#d

[aviajantedelivros]

Desafio Rory Gilmore

Olá pessoal! Como todos que me conhecem sabem, sou loucamente apaixonada pela serie Gilmore Girls, e pra quem assistiu a serie, a Rory filha da Lorelai, é realmente viciada em livros.

Durante as 7 temporadas podemos presenciar, seu amor por livros, no qual cada episodio mostra a sua maioria, por isso foi criado o Desafio de Livros Rory Gilmore que trás uma lista com todos os livros lidos pela personagem. Alguns não foram traduzidos, mas a maioria sim… Então se sintam em Tag para fazê-lo…

Eu ja comecei e vocês???

1.1984 – George Orwell

2. As Aventuras de Huckleberry Finn – Mark Twain 3. Alice no País das Maravilhas – Lewis Carroll 4. As Incríveis Aventuras de Kavalier & Clay – Michael Chabon 5. Uma Tragédia Americana – Theodore Dreiser 6. As Cinzas de Ângela – Frank McCourt 7. Anna Karenina – Leon Tolstoy 8. O Diário de Anne Frank – Anne Frank 9. The Archidamian War – Donald Kagan 10. A Arte da Ficção – Henry James 11. A Arte da Guerra – Sun Tzu 12. Enquanto Agonizo – William Faulkner 13. Reparação – Ian McEwan 14. Autobiography of a Face – Lucy Grealy 15. The Awakening – Kate Chopin 16. Babe – Dick King-Smith 17. Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women – Susan Faludi 18. Balzac e a Costureirinha Chinesa – Dai Sijie 19. Bel Canto – Ann Patchett 20. A Redoma de Vidro – Sylvia Plath 21. Amada – Toni Morrison 22. Beowulf: A New Verse Translation – Seamus Heaney 23. Bagavadguitá 24. Os Irmãos Bielski – Peter Duffy 25. Bitch in Praise of Difficult Women – Elizabeth Wurtzel 26. A Bolt from the Blue and Other Essays – Mary McCarthy27. Admirável Mundo Novo – Aldous Huxley 28. Um Lugar Chamado Brick Lane – Monica Ali 29. Brigadoon – Alan Jay Lerner 30. Cândido – Voltaire 31. Os Cantos de Cantuária – Chaucer 32. Carrie, A Estranha – Stephen King 33. Ardil 22 – Joseph Heller 34. O Apanhador no Campo de Centeio – J. D. Salinger 35. A Teia de Charlotte – E. B. White 36. The Children’s Hour – Lillian Hellman 37. Christine – Stephen King 38. Um Conto de Natal – Charles Dickens 39. Laranja Mecânica – Anthony Burgess 40. The Code of the Woosters – P.G. Wodehouse 41. The Collected Stories – Eudora Welty 42. A Comédia dos Erros – William Shakespeare 43. Complete Novels – Dawn Powell 44. The Complete Poems – Anne Sexton 45. Complete Stories – Dorothy Parker 46. Uma Confraria de Tolos – John Kennedy Toole 47. O Conde de Monte Cristo – Alexandre Dumas 48. A Vingança de Bette – Honoré de Balzac 49. Crime e Castigo – Fiodor Dostoievski 50. Pétala Escarlate, Flor Branca – Michel Faber 51. As Bruxas de Salém – Arthur Miller 52. Cão Raivoso – Stephen King 53. O Estranho Caso do Cão Morto – Mark Haddon54. Filha da Fortuna – Isabel Allende 55. David e Lisa – Dr Theodore Issac Rubin M.D 56. David Copperfield – Charles Dickens 57. O Código da Vinci – Dan Brown 58. Almas Mortas – Nikolai Gogol 59. Os Demônios – Fiodor Dostoievski 60. A Morte de Um Caixeiro-Viajante – Arthur Miller 61. Deenie – Judy Blume 62. The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America – Erik Larson 63. The Dirt: Confessions of the World’s Most Notorious Rock Band – Tommy Lee, Vince Neil, Mick Mars e Nikki Sixx 64. A Divina Comédia – Dante Alighieri 65. Divinos Segredos – Rebecca Wells 66. Dom Quixote de La