#deflection and slope of statically determinate beams; moment area method

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CIVIL ENGINEERING

# CIVIL ENGINEERING NOTE: Civil Engineering endeavor will have a core requirement unique to any other engineering field. Programme primarily concerns those who are highly talented in non-performing Creative Arts, Upholstery, Woodwork, Masonry, etc., where opportunities in such skills are greatly limited. To provide professional opportunities beyond trade labour; such individuals to also have history demonstrating high levels of mathematics or physics. Additionally, programme demands students of great self-discipline, patience and tolerance for volatile business and operational development. NOTE: It may be in the best interest of Civil Engineering students that the General Education Appeasement courses be fulfilled during the “summer” and “winter” sessions. NOTE: this academic endeavor is dependent on “summer” and “winter” activities to be considered valuable. Pretty much, you don’t have a choice concerning your best interest.   Writing requirements --> Engineering Design I & II (Writing appeasement)   History requirement --> Historical Architecture and Civil Engineering There will be two types of literature, namely, Art History and Civil Engineering History. Concerns accomplishments and institutions from:       B.C.- A.D. (Africa, Asia, Middle East)       Middle Ages       Tudor architecture       Renaissance       Circa Louis XIV       Colonial       Victorian       Modern To incorporate historical architecture and civil engineering of buildings and structures out of the following:     Reservoirs and Aqueducts     Forts     Churches     Schools and Colleges     Bridges     Hospitals     Town Halls, Assemblies, Parliament     Public Buildings     Sports Arenas     Sea Ports     Airports     Train Bridges and Train Tunnels     Channel tunnel, The Øresund bridge, Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel     Eiffel Tower     Lady Liberty     Statue of “Jesus” (Brazil) In the Caribbean and other places from colonial to present (destroyed and present). Will also include buildings constructed within solid rock and methods applied to accomplish such. May include subways and catacombs (ot made of human remains). Concerning a respective structure to some degree treated will be purpose, historical circumstances, social welfare, societal progression, etc., etc. Course carries the history satisfaction option and the humanities satisfaction option. Mathematics requirements -->   Calculus for Science & Engineering I-III Ordinary Differential Equations (Check COMPUT FIN) Numerical Analysis (Check COMPUT FIN) Probability & Statistics B (Check COMPUT FIN) Mathematical Statistics (Check COMPUT FIN) Science requirements --> General Physics I & II (check Physics) Vibrations & Waves (check Physics) Fluid Mechanics (check Physics) General Engineering requirements --> Statics (check ME) Mechanics of Materials (check ME) Mechanics of Materials Lab (check ME) Engineering Thermodynamics (check ME) Civil Engineering requirements --> Structural Analysis, Advanced Structural Analysis, Cement Structures, Civil Engineering Materials Lab, Advance Cement Structures, Steel Structures, Advanced Steel Structures, Applied Hydraulics, Geographic Information Systems for Civil Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering Design, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Transportation Modelling, Land Surveying, Building Information Modeling for Capital Projects, Project Controls I & II

Course descriptions: Structural Analysis Structural analysis/design process, structural forms, and basic structural elements. Analysis of statically determinate structures including beams, trusses, frames, and composite structures, shear and moment diagrams, influence lines, and moving loads. Methods to compute deflections including double integration, moment area, and virtual work. Methods of analysis for statically indeterminate structures including consistent deformation, slope deflection and moment distribution. Use of structural analysis programs. Typical Course Text:      Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, by Leet, Uang, & Gilbert, McGraw-Hill Tools -->      SCIA Engineer      Autodesk Revit      RFEM      Sap 2000 It’s imperative that there are lab sessions towards immersion and practical professional usage of structural software for civil engineering practices and analysis of crucial, critical, technical subjects.   Homework --> A number of relevant homework problems, grouped into one or more problem sets will be assigned on the class website or given in class at the end of lecture. Some problems will challenge you with prerequisite tasks. Assignments will be collected in class at the beginning of a lecture in hard copy. Homework are suggested to be in a standard format. This includes:     (a) statement of the problem (with drawn sketch and a CAD sketch)     (b) statement of the problem (with developed structure n a CAD sketch)     (c) quantities with given values     (d) quantities to be found     (e) solution of the problem. Assigned will be typed unless there’s necessity cases for work to be done in pencil. Students to accumulate points from the following -->     Assignments 20%     Lab 15%     Midterm Exam 25%     Term-Project & Presentation 15%     Final Exam 25% Course Outline --> Week 1. Introduction , Structural Elements Week 2. Design Loads Week 3. Reactions, Free Body Diagrams Week 4. Trusses Week 5. Trusses Week 6. Beams and Frames Week 7. Shear, Moment Diagrams and deflection curves Week 8. Shear, Moment Diagrams and deflection curves Week 9. Cables Week 10. Influence Lines Week 11. Midterm Week 12. Influence Lines Week 13. Deflection of Beams and Frames Week 14. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures Week 15. Project Presentation Week 16. Final Exam Prerequisites: Mechanics of Materials, Mechanics of Materials Lab Co-requisite or Prerequisite: Calculus III, General Physics I. It’s imperative that you are keeping up with your math and physics courses (particularly General Physics I, ODE and Numerical Analysis) concerning the succeeding course. Civil Engineering Materials Lab Introduction to the concepts, techniques, and devices applied to measure engineering properties of materials. There is an emphasis on measurement of load-deformation characteristics and failure modes of both natural and fabricated materials. Weekly experiments include data collection, data analysis, and interpretation and presentation of results. Laboratory Sessions      Scheduled for two hours on X day but this will change after the first lecture.      Perform laboratory assignments in small (3 to 5 person) groups.      Will meet in various rooms depending on experiment.      We will send you email when the lab material is available.      Read the material before the laboratory and be prepared to do the work Objectives      Make measurements of behaviour of various materials used in CE      Provide physical observations to complement concepts learned prior      Introduce experimental procedures and common measurement equipment.      Exposure to a variety of established material testing techniques. Conduct of the Course      Each of the ten assignments will be done in small groups.      Data will be made available electronically after each lab.      Each person will use the data and prepare an individual report.      The report will be due about one week after the lab session.      The report will be graded based on clarity, data interpretation, and presentation.      Operations in course:              30 minute group (X day and Z day) session for overview              90 minute subgroup session to make measurements              Take all the data at the end of your session              Data posted at end of each session or end of week              Analysis and reports Requirements      Attend lectures (short description of experiments).      Ten laboratory assignments (90%)      Participation, preparation, subjective evaluation, etc. (10%)              There may be quizzes based on standards and procedures Reference Materials      Each lab assignment will include specific reading assignments.      Book of ASTM Standards (post 2000) or ambiance standards Lab Experiments      Data Acquisition and Instruments      Tension I - Elastic Behaviour      Tension II - Failure of Common Materials      Direct Shear - Frictional Behaviour      Concrete I - Early Age Properties      Compression - Directionality      Concrete II - Compression and Indirect Tension      Soil Classification      Consolidation Test (Partial Experiment)      Tension III - Heat Treatment Measurable Outcomes (Assessment Methods; Laboratory Reports, Quizzes). You should be able to:      Calibrate electronic sensors      Operate a data acquisition system      Operate various types of testing machines      Configure a testing machine to measure tension or compression behaviour      Compute engineering values (e.g., stress or strain) from laboratory measures       Analyse a stress versus strain curve for modulus, yield and strength       Identify modes of failure       Describe the frictional behaviour of soils       Classify soils according to the USCS (or whatever) system       Proportion a concrete mix to meet specific design requirements       Describe the directional strength variation of an anisotropic material       Evaluate the time rate of deformation of fine grained soils       Specify the necessary heat treating to obtain the desired steel properties       Write a technical laboratory report Prerequisites: Structural Analysis Advanced Structural Analysis Mathematica and SCIA Engineer (or Autodesk Revit and RFEM as software alternatives)  It’s imperative that there are lab sessions towards immersion and practical professional usage of structural software for civil engineering practices and analysis of crucial, critical, technical subjects.   Prototypical Textbook:      Kassimali, Aslam. (2012). Matrix Structural Analysis. 2nd Edition, Cengage Learning Mathematical Tools -->     Mathematica Structural analysis Tools -->     SCIA Engineer     Autodesk Revit     RFEM     Sap 2000 It’s imperative that there are lab sessions towards immersion and practical professional usage of structural software for civil engineering practices and analysis of crucial, critical, technical subjects.      Assignments 20%    Major Structural Lab Projects 15%    Midterm Exam 25%    Term-Project & Presentation 15%    Final Exam 25% Assignments and Major Structural Lab Projects All tasks must have an analytical computational component accompany development in a computational environment and CAD. This is not a manual matrix algebra course. You are aspiring civil engineers engineers, not practitioners of flattery and ideology. It’s quite important that you understand the difference between a civil engineer and a mathematician before you take this course, because patience and time on indulgence will not be tolerated. If you have to apply inverse or transpose or adjoint[adjoint[adjoint]] or Eigen or whatever, we are only concerned with when it comes up with modelling...then how to do away with the time consuming pig pen chase. Course Outline: I. Introduction, Definitions and Concepts   Analysis Techniques   Types of Frames Structures   Structure Idealisation   Fundamental Analysis Relationships   Review of Select Classical Methods       Moment Area       Slope Deflection       Momentum Distribution Method II. Matrix Operations Note: course will not get carried away with matrix theory, rather it will serve as a primitive tool towards something much greater than it (where meaningful use of time is just part of the reason). However, students much know modelling set ups. Most matrix operations will make use of Mathematica. III. The Flexibility Method  Indeterminancy     Formulation of the Basic Equations     Application to Plane Trusses IV. Formation of the Global Analysis Equations for Plane Trusses      Coordinate Systems    Degrees of Freedom    Member Stiffness and Local Coordinates    Coordinate Transformations    Member Stiffness and Global Coordinates     Assembly of Structure Stiffness -->Direct Stiffness and Code Number Methods    Analysis Procedure    Application within Computer Programs V. Formation of the Global Analysis Equations for Beams    Member Stiffness: Local and Global Coordinates   Assembly of Structure Stiffness   Analysis Procedure VI. Formation of the Global Analysis Equations for Plane Frames   Member Stiffness: Local Coordinates   Coordinate Transformations   Member Stiffness: Global Coordinates   Assembly of Structure Stiffness    Analysis Procedure VII. Other Topics and Structures   Member Releases   “Secondary Effects” – Support Displacement, Temperature Change, Member Misfit   Nonlinear Behaviour and Analysis   Shear effects (Timoshenko Beam Theory) VIII. Rayleigh-Ritz Method IX. The Finite Element Method (as time permits) Departure from classical Rayleigh Ritz Method leads to FEM    Trial functions are defined for sub-domains    Generally, the use of values of space variable at the nodes as unknowns    Basic Concepts, Relationships    Plane Stress Element    Matrix Condensation    Connections and Joints    Symmetry and Antisymmetry Prerequisites: Structural Analysis, General Physics I, ODE, Numerical Analysis, Calculus III. Steel Structures An introductory course in the design of steel structures. The objectives of this course are:  To learn the behavior and design of structural steel components, for example, members and connections in two-dimensional (2D) truss and frame structures.   To gain an educational and comprehensive experience in the desin of steel structures.       In this course design concepts, the basics of structural loading, load combination, design of steel structural members, and the use of current design specifications will be discussed. This course will also make you familiar with steel design aids/tools that are commonly used by practicing structural engineers. Course will not be confined to ASCE metric, AISC manual and ACI code, rather a comparative view of guidelines between the previously mentioned and that of the Japanese, USA and ambiance of concern.   Texts: to be announced               Steel Design Methods: ASD and LRFD               Specification texts               Steel Construction Manuals               International Building Code (at least 2018) NOTE: a specific level of competence in skills from prerequisite is expected. It’s imperative that there are lab sessions towards practical and professional usage of structural software for civil engineering practices and analysis of crucial, critical, technical subjects. General Tools:       SCIA Engineer       SCIA-Concrete Section       SAP 2000       Midas Civil       Autodesk Revit       RFEM as software alternatives         Seismic Tools:       OpenSees       STKO (Scientific ToolKit for OpenSees)       Build-X       GID + OpenSees Grading:     Homeworks 15%     Quizzes 10%     Lab Assignments 25%     Midterm Exam 20%     Final Exam 30% Lab Activities Role -->   A. The goal of the lab portion of this course is to reinforce and progress with engineering analysis and design software. Students will learn how to build a model of an office building using this software including assigning loads to the structure, analysing the structure, and controlling the capacity of members. Students have to complete a series of hand calculations on a number of members in order to check the calculations done by respective software.   B. Lab activities with emphasize the influence of steel design methods, specifications, manuals and building codes. Lab Activities -->       1- Typical Building Structural Systems 2- Introduction to the Design Project 3- Loads and Load Factors 4- Modeling the Geometry and Assigning Member Sections 5- Assigning Loads and Load Cases 6- Performing Analysis and Obtaining Analysis Results 7- Generating Design Sheets for Selected Elements 8- Hand Calculations to Check the Results 9. Earthquake Analysis The lab activities will be synchronized with the lectures. The time for each lab module will be announced in advance. Please make sure you bring your laptop to class on these days. At the end of each lab, students need to complete and sign a log sheet. ONLY the forms that are submitted at the end of the lab sessions will be accepted. A final report describing the process of modeling and design, selected outputs and hand calculations should be submitted. The written report is due before the week of final exams. Each student must submit an individual report. The required content of the report will be discussed later. Weights for lab grading -->    Tutorial Model 0.15    Log Sheets 0.25    Final Report 0.3    Completeness and Correctness of Structure Model 0.30       Course Outline --> 1. Introduction 2. Steel Material and Mechanical Properties of Steel 3. Structural Shapes and Calculation of Section Properties 4. Design Philosophies and Limit States in Steel Structure Design (ASD and LRFD Methods) 5. Design of Members Subjected to Tensile Forces     a. Yielding Limit State     b. Effective Net Area and Rupture Limit State     c. Block Shear Failure 6. Design of Members Subjected to Compressive Forces (Column Elements)     a. Buckling and Euler Theory     b. Slenderness Ratio and Design for Stability     c. Axial Compressive Capacity d. Local Buckling 7. Design of Members Subjected to Bending (Beam Elements)     a. Plastic Section Modulus and Plastic Moment     b. Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)     c. Beams with Non-Compact Sections 8. Design of Members Subjected to Combined Effects of Axial Forces and Bending Moments (Beam Column Elements)     a. Interaction of Bending and Axial Forces     b. Interaction Relationship     c. Design for Stability and Moment Magnification Factors 9. Connections (bolted and welded)     a. Basics of Bolted Connections     b. Bolts Subjected to Tension     c. Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension   Analogy of (a) through (c) for welded connections Prerequisite: General Physics I, Calculus III, ODE, Advance Structural Analysis. Advance Steel Structures This course examines advanced designs of structural steel buildings including consideration of torsion, lateral-torsional buckling, local buckling, plate girder design, connection design, framing systems for seismic design, nonlinear frame behavior, and principles of stability per the Effective Length, First-Order Analysis and Direct Analysis Method This course examines advanced design concepts for structural steel applicable to various types of steel structures; the primary code source applies to building design, which is supplemented by a strong theoretical background in steel behaviour applicable to bridges and non-typical structures. Upon completion of this class, students will be able to do the following: apply the unified code philosophy of ASD/LRFD to steel building design; describe the inelastic design philosophy; recognise sources of stability behaviour including geometric, material, and 2nd order effects; design steel members and frames based on code of standard practice for conditions such as torsion, slender elements, buckling, and combined stresses; design for frame stability using ELM, FM, or DM methods; recognize when the Seismic Provisions apply to building frames; categorize moment and braced frames as Special, Intermediate, or Ordinary per the Seismic Provisions; you will recognise the role of modern computer analysis in the job of a structural engineer and understand the steps necessary to perform an essential Quality Assurance peer review. Course Objectives --> --Differentiate between three design approaches: ASD, LRFD, and Inelastic Design. --Explain the unique purpose of code documents related to structural steel design including     Steel Construction Manuals     Specification for Structural Steel Buildings     ANSI/ASTM 303 (and other ambiances)     COSP     Minimum Design Loads & Associated Criteria for Buildings & Other Structures --Describe the mechanics of steel as it relates to elastic and inelastic behaviour, flexural buckling, torsional buckling, flexural-torsional buckling, lateral torsional buckling, and local buckling. --Understand the probabilistic foundation of LRFD as a mean’s of designing economical and reliable structures, and how the code changed to a unified design philosophy for ASD/LRFD. --Design steel members per Specification Chapters B-H & J, including torsional, flexural-torsional, local and lateral-torsional buckling design considerations. --Describe the sources of nonlinear behaviour in members and frames, including the sources of material and geometric nonlinear effects. --Apply nonlinear effects in a steel analysis model. --Design steel frames so as to be structurally stable using the following methods:        Effective Length        First-Order Analysis        Direct Analysis --Recognise the role of modern computer analysis in the job of a structural engineer and understand the steps necessary to perform an essential Quality Assurance peer review. Analyse open and closed steel members for torsion loading. --Design of I-shaped, doubly symmetric plate girders. --Distinguish between the three types of connection design options as described in the COSP. --Calculate the design strength of bolt, weld, and connecting element limit states. --Determine for beam-to-column shear and moment connections the applicable limit states. --Design simple and moment resisting connections using bolts and welds. --Explain how seismic risk is quantified by the International Building Code by using a Maximum Considered Earthquake ground motion (MCER) --Explain seismic building performance to owners & communities to manage expectations and provide options. --Understand how ductility and fuse members are used as the basis of steel seismic design per the code “Seismic Provisions for Steel Buildings”. --Describe the seismic design behaviour of moment and braced frames such as Special, Intermediate, and Ordinary per “Seismic Provisions for Steel Buildings”. Prerequisite Texts:       May be different to prerequisite to treat specified objects and topics. Hold on to the following type texts from prerequisite for reference              Steel Design Methods: ASD and LRFD              Specification texts              Steel Construction Manuals              International Building Code (at least 2018) Necessary type texts:     -Steel Construction Manuals     -Specification for Structural Steel Buildings     -ANSI/ASTM 303 (and other ambiances)     -COSP     -Minimum Design Loads & Associated Criteria for Buildings & Other Structures General Tools:      MASTAN 2      SCIA Engineer      SCIA-Concrete Section      SAP 2000      Midas Civil      Autodesk Revit      RFEM as software alternatives         Seismic Tools:      OpenSees      STKO (Scientific ToolKit for OpenSees)      Build-X      GID + OpenSees Homework --> 1. Will consist of problems from prerequisite as a refresher 2. Will have standard problems at the level of this course 3. You may be tasked to competently complete extensions of advance cases of some lab assignments from prerequisite in shorter time spans to keep you on your toes Quizzes --> 1. Will consist of problems from prerequisite as a refresher 2. Will have standard problems at the level of this course Lab Assignments --> Labs will come to treat each subject. Weights for lab grading -->   Tutorial Model 0.15   Log Sheets 0.25   Final Report 0.3   Completeness and Correctness of Structure Model 0.30         There will still be emphasis holistic construction,but will emphasis the technicalities of the course. Grading -->    Homeworks 15%    Quizzes 10%    Lab Assignments 25%    Midterm Exam 20%    Final Exam 30%         Course Outline --> Introduction to Advanced Steel Design Member Stability: Part 1 Member Stability: Part 2 Frame Stability: Part 1 Frame Stability: Part 2 Frame Stability: Part 3 Fundamentals of Torsion Theory Design for Combined Stresses Plate Girders in Bending Plate Girders in Shear Shear and Moment Connection Design Steel Systems for Seismic Design NOTE: don’t take such course outline lightly because of the way it looks. Prerequisite: Steel Structures Cement Structures https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-054-mechanics-and-design-of-concrete-structures-spring-2004/syllabus/ Prerequisite: Civil Engineering Materials Lab, Advance Structural Analysis Advanced Cement Structures This course will cover the basic prestressed concrete design. Principles of prestressing, constituent material, loading and allowable stresses, working and ultimate stress analysis and design, shear and torsion, deflections, prestress losses, continuous beams, composite beams, and compression members. Typical text:     Naaman, A. E. “Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design – Fundamental,” 2nd edition, Techno Press, 2004. Supplementary text:     PCI Design Handbook, Sixth Edition, 2004     Nawy, Edward G. “Prestressed concrete : a fundamental approach”. Prentice Hall, c2010 Tools -->    SCIA Concrete Section    MIDAs Civil Grading:     Homework 15%     Quizzes 10%     2 Exams 40%     Final 20%     Project 15% Steps for achieving a high grade -->  Don’t memorize procedures – there are too many  Learn theory behind solution methods  Do homework – exercise the brain  Study for tests  Ask questions when you don’t understand something Course Outline --> Chapter 1. Principles of Prestressing     Introduction     History of Prestressed Concrete     Classification and Types of Prestressed Concrete Structures     Pre-stressed Concrete Analysis     Prestressed Concrete Design     Prestressed Concrete versus Reinforced Concrete Chapter 2. Constituent Materials and Code Provisions     Reinforcing Steel     Prestressing Steel     Concrete Chapter 3. The Philosophy of Design     Strength Reduction Factors     Overload Factors Chapter 4. Flexure: Working Stress Analysis and Design     Loading Stages     Useful Section Properties and Notations     Sign Conventions     Flexural Analysis - Mathematical Basis     Use of Stress-Inequality Conditions for the Design of Section Properties     Limiting the Eccentricity along the Span     Some Preliminary Design Hints     Cracking Moment Chapter 5. Flexure: Ultimate Strength Analysis and Design     Load-Deflection Response     Flexural Types of Failure     Analysis of the Section at Ultimate     Concept of Reinforcement Index     Limiting Values of the Reinforcement Index     Satisfying Ultimate Strength Requirements     Design for Ultimate Strength     Indeterminate Structures and Composite Elements - Ultimate Strength Chapter 6. Design for Shear and Torsion     Introduction     Reinforced Versus Prestressed Concrete – Shear     Diagonal Tension in Uncracked Sections     Shear Stresses in Uncracked Sections     Shear Cracking Behaviour     Shear Reinforcement after Cracking     Design for Shear     Torsion     Torsional Stresses     Post-Cracking Torsional Resistance     Design for Pure Torsion     Combined Shear and Torsion Chapter 7. Deflections     Background Information     Short-Term Deflections     Long-Term Deflections (Simplified Method)     Long-Term Deflections (Incremental Time-Step Method)     Deflection Limitations     Deflection Control Chapter 10. Continuous Beams and Indeterminate Structures     Background Information     Secondary Moments and Zero-Load C Line     Linear Transformation     Properties of Concordant Tendons     Equivalent Loads     Working Stress Analysis and Design     Ultimate Strength Analysis Chapter 13. Analysis and Design of Compression Members     Types of Compression Members and Advantages     Behaviour of Columns     Analysis of Short Columns     Slender Columns     ACI Code and Other Design Considerations Chapter 8. Prestress Losses     Total Losses in Pretensioned Members     Total Losses in Post-Tensioned Members     Methods for Estimating Prestress Losses     Elastic Shortening     Relaxation     Shrinkage     Creep     Friction     Anchorage Set Prerequisites: Cement Structures Applied Hydraulics Lectures: 2 days per week, 2 hours per day Labs: 1 day per week, 2 hours per day Recommended Textbook:    Open-Channel Flow by M. H. Chaudhry, Springer Tools -->      EPANET and/or WDNetXL Note: such tools usage will not be restricted to topics where they are specifically stated. Tools will be applied on many occasions throughout course and labs.   Grading -->     Two Exams  40%     Homework (Roughly one every week)  20%     Labs: Modelling, Design(s), Computations & Hands-on activities  30%     Punctual arrival In-class quizzes and participation 10% Course Objectives -->     Setup equations to analyse small piping systems that include branches, parallel pipes, loops and/or reservoirs.     Students will learn how to apply the fundamental concepts of Energy, Momentum and Continuity will be discussed in solving practical design problems. Many problems encountered will be mirrored by practical understanding of energy and energy losses, namely, head and head loss that drive the flow of water, with various methods of estimating head loss and applied with computations to select pipe sizes, and analyse the performance of simple compound systems will be covered. Energy, momentum and continuity modelling can be introduced alongside various topics before  formal engagement at designated schedule in course schedule.     Nonlinear relationship between head loss and flow. Determine flow distribution in simple networks using the Hardy Cross Method. Applying the Newton-Raphson method (and possibly more advance methods).     Employing EPAnet and/or WDNetXL, analyse and design small piping networks for flow, pressure distribution and pump requirements. SystemModeler to be used alongside EPAnet and/or WDNetXL.     Develop lumped operating characteristics for series and parallel pumps.     Identify the basic elements of your network design that are specifically controlled by federal, state and/or local regulations or codes     Design pump placement to prevent cavitation.     Design open-channel systems based on uniform flow analysis.     Design open-channel transitions using energy concepts.     