#effluent treatment plants in coimbatore

[bionicsenvirotec]

Vermicomposting of textile and dye sludge with carbonaceous materials and its carbon and nitrogen status

M.Parameswari and C.Udayasoorian

Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamilnadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

ABSTRACT

Vermicomposting of textile and dye sludge is an economically viable and environmentally safer method of final disposal. The low level of carbon content is considered as a limiting factor for the decomposition of textile and dye sludge, but it contains higher amount of calcium and micronutrients. So, it could potentially be used as an alternate substrate for vermicomposting, if it is mixed with carbonaceous materials and animal wastes. In this study, textile and dye sludge had only four per cent organic carbon content. The C: N ratio is one among the important factors that affects manure quality. To adjust the C: N ratio of the initial materials, the carbonaceous material like sawdust and crop waste were added at different proportions. The saw dust appeared to be an ideal bulking agent for composting because of its ability to absorb moisture, and its structure that provides adequate porosity in the compost heap (Mahimairaja, 1996). The C: N ratio of compost in the present investigation ranged between 15.50: 1 and 20.1:1, which could be readily utilized for crop production as suggested by Gaur (1982). The finished vermicompost obtained by mixing 30 per cent sludge with 20 per cent poultry waste and 50 per cent crop waste contains higher nutrient status (NPK) with narrow C: N ratio (15.5).

Introduction

Industrialized and developing countries spend a handsome amount of their Gross National Product on pollution control measures, but the problem is worsening day by day. Pollution is an indicator of an inefficient process, which must be tackled by proper techniques. Disposal of industrial sludge by environmentally acceptable means poses a very great challenge worldwide. Use of earthworms in the management of sludge has been suggested by Elvira et al. (1998). The transformation of industrial sludge into vermicompost helps to convert the sludge into value added product besides it also decontaminates the pollutants that are present in it (Kaushik and Garg, 2004).

Materials and methods

Vermicomposting of textile and dye sludge with carbonaceous materials

To produce value added products from the sludge of textile and dye industry, vermicomposting experiment was carried out by using Eudrillus euginae earthworm species at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Sludge was mixed with different carbonaceous materials like crop wastes, sawdust, poultry waste, cow dung slurry and then composted aerobically.

Collection of materials for composting

The textile and dye sludge was collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) at Perundurai, Erode. The organic manures such as poultry wastes, farmyard manure and carbonaceous materials like sawdust and agricultural waste were collected from Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

Composting treatments

Sludge was mixed with different carbonaceous materials (the substances that enhance organic carbon content) and organic manures (the substance that enhances the nutrient status of the sludge and accelerates the degradation process) as per thetreatment details presented below and earthworms were released at pre-degradation stage.

Treatment details

T1 - 30% CETP Sludge + 20% Cow dung + 50% Crop waste T2- 50% CETP Sludge + 20% Cow dung + 30% Crop waste T3- 30% CETP Sludge + 20% Poultry waste + 50% Crop waste T4- 50% CETP Sludge+ 20% Poultry waste + 30% Crop waste T5- 30% CETP Sludge + 20% Cow dung + 50% Sawdust T6- 50% CETP Sludge + 20% Cow dung + 30% Sawdust

T7- 30% CETP Sludge + 20% Poultry waste + 50% Saw dust T8- 50% CETP Sludge + 20% Poultry waste + 30% Sawdust

Replication : Three

Design : CRD

Method of composting

For composting, the sludge was mixed with agricultural wastes and saw dust on weight basis and made up to two kg. 100 g of worms were added to each treatment. Water was sprinkled over the compost heap to maintain the moisture content of 60 per cent level throughout the composting period.

Carbon / Nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio)

Carbon / Nitrogen ratio was calculated from organic carbon and nitrogen contents of the samples analysed..