Mancha – Miguel Cervantes 67. Conduzindo Miss Daisy – Alfred Uhry 68. O Médico e o Monstro – Robert Louis Stevenson 69. Edgar Allan Poe: Complete Tales & Poems – Edgar Allan Poe 70. Eleanor Roosevelt – Blanche Wiesen Cook 71. O Teste do Ácido do Refresco Elétrico – Tom Wolfe 72. Ella Minnow Pea: A Novel in Letters – Mark Dunn 73. Eloise – Kay Thompson 74. Emily, the Strange: Os Dias Perdidos – Roger Reger 75. Emma – Jane Austen 76. Empire Falls – Richard Russo 77. Encyclopedia Brown: Boy Detective – Donald J. Sobol 78. Ethan Frome – Edith Wharton 79. Ética – Spinoza 80. Europe through the Back Door, 2003 – Rick Steves81. Eva Luna – Isabel Allende 82. Tudo se Ilumina – Jonathan Safran Foer 83. Extravagance – Gary Krist 84. Fahrenheit 451 – Ray Bradbury 85. Fahrenheit 9/11 – Michael Moore 86. The Fall of the Athenian Empire – Donald Kagan 87. Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World – Greg Critser 88. Medo e Delírio em Las Vegas – Hunter S. Thompson 89. A Sociedade do Anel – J. R. R. Tolkien 90. Um Violinista no Telhado – Joseph Stein 91. As Cinco Pessoas que Você Encontra no Céu – Mitch Albom 92. Finnegan’s Wake – James Joyce 93. Fletch Venceu – Gregory McDonald 94. Flowers for Algernon – Daniel Keyes 95. The Fortress of Solitude – Jonathan Lethem 96. A Nascente – Ayn Rand 97. Frankenstein – Mary Shelley 98. Franny e Zooey – J. D. Salinger 99. Sexta-Feira Muito Louca – Mary Rodgers 100. Galápagos – Kurt Vonnegut101. Gender Trouble – Judith Butler102. George W. Bushism: The Slate Book of the Accidental Wit and Wisdom of our 43rd President – Jacob Weisberg 103. Gidget – Frederick Kohner 104. Garota, Interrompida – Susanna Kaysen 105. Os Evangelhos Gnósticos – Elaine Pagels 106. O Poderoso Chefão: Livro 1 – Mario Puzo107. O Deus das Pequenas Coisas – Arundhati Roy 108. Cachinhos Dourados e os Três Ursos – Alvin Granowsky 109. E o Vento Levou – Margaret Mitchell 110. O Bom Soldado – Ford Maddox Ford 111. The Gospel According to Judy Bloom – Judy Bloom 112. A Primeira Noite de um Homem – Charles Webb 113. As Vinhas da Ira – John Steinbeck 114. O Grande Gatsby – F. Scott Fitzgerald 115. Grandes Esperanças – Charles Dickens 116. O Grupo – Mary McCarthy 117. Hamlet – William Shakespeare 118. Harry Potter e o Cálice de Fogo – J. K. Rowling 119. Harry Potter e a Pedra Filosofal – J. K. Rowling 120. A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius – Dave Eggers 121. O Coração das Trevas – Joseph Conrad 122. Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders – Vincent Bugliosi e Curt Gentry 123. Henry IV, parte I – William Shakespeare 124. Henry IV, parte II – William Shakespeare 125. Henry V – William Shakespeare 126. Alta Fidelidade – Nick Hornby 127. A História do Declínio e Queda do Império Romano – Edward Gibbon 128. Holidays on Ice: Stories – David Sedaris 129. The Holy Barbarians – Lawrence Lipton 130. Casa de Areia e Névoa – Andre Dubus III 131. A Casa dos Espíritos – Isabel Allende 132. Como Respirar Debaixo D’Água – Julie Orringer133. Como o Grinch Roubou o Natal – Dr. Seuss 134. How the Light Gets In – M. J. Hyland 135. Uivo – Allen Ginsberg 136. O Corcunda de Notre Dame – Victor Hugo 137. A Ilíada – Homero 138. Confissões de uma Groupie: I’m With the Band – Pamela des Barres 139. A Sangue Frio – Truman Capote 140. Inferno – Dante Alighieri 141. O Vento Será tua Herança – Jerome Lawrence e Robert E. Lee 142. Ironweed – William J. Kennedy 143. It Takes a Village – Hillary Rodham Clinton 144. Jane Eyre – Charlotte Bronte 145. O Clube da Sorte da Alegria – Amy Tan 146. Júlio César – William Shakespeare 147. A Célebre Rã Saltadora do Condado de Cavaleras – Mark Twain 148. A Selva – Upton Sinclair 149. Just a Couple of Days – Tony Vigorito 150. Os Últimos Dias dos Romanov – Robert Alexander 151. Cozinha Confidencial: Uma Aventura nas Entranhas da Culinária* – Anthony Bourdain 152. O Caçador de Pipas – Khaled Hosseini 153. O Amante de Lady Chatterley – D. H. Lawrence 154. The Last Empire: Essays 1992-2000 – Gore Vidal 155. Folhas de Relva – Walt Whitman 156. Lendas da Vida – Steven Pressfield 157. Menos que Zero* – Bret Easton Ellis 158. Cartas a um Jovem Poeta – Rainer Maria Rilke159. Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them – Al Franken160. A Vida de Pi – Yann Martel 161. A Pequena Dorrit* – Charles Dickens 162. The Little Locksmith – Katharine Butler Hathaway 163. A Pequena Vendedora de Fósforos – Hans Christian Andersen 164. Mulherzinhas – Louisa May Alcott 165. Vivendo a História – Hillary Rodham Clinton 166. O Senhor das Moscas – William Golding 167. The Lottery: And Other Stories – Shirley Jackson 168. Um Olhar do Paraíso – Alice Sebold 169. Love Story: Uma História de Amor – Erich Segal 170. Macbeth – William Shakespeare 171. Madame Bovary – Gustave Flaubert 172. The Manticore – Robertson Davies 173. A Maratona da Morte – William Goldman 174. O Mestre e Margarida – Mikhail Bulgakov 175. Memórias de uma Moça Bem Comportada – Simone de Beauvoir 176. Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman – William Tecumseh Sherman 177. Eu Falar Bonito Um Dia – David Sedaris 178. The Meaning of Consuelo – Judith Ortiz Cofer 179. Mencken’s Chrestomathy – H. R. Mencken 180. As Alegres Matronas de Windsor – William Shakespeare 181. A Metamorfose – Franz Kafka 182. Middlesex – Jeffrey Eugenides 183. O Milagre de Anne Sullivan – William Gibson 184. Moby Dick – Herman Melville185. The Mojo Collection: The Ultimate Music Companion – Jim Irvin 186. Moliere: A Biography – Hobart Chatfield Taylor 187. A Monetary History of the United States – Milton Friedman 188. Senhor Proust – Celeste Albaret 189. A Month Of Sundays: Searching For The Spirit And My Sister – Julie Mars 190. Paris é uma Festa – Ernest Hemingway 191. Mrs. Dalloway – Virginia Woolf 192. Mutiny on the Bounty – Charles Nordhoff e James Norman Hall 193. My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath – Seymour M. Hersh 194. My Life as Author and Editor – H. R. Mencken 195. My Life in Orange: Growing Up with the Guru – Tim Guest 196. Myra Waldo’s Travel and Motoring Guide to Europe, 1978 – Myra Waldo 197. Uma Prova de Amor – Jodi Picoult 198. Os Nus e os Mortos – Norman Mailer 199. O Nome da Rosa – Umberto Eco 200. O Xará – Jhumpa Lahiri201. The Nanny Diaries – Emma McLaughlin202. Nervous System: Or, Losing My Mind in Literature – Jan Lars Jensen 203. New Poems of Emily Dickinson – Emily Dickinson 204. The New Way Things Work – David Macaulay 205. Miséria à Americana: vivendo de subemprego nos Estados Unidos – Barbara Ehrenreich 206. A Noite – Elie Wiesel 207. A Abadia de Northanger – Jane Austen 208. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism – William E. Cain, Laurie A. Finke, Barbara E. Johnson, John P. McGowan 209. Novels 1930-1942: Dance Night/Come Back to Sorrento, Turn, Magic Wheel/Angels on Toast/A Time to be Born – Dawn Powell210. Notas de um Velho Safado – Charles Bukowski211. Sobre Ratos e Homens – John Steinbeck 212. Meus Dias de Escritor – Tobias Wolff 213. On the Road: Pé na Estrada – Jack Kerouac 214. Um Estranho no Ninho – Ken Kesey 215. Cem Anos de Solidão – Gabriel Garcia Marquez 216. The Opposite of Fate: Memories of a Writing Life – Amy Tan 217. A Noite do Oráculo – Paul Auster 218. Oryx e Crake – Margaret Atwood 219. Otelo – Shakespeare 220. Our Mutual Friend – Charles Dickens 221. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War – Donald Kagan 222. Entre Dois Amores – Isak Dinesen 223. Vidas Sem Rumo – S. E. Hinton 224. Uma Passagem para a Índia – E. M. Forster 225. The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition – Donald Kagan 226. As Vantagens de ser Invisível – Stephen Chbosky 227. A Caldeira do Diabo – Grace Metalious 228. O Retrato de Dorian Gray – Oscar Wilde 229. Pigs at the Trough – Arianna Huffington 230. Pinóquio – Carlo Collodi 231. Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk – Legs McNeil e Gillian McCain 232. Frenesi Polissilábico – Nick Hornby 233. The Portable Dorothy Parker – Dorothy Parker 234. The Portable Nietzche – Fredrich Nietzche 235. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush – the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill – Ron Suskind 236. Orgulho e Preconceito – Jane Austen 237. Property – Valerie Martin238. Pushkin: A Biography – T. J. Binyon 239. Pigmaleão – George Bernard Shaw 240. Quattrocento – James Mckean 241. A Quiet Storm – Rachel Howzell Hall 242. Rapunzel – Os Irmãos Grimm 243. O Corvo – Edgar Allan Poe 244. O Fio da Navalha – W. Somerset Maugham 245. Lendo Lolita em Teerã: Memórias de uma resistência literária – Azar Nafisi 246. Rebecca – Daphne du Maurier 247. Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm – Kate Douglas Wiggin 248. The Red Tent – Anita Diamant 249. Rescuing Patty Hearst: Memories From a Decade Gone Mad – Virginia Holman 250. O Retorno do Rei – J. R. R. Tolkien 251. R Is for Ricochet – Sue Grafton 252. Rita Hayworth (conto publicado no Brasil no livro Quatro Estações) – Stephen King 253. Robert’s Rules of Order – Henry Robert 254. Roman Holiday – Edith Wharton 255. Romeu e Julieta – William Shakespeare 256. Um Teto Todo Seu – Virginia Woolf 257. Uma Janela para o Amor – E. M. Forster 258. O Bebê de Rosemary – Ira Levin 259. The Rough Guide to Europe – 2003 Edition 260. Sacred Time – Ursula Hegi 261. Santuário – William Faulkner 262. Savage Beauty: The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay – Nancy Milford 263. Say Goodbye to Daisy Miller – Henry James 264. The Scarecrow of Oz – Frank L. Baum265. A Letra Escarlate – Nathaniel Hawthorne 266. Seabiscuit: Alma de Herói – Laura Hillenbrand 267. O Segundo Sexo – Simone de Beauvoir 268. A Vida Secreta das Abelhas – Sue Monk Kidd 269. Secrets of the Flesh: A Life of Colette – Judith Thurman 270. Selected Hotels of Europe 271. Selected Letters of Dawn