic Gmbh,

DiloGroup,

Hindustan Technical Fabrics Limited,

Proctor and Gamble,

Freudenberg & Co.,

Royal Ten Cate,

GSE Environmental Inc.,

Asahi Kasei,

Kimberley-Clark,

Mitsui Chemicals,

Huntsman,

Berry Global Group,

Toyobo Co.,

Milliken & Company,

SRF Limited,

Lanxess,

Koninklijke Ten Cate,

International Textile Group

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Market Drivers:

High adaptability and awareness of products

Growing demand from emerging industrial markets

Raising demand for new applications areas

Market Restraint:

High cost of finished product affects the pricing structure

Varying environmental mandates across regions

Segmentation:

By Material Type

Ceramics

Natural Fiber

Cotton

Wool

Others

Synthetic Polymer

Polyethersulfone (PES)

Polyamide (PA)

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polyester

Others

Mineral

Asbestos

Glass

Ceramic Fiber

Metal

Regenerated Fiber

Rayon

Acetate

Others

By Process

Woven

Knitted

Non-Woven

Others

By Application

Mobiltech

Sportech

Buildtech

Hometech

Clothtech

Meditech

Agrotech

Protech

By Geography

North America

U.S.

Canada,

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

United Kingdom

Italy

Spain

Russia

Turkey

Belgium

Netherlands

Switzerland

Rest of Europe

Asia-Pacific

Japan

China

South Korea

India

Australia

Singapore

Thailand

Malaysia

Indonesia

Philippines

Rest of Asia Pacific

South America

Brazil

Rest of South America

Middle East & Africa

South Africa

Saudi Arabia

UAE

Rest of MEA

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#Technical Textile Market #Technical Textile Market Analysis #Technical Textile Market Share #Technical Textile Market Trends

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precisemarketreportsandinsights · 7 years ago

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Industrial Fabrics Industry in Europe : Size, Share, Forecast, Analysis And Market Growth Report

06 November 2018: The Europe Industrial Fabrics Industry Situation and Prospects Research report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Industrial Fabrics industry.

In 2016, the world economy expanded by just 2.2 per cent, the slowest rate of growth since the Great Recession of 2009. Underpinning the sluggish global economy are the feeble pace of global investment, dwindling world trade growth, flagging productivity growth and high levels of debt. World gross product is forecast to expand by 2.7 per cent in 2017 and 2.9 per cent in 2018, with this modest recovery more an indication of economic stabilization than a signal of a robust and sustained revival of global demand. Given the close linkages between demand, investment, trade and productivity, the extended episode of weak global growth may prove self-perpetuating in the absence of concerted policy efforts to revive investment and foster a recovery in productivity. This would impede progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly the goals of eradicating extreme poverty and creating decent work for all.

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For the sake of making you deeply understand the Industrial Fabrics industry and meeting you needs to the report contents, Europe Industrial Fabrics Industry Situation and Prospects Research report will stands on the report reader's perspective to provide you a deeply analysis report with the integrity of logic and the comprehensiveness of contents. We promise that we will provide to the report reader a professional and in-depth industry analysis no matter you are the industry insider?potential entrant or investor.

Firstly, the report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Industrial Fabrics market analysis is provided for the international market including development history, competitive landscape analysis, and major regions' development status.

Split by Product Types, with production, revenue, price, and market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

· Polyamide Technical Fabrics

· Polyester Technical Fabrics

· Aramid Technical Fabrics

· Composite Technical Fabrics

Browse Full Research Report with TOC on https://www.radiantinsights.com/research/europe-industrial-fabrics-industry

Split by applications, this report focuses on consumption, market share and growth rate of Industrial Fabrics in each application, can be divided into

· Conveyor Belts

· Transmission Belts

· Protective Apparel

· Automotive Carpet

· Others

Secondly, development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and cost structures. This report also states import/export, supply and consumption figures as well as cost, price, revenue and gross margin by regions (Canada, U.S.A, and Others), and other regions can be added.

Then, the report focuses on global major leading industry players with information such as company profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information. Upstream raw materials, equipment and downstream consumers analysis is also carried out. What's more, the Industrial Fabrics industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed.

