#gisenyi

[laxmipharma]

Automatic Bottle Sticker Labeling Machine in Rwanda

Company Overview: Laxmi Pharma Equipment is a Manufacturer, Supplier and Exporter of Automatic Bottle Sticker Labeling Machine in Rwanda. An automatic bottle sticker labeling machine is designed to apply self-adhesive labels to bottles of various shapes and sizes. The machine automates the process, from feeding the bottles to applying the labels, reducing manual labor and increasing production efficiency. It can handle different types of labels, including wrap-around, front and back, and top labels, providing a versatile solution for various labeling requirements. Key Features: High Speed: Capable of labeling hundreds of bottles per minute, ideal for high-production environments. Precision Labeling: Ensures accurate placement of labels, enhancing product presentation and branding. Versatility: Can handle different bottle shapes and sizes, from round to oval and square bottles. User-Friendly Interface: Easy to operate with intuitive controls and programmable settings. Durable Construction: Built with high-quality materials to withstand continuous operation. Adjustable Settings: Allows for customization of label position, speed, and size. Applications: Food and Beverage Industry Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics Chemicals Personal Care Products Laxmi Pharma Equipment is a Manufacturer and Exporter of Automatic Bottle Sticker Labeling Machine in Rwanda Including Bugesera, Burera, Gakenke, Gasabo, Gatsibo, Gicumbi, Gisagara, Huye, Kamonyi, Karongi, Kayonza, Kicukiro, Kirehe, Muhanga, Musanze, Ngoma, Ngororero, Nyabihu, Nyagatare, Nyamagabe, Nyamasheke, Nyanza, Nyarugenge, Nyaruguru, Rubavu, Ruhango, Rulindo, Rusizi, Rutsiro, Rwamagana, Kigali, Gisenyi, Butare, Gitarama, Ruhengeri, Byumba, Cyangugu, Kibuye, Rwamagana, Kibungo, Kirambo, Kagano. Please feel free to contact us with any questions or for additional information. View Product: Click Here Read the full article

[vickyjr]

At lake Kivu is where you let it all go. . #theweekend #gisenyi #lakekivu #boatride (at Gisenyi / Lake Kivu) https://www.instagram.com/p/CmEKx2oooVlKnIinbPkK2PBOOxzEP1hhB2P7tE0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[dubaireliablellc]

@DubaiAgentz wa.me/971554453028 #Vihiga #Voi #Wajir #Watamu #Webuye #Wote #Wundanyi #Kigali #Butare #Muhanga #Ruhengeri #Gisenyi #Byumba #Cyangugu #Nyanza #Kabuga #Ruhango #Rwamagana #Kibuye #Kibungo #Gikongoro #Umutara #Kigali #Kicukiro #Rutongo #Nyanza #Muhanga #Kamonyi #Ruhango #Butare #Gisagara #Nyaruguru #Nyamagabe #Byumba #Ruhengeri #Kibuye #Cyangugu #Gisenyi #Rwamagana  #Kibungo #AddisAbaba #Mekelle #Gondar #Adama #Hawassa #BahirDar #DireDawa #Sodo #Dessie #Jimma #Jijiga #Shashamane #Bishoftu #ArbaMinch #Hosaena #Harar #Dilla #Nekemte #DebreBirhan #Asella #DebreMark'os #Kombolcha #DebreTabor #Adigrat #Woldiya #Sebeta #Burayu #Shire (IndaSelassie) #Ambo #ArsiNegele #Aksum #Gambela #BaleRobe #Butajira #Ziway #Adwa #Areka #Yirgalem #Woliso #Welkite #Gode #Meki #NegeleBorana #AlabaKulito #Alamata #Chiro #Tepi #Durame #Goba #Asosa #Boditi #Gimbi #Wukro #Alemaya #MizanTeferi (at Reliable Cargo Dubai Kenya Tanzania Zanzibar Dares salaam Nairobi & Mombasa) https://www.instagram.com/p/ClQ0j-jS-5H/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[opstechsanjana]

Mist Cooling & Fogging System Company in Rawanda

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.18

1966 – Human spaceflight: Gemini 10 is launched from Cape Kennedy on a 70-hour mission that includes docking with an orbiting Agena target vehicle. 1966 – A racially charged incident in a bar sparks the six-day Hough riots in Cleveland, Ohio; 1,700 Ohio National Guard troops intervene to restore order. 1968 – Intel is founded in Mountain View, California. 1970 – An Antonov An-22 of the Soviet Air Forces crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 20 aboard. 1976 – Nadia Comăneci becomes the first person in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics. 1981 – A Canadair CL-44 and Sukhoi Su-15 collide in mid-air near Yerevan, Armenia, killing four. 1982 – Two hundred sixty-eight Guatemalan campesinos ("peasants" or "country people") are slain in the Plan de Sánchez massacre. 1984 – McDonald's massacre in San Ysidro, California: James Oliver Huberty kills 21 people and injures 19 others before being shot dead by police. 1992 – A picture of Les Horribles Cernettes was taken, which became the first ever photo posted to the World Wide Web. 1994 – The bombing of the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine Jewish Community Center) in Buenos Aires kills 85 people (mostly Jewish) and injures 300. 1994 – Rwandan genocide: The Rwandan Patriotic Front takes control of Gisenyi and north western Rwanda, forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide. 1995 – On the Caribbean island of Montserrat, the Soufrière Hills volcano erupts. Over the course of several years, it devastates the island, destroying the capital, forcing most of the population to flee. 1996 – Storms provoke severe flooding on the Saguenay River, beginning one of Quebec's costliest natural disasters ever. 1996 – Battle of Mullaitivu: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam capture the Sri Lanka Army's base, killing over 1,200 soldiers. 2002 – A Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer crashes near Estes Park, Colorado, killing both crew members. 2012 – At least seven people are killed and 32 others are injured after a bomb explodes on an Israeli tour bus at Burgas Airport, Bulgaria. 2013 – The Government of Detroit, with up to $20 billion in debt, files for the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. 2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant requires Christians to either accept dhimmi status, emigrate from ISIL lands, or be killed. 2019 – A man sets fire to an anime studio in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan, killing at least 35 people and injuring dozens of others.