Powell: 1913-1965 – Dawn Powell 272. Razão e Sensibilidade – Jane Austen 273. Uma Ilha de Paz – John Knowles 274. Several Biographies of Winston Churchill 275. Sexus – Henry Miller 276. A Sombra do Vento – Carlos Ruiz Zafón 277. Os Brutos Também Amam – Jack Shaefer 278. O Iluminado – Stephen King 279. Sidarta – Hermann Hesse 280. S Is for Silence – Sue Grafton 281. Matadouro 5 – Kurt Vonnegut 282. Pequena Ilha – Andrea Levy 283. As Neves do Kilimanjaro e Outros Contos – Ernest Hemingway 284. Branca de Neve e Rosa Vermelha – Os Irmãos Grimm 285. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World – Barrington Moore 286. The Song of Names – Norman Lebrecht 287. Song of the Simple Truth: The Complete Poems of Julia de Burgos – Julia de Burgos 288. The Song Reader – Lisa Tucker 289. 31 Canções – Nick Hornby 290. Os Sonetos – William Shakespeare 291. Sonetos Portugueses – Elizabeth Barrett Browning292. A Escolha de Sofia – William Styron 293. O Som e a Fúria – William Faulkner 294. Fala, Memória – Vladimir Nabokov 295. Curiosidade Mórbida: a ciência e a vida secreta dos cadáveres – Mary Roach 296. História da Minha Vida – Helen Keller 297. Um Bonde Chamado Desejo – Tennessee Williams 298. Stuart Little – E. B. White 299. O Sol Também se Levanta – Ernest Hemingway 300. No Caminho de Swann – Marcel Proust301. Swimming with Giants: My Encounters with Whales, Dolphins and Seals – Anne Collett302. Sybil – Flora Rheta Schreiber 303. Um Conto de Duas Cidades – Charles Dickens 304. Suave é a Noite – F. Scott Fitzgerald 305. Laços de Ternura – Larry McMurtry 306. Time and Again – Jack Finney 307. A Mulher do Viajante no Tempo – Audrey Niffenegger 308. Uma Aventura na Martinica – Ernest Hemingway 309. O Sol é para Todos – Harper Lee 310. Richard III – William Shakespeare 311. Laços Humanos – Betty Smith 312. O Processo – Franz Kafka 313. The True and Outstanding Adventures of the Hunt Sisters – Elisabeth Robinson 314. Truth & Beauty: A Friendship – Ann Patchett 315. A Última Grande Lição: o sentido da vida – Mitch Albom 316. Ulysses – James Joyce 317. Os Diários de Sylvia Plath (1950-1962) – Sylvia Plath 318. A Cabana do Pai Tomás – Harriet Beecher Stowe 319. Bondade – Carol Shields 320. O Vale das Bonecas – Jacqueline Susann 321. The Vanishing Newspaper – Philip Meyers 322. A Feira das Vaidades – William Makepeace Thackeray 323. O Livro do Disco. The Velvet Underground e Nico – Joe Harvard 324. As Virgens Suicidas – Jeffrey Eugenides 325. Esperando Godot – Samuel Beckett 326. Walden ou A Vida nos Bosques – Henry David Thoreau 327. Bambi – Felix Salten 328. Guerra e Paz – Leon Tolstoi 329. We Owe You Nothing, Punk Planet: The Collected Interviews – editado por Daniel Sinker 330. What Colour is Your Parachute? 2005 – Richard Nelson Bolles 331. O que terá acontecido a Baby Jane? – Henry Farrell 332. When the Emperor Was Divine – Julie Otsuka 333. Quem Mexeu no meu Queijo? – Spencer Johnson 334. Quem tem Medo de Virginia Woolf – Edward Albee 335. Wicked: A história não contada das Bruxas de Oz – Gregory Maguire 336. O Mágico de Oz – Frank L. Baum 337. O Morro dos Ventos Uivantes – Emily Bronte 338. Virtude Selvagem – Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings 339. O Ano do Pensamento Mágico – Joan Didion 340. A Bíblia Sagrada