Results and discussion

Characteristics of textile and dye sludge and amendments used for vermicomposting

The textile and dye sludge, carbonaceous materials and animal wastes used in this study were analysed and the results are presented in Table. The sludge was alkaline in nature with pH of 8.50, very low in organic carbon content (4.86 per cent), nitrogen (0.17 per cent) and phosphorus (0.09 per cent), and high in potassium content (1.37 per cent). Among the amendments, the highest nutrient content was recorded in poultry waste. The organic carbon content of crop waste was 42.5 per cent with C/N ratio of 60.7.

Effect of pH

The pH increased during the process of composting. It ranged from 7.28 to 7.65 at initial stage and 7.62 to 7.94 at final stage. At final stage, the highest pH value of 7.94 was recorded in T3 (30 % CETP sludge + 20 % poultry waste - PW + 50 % crop waste-CW) followed by 7.82 in T1 (30 % CETP sludge + 20 % cow dung - CD + 50 % CW) and T8 (50 % CETP sludge + 20 % PW + 30 % saw dust - SD), which were on par with each other. The pH showed an increasing trend and a good indicator of composting process. The pH was in the range of 7.60 to 7.90 at end of composting process. This is in confirmation with findings of Moorthy et al. (1996). The neutral pH recorded in the final product might be due to the production of CO2 and organic acids by microbial activity during the process of bioconversion of different substrates in the feed mixtures (Elvira et al., 1998).

Electrical conductivity

The EC increased during the process of composting. It ranged from 2.75 to 2.92 dS m-1 at initial stage and 2.91 to 3.10 dS m-1 at final stage. At final stage, the highest EC value was observed in T5 (3.10 dS m-1) followed by T6 (3.08 dS m-1), which were on par with each other. Addition of carbonaceous materials viz., crop wastes and sawdust altered the EC of the final compost. The increase in EC could be attributed to the release of soluble salts during the decomposition of organic materials. Kiruba (1996) and Mini (1998) have also reported an increase in EC during the decomposition of industrial solid waste materials. Organic carbon.

The changes that occurred during the process of composting in OC content due to mixing of different materials with CETP sludge are present in Figure 1. In general, there was significant reduction in organic carbon content from 39.70 per cent to 18.50 per cent due to vermicomposting process. The highest reduction of organic carbon content was achieved in T3 (30 % CETP sludge + 20 % PW + 50 per cent CW) followed by T4 (50 % CETP sludge + 20 % PW + 30 % CW). In general, mixing of poultry waste along with crop waste (T3, T4) had a profound influence in reducing the organic carbon content compared to sawdust (T5 to T8). The reduction in organic carbon was due to the utilization of carbon as an energy source and to build up protoplasm (Gaur, 1982). Borkar et al. (1991) reported that reduction in organic carbon was due to the release of CO2 through the break down of carbon by microorganisms during the composting process. An enhanced organic matter decomposition in the presence of earth worms, which results in lowering of C: N ratio was observed by Talashilkar et al. (1999). A large fraction of organic carbon was lost as CO2 and by the end of vermicomposting period. It was supported by Elvira et al. (1996).

Total nitrogen

The total N content of initial samples varied from 0.35 to 0.46 per cent, while it ranged from 0.95 to 1.05 per cent in final vermicompost. In general, the total N content invariably increased in vermicompost irrespective of different material mixed with CETP sludge. Among the treatments, T3 (30 % CETP sludge + 20 % PW + 50 % CW) recorded the highest N content of 1.05 per cent followed by T7 (50 % CETP sludge + 20% PW + 30% CW) and the lowest value was recorded in T6 (50% CETPS + 20% CD + 30% SD). Earthworms also have a great impact on nitrogen transformations in manure by enhancing nitrogen mineralization, so that mineral nitrogen was retained in the nitrate form (Atiyeh et al.,2000). The final N content of vermicompost is dependent on the initial N present in the waste and the extent of decomposition (Gaur and Singh, 1995). The finished vermicompost had higher concentration of NPK and micronutrients in the present investigation. This is in accordance with the findings of Jambhekar(1992) and Delgado et al.(1995). On the other hand, the nutrient contents of the vermicompost and the ordinary manure have been found to be similar as reported by Shinde et al., (1992) and Talashilkar et al., (1999).