This report Industrial Fabrics in Europe market, especially in Germany, Russia, UK, France, Italy and Other Region focuses on top manufacturers in global market, with production, price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer, covering

· Berry Plastics

· Freudenberg

· Kimberly-Clark

· Beaulieu Technical Textiles

· DuPont

· Toray Industries

· Ahlstrom

· Johns Manville

· AVGOL

· Fitesa

· Suominen

· TWE Group

· PEGAS

· 3M

· Takata

· Royal TenCate

· Bally

· Schneider Mills

· MITL

· Asahi Kasei

· Milliken

· Techtex

· SRF

· Honeywell

Finally, the feasibility of new investment projects is assessed, and overall research conclusions are offered.

In a word, the report provides major statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.

About Radiant Insights Radiant Insights is a platform for companies looking to meet their market research and business intelligence requirements. We assist and facilitate organizations and individuals procure market research reports, helping them in the decision making process. We have a comprehensive collection of reports, covering over 40 key industries and a host of micro markets. In addition to over extensive database of reports, our experienced research coordinators also offer a host of ancillary services such as, research partnerships/ tie-ups and customized research solutions.

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#Industrial Fabrics Industry in Europe #Industrial Fabrics Market in Europe

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juniperpublishers-fashion-b-blog · 6 years ago

Text

The Importance of the use of Clothes with Solar UV Protection - Juniper Publishers

To know more about Journal of Fashion Technology-https://juniperpublishers.com/ctftte/index.phpTo know more about open access journals Publishers click on Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Normal clothes protect human body form the harmful effects of intense solar Ultraviolet (UV) radiation in a wide range of values of the UV Protection Factor (indicated as UPF). In the present review, we describe how this factor is defined, how it is related to the well-known Solar Protection Factor (SPF) of sunscreens and what kind of fabric characteristics and materials determine the protection level. We also present a typical measurement of solar transmittance, solar protection and the UPF value determined in actual conditions of fabrics exposed to solar radiation. We propose that all fabrics need to include universally the identification of its UPF.

Keywords: Solar UV Protection; Ultraviolet; Sunscreens; Solar transmittance; Solar protection; Solar radiation; Sun burning; Skin cancer; Fabric; Clothes

Abbreviation: UV: Ultraviolet; UPF: UV Protection Factor; SPF: Solar Protection Factor; ALD: Atomic Layer Deposition; ARPANSA: Australian Radiation and Protection Nuclear Safety Agency

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Introduction

From thousands years ago, clothes were fundamental in the protection of persons against the adverse effects of the environment (cold and hot weathers, rain, snow, wind). Only in the last decades it has been emphasized the significance of clothes against solar adverse effects, like sun burning and many other diseases, been skin cancer the most important one [1]. Recently, a factor has been introduced in order to characterize the protection a cloth gives to the person that uses it outdoor. It is called Ultraviolet (UV) protection factor (most commonly known as UPFX) for a given fabric X and it gives the possibility to quantify the skin shielding to this harmful radiation. It was first introduced in Australia [2] and then generalized all over the world, through the CIE (Commission Internationale d‘Eclairage or International Commission on Illumination) report [3,4].

Its inverse value (multiplied by 100) corresponds to the percentage transmittance of solar UV radiation,

Consequently, it cannot be less than 1. For example, if a fabric X has an UPFX=50 (Table 1), it means that only 2% of the incident radiation will arrive on the skin, but if it has a value UPF= 5, it will permits the incidence on the skin of 20% of the solar UV radiation. The percentage solar UV protection is:

So, in the former case the protection is very high, 98% but in the latter case, only 80%.

A qualification scheme has been introduced (Table 1), in order to present in a more simple way, the protection against UV solar radiation. The qualification values varies between those lowers or equal to 14 that are considered “Not good” and those equal or higher than 40, that are “Excellent”. It must be noted that the 50+ qualification corresponds to all UPF values higher than 50.

