#date: july 1st 1904

[fcbayern]

Hallo! Hope you are well! I love your blog and it’s made me really want to understand and get into Bundesliga. How can I know everything I need to know about Bayern so I’m up to date and understand what’s happening within the team? I hope this makes sense? Danke!

hi anon! i’m so sorry it took me so long to reply to this. this week’s been so busy already.

i guess the internet is a good place to start for your research :) of course wikipedia itself is not a bad source, but if you really want to get information, look at the bottom of the wikipedia page for all the teams in the bundesliga, and get the info from the sources there. that’s what wikipedia uses to write their articles, so that should give you even more insight into the bundesliga and its teams, and rules, etc than you already get from the wikipedia article itself.

i’ll try and sum up the most basic info for you - that i know - and if you have any other questions, feel free to send me another message and maybe we can get into more detail:

bundesliga is the highest “class” / tier that you can play in, in germany. it is divided into 2 different tiers: 1. bundesliga and 2. bundesliga.

1. bundesliga consists of 18 teams.

for the upcoming seasons - currently in alphabetical order because the new season doesn’t start until the 18th of September - these are the teams:

DSC Arminia Bielefeld

FC Augsburg

Bayer Leverkusen

FC Bayern München

Borussia Dortmund

Borussia Mönchengladbach

Eintracht Frankfurt

1. SC Freiburg

Hertha BSC Berlin

TSG Hoffenheim

1. FC Köln

1. FSV Main 05

Red Bull Leipzig

FC Schalke 04

VfB Stuttgart

Union Berlin

Werder Bremen

VfL Wolfsburg

Arminia Bielefeld were promoted from 2nd league, where they ended up in first place in the season of 2019/2020. The second team that was promoted is VfB Stuttgart. In exchange for these two teams being promoted, two teams have to be relegated. In the season of 2019/2020 those two teams were SC Paderborn 07 and Fortuna Düsseldorf.

Back to the Bundesliga Basics:

The Bundesliga stands under the umbrella of “DFB”, or Deutscher Fußball Bund (German Football Association), which was founded in 1900. In 1904 the FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) was founded, which is basically the big boss of football. They keep an eye on a number of football associations across the world and also set up the Men’s and Women’s World Cup. DFB joined the FIFA right away in 1904, and in 1954 DFB also joined the UEFA, which is an acronym for Union des Associations Européennes de Football and therefor takes care of all things football in Europe. Self-explanatory.

UEFA wasn’t founded until 1954 because... things happened in Europe in the 30s and 40s.

During the time of the Nazi regime the DFB was dismantled in 1940 and it didn’t pick up again until 1950, when the Federal German Republic was reformed, and the West German football associations decided to get the DFB back up and running. They re-joined FIFA in 1954, and, as mentioned before, also joined UEFA that same year.

The Bundesliga how we know it, however, was not actually a thing until 28. Juli 1962, starting with the season of 1963/1964. Before that there were a number of clubs and associations throughout Germany who all kind of played side by side, and eventually in the 30s the idea of a “Reichsliga” (league of the German Reich) was brought up, where a certain number of teams would play and one would end up winning the title. Kind of what we do now.

And then the war happened.

And in between the end of that and the 60s, obviously they had brought some ideas back to the table, had tried to figure out a more competitive way and to bring football closer to the people.

In 1962 the idea of the Bundesliga was founded. 16 teams were to play each other in one league, competing against each other. 5 from “Oberliga Süd”, 5 from “Oberliga West”, 3 from “Oberliga Nord”, 2 from “Oberliga Südwest” and one from the Berlin City League - the Western part of Berlin, of course.

They had a super complicated system in place to figure out which teams would eventually be allowed to be the “founding fathers” of the Bundesliga. It had to do with economics, they ended up coming up with a weird system for who gets how many points for winning their own league, adding those up, multiplying, and then somehow they ended up with 16 teams... don’t ask me how, I have dyscalculia, I don’t understand their way of thinking at all. Maybe there was some voodoo involved, God knows, honestly.

Eventually they had their 16 winners from the aforementioned leagues:

Oberliga Süd: Eintracht Frankfurt, Karlsruher SC, 1. FC Nürnberg, TSV 1860 München, VfB Stuttgart Oberliga Nord: Eintracht Braunschweig, Werder Bremen, Hamburger SV Oberliga West: Borussia Dortmund, 1. FC Köln, Meidericher SV, Preußen Münster, FC Schalke 04 Oberliga Südwest: 1. FC Kaiserslautern, 1. FC Saarbrücken Stadtliga Berlin: Hertha BSC Berlin

In 1963 this “Bundesliga” wasn’t a pro-league, though. And there were a ton of rules in place that would probably make you go “huh?” these days... or maybe you’d think they are great rules and they need to make a comeback. A transfer, for example, could only cost up to 50.000 German Mark (roughly 25.564,50€ / $30.149,62).

Until 1967 you also weren’t allowed to sign more than three players from another team for the upcoming season.

At some point it was decided that football players would also have the benefits of a full-time worker, if they decided on football as a career, and not just something they did on the side.

When East and West Germany were reunited in 1989 / the early 90s, that’s when the Bundesliga really became more of a commercial success not just in Germany, but also throughout non-German Europe and the rest of the world. Which is also largely due to Germany winning the World Cup in 1990, and the European title in 1996, but the Bundesliga was also specifically marketed to popular media. In 1991 the German Football Association of the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Fußball-Verband der DDR) - the East German football association - joined DFB. Thus Germany was one again, not just on paper, but also in football.

Another thing that helped the popularity of the Bundesliga was the fact that in the 90s at least one Bundesliga club reached a European championship semi-final. In 1997 Borussia Dortmund won the Champions League, in 1996 Bayern München won the Europapokal, in 1997 Schalke 04 won the UEFA-Pokal. And in the following championships at least one German team reached the final of said competitions.

Let’s jump to the 2000s!

Since 2000 FC Bayern München has won the Bundesliga 13 times. The other winners were: Borussia Dortmund (2002, 2011, 2012), Werder Bremen (2004), VfB Stuttgart (2007) and VfL Wolfsburg (2009). Bayern München is also the only Bundesliga team in the 2000s to win the Champions League: 2013 and 2020.

After all that knowledge, here’s some random facts and numbers that you might find interesting:

- since it was founded in 1963, a total of 56 teams have played in Germany’s highest league - until the season of 2017/2018 Hamburger SV was part of the 1. Bundesliga for 55 seasons, which was a record. Now Werder Bremen holds this record, with 56 seasons to their name - Bayer Leverkusen holds the nickname of “Vizekusen” (Vice-Kusen), and they were at one point regarded as the “ever-second”, always getting close to the top, but never reaching it - Karl-Heinz Körbel has the most Bundesliga appearances: 602 - for Eintracht Frankfurt. He never lost a final with Frankfurt and was never relegated. - Bernd Stöber was the youngest coach in the season of 1976/1977 a t just 24 years, 1 month and 17 days old. - Brazil is the best-represented nation after Germany, with 159 Bundesliga exports (159), followed by Denmark (129), Austria (119), Croatia (118) and Poland (109). - in the season of 2019/2020 Thomas Müller had the most assists: 21. - retired football player Gerd Müller, whose active career was between 1965-1979, holds the record for the most goals: 365. - Otto Rehhagel holds the record for most matches as a manager: 832.

Now let’s go back to where we started: the season of 2020/2021.

As mentioned above, the 1. Bundesliga has 18 teams. To get you up-to-date I’ll give you some more info on each team, that you might find useful!

DSC Arminia Bielefeld: - founded: May 3rd 1905 - manager: Uwe Neuhaus - stadium: SchücoArena

FC Augsburg: - founded: August 8th 1907 - manager: Heiko Herrlich - stadium: WWK Arena

Bayer 04 Leverkusen: - founded: July 1st 1904 -> rebranded to current name on April 1st 1999 - manager: Peter Bosz - stadium: BayArena

FC Bayern München: - founded: February 27th 1900 - manager: Hansi Flick - stadium: Allianz Arena

Borussia Dortmund: - founded: December 19th 1909 - manager: Lucien Favre - stadium: Signal Iduna Park

Borussia Mönchengladbach: - founded: August 1st 1900 - manager: Marco Rose - stadium: BORUSSIA-PARK

Eintracht Frankfurt: - founded: March 8th 1899 - manager: Adi Hütter - stadium: Deutsche Bank Park

SC Freiburg: - founded: May 30th 1904 - manager: Christian Streich - stadium: Schwarzwald-Stadion

Hertha BSC Berlin: - founded: July 25th 1892 - manager: Bruno Labbadia - stadium: Olympiastadion Berlin

TSG 1899 Hoffenheim: - founded: July 1st 1899 - manager: Sebastian Hoeneß - stadium: Prezero-Arena

1. FC Köln: - founded: February 13th 1948 - manager: Markus Gisdol - RheinEnergieSTADION

1. FSV Mainz 05: - founded: March 16th 1905 - manager: Achim Beierlorzer - stadium: OPEL ARENA

Red Bull Leipzig: - founded: May 19th 2009 - manager: Julian Nagelsmann - Red Bull Arena

FC Schalke 04: - founded: May 4th 1904 - manager: David Wagner - stadium: VELTINS-Arena

VfB Stuttgart: - founded: September 9th 1893 - manager: Pellegrino Matarazzo - Mercedes-Benz Arena

1. FC Union Berlin: - founded: January 20th 1966 (originally 1906) - manager: Urs Fischer - stadium: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

SV Werder Bremen: - founded: February 4th 1899 - manager: Florian Kohfeldt - stadium: Weserstadion

VfL Wolfsburg: - fonded: September 12th 1945 -> rebranded to current name on January 16th 2001 - manager: Oliver Glasner - stadium: Volkswagen Arena

Maybe, to get a feeling for each club, you can check out each club’s YouTube account. Through that you should be able to find their other social media, or just by simply googling the team name:

Arminia Bielefeld ● FC Augsburg ● Bayer 04 Leverkusen ● FC Bayern München  ● Borussia Dortmund ● Borussia Mönchengladbach ● Eintracht Frankfurt ● 1. SC Freiburg ● Hertha BSC Berlin ● TSG Hoffenheim ● 1. FC Köln ● 1. FSV Main 05 ● Red Bull Leipzig ● FC Schalke 04 ● VfB Stuttgart ● Union Berlin ● Werder Bremen ● VfL Wolfsburg

Each football team has 11 players on the pitch. For the new season in 2019 it was decided that instead of 18 players, each team would be allowed to have 20 players in total - which means 9 substitute players on the bench.