Design a sequence of uniform channels to satisfy a client’s stated objectives; the channels differ in bottom slope or width and may incorporate transitions produced by rapid changes in bottom elevation or width.     Explain the importance of professional licensure in the context of responsibility for your design.     Write technical memos that report the results of design/ analysis and employ appendices to provide sufficient information to check and confirm the results.     Recognise the importance of professional and ethical responsibilities.     Labs with software (SystemModeler, EPAnet and/or WDNetXL and others) for modelling design(s) and simulations to accompany hands-on activities. LABS --> NOTE: labs will be implemented at appropriate times in course. Concerning labs with hands-on activities (in a manner with the most coherent, tangible, fluid and sustainable sequencing among each other and with lectures). FEATURES: A. Pump chart/pump curves and performance will be incorporated in other labs and hands-on activities when constructive B. NPSH, NPSHA and NPSHR will be incorporated in other labs and hands-on activities when constructive) C. In built models different experiments will make use out of components such as mechanical lever and/or solenoid valves (with control), pressure control valves, pumps, meters, (digital) sensors & gauges towards geometrical representation of data. Surge suppressors, hydraulic ram, hydraulic jump chamber towards calculations. D. Experiments concerning pumps in parallel and series. Will be compared with different types of software (SystemModeler/Modelica, EPAnet and/or WDNetXL). E. Experiments concerning energy losses in pipes, energy losses in bends, laminar flow visualization. Will be compared with different types of software (SystemModeler/Modelica, EPAnet and/or WDNetXL). F. Onsite analysis of various industrial systems compared to software models. Requires assistance from Utilities providers.   G. Centrifugal pumps. Will begin with characteristic features and mathematical modelling for such based on physics. Efficiency modelling and efficiency curves. Will then acquire ideal characteristics (curves and so forth) with different types of software. Then, use of Centrifugal pumps (WASA assistance) with data acquisition characteristics, analysis and efficiency modelling. H. Hydraulic jump chamber. Conservation equations and verifying equations of fluid flow: https://luk.staff.ugm.ac.id/ochannel/loncatair/labjump.html           Kim, Y. et al (2015). Hydraulic Jump and Energy Dissipation with Sluice Gate. Water, 7, 5115 - 5133. I. Water hammer. All models built concern data retrieval as means compare among such built models. Development of rules on how quickly valves can be opened or closed. Exhibiting phenomena by by built pipeline model. To observe the phenomenon of water hammer in a long copper piping system, and to quantify wave speed, potential surge, line pack, and attenuation. Then design and build models to avoid such water hammer condition. Note: a built model with mechanical valve turned off slowly also a means of water hammer avoidance (must demonstrate along with other methods). Wave celerity determination and factors that determine celerity. Note: use of surge suppressors in comparative built models; will compare data curves of built models with designs to treat water hammer without surge suppressors, versus built models with designs to treat water hammer with surge suppressors, versus elementary built models that don’t consider water hammer. J. Hydraulic ram pump. Model and design hydraulic ram pumps.      1. Guides for modelling and experimentation:           Hussin, N. S. M . et al. Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Ram Water Pumping System. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 908 (2017) 012052     2. Will also pursue replication of simulation curves from the following:           Najm, H. N., Azoury, P. H., & Piasecki, M. (1999). Hydraulic Ram Analysis: A New Look at an Old Problem. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 213(2), pages 127–141            Carvalho, Mario & Diniz, Alberto & Neves, Fernando. (2011). Numerical Model for a Hydraulic Ram Pump. 5. 733-746. To be develop simulations in Wolfram SystemModeler or Modelica to compare Interested in characteristic curves for forces on various valves, pressure at various valves, pressure from source, pressure at destination, water rate accumulation at destination, etc. etc. Modelling the influence of gravity may be required depending on setup.     3. Will like a field trip to WASA to observe a hydraulic ram pump (if any is present). Observe the various parameters being monitored with corresponding time varying curves; data and printouts appreciated, to compare with priors.     4. Will build one or two hydraulic ram pumps in function and operate them for constructive means of data gathering and analysis. However, will additionally have pressure sensors at different points, say at different valves, at incline point on decline, and at destination. Will also determine work required to reach destination. To as well the influence of gravity on rate rates at different points. Will also pursue determination of the rate of volume delivered. Determination of the volumetric efficiency, namely, the ratio of the volume water delivered to the target versus volume of water flowing through the waste pipe; this is equivalent to the ratio of the target height to the reservoir height. Reference:               Asvapoositkul, W. et al. Determination of Hydraulic Ram Pump Performance: Experimental Results. Advances in Civil Engineering Volume 2019, Article ID 9702183, 11 pages   Course Lecturing Schedule -->       Applied Hydrostatics      Overview of the fundamental concepts of energy, momentum and continuity for application      Piping Problems: Manning’s Equation      Energy in Open Channels: Uniform flow analysis      Hydraulic Jump; Critical Flow      Alternate forms for energy losses; EPANET and/or WDNetXL      Simple Pipe Systems – ad hoc solutions      Simple Pipe Systems – EPANET  and/or WDNetXL solutions      Pipe Network Analysis  (1 week)      Pipe System Design: problem definition & constraints      Pipe System Design      Turbomachinery: Radial flow pumps      Pipe System Design with Pumps      NPSH and Cavitation      Energy Concepts: Application of Energy Equation      Application of Energy Equation      Use of Energy Equation in Transitions (Design)      Momentum Concepts      Nonuniform Gradually Varied Flow      Controls & Profile Synthesis      Profile Computations      Gradually Varied Flow Design  (2 weeks)      Profile Computations: standard step method Prerequisites: ODE, Numerical Analysis, Calculus III Co-requisite: Geographic Information Systems for Civil Engineers   Geographic Information Systems for Civil Engineers: The field of Geographic Information Systems, GIS, is concerned with the description, analysis, and management of geographic information. This course offers an introduction to methods of managing and processing geographic information. Emphasis will be placed on the nature of geographic information, data models and structures for geographic information, geographic data input, data manipulation and data storage, spatial analytic and modelling techniques, and error analysis. The course is made of two components: lectures and labs. In the lectures, the conceptual elements of the above topics will be discussed. The labs are designed in such a way that students will gain first-hand experience in data input, data management, data analyses, and result presentation in a geographical information system. Concerning Civil Engineering the use of GIS will be focused on developmental environments, various infrastructure, commute network analysis and urban development.. Appeases the technology requirement. Upper level standing at least recommended. The basic objectives of this course for students are: 1. To understand the basic structures, concepts, and theories of GIS 2. To gain a hand-on experience with a variety of GIS operations Typical Texts:  Longley P.A., M.F. Goodchild, D.J. Maguire, D.W. Rhind, 2011.Geographic Information Systems and Science. John Wiley and Sons Chang, K.T., 2012. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (Sixth Edition). McGraw Hill, New York de Smith, M., Goodchild, M., Longley, P., 2013. Geospatial Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide (www.spatialanalysisonline.com) Tools -->    GIS of your choosing; students will be debriefed on operational requirements    Mathematica    Google Earth    Google Maps Resources:  https://www.google.com/earth/outreach/learn/  support.google.com/maps/answer/144349 There are highly established freeware GIS tools for use. Premier such available are SAGA GIS, ILWIS, MapWindow GIS, uDig, GRASS GIS and others; check Goody bag post. Note: GRASS GIS to be preference. Major priorities are sustainable skills in logistics, data management, accessibility & integration of data sets for project development and exhibition. Project(s) to have considerable life cycles with future use. Additionally, Wolfram Mathematica tools, Google Earth and Google Maps can possibly coexist or be a substitute in such a instruction environment, primarily for rapid data visualisation. Course is concerned with the ability to develop meaningful professional data analysis and visualisation of sustainable value to whatever specified target audience. Unique talent development among such tools are encouraged, under the condition that the interests or demand of the target audience is appeased, of high quality. Some highly capable students will be able to develop projects with various systems, while for others finding an environment that suites them is key (highly dependent on what they comprehend and the effort they give). Mathematica has the computational prowess among the rest, but isn’t visually savvy or accommodating as the rest. For those with high preference for Mathematica the following search topics in Wolfram Documentation and topics from Wolfram Blog will prove quite fruitful  Earth Sciences: Data and Computation  Geographic Data & Entities  Geospatial Formats  Geodesy  Cloud Execution Metadata  Create Instant APIs  https://community.wolfram.com/content?curTag=geographic%20information%20system It’s recommended that those who choose such Mathematica path are those who have successfully completed the Data Programming with Mathematica course to a high degree, or of their own business have deployed Mathematica successfully with various projects. It takes a bit of skill with methods emanating from the above Mathematica (search) topics; not the favouritism propaganda you have acquired. Class Presentation --> Students need to review a journal article (or multiple articles) and give a presentation in the class. The article or articles can relate to GIS concepts, theories, or applications. An article in your discipline is preferred for you to review, for the reason that it would help you to think how to apply GIS in your work in the future. To present your reviewed article, you need to prepare five to eight slides in the format of PowerPoint, which would take approximately five to six minutes to present. In your slides, one of them would be how GIS is helpful in the article. You will have to give a small demonstration of some partial development for your project that substantially relates to your goals with whatever choice of tool employed. Followed by some substantial development (already done) with a GIS or other tool, or combination. You will have two or three minutes to answer the questions raised by the audience. Grading -->  Lab Exercises 30%  Exam I 25%  Exam II 25%  Civil Engineering Relevant GIS Term Project  20% Labs --> There are two components for labs:      1. Having GRASS GIS as preference concerns standard developments with course progression.      2. Extracurricular activities with Addons for GRASS GIS. Primarily, there must be strong development for a specific topic in (1) in order to commence with a respective Addons activity -- https://grass.osgeo.org/grass82/manuals/addons// Multicriteria decision decision analysis must be one topic for Addons extracurricular activities. An example:       Massei, G., et al (2014). Decision Support Systems for Environmental Management: A Case Study on Wastewater from Agriculture, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 146, Pages 491-504 However, PROMETHEE is not our only interest, and multiple MCDA addons will be pursued. Course Outline --> WEEK 1 Course Overview GIS Overview The Nature of Geographic Information WEEK 2 Data Representation    Measuring Systems: Location – Coordinate Systems Data Representation    Measuring Systems: Location – Coordinate Systems (Continue) WEEK 3 Data Representation    Measuring Systems: Location – Coordinate Transformation Data Representation    Measuring Systems: Topology    Measuring Systems: Attributes WEEK 4 Data Representation    Spatial Data Models: Introduction to spatial data models    Spatial Data Models: Raster data models Data Representation    Spatial Data Models: Relational Data Models    Spatial Data Models: Vector Data Models (I) WEEK 5 Data Representation   Spatial Data Models: Vector Data Models (II) Data Representation   Spatial Data Models: TIN    Summary of Spatial Data Models: Raster, Vector, TIN WEEK 6 Data Representation    Linking attribute data with spatial data    Recent Development of Data models WEEK 7 GIS Database Creation and Maintenance (I)    Data Input & Editing GIS Database Creation and Maintenance (II)    DBMS and its use in GIS WEEK 8    Review for Exam 1    Exam 1 WEEK 9 GIS Database Creation and Maintenance (III)    Metadata / Database creation Guidelines / NSDI Data Analysis    Measurement & Connectivity WEEK 10 Data Analysis    Interpolation WEEK 11 Data Analysis    Digital Terrain Analysis    Data Analysis: Statistical Operations & Point Pattern Analysis WEEK 12 Data Analysis    Classification Data Analysis    GIS-based Modelling and Spatial Overlay (I) WEEK 13 Data Analysis    GIS-based Modelling and Spatial Overlay (II) Data Analysis    Summary Uncertainty WEEK 14 Geo-representation, Geo-presentation, and GeoVisualization GIS Applications WEEK 15 Student Presentations Student Presentations WEEK 16 Review for Exam Exam II Prerequisite: Maturity, Junior Standing. Co-requisite: Applied Hydraulics Hydraulics Engineering Design This course is designed to present these Academic/Learning Goals   -Principles and methods of hydraulic engineering design   -Use of computer models to support hydraulic engineering design   -Development of a hydraulic engineering design project Proficiency with computers and familiarity with Excel is expected. There will be some computer assignments using HEC and other computer programs, and GIS usage as well. Typical Text:     Walski, T. et al. (2013). Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering. Bentley Institute Press. 420 Pages Such text is quite expensive, namely, process can approach $275. Elsewhere, around $6 (but I’m not going to tell you where). Will try to get around that. Additionally, there’s no commitment to any Bentley software in this course. Tools -->   -GIS (GRASS GIS with addons; MCDA will be one of many activities)   -EPANET, WDNetXL   -HEC-RAS, iRIC   -HEC-HMS, SWMM (from the EPA)   -PRMS (Precipitation Runoff Modeling System), SWAT (http://swat.tamu.edu/)   -MODSIM + CSUDP   -MODFOW, MT3DMS   -USDA NRCS (can be substitutes): SITES, WinDAM C, DrainMod, EFH 2, EFT, ND-Drain, Structural Design, Win TR-20, Win TR-55 Lecture Learning --> Lectures supplemented with outside reading and homework Labs --> Labs will concern applying theory and study towards use of different software for various software. Such skills development can possibly be used to develop a major team design project. Major Design Project --> There will be a major design project carried out within a project team for which an oral and written report will be presented at the end of the semester. Carried out in collaboration with a group of 3 or 4 students. Mandatory use of skills developed in labs should be exhibited in reports and oral presentations. Your design projects should not be confined to exact replication of lab activities. Exams --> There will be 3 in-class exams. Will have three 75 minute in-class examinations. The civil engineering concerns many obligations and optimal usage of time; hence each examination will permit you to use 2 loose leaf review sheets. Missed examinations may be made up only if the reason for missing was illness or some other emergency. There will be no Final Exam. Grading:     Homework   15%     Labs   35%     3 Exams   30%     Major Team Design Project   20% Weekly Topics --> 1. Basic Hydraulics     (EPANET/WDNetXL) 2. Basic Hydrology: Rainfall    (HEC-HMS) 3. Basic Hydrology: Runoff     (HEC-HMS) 4. Curb Gutter and Inlet Design     (will make use of chosen software from list) 5. Storm Sewer Design     (will make use of chosen software from list) 6. Culvert Design Culvert     (will make use of chosen software from list) 7. Using GIS in Hydraulic Design ArcGIS (Or alternative) 8. Project Status, etc. etc. 9.  Recap or review, etc. ,etc. 10. Water Surface Profiles (Channels)     (HEC-RAS) 11. Water Surface Profiles (Bridges)     (HEC-RAS) 12. Detention Pond Design     (HEC-HMS) 13. Detention Pond Design for WQ 14. Project Status, etc., etc. 15. Design Studio 16. Design Presentations Prerequisite: Applied Hydraulics Geotechnical Engineering This course is concerns engineering problems in which the material is soil AND rock (soil/rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering). Technically speaking, soil mechanics consists of the study of soil properties and soil behaviour, whereas foundation engineering is the design of foundations on soils and rock. In this course, we will focus on understanding some of the basic principles of soil properties with some applications to earth structures. The principles given in this course are also applicable to rock mechanics. This course will run unusually longer than typical course during a term. Up to an additional 3 weeks will be required.   I am interested in having you develop an appreciation for the significance of natural material (soil and rock) in civil engineering applications. Course will:    1. Introduce you to the discipline of geotechnical engineering and be your steppingstone into this area.    2. Help you recognize problems you will encounter in your engineering practice that are related to geotechnical engineering. At that point, if geotechnical engineering is not your specialty, STOP and seek assistance from a geotechnical engineer.    3. Help you answer some questions that might be asked on your Professional Engineer (PE) exam. Typical Texts:     Foundation Engineering Handbook, edited by Hsai-Yang Fang, Van Nostrand     Principles of Foundation Engineering, B.M. Das, PWS-Kent, Necessary Resources -->     Geological Profiles for areas of interest     International Atomic Energy Agency (2022).  Methodologies for Seismic Soil–Structure Interaction Analysis in the Design and Assessment of Nuclear Installations, TECDOC Series, IAEA, Vienna         Note: highly serviceable regardless of preference to nuclear installations Article references -->     Sousa, Luís & Chapman, & Miranda, Tiago. (2010). Deep Rock Foundations of Skyscrapers. Soils and Rocks. 33.     Poulos, H.G. Tall Building Foundations: Design Methods and Applications. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 1, 10 (2016) Tools --> This may be one of the courses where software will be costly, and may be unavoidable.    1. A simple straightforward Geotechnical Software package by the name of GEOPRO 5.0 (by DataSurge, Bradford, MA). In most cases this software will be used for verification/check of hand calculations only. The software is up and running in the PC lab. You need to go in and select the specific application as the general icon is not active. This package is capable of carrying out a variety of analyses including those that are highly relevant to this course:           a. Stress distribution – Vertical stress below surface & lateral stress due to surcharge.           b. Settlement Analyses - consolidation, immediate settlement, time rate settlement           c. Foundation Design - bearing capacity           d. Retaining Structures - earth pressures, cantilever sheet pile wall (clay and sand), anchored sheet pile wall      2. LimitState geo version 3.0 by Limitstate Ltd      3. DEEPXCAV 2011, Deep Excavation Engineering Programme      4. PLAXIS – Geotechnical Finite Element Program Concerning such software confirming the correct models and formula by comparing with software results would be appreciated. Nevertheless, in luck, there may be some leeway for certain topics with reduced cost, namely:         Optum (https://optumce.com/academic/)         ZSoil  (https://www.zsoil.com)         SPECFEM 3D Geotech (will need a mesher)         ADONIS         Code Aster         DUNE (https://www.dune-project.org)         MOOSE (Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment)         Cast3m (http://www-cast3m.cea.fr)         ANSYS         OpenFoam Such software will serve well towards FEM/FEA and other things (WHICH WILL BE DONE), but they are not as topic specific as those expensive products. Note: some software and texts from prior civil engineering course may come back to prove useful. Weekly Case Studies --> About once a week a student team will be assigned to present a current construction case study highlighting the geotechnical aspects of a project. The team will have to select the project from “Engineering News Record (ENR)”, Civil Engineering, Tunnels and Tunnelling, etc. or an ongoing construction project in the area. Geological profiling is mandatory to confirm that methods applied in project of study are consistent with ground strata, say, possible sedimentation, geomorphology, igneous or metamorphic profile, possibly hydrology, etc. Use of a GIS to augment geological profile can be interesting if desired. Presentation to include 10 – 15 slides summarizing the geological profile and geotechnical aspects of the project and how they relate to materials presented in course. All slides shall be numbered. An addition 5 – 7 slides will be allowed for geological profiling; figures and tables will not be considered in the limit of slides. The presentation will be allotted 10 – 15 minutes for presentation and 5 minutes for discussion. The presentation must at least include the following elements:     Introduction     Geological Profile     Key Geotechnical Elements/Issues     Plan View & Cross-Section showing Soil/Rockbed Layers     Summary of Geotechnical Properties     Summary of Challenges and Lessons Learned Wil have a  4 – 8 page report summarizing the case study is to be submitted at the time of presentation. The report shall have no more than ½ page of references. Figures and tables to be present in both report and the presentation. I will not consider figures and tables as part of the 8 – page maximum count. The team may consult with the instructor prior to making a presentation. The report and presentation should be of the highest professional quality. A group usually consists of 6-7 students. The report (pdf format) and presentation (power point) must be posted electronically on appropriate network by 12 am before the presentation is delivered (late submittal will receive a grade of zero). Labs --> COMPONENT A. Familiarization with the ASTM Standard Methods of soil analysis commonly used by the Geotechnical Engineering community (experiments and studies will be done in a constructive and economic/resources saving order, hence not necessarily as listed)        Water content determination        Specific gravity        Grain size distribution        Atterberg limits        Liquid limit by cone penetration        Standard Proctor test        Permeability test        Hydraulic Conductivity        Consolidation test        Rotary pressure sounding        Direct Shear test or Share Vane test        Dilatancy        Load test (static, dynamic, statnamic)        R-value COMPONENT B. Rock Strata Some may be lab-based, while others will require field activities. The following provides a general idea of what’s to be expected for labs: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1994). Rock Foundations. Engineer Manual 1110-1-2908 https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-2908.pdf COMPONENT C. Cemented Sand Collins, B. D. and Sitar, N. Geotechnical Properties of Cemented Sands in Steep slopes. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Volume 135 Issue 10, October 2009 Vranna, A. and Tika, T. Undrained Monotonic and Cyclic Response of Weakly Cemented Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Volume 146 Issue 5, May 2020   Note: activities in components B and C are not successors to component A; scheduling of activities will mix among A, B and C. Collective Projects --> Collective projects concern analytical development leading to computer programmes. Will be a total class effort assisting each other with development. Aspects will be reviewed in course, where class will make use of external time for development. The following computer programmes can be pursued where analysis and logistics will be provided towards developmen tby student groups:         1. Simulation of shallow foundation load test         2. Static capacity of shallow foundations         3. Sheet pile wall analysis (cantilever and/or anchored)         4. Interpretation of a shallow foundation load test         5. Beam on elastic foundations         6. Shallow foundation settlement analysis (immediate and/or time dependent)         7. Scoops3D implementation                 Reid, M. E., Christia, S. B., Brien and D. L. and Henderson, S. T. (2015). Scoops3D—Software to Analyze Three-Dimensional Slope Stability Throughout a Digital Landscape. U.S. Geological Survey, Series 14-A1                      First will geologically profile regions of various elevation characteristics, along with soil and bedrck profile.                      Note: if weather influences are consderable, then hopefully such can be integrated.         8. OpenSHA implementation                    Supporting literature found at: https://opensha.org         9. International Atomic Energy Agency (2022). Methodologies for Seismic Soil–Structure Interaction Analysis in the Design and Assessment of Nuclear Installations, TECDOC Series, IAEA, Vienna (will generalise to habitats and surroundings of interest) Accompanying programme must be analytical development report in pdf. I also expect you to make use of mathematical pellets in your writings. To have at least proper heading, authors, participants, table of contents, abstract, list of figures, introduction, introduction, body sections with figures and tables, conclusion, references. Class to should be mature enough to be functional, competent and innovative. Attempts to hustle or rip-off or plagiarize any pre-existing programmes will result in brutal consequences; cheating, plagiarism and so forth can leading to exercising of the most severe academic and institution consequences.         10. The following tools can be used for intellegence on sesimic map codes, and to compare with government guidelines for assurance:                    ASCE 7: https://asce7hazardtool.online                    ATC Hazards by location: https://hazards.atcouncil.org                   OSHPD Seismic Design Maps: https://seismicmaps.org Exams --> The exams are not a mere repetition of the homework. You will be asked to apply material you have learned through class discussions, reading the textbook and the case history of the week. You should come fully prepared for each exam and quiz. The completion of the exams and quizzes will require writing implements, a calculator, and drawing tools such as a bow compass, protractor, and graded straight edge. Students may not pick up the assignments of their friends, as this violates University regulations on privacy. Quizzes --> Each week there will be a quiz. Quizzes will not follow a sequential build with problems or questions in likeness to course development; difficulty of problems or question will be given in a random manner. The quizzes are open book with a duration of 5-15 min. They will consist of multiple-choice questions regarding topics from recent lectures and assigned reading material. The lowest 4 quizzes scores will not be considered. Please read the assigned reading materials and ask questions if you don’t understand concepts to prepare for the quizzes. This is to accommodate up to 4 missed quizzes for any number of and so forth. There will be no makeup of these quizzes. Solutions will be promptly posted at the end of a given class session. Midterms --> There will be two 80-minute long midterm exams during the semester. The exams are open book and closed note. Final exam --> There will be a 3-hour long final exam. The final exam is also open book and closed note. In the exams you will be asked both qualitative and quantitative questions. Grading   Homework and Computer Exercises 25%   Labs 25%   Case Study & Collective Project 15%     Quizzes and Exams 35% Course Outline --> Week 1. Foundation perspective, classification and types Week 2-3. Site Exploration    Methods of site investigations    Soil boring and sampling    Determination of soil properties from site tests    Geophysical exploration    Laboratory test and geotechnical report Week 4-5. Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations    Failure patterns of shallow foundations.    Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation for shallow foundations    General Capacity equation and water table effect    Bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded foundations    Bearing capacity for footings on layered soil    Bearing capacity from SPT and CPT Week 6. Settlement of shallow foundations    Immediate for flexible and rigid footings    Immediate settlement by Schmertmann method    Immediate settlement of eccentrically loaded foundations    Consolidation settlement    Differential settlement. Week 7-8. Design of Spread footings    Square footings    Rectangular footings Week 9. Design of Rectangular Combined footing Week 10. Design of Mat Foundations    Bearing capacity of mat foundation    Differential settlement of mats    Structural design of mat foundations    Conventional rigid method Week 11-15. Pile Foundations    Steel, concrete, timber and composite piles    Estimating pile length    Load transfer mechanism    Equations for estimating pile capacity    Laterally loaded piles    Immediate settlement under piles    Pile groups: efficiency, load bearing, elastic settlement, and consolidation settlement    Design of pile caps: Circulage method Week 16    Geosynthetic Reinforcements --> -Geotechnik (Editor) and Johnson< A (Translator). (2001). Recommendations for Design and Analysis of Earth Structures Using Geosynthetic Reinforcements -EBGEO. Ernst & Sohn. 338 pages -Han J., Chen J., Hong Z. (2008) Geosynthetic Reinforcement for Riverside Slope Stability of Levees Due to Rapid Drawdown. In: Liu H., Deng A., Chu J. (eds) Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Week 17        Liquefaction of soil and sand (find strong resources)            Sewers to float upward            Catastrophes with high rise buildings            Broken roads            Uplifted manholes            Will also have a DIY liquefaction demonstration            May also go to the beach and create quicksand   Flowside --> Wanatowski D., Chu J., Lo R.S.C. (2008) Types of Flowslide Failures and Possible Failure Mechanisms. In: Liu H., Deng A., Chu J. (eds) Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg   Resolutions for Liquefaction and Flowside             Week 18-19    Used to resolve loose ends, or labs and finishing collective project. Prerequisites: Numerical analysis, Civil Engineering Materials Lab. Students are expected to have successfully completed a first course in Steel structures, and a first course in Cement Structures. Highway Engineering Explores the planning, design, construction, and characteristics of highways and city streets, including layout, traffic requirements, safety and control, drainage, sub-grade structure, base courses, and surface pavements. Problems to be solved include geometric design, traffic volume, channelization, and hydrology. Lab projects involve roadway designing. Typical Text:            Highway Engineering by Oglebsy. Wiley & Sons NOTE: course will approach will not concern any freshmen, sophomore and junior maturity. Hence, other textbooks and sources will likely accommodate above text. Reference Texts and Sources:      1. Highway Engineering Handbook, K. Woods, McGraw Hill, 1st Edition      2. Traffic Engineers Handbook, H. Evans      3. Highway Engineering, Ritter & Paquette, Ronald Press      4. Route Surveying, C. F. Meyer, International Textbook Company      5. Data Book for Civil Engineers, E. E. Seelye, J. Wiley & Sons      6. Open Channel Hydraulics, V. T. Chow, McGraw Hill      7. A Policy of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 1984)…or appropriate standards for whatever ambiance      8. Principles of Pavement Design, E. Yoder, J. Wiley & Sons      9. Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, NJ State Department of Transportation (1989)      10. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 10th Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (T6310.A6)…or appropriate standards for whatever ambiance NOTE: the given references can serve well towards lectures, labs and independent projects. Objectives: Demonstrate highway terminology Structural codes, construction codes and specifications. Demonstrate the design requirements for roads and highways Demonstrate the construction and inspection requirements of roads Demonstrate safety, traffic analyses and vehicle abilities in the design of roads Demonstrate drainage design for roads. Demonstrate the relationship between surveying, and highway design and layout Laboratory --> Laboratories will be used for lab design projects. Slides and films will be used for stimulating discussion of highway. Two major lab projects will be undertaken           1. Parking Lot Layout of property lines, fencing, curb, aprons, ingress, and egress, parking stalls, details of curb, pavement, etc. Students may be expected to produce this drawing using particular software and drafting computer techniques.           2. Highway Design The reconstruction and redesign of a major traffic artery requiring calculations for width of roadway, intersections, drainage, pavement, alignment and quantity estimates. A set of drawings will be prepared. Students may be expected to produce drawings using different types of software and computer drafting techniques. A written report on each project will be required. Independent Projects--> There will extensive structural analysis and construction development for the following highway features:          Intersections          Flyovers          Interchanges Projects will involve extensive intelligence and skills from Advance Structural Analysis, Advance Steel Structures, and advance Cement Structures. Students will choose existing examples across the world today (for such three features).  Students will scout data for dimensional parameters (some critical features will be much more technical than others), design features and components of construction. One of the first things to be implemented will use of a GIS (GRASS GIS) for data in topography, coordinates ranges and possible setting with respect to rural or urban areas. Google Earth features and Google Maps features can also augment project. Relation to routes are also expected. Based on their data retrieval students will develop such highway features from bottom based on experience and competence from the prerequisites of this course; will be harshly graded for lack of detail, mechanics, coherency,  analyses and computation from such prerequisites. However, I will not necessarily be harsh with asphalt professional and pavement design because such two constructions are new to you. Projects will have two components, namely a research report and presentation. References are required in reports and presentations. Exams --> 2 Tests and a Final Examination will be given. Objective questions (closed book) and analytical problems (open book) are given. Each test is approximately 2 hours in duration. Grading -->     Homework, class participation and interest, and attendance 10%     Laboratory Projects, including written report and oral presentation 20%     Independent projects 20%     2 Tests 30%     Final Examination 20% Course Outline --> UNIT I (3 Weeks):  INTRODUCTION; TERMINOLOGY; HIGHWAY PLANNING AND ECONOMY; PARKING 1. List and describe the major areas of study and analysis for highway development. 2. List and describe the different types of governmental highway systems, and give real examples of each. 3. Discuss the Interstate Highway system. 4. List and describe the highway types. 5. List and describe several highway organizations and associations. 6. List and describe the various classes of data that must be complied in highway planning. 7. List and describe the costs to be included in highway economy studies. 8. Compute motor vehicle operating costs to the highway user. 9. Describe the requirements for a small shopping centre parking lot as to space dimensions and angles, driveway widths and turning radii. May also include super malls, campuses, high rise housing, etc. UNIT II (3 Weeks): DRIVER, VEHICLE AND ROAD CHARACTERISTICS; HIGHWAY DESIGN 1. Define “perception time” and “reaction time,” and give recommended design values. 2. List and differentiate between the four methods of estimating future traffic volumes 3. Applying the methods of estimating future traffic volumes. 4. Define and calculate service volumes of highways considering the effects of sight distance, obstructions, grades, land widths and commercial vehicles. 5. Using the “benefit cost ratio” method, determine if it is economically feasible to construct a particular highway alignment. 6. List the factors that reduce highway capacity. 7. Compute safe stopping and passing distances for level roadways and for vertical curves in crest or sag. 8. Compute super-elevation requirements for horizontal curves considering design speed, friction and radius in the calculations. Describe the meaning of “runout” as it applies to super-elevation of horizontal curves. 9. Compute stations and elevations along horizontal and vertical curves. 10. Sketch typical cross sections and profiles of highways. 11. List the values of typical lane widths, grades and design speeds. 12. Determine the minimum vertical curve length to provide safe stopping sight distance and safe passing sight distance. 13. Determine the appropriate speed degree of curvature and/or radius for horizontal curves UNIT III (1 Week): TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 1. Describe various channelizing devices. 2. List and describe the general types of intersections at grade and grade separated, and list the advantages and disadvantages of each. 3. Draw a space-time diagram between two intersections given the traffic signal cycles. 4. Calculate the ideal distance between the intersections given the space-time diagram and the roadway design speed. 5. Calculate the ideal speed between two intersections given the distance and traffic signal cycles. 6. State the advantages and disadvantages of traffic signals. 7. Define traffic actuated and fixed time signals. 8. Describe the general contents of the “Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices.” 9. List and describe the various types of traffic control UNIT IV (3 Weeks): HIGHWAY DRAINAGE 1. Compute the water runoff from a drainage area, given the storm frequency, character and slope of ground surface using available charts and graphs and the “rational formula”: i.e. (Q = Aci). 2. Explain the meaning of each parameter in the “rational formula.” 3. Design a circular pipe, trapezoidal culvert and rectangular culvert to efficiently carry a particular water flow, under free flow conditions, using available charts and graphs and the Manning Formula. 4. Analyse a given storm drain system for various flow parameters, such as velocity and flow using the Manning Formula. 5. Set-up in tabular form the necessary chart for completely analysing or designing a simple storm drain system. 6. List and describe various drainage structures such as manholes, inlets, end-walls and headwalls. 7. Classify sub-critical and supercritical flow. UNIT V (2 Weeks): HIGHWAY SUB-GRADES, BASE COURSES, AND SURFACE COURSES 1. Sketch a cross section of a roadway including a description of “surface courses,” “base course,” “sub-base” and “sub-grade.” 2. List and describe the soil characteristics which influence the quality of sub-grades under highway pavements. 3. Describe the different types of base courses. 4. Describe the correct procedures for constructing base courses. 5. Contrast and compare rigid and flexible pavements. 6. List and/or define the methods for the design of flexible pavements. 7. Design a flexible base pavement using the AASHO Method or whatever international counterpart). 8. Compare and contrast “elastic,” “consolidation” and “plastic” deformations as they apply to loadings of flexible pavements. UNIT VI (2 ½ Weeks): BITUMINOUS MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES 1. Explain the procedure for manufacture of “asphalt cements” and “rapid curing,” “slow curing,” “medium curing” and emulsified asphalt binders. 2. Compare and contrast the uses of the various materials listed in number (1). 3. List and define the various methods for testing the stability of bituminous concrete mixtures. 4. Explain the correct construction procedure for the spreading and compacting of bituminous concrete base and surface courses. 5. Explain the various steps in the preparation of bituminous concrete mixtures in a “batch type” plant. 6. Define the various types of surface treatments used to restore existing bituminous concrete and stone roads. 7. List the items that an inspector should look for at the site of bituminous concrete construction. Prerequisites: Advance Structural Analysis, Advance Steel Structures, Advance Cement Structures Co-requisite: Transportation Modelling   Transportation Modelling Engineers in the transportation field and urban planners require skills used in transportation planning to effectively understand the transportation system and urban form. Effective transportation planning requires the understanding of existing techniques and a thorough understanding of their limitations. Text of consideration:     Modelling Transport, Ortúzar and Willumsen, 4th Ed. References:        Urban Transportation Planning, Meyer and Miller, 2nd Edition        Metropolitan Travel Forecasting, Transportation Research Board, Special Report 288 Literature to possibly assist with computational development:        Skinner, D., Waksman, R. and Wang, G. H. (1983). Empirical Modelling and Forecasting of Monthly Transit Revenue for Financial Planning: A Case Study of SCRTD in Los Angeles. Transportation Research Record Issue # 936       Tsekeris, T. and Tsekeris, C. (2011). Demand Forecasting in Transport: Overview and Modelling Advances, Economic Research – Ekonmska Istrazivanja, 24: 1, 82 – 94       Transportation Revenue Forecast Model: Methodology Overview, Oregon Department of Transportation. December 2015 Economics and Financial Analysis         García-Ferrer, A., Bujosa, M., de Juan, A., & Poncela, P. (2006). Demand Forecast and Elasticities Estimation of Public Transport. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 40(1), 45–67. General Visual and Computation tools:     GIS (GRASS GIS with addons)     Mathematica     R + Rstudio Transportation modelling software  --> One may be ready to call out TransCAD as the feature software. The significant advantage of TransCAD is its GIS that’s applicable to virtually any infrastructure network across the globe. There are open source alternatives, however, they may or may not directly supply such GIS capability, but are just as good as TransCAD with everything else. Examples of such are    MITSIMLab    Multi-Agent Transport System Toolkit (MATSim)    Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO)          Has the ability to Import road networks from common network formats such as OpenStreetMap, VISUM, VISSIM, NavTeq, MATsim and OpenDRIVE The following software cater specifically for mesoscopic modelling:    Mezzo-Mesoscopic Traffic simulator,    DTALite: A queue-based mesoscopic traffic simulator for fast model evaluation and calibration As well, the following software has a strong reputation:    TRANSYT-7F     NOTE: if software to be applied are not financial costly, take advantage of the time outside course to practice, for development of competency and confidence. Course Goals: 1. Develop transportation system planning concepts 2. Introduce students to the use of [chosen software] 3. Improve transportation planning and modelling skills 4. Create an understanding of the planning process 5. Identify practical applications for the planning process 6. Improve writing and presentation skills NOTE: the following may be problematic or not treated due to time constraints        Bicycle and Pedestrian Planning        Transit Planning        Freight Demand models Homework --> The homework should be submitted on the day that it is due. I need the homework turned in by this date so that I can return the solutions to you within a week. If you are unable to attend class, please submit your homework via e-mail. If the homework is not submitted the maximum score will degrade in the following manner with each deduction associated with class meetings. Labs --> The class will have eight [chosen software] labs in place of a lecture. These labs will teach the basics for [chosen software] use and its application to the project. Additional office hours for the lab will also be scheduled. Exams --> Mid-term and Final (open and closed book). The exams will last one and a half hours, and the final will be two and a half hours. While each test will focus on a specific section, any of the course objectives that have been covered to that point may be addressed. All of the problem solving will be open book while other portions of the test will be closed book. Projects/Presentations --> For the project, a student group (2-3 students) will develop a transportation-planning model for assigned ambiance using [chosen software]. The modelling process and the subsequent recommendations for the future conditions must be presented. Details on the project will be distributed during the first two labs. The findings from project [with chosen software] will be presented at the end of the course in a 12-15 minute presentation. The [chosen software] presentation should focus on the original solution proposed by your group. The presentations will be graded on content, clarity, and timeliness. Skills will be acquired from labs; however, settings, conditions and place(s) of interest will be different. Project Grading Criteria:     Organization 0.15     Clarity 0.15     Content 0.3     Solution          Originality 0.1          Difficulty 0.1          Content 0.2 Grading:     Homework 10%     Mid-Term 20%     Final 35%     [Chosen software] Project and Presentation 35% Course Outline --> WEEK 1. CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Review Supply and Demand Why do we need Transportation Planning? And the Planning Process WEEK 2. CHAPTER 3 Sampling, Modelling and Data Collection Data Collection and Networks Assignment due: Sampling and Data Analysis WEEK 3. Primitive Modelling Link flow theory: modelling of traffic flow on an individual link. Fundamentals of traffic flow: variables of interest, basic flow-speed-density relationship ("fundamental equation"), models of traffic flow (e.g., Greenshields, Greenberg, May). Introduction to microscopic car-following models: linear car-following models, asymptotic and local stability, steady-state behaviour, nonlinear car-following models, steady-state behaviour. Introduction to mesoscopic modelling Introduction to macroscopic fluid-flow models: continuity equation, recovering Greenberg's model, propagation of disturbances (density waves), shock waves. WEEK 4. Introductory Labs Lab 1: Introduction to [chosen software] Lab 2: continuation of [chosen software] WEEK 5. CHAPTER 4 Trip Generation: General and Regression Trip Generation: Cross-Classification Assignment due: Sampling Design WEEK 6 Lab 3: Trip Generation Chapter 5 – Trip Distribution: Growth Factor WEEK 7. CHAPTER 5 Trip Distribution: Gravity Trip Distribution: Calibration and Issues Assignment due: Trip Generation WEEK 8 Lab 4: Trip Distribution Catching Up/Review/Modal Split Assignment due: Trip Distribution WEEK 9. CHAPTER 6 Modal Split Midterm WEEK 10. CHAPTER 7 Discrete Choice Models: Multinomial Logit Lab5: Mode Choice WEEK 11. CHAPTER 10 Assignment: Basics Assignment: Basics Assignment due: Mode Choice WEEK 12. CHAPTER 10 & 11 Assignment: Beyond AON Equilibrium methods: Equilibrium assignment WEEK 13 Lab 6: Traffic Assignment Validation and Forecasting Assignment due: Basic Assignment WEEK 14. LABS Lab 7: Putting it all together Lab 8: Analysing Problems and Solutions WEEK 15. CHAPTER 13 Activity Based Models Activity Based Models Assignment due: Equilibrium Assignment WEEK 16 Software Project Due Presentations Presentations Prerequisites: Calculus III, Optimisation, Probability & Statistics, Mathematical Statistics Land Surveying Course Objective --> To provide an introduction to land surveying measurements and calculations for natural resource managers and landscape designers for the purpose of carrying out basic mapping projects and simple construction layouts. One may intuitively think of a GIS, however, ranges for measures and mapping may be too small for a GIS to pay detailed attention too. In small ranges there may elevation sensitivities taken likely with a general GIS concerning infrastructure and construction projects. Areas of interest may be highly specific in perimeter and various obstacles. The hardest part about this course will be acquiring theodolites and total stations. Typical Text:      Surveying Fundamentals and Practices, by Jerry Nathanson, Michael T. Lanzafama, Philip Kissam, Prentice Hall Tools:    Scientific Calculator    Good Trigonometry Set with a 360° protractor    Determined stationery    Jump Drive (relative)    Smartphone/Smartpad          Thorough GPS          GIS (GRASS GIS with addons)          Photography    Field spot markers (and something to drive them down) Necessary tools from the institution:    Theodolite(s)    Total Stations Course components        Theoretical and analytical development        Extensive Field activities Schedule for field activities may be extended depending on weather. Course requires students to travel considerable distances to have access to various environments, habitats, etc. Always have hiking shoes and durable wear (not Prada, Chanel, Gucci, Dior, Jimmy choo, Jordans, Yeezy, Nike, white or off white pants, white shoes and so forth). All times excellent hygiene practice is expected involving interactions with each other and with tools in the field. Hydration sustenance is expected. Environmentally acceptable bodily pesticide. Refrain from littering. Refrain from loitering onto property you are not given permission to be on. Having smartphones with long battery life with robust networks will be much appreciated. You are neither allowed to be playing music, nor watching videos, nor use of headphones with audio and video upon reaching surveying sites.   Activities in field activities (not necessarily in given particular order): identifying locations, TIN models, contours, TOPO maps, boundary surveys and more). Such activities may require additional specific software. Students who are absent a specific amount of times for fields activities are easily in jeopardy of failing course. A respective missed field activity warrants a score of 0 for associated field report. Some amount of times in lectures will be procured towards prepping for field activities. Prepping will part of your field activity grade weight. Will recognise a professional manner of generating reports from field activities. Replacement policy --> The Replacement Rule may be used one time and is defined as follows:     A missed exam or the lowest score on either Exam 1 or Exam 2 may be replaced with the average score of any two other exams—i.e., either Exam 1 or Exam 2 and the Final Exam. However, before applying the rule to the lowest score on Exam 1 or Exam 2, you must achieve a grade of at least 69% on the Final Exam. The replace rule cannot be used to replace the Final Exam score. Grading:     Assignments 15%     Constructive field participation 15%     Field Reports 20%     2 Exams (@ 15% each) 30%     Final Exam 20% Course Outline --> Introduction (1 WEEK) -   1. Types of surveying measurement errors and three different categorical sources for these errors.   2. Properties of random errors and explain how random errors propagate or how they influence the end results of measured or calculated quantities.   3. Describe the meaning of accuracy, precision, and resolution. Levelling (3 WEEKS)-   1. Levelling - Explain the theory of differential levelling by utilizing two equations and a labelled profile view showing a level, a levelling rod, the ground surface, the elevation datum, and other required variables.   2. Conduct levelling operations by using a level to acquire back sights, foresights, intermediate foresights, and perform calculations to determine elevations and make the checks to verify and quantify the results.   3. Calculate differences in elevation using back sights, foresights, elevations, and slope distances and slope angles.   4. Describe the concept of stationing as used to define the location of points along a linear feature such as along a centre line for profile levelling.   5. Perform a simple level loop adjustment Distance Measurements (1 WEEK) -   1. Calculate horizontal distance given slope distance and slope angle.   2. Describe how precision is expressed for distance measurements.   3. Explain these methods for expressing slope gradient: slope angle, percent slope, and the top scale.   4. List four units used in distance measurement and convert from one unit to the other. Angle and Directions (2 WEEKS) -   1. Operate a total station to obtain angles-to-the right, vertical angles, slope distances, horizontal distances, and vertical distances.   2. Given the bearing of one side of a traverse and any combination of interior angles, exterior angles, deflection angles or angles-to-the-right at the vertexes of a traverse, calculate the bearings and/or azimuths of all other sides of the traverse; or, given the bearings or azimuths of all sides of a traverse, calculate any of the above mentioned angles at each vertex.   3. Explain the difference between a zenith angle and an angle of elevation or an angle of depression. Traverse Calculations (3 WEEKS) -   1. Describe two traversing methods and three types of traverses.   2. Perform traverse calculations for angle adjustment, bearing or azimuth, latitude, departure, linear error of closure, relative error of closure, compass-rule corrections, and coordinates.   3. Calculate the direction and distance between two points when the coordinates of the two points are known.   4. Calculate the area of a closed traverse. Topographic Mapping (3 WEEKS) -   1. Describe four field methods for collecting topographic and planimetric data. Describe the office procedures for creating a topographic map.   2. Describe how intermediate and index contours are selected.   3. Describe the characteristics of index contours as shown on a map.   4. Create a topographic map showing the minimum required map labels and elements using profile and cross-section data.   5. Create a topographic map showing the minimum required map labels and elements using data from the controlling point method of data collection. Construction Surveying 2 – 3 WEEKS) -   1. Explain how baselines and batter boards are used during the construction layout for constructed facilities or landscape designs.   2. Explain how to set a grade stake or a grade elevation from a temporary benchmark (TMB).   3. Perform calculations for slope stake positions in cut and fill situations.   4. Calculate earthwork volumes. Prerequisite: Senior Standing Building Information Modeling for Capital Projects This course focuses on the skills and information needed to effectively use an existing Building Information Model (BIM) in plan execution for a building construction project. This is a project-based course where students gain knowledge on the implementation of BIM concepts throughout the lifecycle of a building, from planning and design, to construction and operations. NOTE: this course requires a significant investment of time and outside work. Finish it on time.   By taking this class, you will be able to: (1) Define BIM (2) Describe workflow in using BIM in the building lifecycle (3) Perform model-based cost estimating (4) Perform 4D/5D simulations (5) Apply BIM to reduce error and change orders in capital projects (6) Evaluate and communicate your ideas related to the use of BIM in the building life cycle Tool -->      For this particular course Autodesk Bim 360 along with Autodesk Revit may be the most appropriate. Software will be in labs, and also means to download on your laptops or home computers. References-->   Eastman, C.; Teicholz, P.; Sacks, R.; Liston, K. (2008) BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors. New York: Wiley. 504 pp.   Hardin, B., & McCool, D. (2015). BIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows. John Wiley & Sons   Issa, R. R., & Olbina, S. (Eds.). (2015). Building Information Modeling: Applications and Practices. American Society of Civil Engineers   Kymmell, W. (2007). Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations (McGraw-Hill Construction Series). McGraw Hill Professional. Homework assignments -->   (i). Assignments will include handouts or notifications through communication platform to be completed.   (ii). Much or assignments will be software development activities. Based on lectures and labs. Often it will be cause of altering and augmenting topics and activities in lectures and labs. Quizzes --> Quizzes are closed book, closed note evaluation. Quizzes will cover part of the class material (subjects will be announced in class), assigned readings and guest lectures. Quizzes may include problems, definition/matching, multiple choice, and short answer questions as appropriate to the material covered. Software Development Lab --> Labs will play a crucial role in development. Without strong emphasis and dedication in lab, virtually will be lost. There will be at least 13 labs with software development throughout the course. BIM building Project --> Students will work on a semester-long BIM project to apply skills to develop a BIM model; this will be based on assignments and labs ithroughout the course, and a final report/presentation.       Grading -->    Homework Assignments 30% (individual weights vary)    Software Development Lab 25%    Quizzes 15% (individual weights vary)    BIM building project 30% Topics --> (1) Overview of the course & organization; Introduction to Building Information Modelling (2) Model-based Cost Estimating (3) Construction Scheduling and 4D Simulation (4) Energy Modelling   (5) Design Coordination (6) Conflicts/Interference Checking Prerequisite: Upper Junior Standing Project Controls I Course introduces major concepts of project controls in an integrated fashion, with particular emphasis on cost and time controls. Major topic areas include network scheduling, methods of cost control, and schedule and resource management, as well as special topics such as forensics and the impact of contracts on controls. Course provides a holistic view of major ideas in project controls. Fundamentals of planning, scheduling, and cost management on projects. Topics include network scheduling, activity and resource management, cost loading and cost control, and computer tools used for project controls, such as schedule simulation and three-dimensional and four-dimensional CAD. Specific learning objectives include --> 1. Ability to calculate network schedules and make use of project scheduling software. 