Carbon / Nitrogen ratio

The C: N ratio of the vermicompost varied between 81.7 and 107.0 at initial stage and between 15.5 and 21.30 at final stages of composting process. Addition of poultry waste and cow dung (T3, T4) had the lowest initial and final C: N ratio compared to rest of the treatments. However, higher C: N ratio of 21.30 and 20.80 were recorded in T7 (30 % CETP sludge + 20% PW + 50 % SD) and T8 (50 % CETP sludge + 20% PW + 30% SD) respectively. In general, addition of poultry waste and cow dung with CETP sludge (T3, T4) reduced the final C: N ratio compared to rest of treatments. Therefore considerable amounts of NH3 as volatile forms of nitrogen will be lost. The C: N ratio is often used to describe the maturity of composts and should reach values of about 15-25 (Mathur et al., 1993). The C: N values should not be too high, as the application of such compost can result in immobilization of available nitrogen, causing an N-deficiency in plants (Kostov et al., 1995).

The C: N ratio of the compost is one of the important indicators of compost maturity. A lower C: N ratio of 15 to 20:1 is said to be optimum for good quality matured manure (Fig.4). In the present study, the C: N ratio was much wider at the beginning which narrowed down at the end of the composting process. The C: N ratio of compost in the present investigation ranged between 15.50: 1 and 20.1:1, which could be readily utilized for crop production as suggested by Gaur (1982). Enhanced organic matter decomposition in the presence of earthworms and subsequent reduction in lowering of C: N ratio has been reported by Kale et al. (1982) and Talashilkar et al. (1999). According to Senesi (1989) a decline of C: N ratio to less than 20 indicates an advanced degree of organic matter stabilization and reflects a satisfactory degree of maturity of organic waste

Conclusion

The pH and EC of the vermicompost increased during the process of composting and the rate of decomposition was found to be faster when 20 per cent poultry waste and 50 per cent crop waste were mixed with 30 per cent sludge. The finished vermicompost obtained by mixing 30 per cent sludge with 20 per cent poultry waste and 50 per cent crop waste contains higher nutrient status (NPK) with narrow C: N ratio (15.5).

References

[1] Atiyeh, R.M., J.Dominguez , S.Subler, and C.A.Edwards. 2000. Changes in biochemical properties of cow manure during processing by earthworms (Eisenia andrei Bouche) and the effects on seedling growth. Pedobiologia, 44: 709-724.

[2] Biswas, T.D., B.L Jaian and S.C. Maldal. 1977. Cumulative effect of different levels of manures on the physical properties of soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 19: 31-37.

[3] Bremner, J.M. 1965. Inorganic forms of nitrogen. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. C.A. Black (Eds.), Am. Soc. Agron. Inc. Wisconsin, USA, pp. 1170-1237.

[4] Bhoyar, R.V., A.D. Bhide and M.S. Olaniya. 1992. Fate of heavy metals in black sewage sludge and refuse compost. Indian J. Environ. Hlth., 34: 122-132.

[5] Elvira, C., M. Goicoechea, L. Sanpedro, S. Mato and R. Nogales. 1996. Bio conversion of solid paper pulp mill sludge by earthworms. Biores. Technol., 57: 173-177.

[6] Elvira, C., L. Sampedro, E. Benitez, and R. Nogales. 1998. Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei: A pilot scale study. Biores. Technol., 63: 205-211.

[7] Elvira, C., L. Sampedro, E. Benitez, and R. Nogales. 1998. Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei: A pilot scale study. Biores. Technol., 63: 205-211.

[8] Gaur, A.C. 1982. Recycling of organic wastes by improved techniques of composting and other methods. Resources and conservation, 13: 157-174.