During each season a team can win three main cups (the ones that everyone cares about the most, let’s be real): DFB-Pokal, Meistertitel (Bundesliga winner) and Champions League trophy. The last of which is not a German tournament / cup to be won, so I’ll leave that out for now.

DFB Pokal:

The DFB-Pokal is a German knockout competition, starting out with 64 teams. 36 teams are from the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga, the top four finishers of the third league are automatically added to the list. 21 slots are given to the cup winners of regional football associations, and the remaining 3 slots are given to the regional associations with the most men’s teams.

Direct quote from Wikipedia, which in turn got their information from here: for the first round, the 64 teams are split into two pots of 32. One pot contains the 18 teams from the previous season of the Bundesliga and the top 14 teams from the previous season of the 2. Bundesliga. The other pot contains the bottom 4 teams from the previous season of the 2. Bundesliga, the top 4 teams from the previous season of the 3. Liga and the 24 amateur teams that qualified through regional football tournaments. Teams from one pot are drawn against teams from the other pot. Since 1982, teams from the pot containing amateur teams have played the game at home.For the second round, the teams are again divided into two pots according to the same principles. Depending on the results of the first round, the pots might not be equal in terms of number. Teams from one pot are drawn against teams from the other pot until one pot is empty. The remaining teams are then drawn against each other with the team first drawn playing the game at home.For the remaining rounds, other than the final, the teams are drawn from one pot. Since 1985 the final has been held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin.

Meistertitel:

The Meistertitel is rewarded to the team that comes out on top on the last match-day of the season. Of course it can be calculated whether other teams can still catch up - points-wise - but the Meisterschale is not rewarded until the season is over. The current record-holder of most Bundesliga wins is FC Bayern München (29), followed by Borussia Dortmund and Borussia Mönchengladbach (5) and Werder Bremen (4) in second and third place.

With the first three Bundesliga wins a team gets a gold star to put on their jersey, with five wins they get a second, ten wins is a third, twenty wins is a forth star. On top of that, the reigning Bundesliga champion gets to wear the Bundesliga logo in gold color on their sleeve.

And that’s that on that.

I don’t know what language you’re fluent in, but here are some football apps that you might enjoy using, to be on track with the upcoming season:

OneFootball

Kicker App

Bundesliga App

11 Freunde App

Amazon Bundesliga Radio

each team’s individual app for updates and news

You can also check out @bundesliga_en on Instagram and Twitter.

One last info for you, so you can jump right into it on the first day of the new Bundesliga season (fixtures are never really 100% until a day or two before the match is supposed to be, so this is preliminary): here is the link for the schedule of the upcoming 1. Bundesliga season.

You can also check out the 2. Bundesliga schedule, because it’s super interesting down there in the second league as well! I highly recommend it (keep your fingers crossed for Paderborn for me!).

I think that’s about everything I can tell you. This reply is already faaaaaaaaar too long, and I apologize! If you have any questions or want me to elaborate, feel free to send me another message.

Have the best time getting used to the Bundesliga, and welcome to the family!

Sources - with more info - under the cut:

fun facts: https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/easter-eggs-surprising-facts-and-figures-you-may-not-know-3798

team information / schedule: https://www.dfb.de/bundesliga/spieltagtabelle/

team information / schedule (2nd source): https://www.kicker.de/dfb-pokal/spieltag

general information: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesliga

app suggestions: https://www.smartmobil.de/magazin/fussball-apps

explanation for how the DFB-Pokal: https://web.archive.org/web/20090609211623/https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=460546

[bigwizzgoldfinger-blog]

St Enoch Presbyterian Church W.W.1 war memorial and roll of honour. Duncairn, Belfast

All information is provided in good faith but, on occasions errors may occur. Should this be the case, if new information can be verified please supply it to the author and corrections will then be made.

Erected by this congregation in honour of those who Volunteered in the Great War 1914-1918

These all died.

Thomas Rainey AGNEW.  Stoker 1st Class SS/113435, Royal Navy on HMS Vangard. Born 1892 to Samuel and Dorothy Agnew, of 138, Spamount Street., Belfast.  Commemorated on the Chatham Naval Memorial, Kent.  

Robert BOYD.  Rifleman 582, 10th Royal Irish Rifles.  Born 1879 to Mrs. Jeannie Boyd of 17 India Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 1 July 1916 aged 37 years.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.

William Hatchell BOYD.  2nd Lieutenant, 9th Royal Dublin Fusiliers.  Born 1887 to the Rev. Samuel T. Boyd, B.A., and Mrs. Boyd, of Dublin.  Killed in action 9 September 1916 aged 29 years.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.

John BOYLAN.  Private 12558, 15th Royal Irish Rifles.  Born 1898 to John and Annie Boylan, of 166, Alexandra Park Avenue, Belfast later of 23 Annadale Street, Belfast.  Killed in action  1 July 1916 aged 20 years.   Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.

Hugh BROWN. 2nd Lieutenant, 6th attached 1st  Royal Irish Rifles.  Killed in action 31 July 1917.  Commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial, Ypres, Belgium.

John Brown.  Royal Irish Rifles.  Unable to find the correct record for this person recorded with the CWGC

James CAMERON (Military Medal).  Sergeant 160496,  50th Canadian Infantry.  Born 1892 to James and Sarah Cameron, of 52, Brookhill Avenue, Antrim Road, Belfast, Ireland.  Formerly of Ballymena, Co. Antrim.  Died 5 June 1917 aged 25 years.  At rest in Barlin Communal Cemetery Extension, France.  

William CARLISLE.  Rifleman 11211, 1st Royal Irish Rifles.   Husband of Elizabeth Carlisle, of 14, Court Street, Belfast, Ireland.  Killed in action 23 October 1916, aged 24 years.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France

John CARSON Rifleman 24/991 2.3rd  New Zealand Rifles.  Killed in action 15 October 1917.  At rest in Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Belgium.  

Jack CRICHTON  Lance Corporal, (Private) 642640, 4th Canadian Infantry.  Died of wounds 5 July 1917  Downview Avenue, Belfast.  At rest in La Targette Britisg Cemetery, Neuville-Sain- Vaast, France

William CLARKE.  Private 18818,  2nd Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.  Only son of Robert And Agnes Clarke of  40 Christopher Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 3 July 1916 aged 22 years.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.  

James Wilson CORDNER. (Military Cross) Lieutenant 2nd Royal Irish Rifles. The Manse, Drumbo.  Killed in action 16 April 1918.  At rest in Minty Farm, Cemetery, Belgium.  He was onetime assistant minister at St. Enoch’s Presbyterian Church, Belfast and became a minister in the United Free Church in Lisburn.  London Gazette dated 3 August 1915. Royal  Irish Rifles. The undermentioned to be temporary Second Lieutenants James Cordner. Dated 7th June, 1915. Edinburgh Gazette dated 22 July 1918.  Military Cross Citation. T./Lt. James Wilson Cordner. Royal Irish Rifles. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty while in charge of a wiring party. He wired 500 yards of newly captured trenches in daylight in full view of the enemy and under heavy fire. His coolness and determination were an inspiration to his men. At rest in Minty Farm Cemetery, Belgium.

Hampton CRAWFORD. Corporal, (Private) 25239, 9th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.  Son of Samuel and Mary Ann Crawford of 3 Trinity Street, Belfast.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.   CWGC have his rank as Private

David FERGUSON. 14599, 9th Royal Irish Rifles.  Killed in action at the battle of the Somme, 1 July 1916.  At rest in Serre Road Cemetery No 2, Somme, France.

Frederick George FRENCH.  Private 874792,  27th Canadians.  Son of Thomas and Anne Jane French of 26 Cumberland Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 10 April 1917 aged 31 years.  At rest in Nine Elms Military Cemetery, Thelus, France.

Stewart FULTON.  U S National Guards ?. Residing with his parents at 11 Rosewood Street, Belfast.  Killed in action.  (No further information available).