2. Understand problems with resource constraints and apply basic techniques of resource levelling to scheduling. 3. Understand and apply methods of schedule compression 4. Understand sources of uncertainty and risk in schedules and apply methods to quantify schedule risk 5. Understand and apply the basic methods of forecasting for cost and schedule. 6. Ability to apply work breakdown structures and cost load a schedule as well as perform earned value calculations. 7. Understand broad concepts of project controls as related to phases of the project and project organization. Typical Text:     Forrest Clark & A.B. Lorenzoni, Applied Cost Engineering, CRC Press Supporting Resources:     CII RR244-11 - Global Project Controls and Management Systems. 2012     Jimmie Hinze, Construction Planning & Scheduling, Pearson/Prentice Hall Lab Tools      Auotdesk BIM 360 (or alternative) Participation --> Attending class is not equal to class participation – participation means asking and answering questions, sharing experiences, etc. Note also that mini-project assessments will be considered when evaluating participation grades. Homework --> Homework consists of traditional problem sets as well as short written questions relating to the course materials and reading. Homework assignments should be completed individually, but I encourage study groups for discussion. Length of homework assignments will vary, and weighting of homework grades will vary with length and difficulty. Labs --> Concerns intelligence and skills to develop towards all projects in course. Homework will augment the theoretical analytical aspects towards skills. Labs include project management and 3D/4D/5D tools. Midterm --> Midterm is closed book, closed note exams. Calculators are allowed provided you haven’t programmed them with notes. Mini Projects --> Student mini projects are meant to allow exploration of a project controls technique in some depth. The mini project consists of identification and project approval with the instructor and a short-written summary of the technique, reference sources, and an original sample problem/illustration. These mini projects will be first assessed by a classmate and then both the assessment and revised project will be submitted for a grade. Major Project --> The class project is also designed to allow small groups to explore aspects of project controls through the design and implementation of a control system. The project can contain selection of novel control measures, describe an integrated system of controls for certain phases of the project, and/or experiment with novel visualizations. Discussion around the project is planned in the first days of class. Based on interest and background of the students, we will better define the project in the initial class days. Grading:     Class Participation 10%   (instructor’s discretion)     Homework 20%     Labs 15%     Student mini project 15%     Midterm 20%     Class Project 20% Course Outline --> WK 1 - Intro to Project Controls; Definitions and 13 trends WK 2 - Estimating - overview Basics of network scheduling: activity calcs, float and critical path; computer scheduling WK 3 - Cost Loading and control, Earned Value; Work breakdown structures, work packaging for control; computer scheduling WK 4 - QUIZ – Schedule basics Control During Conceptual Design Engineering WK 5 - Control During Detailed Engineering 3D/4D Schedule visualization WK 6 - Control During Construction WK 7 - Owner view of project controls WK 8 - Schedule & Resource Management: schedule compression, resource levelling and planning Student MiniProjects – First Submission WK 9 - Risk Modelling & Predictive Controls: PERT, simulation Student Mini Projects – Classmate Assessment Due WK 10 - Trending and Forecasting; managing risk & contingency WK 11 - 12 Forensics Student Mini Projects – Final Submission WK 13 - Change Management WK 14 - Midterm WK 15 - Project presentations Project write-up due Prerequisite: Building Information Modeling for Capital Projects Project Controls II Integrity, competency and professionalism are basic goals. Our aim is fit course schedule with actual projects administered by either WASA, Works, Infrastructure, TSTT, T&TEC, etc. There will be a gudeline for competent implementation of project controls. Your intelligence and skills from prerequisite will be essential for development. All tools from prerequisite will be applied. Additionally, expect other things like stationery, smartpad, smartphone (carefully handled), hard hat, work boots, etc. to be relevant. Prerequisite: Project Controls I Civil Engineering students may or may not have interest to complete specific activity labours found in the Geology curriculum. Furthermore, Civil Engineering activities listed beneath, if repeated can be added to transcripts upon successful completion. Many or most activities can be done before and after exposure to any courses of the subject in degree pursuit. Repeated activities later on can be given a designation such as Advance “Name” I, Advance “Name” II. As well, particular repeated activities serve to towards developing true comprehension, competency and professionalism. CONSTITUENTS ON NOTICE: Activities concerns results that can be acknowledged by the professional engineering society. Capabilities of activity will neither be influenced by local cultural ignorance and stigmas nor by ambiances not of concern to bridge programme. Activity does not encourage intrusive entities due to repulsive cultural habits concerning Trinidad, CC, Africa, Black America and Latin America. Any media developed is not geared to pop culture and minority trends or stereotypes. FOR ACTIVITIES IN THE “SUMMER” AND WINTER” SESSIONS ALL PARTICIPATING STUDENTS, ASSISTING/ADVISING INSTRUCTORS AND PROFESSORS MUST BE OFFICIALLY RECOGNISED; REQUIRES BOTH CIVILIAN ID AND STUDENT/FACULTY ID FOR CONFIRMATION OF INDIVIDUAL. THERE WILL ALSO BE USE OF IDENTIFICATIONS FOR ACTIVITIES FOR RESPECTIVE SESSION. SECURITY AND NON-PARTICIPATING ADMINISTRATION WILL ONLY IDENTIFY RESPECTIVE ACTIVITY BY IDENTIFICATION CODE. SECURITY AND NON-PARTICIPATING ADMINISTRATION MUST NEVER KNOW WHAT ACTIVITIES IDENTIFICATION CODES IDENTIFY:       < Alpha, Alpha, Alpha, Alpha > - < # # # # # > - < session > - < yyyy > Such civil engineering activities will also warrant criminal background check (CBC) in order to participate. Severely threshold may vary depending on administration. Administrators will provide dated letters of confirmation of thorough CBC to student affairs and other appropriate administration. Such also may include screening that’s parallel to customs & immigration processing where certain levels of criminal history warrants rejection. Email and physical letters with data. Such CBC protocol will not explicitly identify any particular titles or descriptions of any activity, rather, will only convey code as above.   It may be the case some activities can be grouped and given a major title together; however, detailed descriptions will be required. Activities will be field classified. Particular projects of interest being stationary: 1. Leonardo da Vinci bridge Will construct various scales from popsicle sticks or eco-friendly substitute to scales at least 9 feet in length. Essentially will determine the physics and engineering for such bridges. Statics likely will have vital role. CAD models with structural analysis and stability can be incorporated. Will identify strengths and weakness of the bridge. Effects of shear, compression, lateral perturbations and torsion. Will then observe Leonardo da Vinci bridges in service to the public and the augmentations applied to make such constructions serviceable to the public. 2. Additional, rudimentary structural skills requirement (repeatable):  I. Micro-scale bridge competence Will make use of primitive materials such as wood, bamboo, aluminium, etc. to construct bridge types different to (1). Will predict the load capacity, durability, etc. based on material knowledge and structural Analysis; will then test such and determine whether bridge performance exceeds or falls short of predicted limitations with loads applied, pursuing possible causes.  II. Steel scaled down model of a bridge (20-25 feet) carrying 1-1 ½ tons of weight. Design from principles learnt in class; various frames to be analysed concerning economics with materials and time, and forecasted structural integrity properties, aesthetics. CADs and structuring integrity software to apply; must figure out the means to visually and computationally situate the respective material (of particular geometry, weight and mass distribution) in question upon frame. Must fabricate the bridge itself. After planning building must constructed within a designated time. Performance is measured on weight, structural efficiency and aesthetics. Notice: for a respective bridge frame the students must convey the means of attachments, say screws and bolts, welding, etc. Students will be introduced to different loads of various geometries and centre of masses; will concern different materials. Students must determine if such materials are appropriate to be situated on constructed bridge; if not favourable to then choose an appropriate frame design dependent on material cost and estimated timing for construction. Will then test such and determine whether bridge performance exceeds or falls short of predicted limitations with loads applied, pursuing possible causes. To also compare with other possible frame candidates with economics confirmed (materials and time). Latter bridges designed in CAD need not be built.  III. Structural analysis for connectors Structural analysis for welding, bolts and screws, connector plates, hinges. Concerning popular structures that require welding, bolts and screws students must determine the structural integrity at such regions. What methods are to be applied for determination of such? 3. Truss Bridges Computational and Design Investigation (repeatable): I. Truss Bridge types--- Pratt, Parker, K-truss, Howe, Camelback, Warren, Fink, Double Intersect Pratt, Warren with Verticals, Bowstring, Baltimore, Double Intersection Warren, Waddell “A” Truss, Pennsylvania, Lattice, McCallum, Suspension and so forth. Students will use knowledge and skills acquired from classes, CADs and structural integrity software to determine structural integrity of the unique structural components for each style of truss structure, and result from integration in total. Concerning economics, choose situation land gaps or river banks to bridge for a width scale, height scale and length scale of such gap, then confirm costs and likely time for completion. II. Analogy to (I) for suspension bridges III. Analogy to (I) for ridged frame bridges IV. Rigid frame bridges versus truss bridges versus cable suspension bridges. V. There may may be “microscale” constructions, however, developing highly economic field investigations may be challenging, 4. Fluid and Thermal Analysis in Civil Engineering (repeatable) Open to Industrial Engineering constituents  I. Primitive Environmental Thermodynamics      (i). Will extensively acquire knowledge about architecture/civil engineering design towards function for natural Air-conditioning for buildings or sites in Asia, Ancient Egypt and the Middle Ages. Built micro-climates in the Middle East.          (ii). Zeer pot fridge or Pot in Pot fridge Definition and construction can be found from many sources. After construction of such (at least three), temperature sensors that can store readings chronologically will be placed inside each. Each fridge will be placed at completely different locations known to experience considerably high temperatures. As well a temperature sensor to be placed outside and separate of each respective fridge with the same recording ability. Each test trial may be a duration of daylight for three days. Preference be that days not concern precipitation and cloudy skies. Will collect data and geometrically represent temperature readings with respect to time. There will be an issue about size (chamber depth and/or volume) being a factor; find experimental resolution if economic. Then, after studying the materials used to make such refrigerators concerning their makeup and thermal properties, propose substitute materials one believes that will provide drastically better results; build and repeat experimentation with concern about whether size (chamber depth and/or volume) will factor in.      (iii). Identify any modern structure that make use of similar refrigeration innovation like ii); may not be water involved but more modern advanced materials. Try constructing microscale modules to replicate experiments like in (ii) and compare results.      (iv). Fridge without electricity -YouTube Study then build (or reassemble). Temperature sensors that can store readings chronologically will be placed inside. Each test trial may be a duration of daylight for three days.  II. Air flow in ducts and pipes   There will be different on-site observations. Critical components for control: Pipes, Ducts, In-line ducts fans, Register grills, In-line duct mufflers, Plug-in thermostats, HVAC controls; to understand how such seven features can constitute a simple system. For ducts and pipes there will be on site observations of: Material types, Various geometrical designs, Fitting and Connecting methods, Various suspension methods. As well, thermal insulation methods when applied. Instructor will assign various buildings with ventilation and thermal requirements. Students will use software to develop model and simulation that sufficiently meets the requirements of respective building. Establish of cost based on various materials applied and scale of project. Software such as Autodesk Revit (MEP) or other for air in ducts and pipes to apply considerably.    III. Fluids Mechanics Properties of Fluids; Viscosity; Laminar & Turbulent Fluid Flow; Boundary Layer; Continuity, Momentum and Energy equations for Fluid Flows. A master equation for fluids (gases and liquids). Numerical schemes, OpenFoam and Cart3d use.  IV. Air flow over and along buildings and structures Concerning the following journal articles investigate the modelling deelopment, computational software or codes mentioned towards the CFD process. Will try to apply skills acquired from (III) to implement such.          Baskaran, A., and and Kashef, A., Investigation of Air Flow Around Buildings Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques, Engineering Structures, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 861-875, 1996. The following journal article may or may not be of assistance:          Tominaga, Y., Flow Around a High-Rise Building Using Steady and Unsteady RANS CFD: Effect of Large-Scale Fluctuations on the Velocity Statistics, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 142 (2015) 93–103 The following journal article to be analysed and experimentally tested with building of choice:         Yau, Y., H., and Lian, Y., C., A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Effects of Buoyancy on Air Flow Surrounding a Building, Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 2016, Vol. 37(3) 257–271 Assuming no wind tunnel is required, analyse and replicate journal article to acquire findings and compare to article:        Du, Y., Mak, C., M., and Tang, B., Effects of Building Height and Porosity on Pedestrian Level Wind Comfort in a High-Density Urban Built Environment, BUILD SIMUL (2018) 11: 1215–1228  V. Demonstrating the Laws of Thermodynamics through Experiments          VI. Contemporary Thermodynamics for Buildings and Infrastructure        (i) Overview of Heat transfer (conduction, convection and radiation) applying to buildings.      (ii) Fundamental laws of thermodynamics (with practical relevance)      (iii) Thermal resistance and thermal capacitance. Will experimentally verify with thermal sensors or thermometers and timer. The tedious task will be designing “isolated” systems when needed.          (iv) Refrigeration cycles. Will become acquainted with different refrigeration cycles and their practicality in buildings, structures, etc. Will identify real buildings, constructions, etc. then to:                Develop refrigeration cycle model                Followed by experimental valIdation via board controllers, sensors, DAQ, etc. implement particular refrigeration cycle schemes.                OvervIew of buildIng codes for cycles and environmental sustainability                Codes for energy efficIency and empirIcal validation  VII. Thermal Conductivity of Isotropic, Anisotropic & Non-isotropic Materials Must have the ability to differentiate isotropic media from anisotropic/non-isotropic media. Such concerns common materials applied in civil engineering           (i) Wood         (ii) Steel beams (includes influence on malleability and ductility)       Steels cables (includes influence on malleability and ductility)       (iii) Aluminum (includes influence on malleability and ductility)       (iv) Copper       (v) Concrete       (vi) Reinforced concrete                  Kim, Jung J et al. (2014). Extracting Concrete Thermal Characteristics from Temperature Time History of RC Column Exposed to Standard Fire.” The Scientific World Journal 242806.       (vii) Glass       (viii) Poly (methyl methacrylate)       (ix)  PVC       (x) Fire proofing sprays Will like to know what materials can be overall characterised by the Heat Equation. Analytical description and solution(s) for each material with geometry, material properties, appropriate initial and boundary conditions will be required; compared to lab/field findings. Will also pursue analytical modelling and solutions for anisotropic/non-isotropic materials concernIng conductivity w.r.t. geometry, material properties, appropriate initial and boundary conditions; compared to lab/field findings. Concerning the given journal articles various investigations can be developed. Investigation of concern for listed materials above -- A. Fourier Law. Why does Fourier’s law account for both isotropic and anisotropic/non-isotropic media? Overall boundary geometries are quadrilateral planar, circular planar, cuboid, cylindrical, tube pipes (linear and circular), discs, hollow spheres, solid spheres. B. Modeling and derivation of the Heat equation with practical initial conditions and practical boundary conditions. C. Modelling and derivation of model(s) for anisotropic/non-isotropic media with practical initial conditions and practical boundary conditions. Some assists for experimentatIon:          Su, S.,Chen, J. and Zhang, C. (2011). Study on Performance of Anisotropic Materials of Thermal Conductivity. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 5, 168-172        Ulrich Gross, Gerald Barth, Rhena Wulf, Le Thanh Son Tran. Thermal Conductivity of Non-isotropic Materials Measured by Various Methods. High Temperatures - High Pressures, 2001, volume 33, pages 141 – 150. 15 ECTP Proceedings pages 805 - 814     To identify whether analytical analysis and field/lab experimentation are consistent with intended use of respective material. --Infrared Imaging for a time frame with chose time intervals. --Temperature sensing with infrared sensing that’s time continuous Concerns use applying respective material to high heat source for observation and chronological data gathering for conduction rate and temperature dynamics for respective material. May or may not involve multiple trials for respective material. Determine whether heat conduct rate data conforms well to theoretical conduction rate model(s). Material will then be isolated quickly from high temperature heat source to an environment of constant room temperature to observe cooling down procedure via infrared imaging with chronological data gathering for cooling rate and temperature dynamics for respective material. May or may not involve multiple trials for respective material. Determine whether heat dissipation rate data conforms well to theoretical dissipation rate model(s). As well, respective material will have initial setting of residing in a ambiance of “room temperature” then exposed to freezing temperatures; also involves observation of cooling down procedure via infrared imaging with chronological data gathering for cooling rate and temperature dynamics for respective material. May or may not involve multiple trials for respective material. --Will also be concerned with material integrity due to temperatures and climate. This part doesn’t need to be experimental. Relevant properties of expansion, contraction, malleability, ductility, cracking, weathering, etc. --Weathering due to thermal stress, frost weathering, biological effects (moss, lichens, other microorganism growth with moisture), oxidation. This part doesn’t need to be experimental. --How does temperature influence FEA for concrete beams, steel beams and steel cables? Keep in mind that characteristics for particular material must be incorporated. Consider typical heat transfer models for such materials and their geometries upon FEA (solar variations for tropic to hot arid ambiances). There may be cold climate treatment. Moisture may also have influence on the heat transfer model in question (hot places or cold places). Interest here towards tensile strength, stress, strain, and the flexibility for large distance scales.    VIII. Thermal Modelling of Chosen Building Buildings account for approximately 40% of world energy use with around 21% of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse in metric tons vary from one environment to the next. Intelligent Buildings must seek to:   Reduce heating, cooling and lighting loads through climate responsive design and conservation practices   Employ renewable energy sources (daylighting, passive solar heating, photovoltaics, geothermal, and groundwater cooling)   Specify efficient HVAC and lighting systems that consider part-load conditions and utility interface requirements   Optimize building performance by employing energy modelling programs and optimize system control strategies   Monitor project performance Energy codes provide minimum building requirements that are cost-effective in saving energy. Students must identify what types of machine and systems will appease the controller function, with consideration of cost-effectiveness with such machinery and systems in the short and long run. Identify a modern building that’s common use to apply as a test-bed for advanced energy management in campus buildings and systems. Test-bed facility involves design, implementation and evaluation of a sensor network prototype Sensors Include:    Temperature    Humidity    Light    Light Intensity    Air pressure    Mobility patterns of humans inside building (may not be practical) New measurements can help improve and design control Energy Management and Control Systems (EMCS) In order to investigate how new technologies can help improve energy usage in modern high activity buildings, a scalable thermal model of the building needs to be created, verified and validated. Scalability is important when analysing control systems for large buildings. Relevant to hybrid control system models. Objectives   Create a scalable model (Modelica or SystemModeler) of building thermodynamics   Model chosen building   Validate model using reference data of chosen building Heat Transfer Topics   Conduction   Convection   Radiation   Heat Storage       How much energy is required to increase the temperature by a specified amount. Proportional to the mass of the object Thermal Circuits   Representation of thermal transfer   Thermal circuit is a representation of the resistance to heat flow as though it were a resistor   Heat storage elements can be represented as capacitors   Temperature can be represented as potential   Network nodal analysis, the following must be satisfied at each node   Model must have a term that represents heat added to the node by means other than surface convection. If internal heat is present, the added heats are known   Resistance for conduction   Resistance for convection Considered approach  Developing control systems and test system-level performance. Possibly creating custom component models using the SystemModeler and/or with Modelica, which enables text-based authoring of physical modelling components, domains, and libraries. Modelling systems spanning mechanical, electrical, hydraulic and other physical domains and physical networks.   An issue may be building model data for validation   Verifying the model against other platforms Analytical Model   Since building is a complex system, a complete theoretical approach is impractical. Assumptions   Air is the zone is fully mixed. Temperature distribution is uniform and the dynamics can be expressed in a lump capacity model   Effect of each wall is the same   Ground and roof have no effect on the zone temperature   The density of the air is assumed to be constant and is not influenced by changing the temperature and humidity ratio of the zone Description of Model State variables   Zone temperature and wall temperatures   People, lights and extreme weather conditions are uncontrolled inputs   Input variables   Air flow rate for each zone constituents for equations in Model   Variables       Temperature       Heat flow       Humidity (may not be directly applicable)       Air pressure (may not be directlly applicable); see how it relates to assumption of constant air density       Intensity (for light)       Luminosity (for light)   Parameters       Specific Heat       Density       Mass       Heat transfer coefficient of the material       Conduction coefficient       Length of conductor       Area Note: other heat gains can be set to zero Room model will be in the form of a circuit Involving SystemModeler and/or with Modelica for rooms(much use of PIDs)    Top level phase on SystemModeler and/or with Modelica        Controller(s), dynamics, scopes    Thermal model  level    Room level    Wall level and Control block Model: PDEs Mathematica Model: Results PDE vs. SystemModeler and/or with Modelica        As well to determine order of error (may be due to numerical integration errors or other things) Model Results: Scalability PID N-room model Set point is around 25 degrees Celsius. Compute time increases, but model is easily scalable on SystemModeler and/or with Modelica. If wall properties are similar, SystemModeler/Modelica model is easily scalable as well. Control pursuit    PID Model for room uses the desired temperature errors as input. Very easy to implement on SystemModeler/Modelica.   Other advance control techniques (LQR, CLQR, MPC) require state space representation. If nonlinear properties arise then PID may have trouble. As well, scalability can be a problem and state-space representation is not easily implementable.   No direct state-space extension from circuit analysis   For the N-room model system define the state space   Non-linear system can be linearized about a nominal trajectory for implementation of LQR or CLQR. The constraint is the input since the amount of airflow should be…   The matrices A, R1, R2 and B are defined by the dynamics of the system. R1 and R2 are necessary to represent the non-linearity in the model.   Linearization is straight forward. Selection of nominal trajectory is not.   Future work should focus on providing the correct system dynamics to the controller. Pursue Experimental development for chosen building   The mentioned sensors will placed securely at many points in chosen building (Temperature, Humidity, Light, Light Intensity, Air Pressure)     Concerning the building’s internal, sensors generally should not be directly placed under light sources, airducts, air conditioning, etc.   All data to be collected must be calibrated to run exactly with same timing.   Readings will be “continuous in time”   Sensors must be uniquely identifiable in system with location labelling   Will involve much use of microcontrollers   Will need high amounts of storage.   A cluster with microcontrollers may be prove quite constructive   Telemetry may or may not serve well   Power source for system must be perpetually reliable (back-up power source if viewed essential)   Components in system must be voltage compatible If any sensors and components are to be external to building development appropriate precipitation and moisture insulation   System must not be easily reachable to be tampered with or compromised (people, dogs, cats, rats/rodents, insect clogging, reptiles, etc.) Compare data experimental data to simulation There may be questions, such as determining the power consumption needed  (per month, annual, etc.) based on simulated model; compared to average real cost acquired by building.   As well, there may be competing models to compare with long with the acquired real data from “field experiment”. Two examples:         Bastida, H. et al. Thermal Dynamic Modelling and Temperature Controller Design for a House. Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 2800 – 2805         F. Belić, Ž. Hocenski and D. Slišković, "Thermal Modelling of Buildings with RC method and Parameter Estimation," 2016 International Conference on Smart Systems and Technologies (SST), Osijek, 2016, pp. 19-25 And yes, what else can you do with acquired data from “field experiment concerning machine learning? Will ML methods be closely comparable to simulations?   Participation requirement for this activity requires:   Calculus III   ODE   General Physics I NOTE: there are different types of thermal systems for buildings which will vary from one building to another. Two examples:    HVAC    Radiant Cooling + ventilation       An example RC model -->        He, L. et al. Simplified Building Thermal Model Used for Optimal Control of Radiant cooling System. Mathematical Problems in Engineering Volume 2016, Article ID 2976731, 15 pages 5. Revolutionary Air Conditioner (repeatable) Analysis of given video Revolutionary Air Conditioner – YouTube < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_g4nT4a28U > PART A Thermodynamics inquisition (includes refrigeration cycles) PART B If recognised as feasible proceed with scenarios for the improvements suggested in video, or by one’s own research, then new thermodynamics inquisition applied. PART C Also PWM or MPPT development for the case of solar power integration. PART D Planning and construction of system     Components in modelling followed by transfer functions and simulation                Systemmodeler/Modelica, DWSIM , COCO     Possibly CAD development with Manifolds and tubes, etc.     