Similarly to UPF, a Solar Protection Factor (SPFY) was previously introduced for sunscreens of type Y. In this last case, the SPF is defined as the factor that needs to multiply the maximum exposure time of a given skin phototype (ranging from I to VI following the Fitzpatrick classification [1]) exposed to the Sun, to determine the time interval before having the possibility to develop sunburn [1]. For example, as recommended by the American Academy of Dermatology, a person with Caucasian skin phototype needs to use at least a sunscreen with SPF = 30 and can stay under intense UV solar UV radiation a maximum of 15 minutes (time interval without applied sunscreen) multiplied by 30, or 450 minutes. However, due to transpiration, possible access to water in a piscine, sea, etc, dermatologists recommend to repeat the sunscreen application about each 2 hours.

According Gloster & Neal [5], skin cancer is less common in darkly pigmented persons than in Caucasians because the darkly skin has a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of up to 13.4 in blacks. However, the skin cancer in darkly pigmented persons is often associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

We like to point out that the clothes normally do not cover all the body; consequently, these recommendations need to be taken into account in combination with clothes having a high UPF.

Fabric properties and materials

Different types of fibers are employed in the production of fabrics. For example, natural fibers are made of cotton and wool and artificial fibers are mainly of polyester, nylon, Lycra, acrylic and rayon. They have quite different behaviors against solar UV radiation. One of the first characteristics to be taking into consideration is the amount of fiber/yarn per unit of surface area who determines its porosity. The lowest this quantity, the lowest the UPF. This fact can be easily confirmed observing a fabric with a light source behind (better not the Sun, since the fabric protection could be not enough if it is very low). If the visible light traverses the fabric and the source can be seen rather well, normally its UPF is quite small and consequently with low protection. On the contrary, if the light is almost not seen, the protection is quite high. It can be easily understood that bigger holes in the fabric between the fiber/yarn, permit to pass more solar radiation through it.

Other properties are:

a. The color, with darker colors absorbing more solar UV radiation than clear colors. For a given color, brilliant (reflective) fabrics, like rayon, are better than mate ones, like linen. However, a darker color absorbs efficiently solar radiation in the infrared (thermal) range, increasing the risk of heatstroke disease. Consequently, is better to use outside clothing made with a clear color fabric, but with the highest possible UPF value. Srinivan & Gatewood [4] demonstrated that colors influence significantly the UPF value in cotton (=4.1). They obtained significant increases in the UPF value when dyes of different colors were applied (in a 0.5% concentration of weight): 20 for Yellow 28 dye, 21 for Violet 29 dye, 22 for Blue 1 and Green 26 dyes, 30 for Black 38 dye and 39 for Red 28 dye;

b. The elasticity, since if the fabric is elongated the porosity increases;

c. The density (and depth), since tight construction (and thicker fabrics) reduce the amount of UV radiation that can traverse through the fabric and

d. The water content, more quantity tends to reduce the UPF.

Besides dyes, chemicals can be added to fabrics to improve their UPF. In what follows we will analyze some treatments of this kind:

• Xiao et al [6] applied an Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) [7] as a coating on a fabric, depositing TiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2/ Al2O3 nano-layers onto dyed polyamide/aramid blend fabric surface. This fabric showed an excellent UV resistance, suggesting that ALD technology can be used effectively to improve dyed fabrics properties.

• Gies [2] determined through laboratory tests done in the Australian Radiation and Protection Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) that Lycra fabrics normally have UPF values of 50 or 50+, higher than nylon and polyester.

• Chakraborty et al [8] investigated the addition to cotton fabrics, of two conventional absorbers: benzophenone (that absorbs mainly in the UVB, 280-320nm wavelength range) and 2.4 dihydroxybenzophenone (mainly in the UVA, 320- 400nm range) and two new absorbers: avobenzone alone and avobenzone in combination with octocrylene. They obtained the (significant) result that the new absorbers increase by a factor up to 200 the UPF with respect to the conventional ones.

• Pakdel et al [9] analyzed the significant enhancement due to antimicrobial coating on cotton fabrics; employing metalized Titanium dioxide (TiO2) with noble metals, Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) and silica. They determined a positive impact on UV protection in the case of the use of metals in the synthesis process, but a negative one in the case of silica.