Frederick William GIRVAN. Captain, 8th Devonshire Regiment.  Son of Robert and Isabella Girvan of 115 Cavehill Road, Belfast.  Later of 24 Easton Gardens.  Killed in action 26 October 1917 aged 24 years.  Commemorated on the Tyne Cot memorial, Belgium.

R GRIBBEN. The CWGC have only two R Cribben’s (no varients)

Robert GRIBBEN.  Stoker 1879T, Royal Naval Reserve of HMS  Queen Mary. Son of William and Eliza Gribben, of Larne; husband of Maggie Gribben, of Larne, Co. Antrim.  Killed at sea 31 May 1916 aged 39 years.  Commemorated on the Portsmouth Naval Memorial, Hampshire.

or

Robert GRIBBEN.  Rifleman 23/1393, 1/3rd New Zealand Rifle Brigade.  Son of James Gribben, of The Race Course, Lower Broughshane, Ballymena, Co. Antrim.  Died 17 June 1917 aged 28 years.  At rest in Bailleul Communal Cemetery Extension, Nord France.

Archibald McMillan HANNA.  15th Royal Irish Rifles.  Residing at 27 Court Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 1 July 1916.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.

Charles HANNA.  Private 745394 2nd Canadian Infantry.  Son of William and Catherine Hannah.  Killed in action 6 November 1917.  At rest in Oosttaverne Wood Cemetery, Belgium.

Arthur HEENAN.  Private 8966,  1st Royal Irish Rifles. Son of John and Mary Jane of 8 Suir Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 9 May 1915 aged 26 years.  Commemorated on the Ploegsteert Memorial, Belgium.

John KELLY.  Lance Corporal, (Private) 10489 6th Royal Irish Rifles.  Residing at 278 Crumlin Road, Belfast.  Killed in action 10 August 1915.   Commemorated on the Helles Memorial, Turkey including Gallipoli.

William John LAVERTY.  Rifleman 949, 1st Garrison Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles.  Born at Drumagh, Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland. Husband of Minnie Ann Laverty, of 36, Willow Bank Gardens, Antrim Rd., Belfast, Northern Ireland.  Died in India 10 November 1916 aged 47 years.  At rest in Cawnpore Cantonment New Cemetery, India.  

Thomas Edwin LOWRY.  Lance Corporal, 10/15177, 10th Royal Irish Rifles.  Husband of Minnie Lowry, of 33, Matlock Street, Belfast, Ireland.  Died 12 June 1918 aged 23 years. Laid to rest as Thomas Edward Lowry 15 June 1918  Plot P Grave 300 at the  Belfast City Cemetery.  His wife is also interred in the grave and she is named as Mary Ann.

James MURPHY.  Sergeant 5/12045, 5th Royal Irish Fusiliers.  Son of Mrs. Elizabeth Murphy, of 23, Jennymount Terrace, York Road, Belfast.  Later of 96 Henry Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 10 March 1918 aged 23 years.  At rest in Jerusalem War Cemetery, Palestine including Gaza.

Alfred McCLELLAND.  2nd Lieutenant, 5th Royal Irish Rifles. Son of James and Charlotte Miriam McClelland of 34 Shore Road, Duncairn, Belfast.  1911 his occupation was an office apprentice.  At the time of his death his parents were residing at 105 Cavehill Road, Belfast.   Died of wounds 13 October 1917 aged 24 years.  At rest in trois Arbres Cemetery, Steenerck, Nord France.  

Hugh Beggs McCLURE. Sapper 64264 150th Field Coy, Royal Engineers.  Born 17 February 1885 at Mead street, Larne to Thomas Beggs and Margaret Jane Gleghorn McClure, nee Meekin the residence of his parents. They later resided at 8 Newington Street, Belfast, Ireland   Husband of Maud, nee McClure of 63 Everton Street, Belfast. He was married on the 13 April 1911 at Magheramore Presbyterian Church, County Antrim.  His wife died at Maternity Hospital in Belfast 9 October 1915 of heart failure and septicaemia after child birth.  His son Lorrimer Drummond Mclure died aged 5 weeks at his grandparents Robert and Ellen McClure residence 197 Crumlin Road, Belfast on the 28 October 1915.   On the 11 February 1915 aged 29 years he joined the Royal Engineers and then was posted to the R.E. Depot, Chatham, civilian occupation painter.  On the 30 November 1915 he was posted to France.  He was killed in action 6 October 1916 aged 30 years. His effects went to his father in law Robert McClure, retired compositor.  At rest in Pond Farm Cemetery, Belgium.

Two of his brothers were also serving in the war.

James McClure, married, was serving as Sapper 89976, 145 Army Troops Coy, Royal Engineers Some notes from James’s army record. Born 19 October 1880 at Inver, Larne to Thomas and Margaret Jane Gleghorn McClure, nee McMeekin.  He enlisted at into the Royal Engineers at Larne and joined at Londonderry as Sapper 7156 on the 24 November 1900 aged 20 years, occupation painter.  He married Elizabeth Jane McClean at St Michael the Archangel, Aldershot, Surrey on the 23 April 1904. He was aged 24 years and stationed at Stanhope Lines, Aldershot.  His wife was aged 29 and she resided at Alexander Road, Aldershot.  At some time, his wife died and he remarried in 1913 to Tabitha Hunt.  On the 23 November 1912 he was discharged from the army on the termination of the 1st period of engagement.  No other records to show when he was called to the colours.  His birth certificate show he was registered as James.  When he remarried he used the name of Jams McMeekin McClure

Robert was Born 8 December 1890 to Thomas Beggs McClure and Margaret Jane Gleghorn McClure nee McMeekin of Back Road, Larne.  His father was a house painter.  Serving as Private 18229 12th Central Antrim Regiment, Royal Irish Rifles, Ulster Division at Masters Stores, Base Depot, Le Havre, France.  Both demobilized to Class Z Army Reserve Some notes from Robert’s army record. He joined up at Larne, County Antrim 15 September 1914 aged 24 years and 9 months, occupation, painter.  He was posted the same day to Clandeboye Estate Army Training Camp, near Bangor, County Down.  His parents Thomas Beggs and Margaret McClure of 8 Newington Street, Belfast were his next of kin.  He embarked to join the BEF in France 15 September 1914 and left 18 January 1919, having one period of leave.  On the 16 February 1919 he was demobilized at Dublin to his residence at 5 Newington Avenue, Belfast after serving 4 years and 155 days.  On the 24 October 1927 he wrote to the army requesting a character reference for employment purposes.  His residence at that time was 21 Frampton Street, Strandtown, Belfast, Northern Ireland

Robert Harper McELRATH.  Private 25459, 1st Royal Dublin Fusiliers.  Born 1886 to James and Mary McElrath, of "Mill Farm", County, Antrim.  Died 21 October 1918 aged 32 years.  At rest in Dadizeele New British Cemetery, Belgium.

William McGOOKIN.  Private 17806, 9th Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.  Son of William and Rachel McGookin, of Black Hill, Cookstown, County Tyrone.  Killed in action 1 July 1916 aged 19 years.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.

James Bailie McQUOID.  Corporal 9681, 1st Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.  Son of William and Elizabeth McQuoid, of 94, Chief Street, Belfast.  At rest in Shrapnel Valley Cemetery, Turkey including Gallipoli.

David NELSON.  Private 420210, 43rd Canadian Infantry.  Born in Belfast on the 30 July 1880 to Samuel and Annie McDowell Nelson of 32, Marsden Gardens, Cavehill Road, Belfast, Ireland, husband of Margaret who later re-married to Mr Kelly.  Commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial, Ypres, Belfast.

Samuel PATTON. Private 3422, 2nd Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.  Born in the Shankill area of Belfast. Killed in action 16 May 1915.  His grandmother Anne M was granted a war gratuity 17 September 1917, revised 1 October 1919.  Commemorated on the Le Touret Memorial, France.

William PATTON.  Private 17460 Durham Light Infantry.  Son of John Patton of 53 Cambrai Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 7 July 1917 aged 38 years.  At rest in Belgian Battery Corner Cemetery, Belgium.

Paul Gilchrist POLLOCK.  Lance Corporal 15780, 14th Royal Irish Rifles.  Son of John and Marion J.F. Pollock, of Duncairn, Antrim.  Killed in action on the first day of the Battle of the Somme, 1 July 1916 aged 20 years.  Commemorated on the Thiepval Memorial, France.

John Singleton Henry ROBINSON.  Captain, 13th attached to 12th  Welsh Regiment  Born in Newtown Ards, County Down, Ireland.  Killed in action 24 September 1918.  At rest in Marteville Communal Cemetery, Attilly, France

Joseph ROY.  Private 13457, 15th Royal Irish Rifles.  Son of John.  1901 residing with his father and siblings at 27 Christopher Street, Belfast.  1911 residing at the home of his married sister Mary and her husband George French ay 34 Ballycastle Street, Belfast. Died 25 June 1918.  His brother Robert and sister Mary French were both granted a war gratuity 13 September 1919.   At rest in Sarralbe Military Cemetery, Moselle France.

Thomas SILLARS.  Lance Corporal 17/1301, 8th Royal Irish Rifles.  Born 27 November 1888 to John and Anne Jane Sillars, nee Smith at 158 Argyle Street, Belfast.  Husband of Annie Victoria Sillars, nee Black of 3, Ballyclare Street, Belfast.  Died 2 July 1916.  His widow was granted a war gratuity 1 August 1917 revised 15 November 1919.  At rest in Grandcourt Road Cemetery, Grandcourt, Somme, France.    