Includes competence with identifying the mechanical and  electrical components  to fit to scale     Comprehending the electrical tools to be applied (oscilloscopes, multimeters, power electronics, fans, etc., etc.) that are efficient and competent. Construction of system and testing Economics to be applied (compared to natural use of plain air conditioner)     Cost-Benefit Analysis     Life Cycle Assessment     Energy Audit     Note: personal satisfaction of system to all be considered 6. Solar Powered Air Conditioner (REPEATABLE) Solar Powered Air Conditioner - YouTube < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7w4rg3UcsgI&t=1044s > PART A Thermodynamics inquisition (includes refrigeration cycles) PART B If recognised as feasible proceed with scenarios for the improvements suggested in video, or by one’s own research, then new thermodynamics inquisition applied. PART C Also PWM or MPPT development for solar power integration. PART D Planning and construction of system     Components in modelling followed by transfer functions and simulation                Systemmodeler/Modelica, DWSIM , COCO     Possibly CAD development with Manifolds and tubes, etc.     Includes competence with identifying the mechanical and  electrical components  to fit to scale     Comprehending the electrical tools to be applied (oscilloscopes, multimeters, power electronics, fans, etc., etc.) that are efficient and competent. Construction of system and testing Economics to be applied (compared to natural use of plain air conditioner)     Cost-Benefit Analysis     Life Cycle Assessment     Energy Audit     Note: personal satisfaction of system to all be considered 7. Vibrational Field Investigation (repeatable): The given journal articles to serve as guides, however, choice of ambiances with relevant data to be taken into account--   (i) Memory, T., J., Thambiratnam, D., P., and Brameld, G., H., Free Vibration Analysis of Bridges, Engineering Structures, Vol. 17, No. pp. 705-713, 1995 (ii) Wodzinowski, R., Sennah, K., and Afefy, H., M., Free Vibration Analysis of Horizontally Curved Composite Concrete-Steel I-Girder Bridges, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 140 (2018) 47-61 (iii) Goremikins, V. et al, Simplified Method of Determination of Natural-Vibration Frequencies of Prestressed Suspension Bridge, Procedia Engineering 57 (2013) 343 – 352 (iv) Nagayama, T., et al, Bridge Natural Frequency Estimation by Extracting the Common Vibration Component From the Responses of Two Vehicles, 6th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering, 11th International Workshop on Advanced Smart Materials and Smart Structures Technology, August 1-2, 2015, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, United States   (v) Geng, Y., Ranzi, G., Wang, Y., and Wang, Y., Out-of-Plane Creep Buckling Analysis on Slender Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Arches, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 140 (2018) 164-190 8. Reinforced Concrete Field Investigation (repeatable): --Vasko, M. et al, The Damage Analysis of the Reinforced Concrete Beam and the Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Beam, MATEC Web of Conferences 157, 02055 (2018) --Espana, R., M. et al, Evolutionary Strategies as Applied to Shear Strain Effects in Reinforced Concrete Beams, Applied Soft Computing 57 (2017) 164–176 --Bhogayata, A., C., and Arora, N., K., Fresh and Strength Properties of Concrete Reinforced with Metalized Plastic Waste Fibers, Construction and Building Materials 146 (2017) 455–463 9. Connection Analysis Field Investigation (repeatable): --Lee, J., Goldsworthy, H., M, and Gad, E., F., Blind Bolted T-stub Connections to Unfilled Hollow Section Columns in Low Rise Structures, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66 (2010) 981–992 --Brandonisio, G., De Luca, and A., Mele, E., Shear Strength of Panel Zone in Beam-to-Column Connections, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 71 (2012) 129–142 --Tizani, W. et al, Rotational Stiffness of a Blind-Bolted Connection to Concrete-Filled Tubes Using Modified Hollo-Bolt, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 80 (2013) 317–331 10. Reinforced Concrete Field Investigation (repeatable): Note: students, assistants, etc. may need to construct specified concretes if such a case comes.   --Rumsey, N., Russell, J., and Tarhini, K., Innovative Approach to Teaching Undergraduate Reinforced Concrete Design, 40th ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, October 27 - 30, 2010, Washington, DC.   Arezoumandi, M., et al, An experimental Study on Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams with 100% Recycled Concrete Aggregate, Construction and Building Materials 53 (2014) 612–620. Following such, also be will reinforced concrete different types, namely, materials used for reinforced concrete where results will be compared; weight differences can also be taken into consideration. Note: students, assistants, etc. may need to construct specified concretes if such a case comes.   Adjrad, A., et al, Prediction of the Rupture of Circular Sections of Reinforced Concrete and Fiber Reinforced Concrete, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.10, No.3, pp.373–381, September 2016. Apply various international codes. Note: students, assistants, etc. may need to construct specified concretes if such a case comes.   --Pang, Y., and Li, L., Seismic Collapse Assessment of Bridge Piers Constructed with Steel Fibers Reinforced Concrete, PLOS ONE, July 10, 2018. Note: given data in journal article can be substituted with more modern data of similar sample size, or extended with modern data. 11. Foundation Engineering (repeatable) Concerns proper analysis, assessment, and treatment for various foundations (soil, rock soil, rock, sand, etc.). Identifying protocols, procedures, tools and stationary applied to a respective ground (being unique in relation to composition, layers, associated weather and climate). Also, of interest will be foundations on cliffs, banks, and weather effects on foundation. Pursuing observation of various field-sites in the beginning, progressing and completed stages; coming to terms with what type and size of building(s) to be constructed. Concerns of procedures to be applied when unusual intense or extreme weather takes place (on both sides of the spectrum); may be one day or multiple days for such amplified weather. Consideration for bridge foundations as well (with respect to type). Masonry planning and operations. Includes determination of optimal procurement for tasks/phases. Must detail methods applied in processes to avoid disproportions and common human errors. Measurements, scaling, use of box levels (or maybe even lasers if economic), cement, bricks, rebar, beams, construction string. Students towards their personal research to develop engineering report for design and evaluation for structural integrity pursued, versus acquired data in construction. 12. Concrete Structures Repair (repeatable) Activity will make emphasis to have field operations and experimentation Phase 1 Note: the following guides may provide a vibe that may or may not restrict quantitative and computational activities in (i) and (ii). However, such a situation will not happen: U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation. Reclamation-Managing Water in the West: Guide to Concrete Repair. August 2015. T. J. Wipf, F. W. Klaiber, E. J. Raker. (2004) Effective Structural Concrete Repair, Volume 3 of 3, Evaluation of Repair Materials for Use in Patching Damaged Concrete; TR-428, March 2004. Iowa Department of Transportation. These guides will be subjugated to the layout of (i) and (ii). If they don’t suffice in total, sources will be identified that do such. Note: calculation models throughout (i) and (ii) will be identified. (i) The first step in a successful repair project involves damage assessment and arriving at a proper diagnosis (includes causes). All too often, by the time concrete shows obvious signs of distress, and the owner wants it fixed, it may be too late, and replacement may be more effective. There must be determination of when concrete should be repaired and when it is best replaced. Modern damage assessment methods and then with identification and repair of various kinds of concrete problems. (ii) Effective yet economical methods of repairing concrete structures. It addresses the most common challenges of concrete rehabilitation, including crack repair, corrosion of reinforcement, patching, column deterioration, using strengthening methods in lieu of repair, choosing the most appropriate repair materials, and many more. Despite much advice available on the topic, many concrete repairs fail prematurely, sometimes within a few years. Explaining where the common pitfalls of concrete repairs lie and how to avoid them. There can be various cases studies throughout. Phase 2 The latter guide (Wipf et al) contains experimental descriptions that may carry over to phase 2. The given journal articles convey strong experiments for testing repaired concrete structures. In terms of economic feasibility experiments pursued might be scaled down versions of original experiments. Hence, one must determine if the results from scaled down experiments are consistent with results in articles. --Hasholt, M. T. and Jensen, O. M. Chloride Migration in Concrete with superabsorbent polymers. Cement & Concrete Composites 55 (2015) 290–297 --Hongqiang, C. et al. Influence of Anion Types on the Electrodeposition Healing Effect of Concrete Cracks. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. Dec.2012, 1154 - 1159 --Hongqiang, C. et al. Use of Electrochemical Method for Repair of Concrete Cracks. Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 58–66 --J.S. Ryou, J. S. and Otsuki, N. Experimental study on Repair of concrete Structural Members by Electrochemical Method. Scripta Materialia 52 (2005) 1123–1127. X-ray diffraction might not be feasible. --Pattnaik, R. R. and Rangaraju, P. R. Investigation on Flexure Test of Composite Beam of Repair Materials and Substrate Concrete for Durable Repair. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (October–December 2014) 95(4):203–209 --Pelà, L., Aprile, A. and Beneditti, A. Experimental Study of Retrofit solutions for Damaged Concrete Bridge Slabs. Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 2471–2479. --Yang, Y. et al. Repair of RC Bridge Columns with Interlocking Spirals & Fractured Longitudinal Bars – An Experimental Study. Construction and Building Materials 78 (2015) 405–420 --Chellapandian, M. and Prakash, S. S. Rapid Repair of Severely damaged Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Combined Axial Compression and Flexure: An experimental study. Construction and Building Materials 173 (2018) 368–380 13. Surveying (repeatable) Example manuals: https://www.dot.state.mn.us/surveying/pdf/sm-manual-2007.pdf http://www.dot.ca.gov/landsurveys/surveys-manual.html Concerns competent surveying with instruments (hopefully) for various terrains, such seashore estates, ports, capitals, roadways with rapid variations in attitude, conservation estates, rural terrain, mountainous terrain, basic roadways, construction site, etc. Such manuals and their international counterparts are to be understood and applied competently for a respective environment mentioned. Students are obligated to practice with multiple environments within a given period. Includes professional data acquisition, storage, management and modelling; at times will incorporate usage of GIS. High concern for surveying the after effects of natural disasters such as flooding, land slides, mud slides, storms, earthquakes. Note: open to geology students.   14. Highway Engineering (repeatable) Key concerns: I. Planning and development      Traffic research      Financing      Environmental Impact Assessment      Highway Safety II. Design      Geometric Design (with various design considerations)      Materials      Flexible Pavement Design      Rigid Pavement Design      Flexible Pavement Overlay Design      Rigid Pavement Overlay Design      Drainage System Design III. Construction, maintenance and management      Highway construction (with technical and commercial elements)             Reviewing the geotechnical specifications of the project towards information is about ambiance conditions, required equipment, material excavation, dewatering requirements,  shoring requirements, water quantities for compaction and dust control, etc.             Subbase course construction             Base course construction             Surface course construction             Hot-mix asphalt layers             PCC      Highway Maintenance             Repair of functional pavement defects             Extend the functional and structural service life of the pavement             Maintain road safety and signage             Keep road reserve in acceptable condition Activity throughout will likely to make high usage of GIS (GRASS GIS); Google Maps may provide insight and assistance, but will not be the primary tool.   Financing groundwork, forecasts, cost accounting and final cost expense will be extensively treated for subject areas listed above. There will likely technical and intricate concerns with materials, detail, elements. Paths and access for critical areas such as highways, airports, “town”, residential areas, esplanade, mountainous places (with abundant curvature), etc. Pursue from public record various data and blueprints for various highway engineering projects to analyse. If scheduling logistics and site access are accomplished, to observe critical phases of active construction projects; data may or may not be readily accessible for such, however, based on specific designation of active construction project(s) and scale, students may be able forecast completion date expectation and projects costs based on topics above, where minimal formal public relations data is required. Some idea of labour force towards payroll, labour scheduling and progress should also factor in. Ability to forecast time frames for completion. Recognise major causes for setbacks, running expenses, etc. (excluding maintenance).   15. Advanced High-Performance Materials for Highway construction (incomplete) 16. Seismic Codes (repeatable) PART A To develop some structures via CAD (beams, slabs, other building structure components) to investigate structural properties via FEA and vibrational analysis. Part B Analysis and experimentation:     Soong, T.T. &  Costantinou, M.C. (1994). Passive and Active Structural Vibration Control in Civil Engineering. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Courses and Lectures), vol 345. Springer, Vienna Note: from the above journal article there’s interest in actual implementing of some methods and tools, whether microscal representations or with actual specimens.      Ansal, Atilla, Ilki, Alper, & Fardis, Michael N. (2014). Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Structures (2014 ed., Vol. 26, Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering). Cham: Springer International Publishing. From the above text interest ranges from chapter 6 – 27. Note: Will try to replicate crucial experimentation that are economic with resources available. Such chosen experiments will be compared to relevant international seismic building codes.      Fajfar, P. (2018). Analysis in Seismic Provisions for Buildings: Past, Present and Future. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(7), 2567-2608. Note: from the above journal article there’s interest in actual implementing of some nonlinear methods, probabilistic analysis, the PRA method, and tolerable probability of failure for designs, proposed structures and current standing structures. PART C Slocum, R. K. et al (2018). Response Spectrum Devices for Active Learning in Earthquake Engineering Education. HardwareX, volume 4, e00032 Abstract --> “Structural and geotechnical engineers regularly use response spectra to assess the response of civil infrastructure to earthquakes; however, the underlying concepts of response spectra are often difficult for civil engineering students to grasp. Hardware specifications for two low cost response spectrum devices (RSDs) facilitate an inductive approach for teaching response spectrum concepts to students. The RSDs, which consist of wooden masses, compression springs, and accelerometers, can be excited manually or on a portable shake table to show the effects of mass and stiffness on the dynamic response of structures subjected to earthquake ground motion. Auxiliary Python scripts record real time accelerometer data, enabling students to compare the observed RSD response to numerical computations.” Will pursue dvlopment of experments from such journal article? Much analysis of data acquired. PART D 1. International Atomic Energy Agency (2022). Methodologies for Seismic Soil–Structure Interaction Analysis in the Design and Assessment of Nuclear Installations, TECDOC Series, IAEA, Vienna (will generalise to habitats and surroundings of interest) 2. Scoops3D implementation         Reid, M. E., Christia, S. B., Brien and D. L. and Henderson, S. T. (2015). Scoops3D—Software to Analyze Three-Dimensional Slope Stability Throughout a Digital Landscape. U.S. Geological Survey, Series 14-A1                First will geologically profile regions of various elevation characteristics, along with soil and bedrck profile.                Note: if weather influences are consderable, then hopefully such can be integrated. 3. OpenSHA implementation           Supporting literature found at: https://opensha.org PART E The following tools can be used for intellegence on sesimic map codes, and to compare with government guidelines for assurance:           ASCE 7: https://asce7hazardtool.online           ATC Hazards by location: https://hazards.atcouncil.org          OSHPD Seismic Design Maps: https://seismicmaps.org PART F Note: not interested in bamboozles and screwjobs with models and equations due to purely mathematical toxic personalities. If a calamity (future or occurred) was considered, what will you do with all that stuff? How will you apply all that stuff? Apart from a stochastic and statistical background, schemes and logistics are important. We need to develop such. Certain things will not be as straightforward when applying to the field (concerning parameters and quantities), but you are in this activity to resolve all those things. Note: the following literature (likely in need of amending or augmentations) may be of interest. Developing an operational framework to readly implement when needed may be a challenge. Coordinated logisitcs is important to be useful:    Araya, R. & Der Kiureghian, A. (1988). Seismic Hazard Analysis: Improved Models, Uncertainties and Sensitivities. Report to the National Science Foundation. Report No. UCB/EERC-90/11    Recommendations for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis: Guidance on Uncertainty and Use of Experts. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. NUREG/CR-6372 UCRL-ID- 122160 Vol. 1 17. Numerical Simulation of Early Age Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks (repeatable) The following article serves as a good guide for simulation and experimentation. Ishida, T., Pen, K., Tanaka, Y., Kashimura, K. and Iwaki, I. Numerical Simulation of Early Age Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks with a Full-3D Multiscale and Multi-Chemo-Physical Integrated Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 394. 18. Vibrational Analysis for Crack Detection in Composite Beams The are various articles providing analytical methods for crack detection. Choose 3 – 4 methods to pursue experimental investigation comparing the given methods. Methods considered should not further amplify the damage of the composite beam. One example to consider:       Stephen R. Borneman, Seyed M. Hashemi, "Vibration-Based, Nondestructive Methodology for Detecting Multiple Cracks in Bending-Torsion Coupled Laminated Composite Beams", Shock and Vibration, vol. 2018, Article ID 9628141, 10 pages, 2018 NOTE: will like to compare vibrational methods with optical and thermal methods. For thermal, preferably infrared imaging at “rational” temperartures. 19. Amplifying Rainwater Acquisition (repeatable) The ability to harvest rain water in tropical environments is terribly unappreciated. Particularly, having water collecting structures that can benefit many in a specific district, province, etc. Consider pervious concrete or the famous Topmix Permeable; will make selections out of highly economic choices. Pervious concrete is made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. Concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab. It’s observed as practical for sustainable construction and is one out of many environmental low impact development techniques applied to protect water quality. Preliminary:    1. Investigate interaction of pervious concrete types with water (chemistry)            Short term and long term    2. Investigate interaction of pervious concrete types with soils types, bedrock types, igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks (chemistry)            Short term and long term    3. Investigate bodily intake of pervious concrete particles    4. For any necessary purification techniques what are the by-products from samples of water undergoing pervious concrete transmission (includes sedimentary stone/rock particles). Resolutions if any unfavourable by-products    5. Chemical longevity of pervious concrete    6. Weathering studies (include thermal dynamic)    7.  Hydrology profiling. NOT TO TAMPER WITH RAINFORESTS AND PLACES OF HIGH VEGETATION. Evidence of consistent rainfall w.r.t to climate change dynamics, or prediction for places with increased rainfall due to climate change dynamic.    8. It’s essential that rainfall gathered/channelled has no damaging consequences on habitat/ecosystem.    9. Engineering concentration channels towards dams will take some ingenuity. Mechanisms to determine excess load and redirection in a manner than doesn’t create hazards (erosion, mudslides, avalanches. Rather redistribution that assists ecosystems in a manner that will not create breeding grounds for mosquitoes.   A. Microscale development stage: Will target areas of usual high rainfall during rainy and dry seasons, but with poor water utility service. Will choose a very small areas for construction. Following cement permeation to have concentrated flow towards a contained structure of sediments in the following order: Large gravel --> fine gravel --> coarse sand --> fine sand --> activated charcoal --> fine sand. Will likely pursue comparative analysis of water content between running water before entry into porous cement versus water after permeation through sediment filtration. Filtration layers should be replaceable and properly disposed of. Will construct multiple filtering channels. Each station with numerous trials for a particular mixture, and analyse the results [water with dissolved soil, soap/detergent water, construction wastewater, sludge, water with oil]. Such mixtures are “extreme” cases of possible contamination concerning possible following water treatment. The “product” will be collected for each trial of a respective station. Will analyse the “product” water composition and proportion of pollutants total to water (via density or weight methods) compared to mixture before entry into filtering system. Such incorporates also observation of whether porous material becomes clogged for particular solutions; limited test trials may not be adequate, but applying granulate analysis of porous concrete, viscous properties of solution, adhesiveness from cohesive forces, etc. Can a rate of clogging be determined for each solution? Such likely is necessary for lower sediment layers, where clogging rate for each layer may be unique; changing times to correspond to layer with smallest time. NOTE: clogging rates for pervious cement and sediment layers will be different for each station. If porous cement is to be cleaned concerning deposits build up, “gunk” and microbial “pool”, what can be used to not compromise the structural integrity and not chemically contaminate its filtering efficiency. Determination when porous cement must be changed in the distant future concerning structural integrity and irreversible contamination. Will also like to determine the tensile strength and shear strength of porous concrete. Will like to determine the weathering resistance of porous concrete. B. Design towards high acquisition of water consistently with rainfall towards concentrated directional flow with piping will be a challenge. There may be multiple designs that could work well. How does one make construction appear pleasant to environment in question short term and possibly long term? Then, for a target site with reputation of having consistent tremendous runoff during rainfall, design a large sale porous cement structure with concentrated flow and designed filtration, where aesthetics are considered to blend structure well with environment of consideration.     THIS ABOVE ACTIVITY HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH DRAINING RIVERS, STREAMS AND WETLANDS. ACTIVITY NEITHER CONCERNS REDIRECTING RIVERS NOR STREAMS. ACTIVITY CONCERNS ACCESSING HIGH QUANTITY RUNOFFS UNIQUE TO STREAMS AND RIVERS. C. Forecasting & Economics Forecasting amount of water acquisition for each season. Cost-Benefit Analysis (include scheduled maintenance and replacement) Life Cycle Assessment (include scheduled maintenance and replacement) 20. Geotechnical foams (repeatable) Note: apart from analysis and intelligence there will be field activities or micro-environment activities when appropriate. For analysis and temperature seek out professional sources such as journal articles, chemistry texts, manuals, etc. Chemistry and physics will be enforced in terms of modelling and computation. Such will include chemical characteristics profile. Students should be able to determine labour ability for volume foam to be applied for respective foam concerning the volume that is to be occupied; realistically volumes in field will be quite generic, however, to compute for less general volumes shows knowledge.   --Will identify different types and the various critical uses --Chemical description --Chemical reaction and physics that lead to a respective foam having reaction strength against foundations, trenches, etc. In other words, how you go from chemical reactions to Newton’s 2nd Law where sum is greater than weight of massive chunk or whatever. --Identifying the economic effectiveness compared to other alternatives --Environmental impact, possible toxicity to land life forms, aquatic life forms, and behaviour when exposed to flame --Lifespan of effectiveness with respect to the elements, extreme cold temperatures and extreme heat temperatures (conduction, convection) --Determination of possible substances that can abruptly degrade or alter ideal properties (essentially for each type). 21. Structural Health Monitoring (repeatable) Note: a full strong general idea can be found at Wikipedia. Structural health monitoring (SHM) is the operation of applying a damage detection and characterisation plan for engineering structures such as buildings and bridge. Damage being variations to the material and/or geometric properties of a structural system, including changes to the boundary conditions and system connectivity, which negatively affect the system's performance. The SHM process involves the observation of a system over time using periodically sampled response measurements from an array of sensors (often inertial accelerometers), the extraction of damage-sensitive features from these measurements, and the statistical analysis of these features to determine the current state of system health. For long term SHM, the output of this process is periodically updated information regarding the ability of the structure to perform its intended function in light of the inevitable aging and degradation resulting from operational environments. After extreme events, such as earthquakes or blast loading, SHM is used for rapid condition screening and aims to provide, in near real time, reliable information regarding the integrity of the structure. Infrastructure inspection, such as road network and bridges, plays a key role in public safety in regard to both long-term damage accumulation and post extreme event scenarios. As part of the rapid developments in data-driven technologies that are transforming many fields in engineering and science, machine learning and computer vision techniques are increasingly capable of reliably diagnosing and classifying patterns in image data, which has clear applications in inspection contexts. A. Statistical Pattern Recognition Farrar, C. R., Doebling, S. W. and  Nix. D. A. (2001). Vibration-Based Structural Damage Identification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 359 (1778), pp 131 – 149 Hoon, S. et al. (2004). A Review of Strutural Health Monitoring Literature: 1996 – 2001. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratories. B. Stages of increasing difficulty that require the knowledge of previous stages, namely:       Detecting the existence of the damage on the structure       Locating the damage       Identifying the types of damage       Quantifying the severity of the damage It’s necessary to employ signal processing and statistical classification to convert sensor data on the infrastructural health status into damage info for assessment. The data acquisition portion of the SHM process involves selecting the excitation methods, the sensor types, number and locations, and the data acquisition/storage/transmittal hardware. Again, this process will be application specific. Economic considerations will play a major role in making these decisions. The intervals at which data should be collected is another consideration that must be addressed. Since data can be measured under varying conditions, the ability to normalize the data becomes very important to the damage identification process. As it applies to SHM, data normalization is the process of separating changes in sensor reading caused by damage from those caused by varying operational and environmental conditions. One of the most common procedures is to normalize the measured responses by the measured inputs. When environmental or operational variability is an issue, the need can arise to normalize the data in some temporal fashion to facilitate the comparison of data measured at similar times of an environmental or operational cycle. Sources of variability in the data acquisition process and with the system being monitored need to be identified and minimized to the extent possible. In general, not all sources of variability can be eliminated. Therefore, it is necessary to make the appropriate measurements such that these sources can be statistically quantified. Variability can arise from changing environmental and test conditions, changes in the data reduction process, and unit-to-unit inconsistencies. Data cleansing is the process of selectively choosing data to pass on to or reject from the feature selection process. The data cleansing process is usually based on knowledge gained by individuals directly involved with the data acquisition. As an example, an inspection of the test setup may reveal that a sensor was loosely mounted and, hence, based on the judgment of the individuals performing the measurement, this set of data or the data from that particular sensor may be selectively deleted from the feature selection process. Signal processing techniques such as filtering and re-sampling can also be thought of as data cleansing procedures.   Finally, the data acquisition, normalization, and cleansing portion of SHM process should not be static. Insight gained from the feature selection process and the statistical model development process will provide information regarding changes that can improve the data acquisition process. The area of the SHM process that receives the most attention in the technical literature is the identification of data features that allows one to distinguish between the undamaged and damaged structure. Inherent in this feature selection process is the condensation of the data. The best features for damage identification are, again, application specific. One of the most common feature extraction methods is based on correlating measured system response quantities, such a vibration amplitude or frequency, with the first-hand observations of the degrading system. Another method of developing features for damage identification is to apply engineered flaws, similar to ones expected in actual operating conditions, to systems and develop an initial understanding of the parameters that are sensitive to the expected damage. The flawed system can also be used to validate that the diagnostic measurements are sensitive enough to distinguish between features identified from the undamaged and damaged system. The use of analytical tools such as experimentally validated finite element models can be a great asset in this process. In many cases the analytical tools are used to perform numerical experiments where the flaws are introduced through computer simulation. Damage accumulation testing, during which significant structural components of the system under study are degraded by subjecting them to realistic loading conditions, can also be used to identify appropriate features. This process may involve induced-damage testing, fatigue testing, corrosion growth, or temperature cycling to accumulate certain types of damage in an accelerated fashion. Insight into the appropriate features can be gained from several types of analytical and experimental studies as described above and is usually the result of information obtained from some combination of these studies. The operational implementation and diagnostic measurement technologies needed to perform SHM produce more data than traditional uses of structural dynamics information. A condensation of the data is advantageous and necessary when comparisons of many feature sets obtained over the lifetime of the structure are envisioned. Also, because data will be acquired from a structure over an extended period of time and in an operational environment, robust data reduction techniques must be developed to retain feature sensitivity to the structural changes of interest in the presence of environmental and operational variability. To further aid in the extraction and recording of quality data needed to perform SHM, the statistical significance of the features should be characterized and used in the condensation process. The portion of the SHM process that has received the least attention in the technical literature is the development of statistical models for discrimination between features from the undamaged and damaged structures. Statistical model development is concerned with the implementation of the algorithms that operate on the extracted features to quantify the damage state of the structure. The algorithms used in statistical model development usually fall into three categories. When data are available from both the undamaged and damaged structure, the statistical pattern recognition algorithms fall into the general classification referred to as supervised learning. Group classification and regression analysis are categories of supervised learning algorithms. Unsupervised learning refers to algorithms that are applied to data not containing examples from the damaged structure. Outlier or novelty detection is the primary class of algorithms applied in unsupervised learning applications. All of the algorithms analyse statistical distributions of the measured or derived features to enhance the damage identification process. Fundamental axioms or principles Worden, Keith; Charles R. Farrar; Graeme Manson; Gyuhae Park (2007). The Fundamental Axioms of Structural Health Monitoring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 463 (2082): 1639–1664. SHM Systems     Structure     Sensors     Thermal Imaging     Fiber Optics     Data acquisition systems     Data Transfer and Storage Mechanism     Data Management     Data Interpretation and Diagnosis            System Identification            Structural Model Update            Structural Condition Assessment            Prediction of Remain Life Service Sensing Guides --> -Tennyson, Roderic (October 2005). "Monitoring Bridge Structures Using Long Gage-Length Fiber Optic Sensors". Caltrans Bridge Research Conference 2005. -Davoudi, Rouzbeh; Miller, Greg; Kutz, Nathan (2018). "Data-driven vision-based inspection for reinforced concrete beams and slabs: Quantitative damage and load estimation". Automation in Construction. 96: 292–309. -Davoudi, Rouzbeh; Miller, Greg; Kutz, Nathan (2018). "Structural load estimation using machine vision and surface crack patterns for shear-critical RC beams and slabs". Computing in Civil Engineering. 32 (4): 04018024 -Raghavan, A. and Cesnik, C. E., Review of guided-wave structural health monitoring," Shock and Vibration Digest, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 91-114, 2007 -Carden, E; Fanning P (2004). "Vibration based condition monitoring: a review". Structural Health Monitoring. 3 (4): 355–377 -Montalvao, D., Maia, N. M. M., and Ribeiro, A. M. R., \A review of vibration- based structural health monitoring with special emphasis on composite materials," Shock and Vibration Digest, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 295-326, 2006. -Fan, W. and Qiao, P. Z., Vibration-based damage identification methods: A review and comparative study," Structural Health Monitoring, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 83-111, 2010. -Dixit, A. and Hodges, D. H., A general damage theory: Solution of nth-order equations using unified framework," Mechanics Research Communications, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 486-493, 2011. -Dixit, A. and Hanagud, S., Damage localization by isolating the part of the response due to the damage only," Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 80, Number 1, p. 011015, 2012 Failure Modes --> Gunes, O. Chapter 5. Failure Modes in Structural Applications of Fiber- Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites and their Prevention. Developments in Fiber- Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Civil Engineering. Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering, 2013, Pages 115 - 147 Above guide may not treat all civil structures, hence, one may need to acquire the failure modes for respective civil structure in question. Data Analysis --> Zonta, D. Chapter 2, Reduction and Fusion for Assessing and Monitoring Civil Infrastructures. Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures. Applications in Structural Health Monitoring. Volume 2 in Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials, 2014, Pages 33 - 66 NOTE: corrosion analysis may also be done.       Assumptions for practicality --> Micro to meso scale constructions at chosen sites. Likely 2-3 “identical” prototypes for a particular civil structure. One sample structure (out of the 2 or 3) to be the control, where the others will be intentionally damaged (but not severely) in different ways. Then will apply perturbations (constructive rocking, stamping, ground shaking, etc. etc.). Sensors, fiber optics, thermal imaging, DAQs, data ttransfer & storage, and other tools will be generic and integrated to microcontrollers and/or old laptops. Activity can be recognised as making use of different levels of time series, filtering, time orienting, machine learning algorithms, Principal component analysis, and what not. Tools such as R and Mathematica will treat such very well. Generally, for Bridges --> Health monitoring of large bridges can be performed by simultaneous measurement of loads on the bridge and effects of these loads. It typically includes monitoring of:      Wind and weather      Traffic      Pre-stressing and stay cables      Deck      Pylons      Ground Provided with this knowledge, the engineer can:      Estimate the loads and their effects      Estimate the state of fatigue or other limit state      Forecast the probable evolution of the bridge's health However, due to scale, some aspects can’t be done. NOTE: will also pursue micro/meso scale building structural foundations Some further ideas: Structural Health Monitoring - YouTube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO7E2G2WfL4&feature=youtu.be ) BridgeMonitor – structural Health Monitoring system – YouTube ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE7AxPzOst8 ) NOTE: the following are may be of interest as well to analyse and experimentally develop --> Heo, Gwang & Kim, Chunggil & Jeon, Seunggon & Jeon, Joon. (2018). An Experimental Study of a Data Compression Technology-Based Intelligent Data Acquisition (IDAQ) System for Structural Health Monitoring of a Long- 22. Construction Reporting (repeatable) Hopefully active field sites will be available during times. Observe the progress of a home or place of accommodation in construction: from foundation to structural development to “structural encapsulation”. Site can possibly be corporate or government controlled. --Speculate on building design concerning ground environment, terrain and the arguable perpetual influence of weather (common and extreme). Perspectives: status quo, profession counsel and personal opinion (be honest). --For each phase students are to analyse or to identify the critical aspects of civil engineering; includes materials, tools and processes involved. Students to also definitively identify the essential roles of carpentry and masonry involved. --There will be a finance and cost accounting aspect as well concerning, resources, materials, tools, water usage construction costs, electricity usage construction cost, technologies, manpower, WASA integration (water and sewage), wiring (electrician labour and power estimate to run building) and T&TEC integration, telecommunication account and wiring (TSTT or whatever). One will naturally have pre-established theory about housing construction finance (capital and debt). One will also have a pre-established model for cost accounting to be compared alongside the progressing construction; there may be perturbations for various reasons. Students will be expected to give expected final cost. There may be much more technical finance and accounting formulas or tools than expected. All will be professional. --Quality of construction assessment throughout development is crucial, but may be provocative. Photos and recording may not be optional.   --Students should also have a time of completion forecast, and to record data of any possible hindrances (weather, operational hazards, competency, labour effort, labour force, finance). Forecasts should be updated. Activity will be much more technical and academic than expected. All will be professional. NOTE: multiple spreadsheet development throughout likely to accompany research writing structure.   NOTE: hopefully students’ efforts will neither antagonize, nor agitate, nor unethically expose anyone. 23. Reservoir studies, Modelling and Control (may be augmented in the future) I. Major themes of this activity:     History and Types (including variations in cisterns)     Uses     Operation     Safety     Environmental Impact II. Naturally there will be field trips. Then to have civil engineering studies and analyses of various types of reservoirs (all constructed and excavated areas). The Hillsborough Reservoir of Tobago to be one of the introductory case studies. There will be “classical” types and “modern” types. Methods of reservoir constructing will be pursued in detail; such includes sedimentation preferences or whatever else is possible. Will go into detail the types of flow control mechanisms and actuation structures for levying water flow and depths. Emergency water release mechanisms. Some reservoirs may be highly divergent to others concerning the amount and levels of technologies employed. Will include various hydraulic engineering design principles. The 2 following sources may prove useful --> Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for Reservoirs. Engineering Design. US Army Corps of Engineers. EM 1110-2-1420. 24 Sep 2018 https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Users/182/86/2486/EM_1110-2-1420.pdf Willey, R. G. (1982). River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality Modelling Capability. US Army Corps of Engineers. TP-83 https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/publications/TechnicalPapers/TP-83.pdf     Following such there are USDA NRCS software that can be used for dam development:        SITES        WinDAM C        DrainMod        EFH 2        EFT        ND-Drain        Structural Design        Win TR-20        Win TR-55 As well,        HEC-RAS, iRIC        HEC-HMS, SWMM (from the EPA) It may be constructive acquire dcumentation for such software to analyse before use of software. How compatible are such two prior Army Corps literature with the software documentation? Following, to be implementation of the software for environments considered. Will then apply structural analysis, steel structures and concrete structures implemented for designs considered. This means use of softaware for steel structures and cement structures. III. FEM/FEA for dam or reservoir failure Strong characterisation, geophysical and boundary modelling/description of the reservoir are crucial. What features of the reservoir can be identified with possible failure(s) due to natural mechanical phenomena with water, barrier composition, etc, etc.? Operation systems/control failure is a unique subject. Followed by different reservoir types from various ambiance and proceed. The following idea examples are “static” which is a good start, but will like to extend to dynamical simulations: --Nguyen, L. Guide for Analysis of Concrete Dam Structures using Finite Element Methods. DSO-2018-09. U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation https://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety/TechDev/DSOTechDev/DSO-2018-09.pdf --FEMA. Selecting Analytic Tools for Concrete Dams Address Key Events Along Potential Failure Mode Paths. Federal Emergency Management Agency. July 2014 https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1423072356123-801ff39d781345289daa842256a31a4d/FEMAP-1016.pdf --Chonghui, F. et al. Analysis on Dam-Break Case of Concrete Arch Dam and Forecast of Failure Scope Based on Point Safety Factor. 2012 International Conference on Modern Hydraulic Engineering. Procedia Engineering 28 (2012) 617 – 625 --Athani, S. S. et al. Seepage and Stability Analyses of Earth Dam Using Finite Element Method. International Conference on Water Resource, coastal and Ocean Engineering (ICWRCOE). Aquatic Procedia 4 (2015) 876 – 883 --Alonso, E. E. and Pinyol, N. M. Numerical Analysis of Rapid Drawdown: Application in Real cases. Water Science and Engineering. Volume 9, Issue 3. July 2016, Pages 175-182 --Bulatov, G., Ibraeva, Y. and Tarasevskii, P. Computing Values of Crack Characteristics in Earth Dam. 15th International scientific conference “Underground Urbanisation as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Development”. Procedia Engineering 165 (2016) 1611 – 1618 --Vandenberge, D.R. Total stress rapid drawdown analysis of the Pilarcitos Dam failure using the finite element method. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 8, 115–123 (2014). software tools of interest -->       Optum (https://optumce.com/academic/)       ZSoil  (https://www.zsoil.com)       SPECFEM 3D Geotech (will need a mesher)       ADONIS       DUNE (https://www.dune-project.org)       MOOSE (Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment)       Cast3m (http://www-cast3m.cea.fr)       ANSYS       Code Aster       OpenFoam IV. Seismic Loads Review of vibration modelling in continuous media Analytical development with towards comprehension of seismic codes and provisions relevant to reservoirs/dams (may be unique for each type). OpenSees software (may be robust enough) V. The following is a decent article for large scale complex hydrology environments. Article to be analysed. To also be competent with the technological logistics for the development and evaluation of models. A major accomplishment would be studies for hydrological systems of differences ambiances. Data access and retrieval may or may not be relativity tedious.    Lin, P. et al. Development and Evaluation of a Physically-Based Lake Level Model for Water Resource Management: A case Study for Lake Buchanan, Texas. Journal of Hydrology: Regional studies 4 (2015)  661 – 674 Activity will require various tools to successfully complete. Tools likely to be useful:    Mathematica    GIS (GRASS GIS with addons)    Google Maps, Google Earth    EPANET or WDNetXL    Hydrology (RHESSys)    USDA NRCS software    HEC-HMS    HEC-RAS    iRIC    PRMS (Precipitation Runoff Modelling System)    SWAT(http://swat.tamu.edu/)    MODSIM + CSUDP    https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software    MODFLOW (+ Gridgen) + MT3DMS The following models will serve to compete or augment model applied in the article of Lin (2015) et al, prior. For the case of augmentation, students must have ingenuity to identify and implement relevance.      MIKE SHE model (Systeme Hydrologique European)      HBV model (Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenavdelning model)      TOPMODEL      VIC model (Variable Infiltration Capacity model)      SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) VI. Data Retreival Schemes and Logistics. Data structures and calculus to involve the following elements --> 1. Seasonal Precipitation character 2. Water source(s) other than precipitation in relevant           Inflow record/flux 3. Microclimate influence      Atmospheric Temperature data      Humidity data      Barometric data      Precipitation data 4. Ecological influence      Local Area      Succeeding areas (in a polar coordinates sense)      Preceding areas/sources (if relevant concerning natural water flow)      Wildlife/species count pre-development and post development      Environmental water system flow evolution (if relevant concerning natural water flow). Satellite photos to accompany for pre-development and post development (depending on type of reservoir)       5. Hydrology data of reservoir (long term record)       Service demand profile            Includes the variation through time       Volumes       Depths       Water regulation activities       Water temperature (near surface and beneath)       Ph levels       Oxygen levels 6. Cleaning or filtration procedures (with ecological impact) 7. Maintenance operations VII. The following is a good starter to develop. Then to consider other ambiances      Fan, F. M. et al. Verification of Inflow into Hydropower Reservoirs using Ensemble Forecasts of the TIGGE Database for Large Scale Basins in Brazil. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 4 (2015) 196 227 24. Analysis, Replication of Traffic Modelling, Simulation & Computation For the algorithms observed the type of language used or understood (Wolfram, R, C, C++) isn’t of any concern, unless quantitative simulations are needed to be observed with actual models. Interest directed towards constituents of of Computer Science, Industrial Engineering, Civil Engineering. Activity is open to Operations Management/Operation Research via special invite. (1) Field data collection and analysis PART A Will pursue at least two methods in the field for traffic data determination with pursuit of necessary associated parameters for traffic flows, rates, distribution, patterns, etc.  Such field activities serve to educate students on the technologies they take for granted with highway migration. Some guides: --Al-Sobky, A. A. and Mousa, R. M., Traffic Density Determination and its Applications Using Smartphone, Alexandria Engineering Journal (2016) 55, 513–523 --Leduc, Guillaume. (2008). Road Traffic Data: Collection Methods and Applications, JRC European Commission, Working Papers on Energy, Transport and Climate Change --Yatskiv, I. et al, An Overview of Different Methods Available to Observe Traffic Flows Using New Technologies, European Commission, Eurostat CROS NTTS 2013 Programme Session 8P, Poster Session on Spatial and Mobility Statistics. --Soliño, A., Lara Galera, A., & Colín, F. (2017). Measuring uncertainty of traffic volume on motorway concessions: A time-series analysis. Transportation Research Procedia, 27(C), 3-10. General Guides --> --Ferrara, A., Sacone, S., & Siri, S. (2018). Freeway Traffic Modelling and Control (Advances in Industrial Control). Cham: Springer International Publishing. --Zambrano-Martinez, J. L., Calafate, C. T., Soler, D., Cano, J. C., & Manzoni, P. (2018). Modelling and Characterization of Traffic Flows in Urban Environments. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 18(7), 2020. One must consider what periods of interest should be pursued. For a respective traffic region one can pursue the case for a typical hour between some period daily of a typical weekday, however such will require very technical trials. Such can be specific towards morning commutes, or even commutes (both concerned heavily around education, labour and public administration activity purposes). The same goes for a weekend day. There may be interest for special events and associated traffic regions.     PART B Example of development data accessible to the public: https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Transportation/Real-Time-Traffic-Speed-Data/qkm5-nuaq Can use model development to critique development in part A. If you don’t want to directly run to such types of websites every time, where additionally you are interested specific types of data, what can you do? APIs and API keys are crucial. Such will include data manipulation towards data analysis. How can you structure your data to be of relevance to traffic models; can serve well towards microscopic and mesoscopic traffic models for interest at hand. LIKELY TO BE USED LATER ON.       (2) Fundamentals of Microscopic Traffic Flow --> Link flow theory: modeling of traffic flow on an individual link. Fundamentals of traffic flow: --variables of interest, basic flow-speed-density relationship ("fundamental equation") --Introduction to microscopic car-following models: linear car-following models, asymptotic and local stability, steady-state behavior, nonlinear car-following models, steady-state behavior. --Nagel-Schreckenberg & traffic jams, or cellular automation. Understanding of a flow diagram of a microscopic model, and possible associated “pseudo code” development and simulation. Then, calibration, say, quantifying model parameters using real-world data. --Additional Microscopic guides: <Song, D., Tharmarasa, R., Zhou, G., Florea, M., Duclos-Hindie, N., & Kirubarajan, T. (2019). Multi-Vehicle Tracking Using Microscopic Traffic Models. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 20(1), 149-161> < Treiber, M., Kesting, A., & Helbing, D. (2006). Delays, inaccuracies and anticipation in microscopic traffic models. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 360(1), 71-88>   <A. Paz, V. Molano, E. Martinez, C. Gaviria, and C. Arteaga: Calibration of Traffic Flow Models Using a Memetic Algorithm, Transportation Research Part C, 55 (2015) 432–443> <M. Yu and W. Fan, Calibration of Microscopic Traffic Simulation Models Using Metaheuristic Algorithms, International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 6 (2017) 63–77> (3) Microscopic Traffic Flow Tools -->   MITSIMLab   Multi-Agent Transport System Toolkit (MATSim)   Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO)         Has the ability to Import road networks from common network formats such as OpenStreetMap, VISUM, VISSIM, NavTeq, MATsim and OpenDRIVE One must consider what periods of interest should be pursued. Means to determine consistency between analytical development prior and such tools. (4) Fundamentals of Mesoscopic Traffic Flow --> -- variables of interest -- Functions of the manner f(t, x, V) as a probability density function, expressing the probability of observing a vehicle at a particular time, at a specified position, traversing with a particular velocity. Methods similar to statistical mechanics for computing functions in likeness of the Boltzmann equation. -- Additional Mesoscopic guides: Note: Mezzo - Mesoscopic Traffic simulator https://www.ctr.kth.se/research/current-projects/mezzo-mesoscopic-traffic-simulator-1.726113 <Burghout, W., Koutsopoulos, H., & Andreasson, I. (2006). A discrete-event mesoscopic traffic simulation model for hybrid traffic simulation. 2006 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 1102-1107> <Wang, Y. and He, Z. Mesoscopic Modelling and Analysis of Traffic Flow Based on Stationary Observations. Procedia Computer Science 151 (2019) 800 – 807>     <Gangi, M. et al. Network Traffic Control Based on a Mesoscopic Dynamic Flow Model. Transportation Research Part C 66 (2016) 3 – 26>   <S. Yu, Y. Xu, S. Mabu, M. K. Mainali, K. Shimada, and K. Hirasawa: Q Value-Based Dynamic Programming with Boltzmann Distribution in Large Scale Road Network, SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 129–136, March 2011> <E. Ben-Naim and P.L. Krapivsky: Steady-State Properties of Traffic Flows, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 31 (1998) 8073–8080. Printed in the UK> (5) Mesoscopic Traffic Flow Tools --> The following software cater specifically for mesoscopic modelling. Means to determine consistency between analytical development prior and such tools:   Mezzo-Mesoscopic Traffic simulator   DTALite: A queue-based mesoscopic traffic simulator for fast model evaluation and calibration Xuesong Zhou & Jeffrey Taylor | Filippo Pratico (Reviewing Editor) (2014) DTALite: A queue-based mesoscopic traffic simulator for fast model evaluation and calibration, Cogent Engineering, 1:1 (6) As well, the following software has a strong reputation:   TRANSYT-7F Determine scale of applicability (7) Fundamentals of Macroscopic Traffic Flow - Macroscopic models: being parallel to fluid dynamics and PDE, which balance laws for specific gross quantities of concern, say, the density of vehicles, or their mean velocity. Mathematical models of traffic flow includes both ODE and PDE. Additional guides-- <G. Brettia, R. Natalinib, and B. Piccoli: Numerical algorithms for simulations of a traffic model on road networks, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 210 (2007) 71 – 77> <A. Spiliopoulou, I. Papamichail, M. Papageorgiou, I. Tyrinopoulos, and J. Chrysoulakis: Macroscopic Traffic Flow Model Calibration Using Different Optimization Algorithms, Transportation Research Procedia, 6 (2015) 144 – 157> <Khan, Z.H. & Gulliver, T. A Macroscopic Traffic Model for Traffic Flow Harmonization. European Transport Research Review. (2018) 10: 30> To then simulate developed macroscopic model based on such articles involving real data and compare with developed simulated microscopic model results from software.   NOTE: unless one is very well seasoned and competent in traffic flow modelling the following topics likely will be counter-productive in regards to developing a foundational of endurance and clarity. Will not treat such subjects will high detail concerning this activity. Will mostly let the software tools guide use:     Traffic signal control     Route Guidance and Traffic Assignment in Networks The mathematical intellect may be too impeding, viscous, intangible or have the “cuffed to cannon ball and chain in water effect” concerning feedback/automatic control, embedded systems and programming logic controllers, which concerns of technical fields of engineering. Operational Research, Systems Control and  Computer Science constituents can possibly tackle such two subjects independently.        