Results

Employing the high quality (double monochromator with auto calibration) Optronic 756 spectroradiometer of the Institute of Physics Rosario, we first determined in Rosario, Argentina the incident spectral solar irradiance in the UV (280-400nm) range. This irradiance, Iinc, solar(λ) , corresponds to the solar radiation incident on a unit surface and at a unit time, for a given wavelength interval centered around λ and having units of Joules/(m2second μm) or Watt/(m2μm). Then we interposed the fabric X to be analyzed and made a new measurement, that we call Itrans,X(λ), the transmitted spectral solar irradiance. The ratio:

where Tsolar,X(λ) is the spectral solar transmittance of fabric X.

In Figure 1 we represent Iinc,solar(λ) and Itrans,solar,X(λ) in the (280-400nm) UV range by continuous lines, measured in January 2012. Measurements were acquired in three different moments of the day, near noon and near the maximum of the (Southern Hemisphere) summer, in order to avoid significant changes in the intensity of solar spectral radiation (Figure 1).

Since the measurements were made outside and consequently depend on the sky conditions (absence of clouds, no modification of the atmospheric components, no arrival of contaminant clouds of particulate matter, etc.), we verify if Iinc,solar(λ) did not changed more than 5% in all the wavelength range, doing a new measurement after obtaining the transmitted spectral solar irradiance data. This condition was fulfilled, as can be seen in Figure 1 by the almost superposition of the solar radiation measured points to the continuous curve, the last one representing the incident spectral solar irradiance.

Integrating (summing over all the wavelengths) each spectral irradiance, we determined the so called: incident UV irradiance ( Iinc,UV ) and transmitted solar UV irradiance ( Itrans,UV ,X ). Consequently, we can obtain the solar UV transmittance T*UV,X= Itrans,UV ,X/ Iinc,UV. In Table 2, we present results for Lycra fabric of three different colors, with the following composition: Polyamide 85% and Elastane 15%. It can be seen that the red, yellow and blue colors have quite large UV protection factors, as expected, since the dyes of the fabric absorb a large fraction (more than 98%) of UV radiation.

We like to point out that the solar UV transmittance ( T*UV,X ) values given in Table 2 were obtained in actual conditions of exposure to solar radiation, but the standardized UPFX is obtained in laboratory, with an artificial UV source. So, the corresponding values can differ one from the others. For comparison purposes, we like to point out that Davis et al [10] analyzed the clothing protection of different types of fabrics, and found the highest values for wool (with structure of Twill woven) of 139 and acrylic (with structure of Jersey knit) of 104.

Conclusion

From the present work, we can derive the following conclusions:

a. All fabrics that are designed to be used outside, for different activities (work, recreation, etc) need to have the indication of its UPF, and if possible, the UPF values must be 50 or larger (50+), in order to have a convenient skin protection that normally do not degrades along the hours of the day as is the case of sunscreens, that need to be replaced about each two hours, as recommended by the American Academy of Dermatology.

b. Babies with ages lower than a year must be putted outside solar radiation (as indicated by the Academy previously cited) and kids need to be protected with clothes that have UPF values equal or larger than 50. In particular, authors of the present work verify, through interviews with mothers in a period of 8 years (2010- 2017), that in Rosario, Argentina, babies (Figure 2) and kids that used this type of clothes, do not reported solar burn or other complications of their fragile skins. Note the small Sun shadow projected by the baby in this image, demonstrating a high solar irradiance incident on the place. This is due to the fact that solar radiation needs to traverse a lower atmospheric depth near noon, producing a lower attenuation with respect to the rest of the day. The protection needs to be very efficient, since around noon in the Spring-Summer period, the Solar UV Index (internationally used for qualifying the importance of solar UV radiation incident on a given site, see for example the UNEP report on Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion and its Interaction with Climate Change [11]) in Rosario city and nearby regions, is usually in the extreme range (values equal or higher than 11).

c. National, regional or city authorities need to incorporate legislation in this sense.

d. Besides the improvement in the materials and design of clothes resistant for UV degradation, the textile industry needs to consider a new circular economy (that optimize the use of natural resource, reduce pollution and recycle), in order to contribute to the global effort to mitigate climate change [12].

To know more about Journal of Fashion Technology-https://juniperpublishers.com/ctftte/index.php

To know more about open access journals Publishers click on Juniper Publishers

#Juniper Publishers #Juniper Publishers e-pub #fashion technology articles #fashion technology

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