Thomas Arnold STEAD.  Driver 785526, A Battery, 312th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery.  Son of Sidney and Edith Alice Stead, of 30, Jarrow Road, Sharrow, Sheffield.  Died 29 September 1918 aged 20 years.  At rest in Flesquieres Hill British Cemetery, Nord, France.

Robert James THOMPSON.  Rifleman 3408, 15th Royal Irish Rifles.  Son of James and Mary Ann of 35 Hanover Street, Belfast.  Killed in action 22 November 1917 aged 21 years.  Commemorated on the Cambrai Memorial, Louverval, Nord France.  

John Arthur TREW. Rifleman 689, 12th Royal Irish Rifles.  Born 17 April 1895 to Arthur and Annie Trew, nee Young  of 15, Clovelly Street, Belfast.  Died 25 July 1918 aged 23 years.   Commemorated on the Ploegsteert Memorial, Belgium.   Birth registered as John Trew, residing at 57 Willow Street, Belfast .

Frederick Ramsey WALKER. Military Cross.  2nd Lieutenant 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. formerly Sergeant Major.  Husband of Josephine Margaret Walker, of 107, Donegall Street., Belfast. Awarded Medaille Militaire (France).  Fought in the Boer War 1899 -1902   Died in Scotland 6 January 1917.  At rest in Dalry Cemetery, Edinburgh, Scotland.

The following extract is credited to Dukie News Issue 8.  June 2017 Frederick was born in the military barracks in Tipperary on 27 July 1882. His father Tom was a staff sergeant in the 25th (the King’s Own Borderers) Regiment of Foot at the time and his mother was recorded as Mary Susanna (nee Lawson). He was orphaned sometime after between 1891 and 1893; and coming from a military background he was duly admitted to the Duke of York’s Royal Military School in Chelsea on 26 May 1893. On leaving the school on 8 August 1896 aged just 14 he joined the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise’s).

https://doyrms.alumni-online.com/StaticFiles/DoyrmsITW_0000000957.pdf

Extract credited to the newspaper The Scotsman Lt Walker who was born in Tipperary in Ireland and joined the army as a boy soldier when he was 13 years old. He died suddenly at Dreghorn camp, in Colinton, Edinburgh, on 6 January, 1917, aged 34. When he died, The Evening Despatch of 10 January, 1917 reported that a large number of people accompanied the cortege from camp to the cemetery, preceded by pipe and brass bands of his battalion and followed by six hundred men from different battalions. There was a graveside service, and shots were fired.

[higginsarnott]

Murdoch Mysteries Calendar 2018

WARNING: INCREDIBLY LONG POST

Righty ho! Since @mariannenorway requested to have the entire calendar posted, and I am always one to grant people’s wishes, I’ve got the entire calendar here for you!

And don’t worry if you can’t read the writing on the pages, underneath each photo will be the title of the page, notable dates, birthdays and the writing from the bottom of each page! So let’s begin!

Note: For the different phases of the moon, it should be obvious what they are but if not, here you go:

First Quarter - First Quarter of the moon’s phase

Last Quarter - Last Quarter of the moon’s phase

New Moon - Moon phase starts again

Full Moon - The moon should be completely full in the sky

Current 2017 Months from September to December

Notable dates:

None

Description:

Set in Toronto at the dawn of the 20th century during the age of invention, Murdoch Mysteries is a one-hour drama series that explores the world of Detective William Murdoch (Yannick Bisson), a methodical and dashing detective who pioneers radical forensic techniques to solve some of the city;s most gruesome murders. Murdoch’s colleagues include his wife, the fiery and fiercely intelligent Dr. Julia Ogden (Hélène Joy); Constable George Crabtree (Jonny Harris), Murdoch’s eager but sometimes naive right-hand man; Inspector Thomas Brackenreid (Thomas Craig), Murdoch’s skeptical yet reluctantly supportive boss; and morgue assistant Rebecca James (Mouna Traoré), a resourceful young medical student taken under Ogden’s mentorship.

One of Canada’s most successful and longest-running drama series, Murdoch Mysteries is watched around the world in 110 countries and territories. The Season 10 finale ‘’Hell To Pay’’ marked 150 episodes of the series! Do you recognise and of your favourites in the collage above? Season 11 of Murdoch Mysteries will premiere in 2017/2018.

January

Notable dates:

January 1st - New Years Day

January 2nd - Full Moon

January 4th - 1 Year Anniversary of the Henry Higgins Trash Club

January 6th - Epiphany

January 7th - Orthodox Christmas

January 8th - Last Quarter

January 14th - Orthodox New Year

January 15th - Martin Luther King Jr. Day in the USA

January 17th - New Moon

January 24th - First Quarter

January 31st - Full Moon

Description

In the series premiere, ‘’Power’’ (Episode 101), the electrocution of a young woman finds Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) in the middle of warring rival electricity suppliers, one being Nikola Tesla (Dmitry Chepovetsky) himself! In a case that’s further complicated by bribery, scandal and dirty backroom dealings, Murdoch must find out who killed the woman - and why. This month marks the 10th anniversary of the world premiere of Murdoch Mysteries!

February

Notable dates:

February 7th - Last Quarter

February 12th - Georgina Reilly’s Birthday and Family Day in British Columbia, Canada

February 14th - Ash Wednesday and Valentines Day

February 15th - New Moon

February 16th - LACHLAN MURDOCH’S BIRTHDAY WOOOO! (Also Chinese New Year, Year of the Dog)

February 19th - Provincial Holiday in the following Canadian provinces:

Alberta

Manitoba

Nova Scotia

Ontario

Prince Edward Island

Saskatchewan

It’s also President’s Day in the USA

February 23rd - Heritage Day in the Yukon and the First Quarter

February 28th - Purim begins at sundown

Description

In Episode 714, ‘’Friday the 13th, 1901′’ Crabtree (Jonny Harris) drunkenly challenges Leslie Garland (Giacomo Gianniotti) to a curling match and is forced to hurriedly assemble a team. Unfortunately, Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) is hardly in the mood for games after his proposal to Ogden (Hélène Joy) was rejected, leaving Crabtree and Brackenreid (Thomas Craig) to appeal to Murdoch’s affinity for science in hopes of luring him out to the rink. This February, at the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea, Canada will defend its gold medals in both Men’s and Women’s curling.

March

@sibylle1898 you’ll like this month’s photo :)

Notable dates:

March 2nd - Full Moon

March 9th - Last Quarter

March 11th - Daylight Saving Time Begins

March 17th - New Moon and St. Patrick’s Day

March 20th - Spring Equinox

March 24th - First Quarter

March 25th - Palm Sunday

March 30th - Good Friday and Passover begins at sundown

March 31st - Full Moon

Description

In Episode 701 ‘’Murdoch Ahoy’’, a new passenger liner bound for Rochester is about to set sail, and Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) and Brackenreid (Thomas Craig) are called aboard by the owner, who is concerned about threats. When Murdoch spots Ogden (Hélène Joy) amongst the guests, he suggests they stay and monitor the situation. This episode was filmed aboard the S.S. Keewatin, the only remaining Edwardian passenger steamship in the world, which is now moored in Port McNicoll, Ontario. Built five years before the RMS Titanic, the S.S. Keewatin utilizes similar machinery including a quadruple expansion steam engine and Scotch boilers.

April

Notable dates:

April 1st - Easter Sunday and Orthodox Palm Sunday

April 2nd - Easter Monday

April 8th - Last Quarter and Pascha (Orthodox Easter)

April 16th - New Moon

April 22nd - First Quarter and Earth Day

April 23rd - Maureen Jennings’ Birthday and St. George’s Day in Newfoundland and Labrador (as well as over here in England)

April 30th - Full Moon

Description

In Episode 1002, ‘’Great Balls of Fire, Part 2′’, a massive fire consumes Toronto, complicating Murdoch’s (Yannick Bisson) investigation into the murders of two young women. When Ogden (Hélène Joy) is trapped by the intense fire, Murdoch braves the flames to rescue his wife. On April 19th, 104, Toronto’s business district was consumed in flames in what is known as The Great Fire of 1904. While no lives were lost in the fire, the cause of which was never determined, more than 250 firefighters worked to extinguish the blaze. Over 100 buildings were destroyed and 20 acres of the city levelled.

May

Notable dates:

May 5th - Cinco De Mayo in the USA

May 8th - Last Quarter

May 13th - Mother’s Day

May 15th - New Moon and Ramadan begins at sundown

May 16th - Yannick Bisson’s Birthday!

May 21st - Victoria Day all across Canada and National Patriot’s Day in Quebec

May 22nd - First Quarter

May 28th - William and Julia’s Wedding Anniversary and Memorial Day in the USA

May 29th - Full Moon

Description

In Episode 804, ‘’Holy Matrimony, Murdoch!’’, wedding bells finally ring for Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) and Ogden (Hélène Joy) in the landmark 100th episode of the series. When best man Crabtree (Jonny Harris) loses the ring, Higgins (Lachlan Murdoch) comes to the rescue by finding it just in time for the nearly derailed ceremony. Despite a case nearly getting in the way of the wedding, everything comes happily together for the lovebirds in the end. The two were wed on May 28th, 1902.