25.Transportation Planning: Methodology and Techniques (repeatable) Open to Industrial Engineering constituents as well. Concerns transportation planning and provides the student with an understanding of transportation planning models, including travel demand models of trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and traffic assignment. Instruction in econometric model estimation methods and use of behavioural models in service design, marketing and prediction. Practical problems are assigned to provide familiarity with models used and experience in data handling and estimation. The reason for this activity not being a course is due to the fact that many ambiances are not in a rapid infrastructure growth age like China for various years. Else, other ambiances are not that big and dynamic to have transportation planning be highly focused on. Activity will have some demands with development of statistics skills; not for the sake of flattery, but towards meaningful use with computational environment tools. Activity will require for you to have at least successfully completed the Probability & Statistics course in your curriculum. Formalities --> A. Activity will not indulge you with any matrix algebra finesse because matrix algebra is just a tool you use when you stumble across grotesque linear systems. Justice from the universe and its wisdom, systems encountered will be too big to be manually focusing on flattery with diagonalizations, inverse, adjoint[adjoint[adjoint]] and so forth. If you can solve a 2 by 2 system represented by a box of numbers, well, that’s good enough in terms of understanding what you’re trying to do. The import thing with systems of equations is understanding how they practically come about as models without excessively stressing fantasy assumptions against non-linearity; a computational tool can do the rest. Some will not be satisfied unless you have encountered 3 by 3 systems, but at the end of the day, it’s just a time-consuming flattery. Optimisation is optimisation; we don’t dedicate our lives exclusively to pig pen matrix algebra. B. Assumption of solid statistics background As far as civil engineering goes practical statistical estimation cases may be quite elusive and idealistic, but they do exist. For our purposes statistical methods will be highly applied to serve engagement with a computational environment with real data. Much theory will be omitted; people have gotten their spotlight for centuries to highlight theory. In this activity we have civil engineering goals to accomplish. One should expect that normal distribution may be highly trivial or idealistic, due to the fact that traffic is highly subject to black swans such as traffic jams, evacuations and so forth. Additionally, such black swan data can be result of  “getting to know your new highway”, rush hours, major venue events, government lotteries, cash crunches, and possibly other things. Hence, realistic data will have much skew, kurtsosis, and in some ases very small variance. No one is waiting patiently for the CLT to show up weeks and months later. Will begin with building competent computational skills in the following in a highly advanced and fast paced manner (due to assumption of statistics background) concerning traffic data-->        Data acquisitions (querying, called parameters, sources, APIs, etc.)        Basic Data Modelling                Curve fitting (deterministic)                Descriptive statistics from data sets                Data distributions                MLE for high volume data sets (know the right distribution type)        Advance Data Manipulation             Missing data and possible resolutions             Making data frames and common activities with data frames             Determining data distributions                     P-P, Q-Q, goodness of-fit                     Determining parameters of distributions             Hypothesis tests assuming non-normal distributions being prevalent             Analysis of variance. What for? Practicality over obnoxious flattery?             Regression                        Correlation and bivariate models                      Multivariate structure                      Evidence for variables by data                      OLS assumption on non-OLS                      F-test, Vuong, AIC and BIC for choosing models                      Summary statistics for determination of good or bad models                      Training sets, test sets, etc.             Time series may prove invaluable at times   Such above data skills development in no way completes the activity; such skills as plainly precursors to the real traffic planning pursuits. NOTE: software mentioned in activity 24 may or may not be required to acquire idealistic traffic flow dynamic parameters; deterministic structure data often precedes a stochastic or statistical analysis for a strong overall analysis. Hopefully software in activity 24 are GIS relevant (else TransCAD, which may not treat micro, meso and macro in all). Outline -->   Overview   Travel Demand Theory (strong development)   Urban Transportation Model System (strong development)   Estimating Methods (highly extensive)   Data Collection issues   Trip Generation (highly extensive)   Trip Distribution (highly extensive)   Model split (strong development)   Traffic Assignment and Direct Demand Models (strong development) Civil engineering texts to structure on (CRITICALLY, don’t assume lack of importance due to descending order) -->      Ben-Akiva and Lerman, Discrete Choice Analysis      Domenich and McFadden, Urban Travel Demand      Oi and Shuldiner, An Analysis of Urban Travel Demand      Ortuzar and Willumsen, Modelling Transport Tasks: 1. Demand-Supply Equilibration & Urban Transportation Modeling System (UTMS) 2. R and Mathematica Familiarization and Data Exploration Distribution 3. Estimation of Trip Generation Models: Basic Issues Distribution 4. Estimation of Trip Generation Models: Advanced Models Distribution 5. Trip Distribution Models Distribution 6. Estimation of Mode Split Models Distribution 7. Public transportation optimisation      -Interval rate versus empirical methods of actual observation from trials      -Will make use of some microscopic and mesoscopic traffic simulation software (with particular infrastructure of interest wherever); compare with prior.      -Demand Revenue Management          Concerns hypothetical and real systems. This likely will include thinking beyond brute mathematics to develop economic practicality; prior tasks will highly influence. Will make use of mentioned texts earlier.          One should compare development and conclusions with the current system in place wherever.   NOTE: task 7 will be based on prior tasks 1 – 6. As well, areas in task 7 may be sequential. Time Series and model selection with training sets, test sets, and cross validation may or may not also arise. Likely there will also be a re-evaluation process through time. C. Project Management -Framework for Public-Privacy Partnerships (PPP) -Organisational structure (PPP) -Elements     Shareholders     C-level executives     Analysts     Contractors and labour force auditing     Integrity, Quality and safety gov’t agencies throughout process -Choice among project management styles. Factor to consider:     Scale     Timing      Elements (prior) with scheduling     Capital flow audits or liquidity audits  -Costs and Operations Smith A.J. (1995). Estimating, Tendering and Bidding for Construction, Macmillan Building and Surveying Series. Palgrave, London Savas, B. and Al-Jibouri, S. (2016). Efficacy of Estimation Methods in Forecasting Building Projects’ Costs. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Volume 142, Issue 11 -Principal-Agent Problem: misplaced incentives encouraging strategic manipulation -For earlier hypothetical projects or real systems developed from B7 will try to analyse how such influences the structure of the acting elements and costs estimation. D. Consider the following real world projects (subject to change)         Bang Na Expressway, Thailand         Montreal REM         Crossrail, U.K. Will gather respective government planning, operations and contracts data, and quantitative data. Two major concerns are:         Revenue forecasts (rate of return in 2 year increments)         Changing costs Will consider the knowledge acquired and skills developed prior, with possible need of additional knowledge and skills for determination of such two concerns. The latter concerns means to derive the published figures at the respective periods. NOTE: may be more technical than what one believes for both concerns. NOTE: may often have to apply various metropolis elsewhere to acquire broad and robust activity.   26. Water Distribution Network’s Modelling & Calibration. Sensor Placement for Leak Location in Water Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithms Open to constituents of Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Operational Research (Operations Management) and Computer Science.   (i) Acquaintance and modelling with EPANET2 and WDNetXL; may require use of a GIS and Google Maps later on. (ii) Modeling and calibration of a small and poorly documented (portion of the) water distribution network (WDN) that shows pressure problems. Field campaigns are conducted to reduce the inaccuracies found in the inventory’s drawings and to aid building a first WDN model. A trial and error procedure was then used to produce successive refinements for the desirable WDN’s model fit. The following article to serve as guide: --Alves, Z., Muranho, J., Albuquerque, T., and Ferreira, A., Water Distribution Network’s Modelling and Calibration. A Case Study Based on Scarce Inventory Data, Procedia Engineering 70 ( 2014 ) 31 – 40. (iii) Applying Data Assimilation (DA) methods to a Water Distribution System Model to improve the real time estimation of water demand, and hydraulic system states. A time series model is used to forecast water demands which are used to drive the hydraulic model to predict the future system state. Both water demands and water demand model parameters are corrected via DA methods to update the system state. The results indicate that DA methods improved offline hydraulic modelling predictions. Of the DA methods, the Ensemble Kalman Filter outperformed the Kalman Filter in term of updating demands and water demand model parameters. Incorporates EPANET2 (or WDNetXL) usage; may require use of a GIS (GRASS GIS) and Google Maps. Data request from WASA or corresponding utility service may be needed. Develop such to the best of ability with ambiances of choice --> --Okeya, I. et al. Online modelling of water distribution system using data assimilation. Procedia Engineering 70 ( 2014 ) 1261 – 1270 (iv) Acquaintance with the RELOPT model Incorporates EPANET2 (or WDNetXL) usage; may require use of a GIS and Google Maps. Data request from WASA or corresponding utility service may be needed. After acquaintance with EPANET2 to analyse and comprehend the RELOPT model based on Journal article: --Mohamed Abdel Moneim (August 1st 2011). Modelling Reliability Based Optimization Design for Water Distribution Networks, Scientific and Engineering Applications Using MATLAB, Emilson Pereira Leite, IntechOpen < not content with MATLAB use as the only option >.   Reliability-based optimization design prime directive for a water distribution network using modelling technique of Mathematica programming language. ill like to focus on ambiances of interestGoals:     Acquainting optimum least-cost design for water distribution networks using new efficient and time consumed method.     Define risk components for water distribution networks.     Define the most critical components of water distribution networks that affect the level of serviceability under different cases of operation (i.e. define level of service under risk).     Analysis, evaluation and treating reliability for water distribution networks.     Define the reliability of water distribution network over a given period of time.     Define the optimum solution of water distribution network that achieve the optimum lease-cost design and certain accepted reliability in one time (reliability-based optimization).     Develop stand-alone reliability-based optimization model comprising all the above-mentioned objectives. Getting the reliability-based optimization design for water distribution networks requires searching among several available population set of solutions. RELOPT model consists of the following components:     Hydraulic solver EPANET2: consists of the dynamic libraries that are required to be called by Mathematica program for hydraulic analysis.     Pre-estimation model (AGM): this sub-model provides the lower and upper bounds that are required for OPTWNET to start optimization search process.     Optimization model (OPTWNET): defines the optimum solution using LAGA.     LAGA automatic search engine module.     Reliability model (RELWNET): this model is connected with three sub-models <minimum cut-sets model; Generic Expectation Function model; reliability calculation model>. The model passes the final calculated reliability to the main model RELOPT. (v) Optimisation and Reliability Assessment of Water Distribution Networks Data request from WASA or corresponding utility service may be required, and  and may require use of a GIS and Google Maps--- --M. Abunada, Trifunović, N., Kennedy, M., and Babel, M., Optimization and Reliability Assessment of Water Distribution Networks Incorporating Demand Balancing Tanks, Procedia Engineering 70 ( 2014 ) 4 – 13 --Djebedjian B., Reliability-Based Water Network Optimization for Steady State Flow and Water Hammer. ASME. International Pipeline Conference, Volume 3: Materials and Joining; Pipeline Automation and Measurement; Risk and Reliability, Parts A and B (): 727-737.   Note: Acquiring NORAT (Networks Optimization and Reliability Assessment Tool) towards integration with EPANET 2 may or may not prove difficult. Nevertheless, there are alternatives which require more direct procedures integrating algorithms, CAD, EPANET 2, etc. (vi) Sensor placements to detect leakage:   After after analysis of the following journal articles, to apply to local and chosen ambiances. Concerns water pressure readings at nodes and other places of interests for particular date(s) corresponding to leakage. To comprehend and implement algorithms towards predictions for actual source of leakage(s). by use of pressure history data in grid of interest where scheme will be applied and compared to past maintenance schedules at sites. Numerous genetic algorithms will be employed and compared. For robustness, will employ the different schemes from each article and compare results. Data request from WASA or corresponding utility service and may require use of a GIS and Google Maps along with EAPNET2 or WDNetXL for use in pursuit -->   --Steffelbauer, D., Neumayer, M., Gunther, M., and Fuchs-Hanusch, D., Sensor Placement and Leakage Localization Considering Demand Uncertainties, Procedia Engineering 89 ( 2014 ) 1160 – 1167 --Casillas, M., V. et al, Optimal Sensor Placement for Leak Location in Water Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithms, Sensors 2013, 13, 14984-15005 --Puleo, V., Freni, G., and La Loggia, G., Pressure Sensors Positioning for Leakages Detection Under Uncertain Demands, EPiC Series in Engineering, Volume 3, 2018, Pages 1713-1717 Note: there will likely be issues if there are multiple sources of leaks. For such a circumstance one must cleverly segment grid involving knowledge of models, formulas, etc.).   (vi) Consider the following:   -- Al-Ani, D., and S. Habibi, S., Optimal Operation of Water Pumping Stations, Water and Society II, WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, Vol 178   To adjust to ambiance(s) of interest. Based on ambiance(s) to apply methodology of the given journal article and compare with the active authentic pumping settings operations of ambiance(s). Then will try to compare genetic algorithms with differential evolution applied in article to observe results. Incorporates EPANET2 or WDNetXL usage; may require use of a GIS and Google Map. Data request from WASA or corresponding utility service. 27. Piping Design and Systems in the Energy Sector (repeatable) Open to Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Engineering constituents. Concerns fossil fuels and fossil gases i. Properties of gases and liquids from fluid mechanics and applied hydraulics (to include expansion, compression) ii. Chemical Characteristics       1.Chemical formulas for different hydrocarbon gas mixtures AND oil       2.Respective Density (different temperatures and atmospheric pressures)       3.Respective Auto-ignition Temperature       4.Respective Combustion Temperature       5.Respective Combustion Model       6.Respective Burn Rate Behaviour (at different atmospheric pressures)       7.Human intake            Epidermis contact            Inhalation            Oral intake            Eye contact            Eco-friendly cleaners (biological and environment)       8. Hazard diamond       9.For the products from processing or refinement will also be responsible for similar data to 1 through 7.         Respective Exhaust Products (from ignition/combustion)              Raw mixtures (natural gas and oil)              Refined or processed products iii. Drilling rigs and extraction systems        Drilling            Characteristic components and CAD displays of critical components            System Designs            Applied Power Systems            Methods of deployment & foundation stability in respective environment            Operation Procedures and regulations        Components and systems for extraction, pumping and transfer            Characteristic components and CAD displays of critical components            System Designs            Applied Power Systems            Methods of deployment and foundation stability in respective environment            Operation procedures and operation regulations            Operations parameters        Regulated chemical dispersants and their chemical characteristics            Regulation on chemical dispersants              Operation procedures and operation regulations       iv. Environments        Discovered reserves        Geological/Geotechnical/Oceanography profiles for networks/transport                Habitat and sensitivities                Rock and Soil                Seismology profiling and seismic history                Possible weather influences on operations        Environmental protocols (Geo, Marine and Weather)        Ecological concerns and contamination mitigation methods          Economy (Markets and Demand) v. A quite difficult or rough phase in energy infrastructure is its systematic and operational planning. What research must be done to develop planning and logistics? vi. Consider storage, processing plant(s) and supply chain networks to be developed. Will consider hypothetical regions of development, mining, processing, refining, service distribution and so forth. Will choose actual places on the map, but such places will not necessarily have observed systems in place.    Raw storage --> refining/distilling --> storage/reserves --> supply     For a warm up develop the following:   Liquid Fluid Flow Process design          Review of laws in fluid mechanics          Modelling behaviour w.r.t. fluid properties and geometries   Patrascioiu, C. (2011). Chapter 3. Fluid Flow Control. In: Papantonis, D. Centrifugal Pumps. IntechOpen (account for gases as well)                Replicate findings and exhibitions from given above chapter, or improve upon   Modelling, control/controllers and simulation (simple to complex systems) with the following elements         Natural fluid viscosity (may not be relevant to gases)         Pumps (centrifugal, volumetric), control valves, “hydraulic resistance”, “transducers (flow, differential pressure), gauges Will then extend the process design to include phase changes (liquid to gas or gas to liquid), hence extension with evaporators, condensers and air pumps/air compressors (going from modelling to simulation like prior for such three incorporated into the system as well). Next, to develop systematic flow diagrams for the oil refinery and natural gas processing. Primitive development of process design by use of the following WITH most of (ii) in mind:  --STANJAN  --COCO (+ ChemSep), DWSIM (+ ChemSep), ESMO simulator, and Wolfram SystemModeler. NOTE: modelling fluid behaviours (liquid and gas), modelling components, controllers and developing simulations are expected. Then, even further, for the “sophisticated development” the following software to be of assistance       Autodesk Plant Design Suite       Autocad Plant 3D Even at the processing to product(s) operation there are channel networks that also require reliability development and sensing features with data processing. EPANET can be a worthy tool for monitoring, but for the case of natural gas further sensing is required to detect possible leakage into the atmosphere. Supply chain ports to be incorporated in design.       vii. Oil/natural gas products storage and plant layouts must be developed: Literature Guides for piping design and networks --> --Adewumi, M (2020). Phase Relations in Reservoir Engineering. LibreTexts NOTE: develop consistency between above and most of (ii). --Barker, G. B. The Engineer’s Guide to Plant Layout and Piping Design for the Oil and Gas Industries. Gulf Professional Publishing, 473 pages --Moran, S. (2017). Process Plant Layout. Butterworth-Heinemann, 756 pages --Facilities Planning (third edition), J. A. Tompkins, J. A. White, Y. A. Bozer, J. M. A. Tanchoco, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 2) --Facility Layout and Location: An Analytical Approach, R. L. Francis, L. F. McGinnis, J. A. White, Prentice Hall, 1992 --Zhao, P. et al. The Design of Oil Well Production Engineering Analysis System. The Open Mechanical Engineering Journal, 2015, 9, 437 - 442 viii. Supply chain optimisation The aim of this study is to design and optimize an integrated natural gas supply chain (NGSC) formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model or Network Optimisation model. Optimisation framework for natural gas/oil supply chain. Gas/oil storage process in the supply chain. The integrated strategic and tactical planning of gas supply chain is performed. Location-allocation and capacity of facilities and pipeline routes are considered. The proposed model to be applied to a real world case study based on information derived from Ambiance’s NGSC. Significant effect of parameters of operating costs and demand volume. The following literature can be applied to incorporate more realistic attributes. --Cimellaro, G. P. et al. (2015). Resilience-Based Design of Natural Gas Distribution Networks. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, volume 21, Issue 1 --T.C. Pharris and R.L. Kolpa. (2007). Overview of the Design, Construction, and Operation of Interstate Liquid Petroleum Pipelines. Argonne National Laboratory. --S. M. Folga. (2207). Natural Gas Pipeline Technology Overview. Argonne National Laboratory. ANL/EVS/TM/08-5 https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2008/02/61034.pdf --T. M. El-Shiekh (2013) The Optimal Design of Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning & Policy, 8:1, 7-13 Infrastructure tools to apply -->      R packages (optrees, igraph)      GASCalc 5.0      Autodesk Plant Design Suite      Autocad Plant 3D      GIS (GRASS GIS with addons)      EPANET + EPANET Toolkit (hopefully critical adjustments for oil and natural gas can be made)         Regulation/control         Pressure readings         Temperature readings (somehow will incorporate)         Leakage detection for gas (consider when in the real world)             Distribution of detectors likely based on reliability modelling             GPS/telemetry development                It’s not about a “blip” at one moment in time                Designing a monitoring scheme incorporating robust data analysis                Requires at least two sensors at one point                Maintenance/upgrade cycles NOTE: chemical process design should logically come before plant designs, infrastructure and networking. NOTE: concerning auto-ignition and auto-combustion temperatures, such hazardous points can be achieved much easier on small scales than large scales. An somewhat analogy, drying your laundry on a clothesline in the sun, namely, you don’t need a heat wave to dry them. Applies to plants and networks.  NOTE: some of the following terms, measures and data structures should necessarily arise:    Distributed pressure sensing    Distributed temperature sensing    Distributed leakage detection (for natural gas)    High Pressure Distribution System    Low Pressure Distribution System    Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure    Season set point pressures    Operating pressure regulations    Over pressure Protection    Regulator stations    Gate Station or Point of Delivery    Farm Tap or Field Regulator    Abnormal Operating Conditions (around 8 types)    Mains and Services      Valve Sectionalizing    Relief Valves    Remotely Operated Valves      Heating Seasonal Load    Non-heating Seasonal Load    Location Class    Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS)    Heating Degree Day    Summary of Stations and Local Production Gas Supply Points    Summary of System Design by Operating Pressure    Customer Management Module    Load Data    Regulator Station Analysis    Regulator Operational Database    Weather and Regulator station databases    Area Isolation Module    Vendor Equipment Sizing Software    Hardening the System Against Natural Disasters               Data and computational tools -->         Google Earth Engine         Kaggle         Energy administration data/databases         ADIOS (Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills)         Generalised Environmental Modelling System for Surface Waters              (http://gemss.com/gemss.html)              Hopefully environmental geometries and settings can be adjusted         Mathematica         Excel NOTE: geological topography weather patterns can have drastic effect on components and network optimisation. Seismic activity concerns, soil and rocks mechanics are other issues as well. Such also implies that taking advantage of the gravitation potential isn’t always an option. ix. Transmission and Distribution System Reliability Analysis        Maintain Adequate System Pressures (MASP)        Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP)        Over Pressure Protection (OPP)        Monitoring and Controlling System Pressures and Flows        System Looping        Redundancy        Station Reliability        Integrity Management        Odorization        System Constraint Analysis       x. Real Networks Will analyse various real networks and determine any features, operation systems and components taken for granted or overlooked. Distribution networks of various provinces, cities, towns, etc. If we can’t acquire the actual distribution networks, we will develop it based on general idea, expectation, demand and mapping by a GIS, then subjugating EPANET and other software to such. xi. Reliability Assessment of Oil/Natural Gas Distribution Networks Goes beyond reliability at stations. Yet, will have similar parameters for lines like in prior (ix). EPANET can be applicable in the same manner it’s used for water networks to some degree. You will have pressure sensing at various points to access data. Temperature sensors will be needed as well for both oil and gas. For natural gas, additionally, special sensing to detect leakage into the environment is a necessity. Linear optimisation and genetic algorithms to apply for network optimisation. Often stochastic skills and tools will be applied for reliability. Reliability concerns the following          Networks between mining and refining          Supply Chain networks xii. Multiperiod Optimisation fr field production Will situate the following journal articles to environmnts of interest. GIS, Mathematical and R to be available.        