[oaresearchpaper]

Biliran's Mangroves: Diversity and Conservation Status

Abstract

We determined the diversity of mangrove species and their conservation status in the municipality of Biliran to serve as baseline for conservation and protection of mangal ecosystems in the island. Thirty-two quadrats with a size of 10×10 m were established and each mangrove tree inside the plots was identified. The numbers of individuals per species were counted and diversity indices were computed. Results revealed 13 mangrove species belonging to 7 families including Avicennia rumphiana, A. marina, A. alba, Rhizophora apiculata, R. stylosa, R. mucronata, Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera sp., Sonneratia alba, Exoecaria agallocha, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Xylocarpus granatum, and Brownlowia tersa. Majority of the mangrove species belonged to Rhizophoraceae family. R. apiculata was the most abundant while B. tersa was the least abundant species. Mangroves like C. tagal, R. apiculata, and A. marina were generalist species because they were found in all of the study sites, whereas A. rumphiana, A. alba, S. hydrophyllacea, B. tersa, R. mucronata, and Bruguiera sp. were specialist because they were only found in 1 study site. A. rumphiana was the only mangrove listed as Vulnerable (VU) based on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The mean values of the following indices were obtained: H’= 1.1984, DMn= 0.7124, J= 0.6877 and D= 0.3877. Mangrove diversity in Biliran municipality was very low with a highly even distribution of species and uniform distribution of individuals. Since mangal ecosystems in the municipality of Biliran are facing natural and anthropogenic disturbances, the local government unit should prioritize mangrove forest conservation and rehabilitation.

Introduction

Mangroves ecosystems are mostly composed of halophytic tree and shrub species that are regularly expose to fluctuations in water level, hydrodynamic energy, salinity, nutrient availability, and anoxia (Friess, 2016). Despite thriving in a dynamic and physiologically stressful location, a plethora of coastal and terrestrial fauna are associated with this vegetation including fish, crustaceans, snakes and mammals. In addition to their unique biodiversity value, mangroves are largely important habitats due to some tangible provisioning ecosystem services they provide to the local coastal populations such as timber, charcoal, non-timber forest products and fish/shellfish. The United Nations Environment Programme (2014) further cited that mangrove ecosystem provides millions of people with food, clean water, raw materials and resilience against future climate change impacts including increasing storm intensity and sea level rise. For instance, when super typhoon Haiyan struck the central Philippines, areas with mangrove forests suffered significantly less damage as the trees acted as shield from the strong winds and waves (Ranada, 2014).

Faustino et al. (2020) noted that mangrove forests in the Philippines have been continuously dwindling in terms of forest cover and diversity due to anthropogenic activities which include cutting of trees for the production of firewood, charcoal, and building materials, and residential, urban and industrial development, and conversion to agriculture (Maneja, 2006; Bitantos et al., 2017) as well as natural disturbances. In view of these challenges, it is important to conduct baseline studies to give not only a benchmark of an area’s biodiversity but a picture of its overall importance in the landscape (Flora and Fauna International, 2014). A baseline study can highlight areas of importance for biodiversity conservation, identify threats to species and habitats, and help understand how local communities use and value resources.

Fortes and Salmo (2017) cited that mangrove studies in the Philippines are initially categorized under seven topics including taxonomy, physiology, economic uses, biogeography, ecology, biodiversity, and conservation and management. However, information on species composition and diversity studies of mangroves from the different parts of the country remains limited and scarce (Baleta and Casalamitao, 2016). Recent local biodiversity studies and vegetational analysis on mangroves have been carried out in Surigao del Norte (Goloran et al., 2020), Camarines Sur (Faustino et al., 2020), Oriental Mindoro (Raganas et al., 2020), Palawan (Dangan-Galon et al., 2016), Camotes island (Lillo et al., 2022), Timaco Mangrove Swamp in Cotabato City (Cano-Mangaoang et al., 2022), Samar island (Mendoza and Alura, 2001), Zamboanga Sibugay (Bitantos et al., 2017), Pangasinan (Rosario et al., 2021), Aurora (Rotaquio et al., 2017), Cagayan Valley (Calicdan et al., 2017), Isabela (Baleta and Casalamitao, 2016), Aklan (Barrientos and Apolonio, 2017), Quezon province (Abantao et al., 2015), and Leyte island (Bobon-Carnice et al., 2021). To date, mangrove studies on the island of Biliran is not documented, particularly in the municipality of Biliran where a large portion of mangrove forest in the village of Sangalang became a wasteland when many mangrove trees and associated species died during the onslaught of tropical depression (TD) Urduja in 2017. Thus, this study was conducted to gather scientific-based data that can serve as a baseline in determining the diversity and conservation status of mangrove species based on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Such baseline can be used in prioritizing areas for conservation and protection of mangal ecosystems in the island, especially with the ongoing threats of both anthropogenic and natural disturbances.

Source : Diversity, distribution and conservation status of mangrove species in the Municipality of Biliran, Biliran Island, Philippines