June

Notable dates:

June 6th - Last Quarter

June 13th - New Moon

June 14th - Eid al-Fitr begins at sundown

June 17th - Father’s Day

June 19th - Henry Higgins Trash Club’s Birthday! (aka my birthday)

June 20th - First Quarter

June 21st - Summer Solstice and National Aboriginal Day in Northwest Territories of Canada

June 24th - National Holiday of Quebec in Quebec

June 25th - Discovery Day in Newfoundland and Labrador

June 28th - Full Moon

Description

In Episode 1008, ‘’Weekend at Murdoch’s’’, after two witnesses in a murder trial are killed while birdwatching, Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) and Crabtree (Jonny Harris) must protect the third witness. Much to Crabtree’s dismay, the witness is Roger Newsome (Cyrus Lane), the obnoxious playboy who flustered him during previous investigations into crimes at his automobile, golf and puzzle-solving clubs. Unfortunately, Newsome fails to grasp the risk to his life and when he sneaks out and is shot and killed by a sniper, Murdoch devises an outlandish ploy to keep the case alive and smoke out the killer by faking Newsome’s survival.

July

@detectivewatts I believe this is your month :)

Notable dates:

July 1st - Canada Day

July 2nd - William Murdoch’s Birthday! (born in 1863)

July 4th - Independence Day in the USA

July 6th - Last Quarter

July 9th - Nunavut Day in Nunavut and Orangemen’s Day in Newfoundland and Labrador

July 13th - New Moon

July 19th - First Quarter

July 27th - Full Moon

Description

In Season 10, the rumpled and gruff Llewellyn Watts (Daniel Maslany) arrives from Station House No. 1. Upon hearing about Brackenreid’s temporary departure, in addition to being asked to leave his home station over personality conflicts, Watts decides that Station House No. 4 needs another detective and decides to make himself comfortable in the Inspector’s office.

August

@crabtreee your month I presume?

Notable dates:

August 4th - Last Quarter

August 6th - Civic Holiday in every Canadian province except the following:

Quebec

Newfoundland and Labrador

Yukon

August 11th - New Moon

August 18th - First Quarter

August 20th - Discovery Day in Yukon

August 21st - Eid al-Adha begins at sundown

August 26th - Full Moon

Description

In Episode 912, ‘’Unlucky In Love’’, the electrocution of an elderly groom leads Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) to suspect a black widow, while Crabtree (Jonny Harris) meets Lucy Maud Montgomery (Alison Louder) at a writing class he teaches. While the charming constable is arguably a romatic at heart, it seems that he hasn’t quite found the right person at the right time, though at the end of Season 10 he may be falling back into the arms of Nina Bloom (Erin Agostino)...

September

Notable dates:

September 3rd - Last Quarter and Labour Day in Canada and USA

September 9th - New Moon and Rosh Hashanah begins at sundown

September 10th - Muharram begins at sundown

September 16th - First Quarter

September 17th - Daniel Maslany’s Birthday!

September 18th - Yom Kippur begins at sundown

September 21st - UN International Day of Peace

September 22nd - Jonny Harris’ Birthday!

September 23rd - Autumn Equinox

September 25th - Full Moon

Description

In Episode 1005, ‘’Jagged Little Pill’’, James (Mouna Traoré) has been studying to become a doctor at the Medical College for Women at Ogden’s (Hélène Joy) urging. But when one of her fellow students is found drowned from an apparent suicide, she is convinced something is amiss and begins her own secret investigation. She soon discovers some unsettling information with repercussions for Murdoch’s investigation, leaving her in a quandary over whether to reveal her meddling or stay quiet.

October

Notable dates:

October 2nd - Last Quarter

October 8th - Thanksgiving Day in Canada and Columbus Day in the USA

October 9th - New Moon

October 13th - Arwen Humphrey’s Birthday!

October 16th - First Quarter

October 21st - Hélène Joy’s Birthday!

October 24th - Full Moon and United Nations Day

October 25th - Kristian Bruun’s Birthday!

October 31st - Halloween and Last Quarter

Description

In Episode 1016, ‘’Master Lovecraft’’, the discovery of a young girl’s dead body and some grotesque sketches lead Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) to suspect a gang of death-obsessed teenagers, which includes a young H.P. Lovecraft (Tyler East). Meanwhile, the macabre seems to be spreading to civilized society when Margaret Brackenreid (Arwen Humphreys) finds out her reading group has chosen Dracula. After a creepy run-in with Lovecraft, Margaret soon finds him haunting her subconscious when literature’s most famous vampire (East) pays her a visit... in her nightmares!

November

@tommy-two-cakes this is your month I imagine :)

Notable dates:

November 4th - Daylight Saving Time Ends

November 7th - New Moon

November 11th - Mouna Traoré’s Birthday, Remembrance Day in Canada and Veterans Day in the USA

November 15th - First Quarter

November 22nd - Thanksgiving in the USA

November 23rd - Full Moon

November 30th - Last Quarter

Description

In Episode 1006, ‘’Bend It Like Brackenreid’’, as Murdoch investigates the strange death of a footballer, the player’s death puts his team’s run for the Olympics in jeopardy. Brackenreid (Thomas Craig) gets caught up in the team’s training, and finds himself in a position to coach Galt F.C. and the opportunity to bring Olympic glory to Canada. Galt F.C. went on to win the gold medal at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis in a tournament played from November 16-23, 1904.

December

Notable dates:

December 2nd - Advent and Hanukkah begins at sundown

December 4th - Thomas Craig’s Birthday!

December 7th - New Moon

December 15th - First Quarter

December 21st - Winter Solstice

December 22nd - Full Moon

December 25th - Christmas Day

December 26th - Boxing Day

December 29th - Last Quarter

Description

In the holiday special ‘’Once Upon a Murdoch Christmas’’, brazen robberies target Toronto’s wealthiest businessmen just days before Christmas. Murdoch (Yannick Bisson) and Brackenreid (Thomas Craig) realise that their jobs are under fire if they don’t quickly solve the case. Meanwhile, Jackson (Kristian Bruun) and James (Mouna Traoré) team up to bring Christmas spirit to the Station House with a police choir, Crabtree’s (Jonny Harris) latest novel finds some unlikely fans, and Ogden (Hélène Joy) is stalked by two street urchins who need her help. All the while Murdoch works to surprise Ogden with a mysterious gift.

DONE. NOW IF YOU’LL EXCUSE ME I NEED TO GO AND SEVERE MY HANDS OFF BECAUSE THEY HURT AFTER THIS

[usuallypinkcollector-world-blog]

Vasco da Gama Racing Club

founded on August 21, 1898 by a group of oarsmen. Inspired by the celebrations of the fourth centenary of the discovery of the maritime route to the Indies, which took place in 1498, they christened the new association with the name of the Portuguese hero who achieved this achievement, the navigator Vasco da Gama.

Despite being founded as a "regatta club", consecrated in rowing as one of the greatest champions of the country, Vasco da Gama still covers other modalities like athletics, beach volleyball, basketball, sand soccer, among others, having as more traditional sport the soccer. The colors of the Vasco have a strong significance: black refers to the unknown seas of the East, crossed by Vasco da Gama, while the white of the diagonal strip refers to the route discovered by the admiral. In addition, these are colors that fit the idea of ​​a communion of ethnic groups (since it was the first club in Brazil to fight racial and social prejudices), having been the first in the history of Brazilian sports clubs to have elected a president "not white" (in 1904, at a time when racism was common practice in sport, the Basques had the honor of leading the mulatto Cândido José de Araújo to the club's highest step). The Cross, the main symbol, has a strong religious aspect, because the Military Order of Christ was both religious and warlike.

It is the only two-time Rio club in intercontinental soccer tournaments of great historical importance (1953 and 1957). In 1953, Vasco won the Octagonal Rivadavia Corrêa Meyer Tournament, an official competition of the CBD, organized with the support of FIFA manager Ottorino Barassi, successor competition of the Rio Internacional Cup, treated in Europe as an edition of the Rio Cup and aimed at the 4 big clubs in Rio. At the 1957 Paris International Tournament, Vasco entered History as the first and only non-European club to defeat a UEFA Champions League champion since the first title of this European competition (defeated by Real Madrid on June 13, 1956 ) to the 1st Intercontinental Cup (on July 3, 1960), with the 1957 Paris Tournament final being considered by the French press as the final between the European champion and the team considered the best in South America in a performance that charmed the French public and the press, with Vasco and Brazilian football playing in front of the European and world public.

It is also the only two-time South American club in Rio de Janeiro, winning the only competition recognized by CONMEBOL as a precursor of the Copa Libertadores de América, the South American Championship of Champions of 1948, in a status equivalent to that of the Libertadores. Supercopa das Campeões da Liberadores (competition reserved for the champions of the Libertadores) in function of the title of 1948; and the Copa Libertadores of America of 1998 (conquered in the centenary year). In South American titles, Vasco would still win the Copa Mercosul in 2000. Vasco is until today the only club in Rio de Janeiro to have won two editions of disputed competitions with the goal of nominating the South American champion in 1948 and 1998.