[9] Jackson, M.L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India (Pvt.) Ltd., New Delhi.pp.24-36.

[10] Jambhekar, H.A. 1992. Use of Earthworms as a potential source to decompose organic wastes. In: Proceeding of the National Seminar on Organic Farming, Mahatama Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Pune, pp. 52 - 53.

[11] Jothimani, P. 2002. Integrated eco-friendly management of solid wastes of viscose pulp industry. Ph.D. (Environmental Sciences), Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore.

[12] Kiruba, C. 1996. Recycling of poultry droppings as manure. M.Sc. (Environmental Science) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore.

[13] Kostov, O., Y. Tzvetkov, N. Kaloianova and V.Cleemput. 1995. Cucumber cultivation on some wastes during their aerobic composting. Biores. Technol., 53: 237-242.

[14] Falcon, M.A., E. Corominas, M.L. Perez and F. Perestelo. 1987. Aerobic bacterial populations and environmental factors involved in the composting of agricultural and forest wastes of the Conary Islands. Biol. Wastes., 20: 89-99.

[15] Kaushik, P.and V.K. Garg, 2004. Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cowdung and agricultural residues. Biores. Technol., 94 : 208-209.

[16] Kiruba, C. 1996. Recycling of poultry droppings as manure. M.Sc. (Environmental Science) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore.

[17] Mahimairaja, S., N.S. Bolan, M.J. Hedley and A.N. Maegregor. 1994. Losses and transformation of nitrogen during the composting of poultry manure with different amendments. An Incubation Expt. Bio Res. Technol., 47: 265-273.

[18] Mathur, S.P., G. Owen, H.Dineland and Schnitzer. 1993. Determination of compost biomaturity I. Literature review. Biol. Agri. Hort., 10: 65-85.

[19] Moorthy, V.K., A.K. Moorthy and K.B. Rao. 1996. Valuable compost from coffee waste. Indian Coffee, 60 : 7- 8.

[20] Mini, K. 1998. Impact of Composted Bagasse Pith and Paper Mill Effluent Irrigation on Soil Environment and Groundnut Crop. M.Sc. (Environmental Science) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore.

[21] Olaniya, M. S., M.P. Khandekar, I. Rahman and A.D. Bhide. 1992. Mobility of metals in soil: A case study. Indian J. Environ. Hlth., 34: 261-271.

[22] Olsen, S.R., L.L. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and D.A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S.D.A. – Circ. p. 939

[23] Palaniswami, C. 1989. Studies on the Effect of Continuous Irrigation with Paper Factory Effluent on Soil Properties and on Sugarcane Nursery and Main Crop and Development of Techniques for Clarification of Effluent. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., Coimbatore.

[24] Palaniswami, C. and U.S. Sree Ramulu. 1994. Effects of continuous irrigation with paper factory effluent on soil properties. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 42: 139-140.

[25] Panse, V.G and P.V. Sukhatme. 1985. Statistical methods for Agricultural workers. I.C.A.R. Publ., New Delhi, P.359.

[26] Senesi, N. 1989. Composted materials as organic fertilizers.

[27] Shinde, G.B. and C. Chakrabarti. 1987. Optimum utilization of municipal waters as a source of fertilizer. Res. Conserv., 13: 281-290.

[28] Stanford, S. and L. English. 1948. Use of flame photometer in rapid soil tests of K. Agron. J., 41: 446-447.

[29] Subbiah, B.V. and G.L. Asija. 1956. A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Curr. Sci., 25: 259 -260

[30] Talashikar, S.C. P.P.Bhangarath and V.P.Mehta. 1999. Changes in chemical properties during composting of organic residues as influenced by earthworm activity. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 47: 50-53.

[31] Vasconcelos, E. and F. Cabrel. 1993. Use and environmental implications of pulp mill sludge as organic fertilizer. Environ. Pollution., 80: 159-162.

[32] Walkley, A.J. and I.A. Black. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37: 29-38.

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