Awasthi, U., Marmier, R. & Grossmann, I.E. Multiperiod optimization model for oilfield production planning: bicriterion optimization and two-stage stochastic programming model. Optim Eng 20, 1227–1248 (2019).   xiii. Energy Substitutes in Planning Due to environmental statues, mandates, social preferences and so forth alternative energy sources are becoming quite premier. --Consider proposed or well planned out alternative energy projects to be implemented. This includes sites and supply networks, capacity, etc. --It may also be the case that media such as wind, solar and nuclear energy may not be prevalent perpetually; storage facilities are realistic. --It may the case that progressive administrations would like to cap their fossil fuel/gas fossil emissions, hence switching to various energy sources at various times with higher capacity. --Natural gas with turbine engineering/technologies are quite prevalent in the creation of power supply. --Consider government grants to residencies and businesses with solar power usage xiv. Sensing, predictive maintenance tools and implementation Analysis of the various technologies implemented in practice Develop of sensing and predictive maintenance lab projects for such. WILL NOT BE USING ACTUAL FOSSIL FUELS/FOSSIL GASES. NOT CONTENT WITH USING SERVICE WATER FOR THIS PARTICULAR ACTIVITY. NEITHER RIVERS NOR LAKES, NOR ESTUARIES.        Used cooking oil in contained environments        Old car oil, etc. in contained environments        Seawater with only one direction (not back into sea)        Develop wind tunnels and vents leading into pipe networks             imbue flowing air with rotten eggs smell or something                   Possibly also in use with other sensing are particle sensors Pipes, valves, pumps, gauges and storage will be relatively smaller than real networks. xiv. Life Cycle Assessment for plants and supply networks Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)        ISO 14000 Series        Data sources used in LCAs are typically large databases            Will identify databases and means towards assimilation                  Introspection, querying, etc., etc        Software: OpenLCA 28. Industrial Hydraulic Systems (repeatable) Systems of interest are those that play crucial roles in water service (industrial residential and metropolitan) Mandatory pursuits --> For hydraulic power units and complex hydraulic systems will incorporate heavy       Analysis       Modelling       Hydraulic circuits         Control and Simulation       Energy accounting and life Cycle Assessment Will incorporate heavy assists from WASA concerning facilities, equipment, systems, and grids. Tools to apply -->      GIS (GRASS GIS with addons)      EPANET and/or WDNetXL      Modelica libraries PRELIMINARY SKILLS TO REINFORCE BEFORE PURSUITS--> 1. Setup equations to analyse small piping systems that include branches, parallel pipes, loops and/or reservoirs. 2. Students will learn how to apply the fundamental concepts of Energy, Momentum and Continuity will be discussed in solving practical design problems. Many problems encountered will be mirrored by practical understanding of energy and energy losses, namely, head and head loss that drive the flow of water, with various methods of estimating head loss and applied with computations to select pipe sizes, and analyse the performance of simple compound systems will be covered. Energy, momentum and continuity modelling can be introduced alongside various topics before formal engagement at designated schedule in course schedule. 3. Nonlinear relationship between head loss and flow. Determine flow distribution in simple networks using the Hardy Cross Method. Applying the Newton-Raphson method (and possibly more advance methods). 4. Employing EPAnet and/or WDNetXL, analyse and design small piping networks for flow, pressure distribution and pump requirements. SystemModeler/Modelica to be used alongside EPAnet and/or WDNetXL. 5. Develop lumped operating characteristics for series and parallel pumps. 6. Identify the basic elements of your network design that are specifically controlled by federal, state and/or local regulations or codes. 7. Design pump placement to prevent cavitation. 8. Design open-channel systems based on uniform flow analysis. 9. Design open-channel transitions using energy concepts. 10. Design a sequence of uniform channels to satisfy a client’s stated objectives; the channels differ in bottom slope or width and may incorporate transitions produced by rapid changes in bottom elevation or width. 11. Explain the importance of professional licensure in the context of responsibility for your design. 12. Write technical memos that report the results of design/ analysis and employ appendices to provide sufficient information to check and confirm the results. 13. Recognize the importance of professional and ethical responsibilities. 14. Labs with software (SystemModeler/Modelica, EPAnet and/or WDNetXL) for modelling design(s) and simulations to accompany hands-on activities. Labs will be implemented at appropriate times in course. 29. Reinforcement of Activities from Hydraulics Engineering Design course 30. Calculate impervious surfaces from spectral imagery (repeatable) Ground surfaces that are impenetrable to water can cause serious environmental problems, including flooding and contaminated runoff. Because impervious surfaces are such a danger, many governments, like the City of Louisville, Kentucky, charge landowners with high amounts of impervious surfaces on their properties. To calculate fees, the you'll segment and classify aerial imagery by land use to calculate the area of impervious surfaces per land parcel. https://learn.arcgis.com/en/projects/calculate-impervious-surfaces-from-spectral-imagery/ NOTE: may pursue development with the mentioned software....OR MAKE USE OF GIS OF YOUR CHOICE.     31. Comparison of Regression Tools for Regional Electric Load Forecasting (repeatable)          N. J. Johannesen, M. Kolhe and M. Goodwin, "Comparison of Regression Tools for Regional Electric Load Forecasting," 2018 3rd International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech), Split, Croatia, 2018, pp. 1-6. Comparative analysis of the various regressions tools when implemented with use of whatever data that’s available. NOTE: may incorporate Ensemble Learning as well. 32. Life Cycle Costing PART A (LCC) Consider a project in development phase or past where competitive alternatives are determined to be equally “feasible”. Activity concerns LCC development. Note: analytical modelling is a necessity before software use, because you must thoroughly understand what you’re doing. Likely, multiple projects will be pursued. The following serve as strong guides for pursuit of LCC --> Life Cycle Costing        ISO 15686-5:2017        Kneifel, J. and Webb, D. (2020). Life Cycle Costing  for the Federal Energy Management Programme. NIST Handbook 135        Software: https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/building-life-cycle-cost-programs         Note: will not only consider BLCC (texts give other areas in LCC) Further Assists: --https://www.gsa.gov/node/81412 --Dhillon, B. S. (2009). Life Cycle Costing for Engineers. CRC Press --Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life Cycle Cost Analysis, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD     Example applied case for imagination--> http://www.eng.auburn.edu/research/centers/ncat/files/aaptp/Report.Final.06-06.pdf Note: the development analysis and software mentioned earlier possibly can be use to validate Auburn’s final report. Note: current proposed or developing projects in ambiance will also be assessed.   PART B (Bidding) Will pursuit LCC evaluation for (bid) contracts with utilities such as TSTT, T&TEC, WASA, Works, etc. subject to part B. NOTE: analysis and evaluation likely will be very comprehensive and quantitatively technical. For past, present or future bid contracts, first, comprehensive and highly quantitative LCC will be orchestrated towards findings. Then by such LCC will investigate which bid contracts are favourable; history in procurement, quality service and punctuality of competing firms will be considered. 33. Analysis of PET Bricks The inability in providing sustainable solutions towards resource efficiency through product-life extension, redistribution, remanufacturing, recycling, as well as re-engineering of wastes to maintain economic, society, and ecological balance, are the challenges facing the environment in the last decades. However, revolutionary 'green' types of bricks and construction materials could be made from recycled PVC and other synthetic materials. Consideration of PET and possibly other materials to recycle to produce bricks. Construction bricks made from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and other plastics A. Materials exhibit myriad properties, whether the following will involve both intelligence from databases and lab/field experiments comparing tradition masonry bricks with PET  bricks:      --Mechanical properties(types of loadings, stress analysis, strain analysis, stress – strain analysis, factor safety, failure theories (Maximum Shear Stress Theory, Maximum Normal Stress Theory, Maximum Strain Energy Theory, Maximum Distortion Energy Theory), fracture mechanics, fracture toughness)      --Chemical properties      --Electrical properties      --Thermal properties      --Electromagnetic perturbation analysis (various wavelengths) B. Will develop Finite Element Analysis for such bricks integrated in a housing unit to investigate various “punishments” or investigate tolerances and failure analysis. Compared to conventional masonry bricks. C. Health hazards        --Cement dust exposure with use of bricks      --PET (manufacturing, high temperatures, other hazards)      --Comparative greenhouse gas emissions D. Economics and Sustainability (PET versus conventional masonry)      --Material longevity and integrity for extreme weather (on both sides of the spectrum)      --Thermal insulation practicality (winter and summer)      --Cost to make one brick (conventional versus PET)              Does mass production tell a different tale?      --Product speed (with quality)      --Carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions        --Life Cycle Assessment for production versus standard bricks            OpenLCA applicable      --Life Cycle Costing            OpenLCA applicable      --Cost Benefit Analysis E. Structural properties to investigate for PET bricks      --Integration with structural members (if cases ever arise)        --Means of integrating PET bricks together versus conventional              includes time costs      --Bearing capacity concerning soil      --Resilient modulus of the subgrades F. Developing a sustainable non-industrial plant for PET, also being subject to prior phases. Includes LCA.

34. Repetition of Geotechnical Engineering activities from course Prerequisite: Geotechnical Engineering course 35. Aerodynamics of Buildings Apart from goals, parameters and constraints applied towards design and construction of buildings, there’s also need for aerodynamic investigation or analysis to acquire pleasant environments and safety. The following literature can provide such: General Knowledge (GK) --       Cermak, J. E. (1976). Aerodynamics of Buildings. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 8:1, 75-106       Lawson. (2001). Building Aerodynamics. Imperial College Press       Mooneghi, M. A. & Kargarmoakhar, R. (2016). Aerodynamic Mitigation and Shape Optimisation of Buildings: Review. Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 6 pages 225 – 235 Wind Loads (WL) --       Government building code for wind loads       Melbourne W.H. (1988) Definition of Wind Pressure on Tall Buildings. In: Beedle L.S. (eds) Second Century of the Skyscraper. Springer, Boston, MA. Pressure Integration Technique for Predicting Wind-Induced Response in High-Rise Buildings       Aly, A. M. (2013). Pressure Integration Technique for Predicting Wind-Induced Response in High-Rise Buildings. Alexandria Engineering Journal 52, 717 – 731       Konstantinov, A. and Ratnayake, M. L. (2018). Calculation of PVC Windows for Wind Loads in High-Rise Buildings. E3S Web of Conferences 33, 02025 The following tools can be used to compare with manual determinaton of wind loads for assurance:            ASCE 7: https://asce7hazardtool.online            ATC Hazards by location: https://hazards.atcouncil.org Simulation and Experimentation --       Analysis/comprehension of the factors and building components influential to pleasant environments and safety based on GK and WL       Analysis of various tools and techniques for aerodynamic analysis       General building geometry with CFD applied for aerodynamic investigation       Detailed design of buildings subject to CFD for aerodymanics               Implies the inclusion of windows, vents, etc., etc.               Also with various unconventional configurations        A building’s aerodynamics influence on background environment               Influence on shorter buildings (case scenarios for different heights)               Influence on street level        Aerodynamics of a block of high rise buildings               Flow among the high rise buildings               Influence on shorter buildings (case scenarios for different heights)               Influence on street level        Analysis and replication of observed experimentation in the following literature: Aly, A.M., Thomas, M. & Gol-Zaroudi, H. (2021). Experimental investigation of the aerodynamics of a large industrial building with parapet. Advances in. Aerodynamics. 3, 26 Hui, Y. et al (2013). Pressure and Flow Field Investigation of Interference Effects on External Pressures Between High-Rise Buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 115, 150 -161 36. Risk Management and Risk-Based Cost Estimation Guidelines: Nevada Department of Transportation. (2021). Risk Management and Risk-Based Cost Estimation Guidelines: https://www.dot.nv.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/4518/637637657516400000 Collaboration with DOT, Works, WASA, etc., etc. Guidelines applied to pending or ongoing infrastructure projects. Will be highly quantitative. Alongside given guidelines above “traditional” methods can be developed and implemented for compare and contrast. Hopefully projects’ time lines aren’t beyond the time window students have, else, only forecasted development can be accomplished; variances and post assessments are highly desired in general.

For all activities there will be a secure database archive for all participants and supervision constituents for respective activity in chronology. Activities will be field classified. There are MANDATORY activities to be done by Civil Engineering students under Geology; check such section. Other “summer” and “winter” activities open to Civil Engineering-- Aerospace Engineering: H Mechanical Engineering: Q, R, T, W, X For such activities check posts related to them.

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300+ TOP STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Objective Questions and Answers

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Multiple Choice Questions :-

1. The number of independent equations to be satisfied for static equilibrium of a plane structure is a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 6 Ans: c 2. If there are m unknown member forces, r unknown reaction components and j number of joints, then the degree of static indeterminacy of a pin-jointed plane frame is given by a) m + r + 2j b) m - r + 2j c) m + r - 2j d) m + r - 3j Ans: c 3. Number of unknown internal forces in each member of a rigid jointed plane frame is a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 6 Ans: c 4. Degree of static indeterminacy of a rigid-jointed plane frame having 15 members, 3 reaction components and 14 joints is a) 2 b) 3 c) 6 d) 8 Ans: c 5. Degree of kinematic indeterminacy of a pin-jointed plane frame is given by a) 2j - r b) j - 2r c) 3j - r d) 2j + r Ans: a 6. Independent displacement components at each joint of a rigid-jointed plane frame are a) three linear movements b) two linear movements and one rotation c) one linear movement and two rotations d) three rotations Ans: b 7. If in a pin-jointed plane frame (m + r) > 2j, then the frame is a) stable and statically determinate b) stable and statically indeterminate c) unstable d) none of the above where m is number of members, r is reaction components and j is number of joints Ans: b 8. A pin-jointed plane frame is unstable if a) (m + r)2j d) none of the above where m is number of members, r is reaction components and j is number of joints Ans: a 9. A rigid-jointed plane frame is stable and statically determinate if a) (m + r) = 2j b) (m + r) = 3j c) (3m + r) = 3j d) (m + 3r) = 3j where m is number of members, r is reaction components and j is number of joints Ans: c 10. The number of independent equations to be satisfied for static equilibrium in a space structure is a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6 Ans: d 11. The degree of static indeterminacy of a pin-jointed space frame is given by a) m + r - 2j b) m + r - 3j c) 3m + r - 3j d) m + r + 3j where m is number of unknown member forces, r is unknown reaction components and j is number of joints Ans: b 12. The degree of static indeterminacy of a rigid-jointed space frame is a) m + r - 2j b) m + r - 3j c) 3m + r - 3j d) 6m + r - 6j where m, r and j have their usual meanings Ans: d 13. The degree of kinematic indeterminacy of a pin-jointed space frame is a) 2j-r b) 3j-r c) j-2r d) j-3r where j is number of joints and r is reaction components Ans: b 14. The number of independent displacement components at each joint of a rigid-jointed space frame is a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 6 Ans: d 15. If in a rigid-jointed space frame, (6m + r) < 6j, then the frame is a) unstable b) stable and statically determinate c) stable and statically indeterminate d) none of the above Ans: a 16. The principle of virtual work can be applied to elastic system by considering the virtual work of a) internal forces only b) external forces only c) internal as well as external forces d) none of the above Ans: c 17. Castigliano's first theorem is applicable a) for statically determinate structures only b) when the system behaves elastically c) only when principle of superposition is valid d) none of the above Ans: c 18. Principle of superposition is applicable when a) deflections are linear functions of applied forces b) material obeys Hooke's law c) the action of applied forces will be affected by small deformations of the structure d) none of the above Ans: a 19. In moment distribution method, the sum of distribution factors of all the members meeting at any joint is always a) zero b) less than 1 c) 1 d) greater than 1 Ans: c 20. The carryover factor in a prismatic member whose far end is fixed is a) 0 b) 1/2 c) 3/4 d) 1 Ans: b 21. In column analogy method, the area of an analogous column for a fixed beam of span L and flexural rigidity El is taken as a) L/EI b) L/2EI c) L/3EI d) L/4EI Ans: a 22. The degree of static indeterminacy up to which column analogy method can be used is a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) unrestricted Ans: b 23. The deflection at any point of a perfect frame can be obtained by applying a unit load at the joint in a) vertical direction b) horizontal direction c) inclined direction d) the direction in which the deflection is required Ans: d 24. In the slope deflection equations, the deformations are considered to be caused by i) bending moment ii) shear force iii) axial force The correct answer is a) only (i) b) (i)and(ii) c) (ii) and (iii) d) (i), (ii) and (iii) Ans: a 25. The three moments equation is applicable only when a) the beam is prismatic b) there is no settlement of supports c) there is no discontinuity such as hinges within the span d) the spans are equal Ans: c 26. While using three moments equation, a fixed end of a continuous beam is replaced by an additional span of a) zero length b) infinite length c) zero moment of inertia d) none of the above Ans: a 27. The Castigliano's second theorem can be used to compute deflections a) in statically determinate structures only b) for any type of structure c) at the point under the load only d) for beams and frames only Ans: b 28. Bending moment at any section in a conjugate beam gives in the actual beam a) slope b) curvature c) deflection d) bending moment Ans: c 29. For a two-hinged arch, if one of the supports settles down vertically, then the horizontal thrust a) is increased b) is decreased c) remains unchanged d) becomes zero Ans: c 30. For a symmetrical two hinged parabolic arch, if one of the supports settles horizontally, then the horizontal thrust a) is increased b) is decreased c) remains unchanged d) becomes zero Ans: b Structural Analysis Interview Questions 31. A single rolling load of 8 kN rolls along a girder of 15 m span. The absolute maximum bending moment will be a) 8 kN.m b) 15 kN.m c) 30 kN.m d) 60 kN.m Ans: c 32. The maximum bending moment due to a train of wheel loads on a simply supported girder a) always occurs at centre of span b) always occurs under a wheel load c) never occurs under a wheel load d) none of the above Ans: b 33. When a uniformly distributed load, longer than the span of the girder, moves from left to right, then the maximum bending moment at mid section of span occurs when the uniformly distributed load occupies a) less than the left half span b) whole of left half span c) more than the left half span d) whole span Ans: d 34. When a uniformly distributed load, shorter than the span of the girder, moves from left to right, then the conditions for maximum bending moment at a section is that a) the head of the load reaches the section b) the tail of the load reaches the section c) the load position should be such that the section divides it equally on both sides d) the load position should be such that the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the span Ans: d 35. When a series of wheel loads crosses a simply supported girder, the maximum bending moment under any given wheel load occurs when a) the centre of gravity of the load system is midway between the centre of span and wheel load under consi-deration b) the centre of span is midway between the centre of gravity of the load system and the wheel load under consideration c) the wheel load under consideration is midway between the centre of span and the centre of gravity of the load system d) none of the above Ans: b 36. Which of the following is not the displacement method ? a) Equilibrium method b) Column analogy method c) Moment distribution method d) Kani's method Ans: b 37. Study the following statements. i) The displacement method is more useful when degree of kinematic indeterminacy is greater than the degree of static indeterminacy. ii) The displacement method is more useful when degree of kinematic indeterminacy is less than the degree of static indeterminacy. iii) The force method is more useful when degree of static indeterminacy is greater than the degree of kinematic indeterminacy. iv) The force method is more useful when degree of static indeterminacy is less than the degree of kinematic indeterminacy. The correct answer is a) (i) and (iii) b) (ii) and (iii) c) (i) and (iv) d) (ii) and (iv) Ans: d 38. Select the correct statement a) Flexibility matrix is a square symmetrical matrix b) Stiffness matrix is a square symmetrical matrix c) both (a) and (b) d) none of the above Ans: c 39. To generate the j th column of the flexibility matrix a) a unit force is applied at coordinate j and the displacements are calculated at all coordinates b) a unit displacement is applied at co-ordinate j and the forces are calculated at all coordinates c) a unit force is applied at coordinate j and the forces are calculated at all coordinates d) a unit displacement is applied at co-ordinate j and the displacements are calculated at all co-ordinates Ans: a 40. For stable structures, one of the important properties of flexibility and stiffness matrices is that the elements on the main diagonal i) of a stiffness matrix must be positive ii) of a stiffness matrix must be negative iii) of a flexibility matrix must be positive iv) of a flexibility matrix must be nega¬tive The correct answer is a) (i) and (iii) b) (ii) and (iii) c) (i) and (iv) d) (ii) and (iv) Ans: a 41. Effects of shear force and axial force on plastic moment capacity of a structure are respectively to a) increase and decrease b) increase and increase c) decrease and increase d) decrease and decrease Ans: d 42. Which of the following methods of structural analysis is a force method ? a) slope deflection method b) column analogy method c) moment distribution method d) none of the above Ans: b 43. Which of the following methods of structural analysis is a displacement method ? a) moment distribution method b) column analogy method c) three moment equation d) none of the above Ans: a 44. In the displacement method of structural analysis, the basic unknowns are a) displacements b) force c) displacements and forces d) none of the above Ans: a 45. The fixed support in a real beam becomes in the conjugate beam a a) roller support b) hinged support c) fixed support d) free end Ans: d 46. The width of the analogous column in the method of column analogy is a) 2/EI b) 1/EI c) 1/2 EI d) 1/4 EI Ans: b 47. A simply supported beam deflects by 5 mm when it is subjected to a concentrated load of 10 kN at its centre. What will be deflection in a 1/10 model of the beam if the model is subjected to a 1 kN load at its centre ? a) 5 mm b) 0.5 mm c) 0.05 mm d) 0.005mm Ans: a 48. The deformation of a spring produced by a unit load is called a) stiffness b) flexibility c) influence coefficient d) unit strain Ans: b 49. For a single point load W moving on a symmetrical three hinged parabolic arch of span L, the maximum sagging moment occurs at a distance x from ends. The value of x is a) 0.211 L b) 0.25 L c) 0.234 L d) 0.5 L Ans: a 50. Muller Breslau's principle for obtaining influence lines is applicable to i) trusses ii) statically determinate beams and frames iii) statically indeterminate structures, the material of which is elastic and follows Hooke's law iv) any statically indeterminate structure The correct answer is a) (i), (ii) and (iii) b) (i), (ii) and (iv) c) (i) and (ii) d) only (i) Ans: a 51. Consider the following statements: Sinking of an intermediate support of a continuous beam 1. reduces the negative moment at support. 2. increases the negative moment at support. 3. reduces the positive moment at support. 4. increases the positive moment at the centre of span. Of these statements a) i and 4 are correct b) 1 and 3 are correct c) 2 and 3 are correct d) 2 and 4 are correct Ans: a 52. A load 'W is moving from left to right support on a simply supported beam of span T. The maximum bending moment at 0.4 1 from the left support is a) 0.16 Wl b) 0.20 Wl c) 0.24 Wl d) 0.25 Wl Ans: c 53. When a load crosses a through type Pratt truss in the direction left to right, the nature of force in any diagonal member in the left half of the span would a) change from compression to tension b) change from tension to compression c) always be compression d) always be tension Ans: a STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Questions and Answers pdf free download :: Read the full article