In national titles, Vasco won four Brazilian Championships in 1974, 1989, 1997 and 2000, a Brazilian Cup in 2011, several official state titles (several Rio Cup championships, and Municipal, Extra, Start and Lightning tournaments) and 5 official interstate titles (3 Rio-São Paulo Tournament, 1 Rio-São Paulo State Champions Cup and 1 João Havelange Tournament). He also won several national and international tournaments.

Vasco da Gama still has, among his idol squad, the top scorers in the Brazilian Championship of all time, with Roberto Dynamite, the largest, with 190 goals, followed by Romário and Edmundo, with 154 and 153 goals respectively. The first great idol of the club was striker Ademir de Menezes, who led the memorable "Expresso da Vitória", becoming the top scorer of Vasco with 301 goals scored, number only surpassed by Dinamite and Romário decades later.

According to research conducted by Paraná Research at the request of Globoesporte.com in 2016, Vasco has the fifth largest fan in Brazil, with 4.5% of those interviewed with a margin of error of 1.50 pp, tied technically in the fourth place with Palmeiras .

On July 2, 2007, the then governor of Rio de Janeiro, Sérgio Cabral Filho, sanctioned Bill # 5,052, which created the Day of the Vasco, a commemorative date that honors the founding of the club.

[mavrock1]

BORN JAMES SCOTT BUMGARNER 

JAMES GARNER FAMILY TREE 

William Womack

Generation No. 1

William Womack was born Abt. 1610 in Kent, England, and died Bef. 1685 in Henrico County, Virginia. He married Mary Jane Allen Abt. 1643 in Henrico County, Virginia.

Richard Womack Generation No. 2

Richard Womack was born Abt. 1655 in Henrico County, Virginia, and died Bef. April 25, 1684 in Henrico County, Virginia. He married Mary Elizabeth Ruth Puckettin Abt. 1675 in Henrico County, Virginia, daughter of John Puckett and Ann Jefferys.

Richard received a patent for 450 acres of land in Henrico Co., March 15, 1672. This land lays on the North side of the Appomattox River adjoining Aspen Swamp. Richard, a trader with the Indians, was killed probably by the Seneca Indians while returning from a trip to the interior. After Richards death Mary married John Granger sometime around the 1st of April 1690.

Richard Womack, Jr.

Generation No. 3

Richard Womack , Jr.in was born Abt. 1676 in Henrico County, Virginia, and died Bef. March 1722/23 in Henrico County, Virginia. He married b Elizabeth Ann Puckett Abt. 1707, daughter of William Puckett and Anne Womack.

Richard Womack III

Generation No. 4

Richard Womack III was born December 07, 1710 in Henrico County, Virginia, and died 1790 in Hancock County, Georgia. He married Ann Childers, daughter of Henry Childers and Lucretia Jones.

Richard Womack III: Lived in Henrico County, later moved to Amelia County, then to Lunenburg County, from there he moved to North Carolina. In about 1765 he move to Burk County, Georgia. Died while on a visit to Abraham in Hancock County, Georgia.

David Womack Generation No. 5

David Womack was born Abt. 1735 in Henrico County, Virginia, and died Bef. 1804 in Beaufort District, S.C.. 

He married Mildred Pryor in Orange County, N.C., daughter of John Pryor and Margaret Gaines.

David Womack settled by 1761 in that part of Orange County, North Carolina, which became Caswell County in 1777 ( and lived in one of the sections { Nash District } that became Person County in 1791). By 1771 he had married Mildred Pryor, as proven in the Will of John Pryor, her father, dated 1771, Orange County, North Carolina. He served as a Revolutionary War Soldier. Was appointed on 11 Sept. 1777, Patroller of the Nash District in North Carolina. David sold out 1784 probably living in the Northwest part of South Carolina for a time before finally settling in St. Helena Parish, Louisana.

Mildred Pryor is one of few individuals who's ancestry has been documented back to Biblical times. The Royal line of Kings and Queens.

Richard Mansel Womack IV

Generation No. 6

Richard Mansel Womack IV was born Abt. 1768 in Orange County, N.C., and died Abt. 1825 in St. Helena Parish, Louisana. He married (1) Dicy Jane Hayeslain. He married (2) Martha.

Richard Mansel Womack IV: Settled in Louisana, purchased land adjoining his brother Col. Abner in 1809. Martha was probably of Indian descent (Choctaw). She patented land in Copiah Co., MS., Dec. 24, 1834, which was sold Jan. 3, 1835. Abner and Annastacy were co-signers. Richard served in the 12th Regt., LA., Militia during the war of 1812.

David Womack

Generation No. 7

David Womack was born May 08, 1800 in Lewisville, Georgia, and died July 20, 1886. He married plainMildred Womack March 16, 1827 in Liberty, MS., daughter of David Womack and Sarah Norris.

John Crossley Womack

Generation No. 8

John Crossley Womack was born December 21, 1827 in Mississippi, and died March 04, 1890 in Cameron, Texas. He married Sarah Jane Williamson.

Dr. John Crossley Womack. Possibly middle name Crosby.

John David Womack

Generation No. 9

John David Womack was born Abt. 1855 in Arkansas, and died December 16, 1916 in San Antonio, TX. He married Minnie Glorietta Neher Abt. 1881 in Texas, daughter of John Neher and Mary Riggs.

Abbie Lillian Womack

Generation No. 10

Abbie Lillian Womack was born March 02, 1885, and died February 21, 1969 in Norman, OK. She married Charley Meek Abt. 1904.

Mildred Meek

Generation No. 11

Mildred Meek was born Abt. 1905 in Oklahoma, and died Abt. 1933 in Norman, OK. She married inWilliam Weldon Bumgarner Abt. 1921 in Norman, OK.

James Scott Bumgarner (James Garner)

Generation No. 12

James Scott2 Bumgarner was born 1928 in Norman, OK.

Changed last name to Garner, as most people know him today, James Garner has appeared in dozens of films since the mid 1950s, frequently playing amiable but crafty good guys. His greatest fame comes from two popular TV series: The Rockford Files (1974-80), in which he played an offbeat private eye; and Maverick (1957-60), a sly western with Garner as a adventurous card shark. The latter was remade as a 1994 movie with Mel Gibson in the title role.

Academy Award -nominee JAMES GARNER (Raymond Hope) has been an esteemed member of the acting profession since he received widespread critical acclaim for his breakthrough performance in "Sayonara," starring Marlon Brando..

He received his Oscar® nomination in 1984 for his work in the film "Murphy's Romance" opposite Sally Field and includes among his many feature film credits starring roles in such noteworthy films as "The Great Escape," "The Children's Hour," "Grand Prix," "The Americanization of Emily," "Skin Game," "Support Your Local Sheriff," "Victor/Victoria," "Maverick" and most recently "My Fellow Americans."

James Scott Bumgarner was born in Norman, OK., 1928. His mother died when he was five. At age 16, he quit high school to join the Merchant Marines, where he served for one year. Jim then moved to Los Angeles, where his father had relocated, and attended Hollywood High School for about a year. He held numerous odd jobs, one of his first jobs was modeling swim trunks for Jantzen Sportswear. After about a year in Tinsletown Jim returned to Oklahoma where he starred in football at Norman High School, and later joined the State National Guard. In 1950 he was drafted for the Korean War; The first person from the State of Oklahoma drafted as an infantryman, He served 14 months in Korea for the Fifth Regimental Combat Team of the 24th Division and was awarded two Purple Hearts for wounds he suffered in action. After his discharge in 1952, Jim enrolled in Norman University, but dropped out after one semester and returned to Los Angeles to work with his father, a carpet layer.

Upon his return, Garner looked up an old friend who had become a producer during his absence. The friend, Paul Gregory, gave Garner his first acting job in the stage production of "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial."

His popularity was secured in the 1950s hit television series "Maverick." He also went on to star in another successful series, "The Rockford Files," for which he was awarded an Emmy. To this day, there is still a demand for more episodes with Garner as the Malibu private investigator.

A Golden Globe winner for his work in the HBO telefilm "Decoration Day" and "Barbarians at the Gate," Garner has earned numerous Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for his work in the acclaimed telefilms "Heartsounds," "Promise," "My Name is Bill W.," "Decoration Day," and "Breathing Lessons."

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.31

30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: 6th day of the 7th month of the 1st year of the Ten'o (天応) era). 1009 – Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII. 1201 – Attempted usurpation by John Komnenos the Fat for the throne of Alexios III Angelos. 1423 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated by the English at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne. 1451 – Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France. 1492 – The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect. 1498 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad. 1588 – The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England. 1618 – Maurice, Prince of Orange disbands the waardgelders militia in Utrecht, a pivotal event in the Remonstrant/Counter-Remonstrant tensions. 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654–67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years. 1658 – Aurangzeb is proclaimed Mughal emperor of India. 1703 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers. 1712 – Action of 31 July 1712 (Great Northern War): Danish and Swedish ships clash in the Baltic Sea; the result is inconclusive. 1715 – Seven days after a Spanish treasure fleet of 12 ships left Havana, Cuba for Spain, 11 of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida. A few centuries later, treasure is salvaged from these wrecks. 1741 – Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia. 1763 – Odawa Chief Pontiac's forces defeat British troops at the Battle of Bloody Run during Pontiac's War. 1777 – The U.S. Second Continental Congress passes a resolution that the services of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States." 1790 – The first U.S. patent is issued, to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process. 1856 – Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city. 1865 – The first narrow-gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Queensland, Australia. 1874 – Dr. Patrick Francis Healy became the first African-American inaugurated as president of a predominantly white university, Georgetown University. 1904 – Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Hsimucheng: Units of the Imperial Japanese Army defeat units of the Imperial Russian Army in a strategic confrontation. 1913 – The Balkan States sign an armistice in Bucharest. 1917 – World War I: The Battle of Passchendaele begins near Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. 1919 – German national assembly adopts the Weimar Constitution, which comes into force on August 14. 1932 – The NSDAP (Nazi Party) wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections. 1938 – Bulgaria signs a non-aggression pact with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia). 1938 – Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius the Great in Persepolis. 1941 – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question." 1941 – World War II: The Battle of Smolensk concludes with Germany capturing about 300,000 Soviet Red Army prisoners.[1] 1945 – Pierre Laval, the fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria. 1948 – At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated. 1948 – USS Nevada is sunk by an aerial torpedo after surviving hits from two atomic bombs (as part of post-war tests) and being used for target practice by three other ships. 1954 – On the Italian Karakoram expedition Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli become the first people to reach the summit of K2, the world's second highest mountain. 1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes. 1970 – Black Tot Day: The last day of the officially sanctioned rum ration in the Royal Navy. 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover. 1972 – The Troubles: In Operation Motorman, the British Army re-takes the urban no-go areas of Northern Ireland. It is the biggest British military operation since the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the biggest in Ireland since the Irish War of Independence. Later that day, nine civilians are killed by car bombs in the village of Claudy. 1973 – A Delta Air Lines jetliner, flight DL 723 crashes while landing in fog at Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89. 1975 – The Troubles: three members of a popular cabaret band and two gunmen are killed during a botched paramilitary attack in Northern Ireland. 1987 – A tornado occurs in Edmonton, Canada. 1988 – Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia. 1991 – The United States and Soviet Union both sign the START I Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the first to reduce (with verification) both countries' stockpiles. 1992 – The nation of Georgia joins the United Nations. 1992 – Thai Airways International Flight 311 crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing all 113 people on board. 1999 – Discovery Program: Lunar Prospector: NASA intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the Moon's surface. 2006 – Fidel Castro hands over power to his brother, Raúl. 2007 – Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end. 2012 – Michael Phelps breaks the record set in 1964 by Larisa Latynina for the most medals won at the Olympics. 2014 – Gas explosions in the southern Taiwanese city of Kaohsiung kill at least 20 people and injure more than 270.

[sabadkiensis]

About us

The historical archives of Subotica is a cultural institution engaged in activities concerning the protection of archival materials and active records on the municipal territory of Subotica, Bachka Topola and Mali Idjos.

Since it became active initially as an archival area, The Archives transformed into an institution that holds 484 fonds and collections which contains 6 535, 77 shelf meters of archival materials.

So far, the institution developed and prospered and together with the increase of storage and working space, the expertise among the archives personnel has grown. Today it continues to develop following the contemporary archival tendencies, according to the rules and regulations.

BASIC INFORMATION

Full name of The Archives:

City State Archives of Subotica (since 1952),

The Historical Archives of Subotica (since1964)

Address of the Archives:

24000 Subotica, Trg Slobode 1/III

Supervisor:

Stevan Mačković, director

Contact:

024/524-033,

(faks. 524-033),

626-889

www.suarhiv.co.rs

Establishment of the archives:

The data from the existence of a room in 1751, which represented the archives and had a purpose of preserving the correspondences created by the city government, accounts for the long continuity of the records preservation in our town. That is the year the first City Hall was built which had only four rooms, one of which was the archives. Thanks to that fact, the conditions for preservation of the documents created by the city administration of Subotica have been created, beginning in 1743, when the town of Subotica acquired a municipal independency and civil self-government. Since that period, administration activities can be observed through the records that have been preserved. They continue with their work in the following historical periods of The Habsburg Monarchy, Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Kingdom of Yugoslavia until the seventies of the 20th century. These archival materials reflect the economical, political and cultural life of people living in this area.

After the first one, two more City Halls were later built in Subotica (in 1828 and in 1910) and the center of the Archives hasn't been moved out of it to this day.

Organized way of preserving archival documents including the very appearance of archival service in Subotice, can be recognized only after the Second World War.

Having realized the significance of written documentation, the government organs established the first rules and regulations after the war, to prevent the destruction of the documents. Individual rules and regulations about the protection of documentation will transform into an organized means of protection by establishing the archival area for the city of Subotica and Bachka Topola district, according to the decision passed by the education department GIO NS APV no. 16800 since 1946. Nine Archival Areas in Vojvodina were formed by this decision: Novi Sad area, Sombor area, Subotica area (including the city of Subotica, Subotica district and Bachka Topola district), Senta area, Velika Kikinda area, This decision also stated that every archival area had to have its own archival supervisor.

In the beginning of 1949, the Archival Area became the Archival Center. In a document from 16 February 1949, issued by the city national board – the executive board, to the archivist of the archival area, it was stated that Archival Areas can not be treated as institutions, until a new decision was passed by the Ministry of Education.

According to the rule of the executive board of the city national board no. 2173/1952, passed according to the rule of Ministry of Education of the National Republic of Serbia, no. 32355, an independant institution was established, under the name of City State Arhcives in Subotica.

The institution is named The Historical Archives of Subotica in 1964, according to the rule of the district assembly no. 05-7101/1964. Rights and obligations of the founder were conducted in that period by the National Board of the District- Subotica District Assembly.

Important dates:

- in 1946, The Archival Area for the city of Subotica and Bachka Topola district was formed;

- July 16, 1947, The Archival Area supervisor was appointed;

- in the beginning of 1949, The Archival Area is transformed into The Archival Center;

- in 1952, an independent institution is established under the name of City State Archives;

- in 1964, institution is named The Historical Archives of Subotica.

Establishment act:

The rule of the executive board of the City National Board of Subotica no. 2173/1952, passed according to the decision of the Ministry of Education of National Republic of Serbia, no. 32355.

First director:

Emil Vojnović

HISTORY OF FONDS AND COLLECTIONS

The most important fonds at the very establishment:

Archival materials of the Magistracy 1743-1918, City Commissioners, City Attorneys, Court Baron of the town Subotica, Bajmok, Aleksandrovo, School supervisory committee.

From 1743, we can monitor the preserved materials created by the city government. After the abolition of Tisa river and Morish river military frontier, military town Subotica was proclaimed privileged market town named Saint Mary by the charter issued by Maria Theresa. The preserved fond from the period of free royal city Subotica (1779-1849 is the Magistracy of the free royal city of Subotica fond. The work of the city administration can be traced through the fond of the Town's Head Office from 1850 to1860, followed by the fond City Council of the Free Royal City Subotica from 1861 to 1918.

Later attained fonds and collection of significant value:

Town's Head Office 1918-1941, City National Board 1945-1954, court fonds, Town Court for the social welfare of orphans – Subotica, Collection of registers of elementary schools, archival material from different associations, societies etc.

Overall quantity of archival materials in the archives:

At the end of 2010, there were 535, 77 shelf meters of archival materials and 484 fonds, 391 of which are arranged and 82 not arranged. There are 6 535, 77 shelf meters of archival materials in the repositories. The institution is conducting monitoring over 833 archives creating agencies on the territory of Subotica, Bachka Topola and Mali Idjos.

The level of preservation:

good

Chronological analysis of the archival materials:

Documents in The Archives are from the period between 1658 and 2006/2008. The oldest original document kept in the archives is the royal charter of Janos Senci form 1658. Around ten documents are preserved from the period of Tisa river military frontier, which the military town Subotica was apart of. After the battle at Senta in 1697, Subotica was incorporated to the Military border.

Documents contained in the fonds and collection range over the period of time from the 17th century to this day and give evidence about life in Subotica and surrounding area. Archives keeps a vast group of records: documentation (charters and diplomas), manuscripts (protocols, registers and other books), documents with finding aids, handwritten legacies for important families and people, charts, maps, plans, printed material, photographs, audio-visual material, magnetic recordings (disks and similar). Records are mostly written in Serbian, Hungarian, German, Latin and Croatian. The material is categorized by the date of creation in fonds and collections: organs of power and organs of government, legal organs, education, science and culture, economy, military, social and political organizations, family and personal fonds and collections.

Based on the categorization of records, archival fonds are grouped into fonds of exceptional, big and general significance. There are 21 fonds of exceptional significant: F. 261. Magistracy of the Royal Market Town Sent Mary (Subotica) (1743-1779), F. 272. Magistracy of Free Royal Town of Subotica (1779-1849), F. 071.War damage district commission - Subotica (1945-1946), F. 385. War damage commission for the district and town - Subotica (1946-1947), F. 069. War damage commission - Subotica (1945-1946), F. 283. Municipality Geodesic Administration - Subotica (1965- ?), F:377. Land Registry Office – Subotica (1945-1965), F. 166. Local Command - Subotica (1944-1945), F. 284. Military station – Pačir (1944-1945), F. 348. Military station - Stara Moravica (1944-1945), F. 023 Royal District Court - Subotica (1871-1918), F. 020 District Court (Sudbeni sud) - Subotica (1861-1871), F. 045. District Court- Subotica (1919-1941), F. 086. District Court- Subotica (1945-?), F. 419. County Commercial Court - Subotica (1945-?), F. 060. Town Head Offices of the Free Royal City Subotica (1941-1944), F. 001 Vojnić family from Bajša (1644-1946), F. 179. Collection of Ištvana Ivanji (1724-1783), F. 271. Collection “Secret Archives” of the town Subotica (1743-1904), F. 275. Collection of Projects (1845-1989), F. 216. Collection of Elisabeth Lifka (1882-1981).

The majority of these fonds are used in research the most.

Repository space:2805, 9 m²

1.) The center (offices and repository space on 3rd and 4th floor in the City Hall) - 1371,71 m²

2.) Repository in Subotica (part of the basement in the building of the Court), Sencanski put 1 street - 227.50 m²

3.) Repository in Subotica (part of the object, 1st, 2nd and 3rd floor), Matije Gupca street – 506,37.98 m²

4.) Repository in Bachka Topola, (part of the ground floor storage space), Bajsanski put 21 street - 144 m²

5.) 3 bomb shelters in Subotica - 484,71 m²

HISTORY OF THE ARCHIVES' BUILDING

Short history of the Archives repositories:

At the end on 1948, The City Museum made one of its rooms available to The Archival Area, and in 1949, two more rooms in Engelsova Street in Subotica. At the end of 1950, the archival Center has been given eleven rooms at the third floor of the Head National Board's building (which was the official name of the place at that time) which is the City Hall today, where The Archives is still located. The Archives was given additional space for record keeping, in the basement of the court building in 1982, in Bachka Topola in 1988, 3 floors in an object in the Matije Gupca street in 2005 and 3 bomb shelters in 2008.

History of the current Archives' building: The building in which the center of The Archives is currently located was built in 1908-1912, on approximately the same spot as the former two. The building was built according to the designs by two architects from Budapest, Marcel Komor and Deze Jakab. The ground floor was accommodated by the catering and trade services, the second and the third floor were occupied by the administrative services, like today. Part of the third floor, formerly utilized by the police and remand prison, is used for repository space and offices of The Historical Archives.

The City Hall was built in the Hungarian secession style and the main entrance is the most impressive, together with a complex of formal rooms on the first floor. The most interesting part of the City Hall is the tower, 76 m high, resembling the tower of the government palace Târgu Mures in Romania, which was designed by the same architects. The high tower has over time become the trademark of the city and can be seen on various publications about Subotica. The tower clock can be seen from every part of the city.

At some point, administration used to be located at a building known as the new city hall. However, the lack of funds, the impressive object and a central place of location were the factors that returned the administrative service into the building which is a symbol of the city for half the century now.

THE STUCTURE OF THE ARCHIVES

Administrative division:

- Department for administration and general issues (Secretary and accountant department)

- Preservation service department

- Archival arrangement and description department

- Documentation and information department (Reading room, repository department and archival library)

Activities:

Protection of the records:

– 851 registered record making agencies (37084,25 dm) and 484 fonds in the archives (6547 dm)

Activities with users:

– in 2010, the number of applications submitted in The Archives for personal and legal purposes was 821 and the number of researchers was 141, 120 of which local and 21 foreign researchers (1120m books were issued for use, 190 archival boxes, 1001 subjects, 44 maps, 42 folios) and 34 users of library materials.

Personnel:

Head executive board issued a decision on November 2, 1946, to all museums, archives and libraries in Vojvodina, about personnel employed in these institutions. It is assessed that one director and archivists and archival assistants should be employed depending on the amount of archival materials and additional activities and tasks required. The professional staff can be employed indefinitely, part-time or on voluntary basis.

The first archivist in The Archives located in that period in the city library, was Blasko Vojnic. On July 16, 1947, he was appointed the first archival supervisor for the Archival Area of Subotica, including the town of Subotica, district Subotica and district Bachka Topola.

In the annual report for the year 1948, Mihalj Prokes was a volunteering supervisor from January 1 to July 11. After him Ivan Rudic was appointed Archival Area archivist and supervisor. As a supervisor, he took part in archival meetings and courses in Belgrade and Dubrovnik.

The number of employees in The Archives will begin to gradually rise by the appointment of Emil Vojnovic as a supervisor, on November 28, 1951. Thanks to these archivists and archival assistants that worked in The Archives, the archival material has become available for scientific and other purposes.

There are 21 employees in the archives today.

Former directors of the archives:

- Blasko Vojnic (supervisor of the city library, in charge of organizing archival service, 1947)

- Mihalj Prokes (1947)

- Ivan Rudic (1949-1951)

- Emil Vojnovic (1951-1973)

- Andrija Horovic (1973-1974)

- Jozef Palinkas (1974-1975)

- Andrija Horovic (1976)

- Smilja Prijic (1976-1977)

- Milan Dubajic (1977-1993)

- Zoran Veljanovic (1993-2001)

- Stevan Mackovic (2001- )

Prominent archivists:

- Dr Emil Vojnovic

- Gaspar Ulmer

- mr Janos Dobos

- Laslo Madjar

[chantegrieve-blog]

Nadine Coyle Opens Up Regarding Gals Out loud 'Split'.

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[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.31

30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: 6th day of the 7th month of the 1st year of the Ten'o (天応) era). 1009 – Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII. 1201 – Attempted usurpation by John Komnenos the Fat for the throne of Alexios III Angelos. 1423 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated by the English at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne. 1451 – Jacques Cœur is arrested by order of Charles VII of France. 1492 – The Jews are expelled from Spain when the Alhambra Decree takes effect. 1498 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad. 1588 – The Spanish Armada is spotted off the coast of England. 1618 – Maurice, Prince of Orange disbands the waardgelders militia in Utrecht, a pivotal event in the Remonstrant/Counter-Remonstrant tensions. 1655 – Russo-Polish War (1654–67): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for six years. 1658 – Aurangzeb is proclaimed Mughal emperor of India. 1703 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the crime of seditious libel after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet, but is pelted with flowers. 1712 – Action of 31 July 1712 (Great Northern War): Danish and Swedish ships clash in the Baltic Sea; the result is inconclusive. 1715 – Seven days after a Spanish treasure fleet of 12 ships left Havana, Cuba for Spain, 11 of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida. A few centuries later, treasure is salvaged from these wrecks. 1741 – Charles Albert of Bavaria invades Upper Austria and Bohemia. 1763 – Odawa Chief Pontiac's forces defeat British troops at the Battle of Bloody Run during Pontiac's War. 1777 – The U.S. Second Continental Congress passes a resolution that the services of Gilbert du Motier "be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family and connexions, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States." 1790 – The first U.S. patent is issued, to inventor Samuel Hopkins for a potash process. 1856 – Christchurch, New Zealand is chartered as a city. 1865 – The first narrow-gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Queensland, Australia. 1874 – Dr. Patrick Francis Healy became the first African-American inaugurated as president of a predominantly white university, Georgetown University. 1904 – Russo-Japanese War: Battle of Hsimucheng: Units of the Imperial Japanese Army defeat units of the Imperial Russian Army in a strategic confrontation. 1913 – The Balkan States sign an armistice in Bucharest. 1917 – World War I: The Battle of Passchendaele begins near Ypres in West Flanders, Belgium. 1919 – German national assembly adopts the Weimar Constitution, which comes into force on August 14. 1932 – The NSDAP (Nazi Party) wins more than 38% of the vote in German elections. 1938 – Bulgaria signs a non-aggression pact with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (Turkey, Romania, Yugoslavia). 1938 – Archaeologists discover engraved gold and silver plates from King Darius the Great in Persepolis. 1941 – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question." 1945 – Pierre Laval, the fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria. 1948 – At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated. 1948 – USS Nevada is sunk by an aerial torpedo after surviving hits from two atomic bombs (as part of post-war tests) and being used for target practice by three other ships. 1964 – Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound telescopes. 1970 – Black Tot Day: The last day of the officially sanctioned rum ration in the Royal Navy. 1971 – Apollo program: Apollo 15 astronauts become the first to ride in a lunar rover. 1972 – The Troubles: In Operation Motorman, the British Army re-takes the urban no-go areas of Northern Ireland. It is the biggest British military operation since the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the biggest in Ireland since the Irish War of Independence. Later that day, nine civilians are killed by car bombs in the village of Claudy. 1973 – A Delta Air Lines jetliner, flight DL 723 crashes while landing in fog at Logan International Airport, Boston, Massachusetts killing 89. 1975 – The Troubles: three members of a popular cabaret band and two gunmen are killed during a botched paramilitary attack in Northern Ireland. 1987 – A tornado occurs in Edmonton, Canada. 1988 – Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia. 1991 – The United States and Soviet Union both sign the START I Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the first to reduce (with verification) both countries' stockpiles. 1992 – The nation of Georgia joins the United Nations. 1992 – Thai Airways International Flight 311 crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing all 113 people on board. 1999 – Discovery Program: Lunar Prospector: NASA intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the moon's surface. 2006 – Fidel Castro hands over power to his brother, Raúl. 2007 – Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end. 2012 – Michael Phelps breaks the record set in 1964 by Larisa Latynina for the most medals won at the Olympics. 2014 – Gas explosions in the southern Taiwanese city of Kaohsiung kill at least 20 people and injure more than 270.