[preciselyforthatreason]

#congo

#goma

#rwanda

#Gisenyi

[africanrocksafaris]

5 Things to Do In Rwanda

1.    Gorilla Trekking in Volcanoes National Park: Rwanda is renowned for its population of mountain gorillas, and embarking on a gorilla trekking adventure in Volcanoes National Park is a must-do activity. Hike through lush forests, observe these incredible creatures in their natural habitat, and create unforgettable memories.

2.   Visit Kigali Genocide Memorial: Pay homage to Rwanda's history and gain a deeper understanding of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi at the Kigali Genocide Memorial. Explore the museum exhibits, hear survivor stories, and reflect upon the country's journey towards reconciliation and healing.

3.  Explore Nyungwe Forest National Park: Immerse yourself in the beauty of Nyungwe Forest National Park, a vast rainforest teeming with biodiversity. Take a canopy walk high above the treetops, go chimpanzee tracking, hike scenic trails, and enjoy birdwatching in this pristine natural sanctuary.

4.  Experience Lake Kivu: Head to Lake Kivu, one of Africa's great lakes, for a relaxing and scenic retreat. Enjoy activities such as kayaking, boat rides, and swimming in the crystal-clear waters. The lakeside towns of Gisenyi and Kibuye offer stunning views, charming accommodations, and vibrant local culture.

5.  Visit Akagera National Park: Embark on a safari adventure in Akagera National Park, where you can spot a diverse range of wildlife including elephants, zebras, giraffes, and hippos. Take a guided game drive, go birdwatching, or even stay overnight in one of the park's lodges for an immersive wildlife experience.

Remember to always check for the latest travel advisories and guidelines when planning your trip to Rwanda.

[beardedmrbean]

DR Congo has declared Rwanda's shooting of one of its fighter jets an "act of war", amid mounting tensions.

Rwanda's government said it took "defensive measures" against a plane that had violated its airspace - a claim denied by DR Congo.

Although the plane landed safely, this is a major escalation following months of conflict in DR Congo, which has forced 400,000 people from their homes.

DR Congo, the US and UN experts accuse Rwanda of backing the M23 rebel group.

Rwanda has denied this and blames the Congolese government for the unrest in mineral-rich eastern DR Congo.

In the 1990s, Rwanda twice sent troops into its much larger neighbour, sparking a huge conflict involving at least nine countries that led to the death of millions of people.

Africa Live: The latest updates from around the continent

Why Kenya's army is joining the DR Congo conflict

Images shared on social media show a Sukhoi-25 aircraft being shot at while flying at low altitude between the towns of Goma in DR Congo and Gisenyi in Rwanda, which straddle their common border.

Other images show water being used to put out a fire on the plane's right wing after it landed at Goma airport. DR Congo says the plane suffered no "major material damage".

In a statement, DR Congo's government accused Rwanda of "sabotaging" the implementation of a recent peace process agreed upon by the opposing sides in recent talks.

The Information Ministry went on to say that DR Congo "reserves the right to defend its national territory and will not be threatened".

"The government considers this umpteenth attack by Rwanda as a deliberate action," the ministry said.

However, Rwanda said this was the third incident involving a Congolese fighter jet in its airspace and asked its neighbour "to stop this aggression".

Last November, another Congolese Sukhoi-25 jet briefly landed at Gisenyi airport in Rwanda. Kinshasa said the fighter jet had "mistakenly landed" there.

Could this lead to war?

This is the closest the two countries have come to a direct confrontation in recent years.

The suspicions and tensions date back nearly three decades and are a spill-over of the 1994 Rwanda genocide in which more than 800,000 people were killed - mostly ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus.

Some of those responsible fled into what is now DR Congo, as a largely Tutsi rebel group led by Paul Kagame, now Rwanda's president, took power.

Rwanda said it sent its troops into DR Congo to stop attacks by Hutu militias but its troops were also accused of looting the region's mineral riches, as were the forces of other countries which intervened.

Those tensions remain unresolved to date with sporadic escalations over the years, however in recent weeks, they have intensified significantly.

While denying allegations of backing the Tutsi-dominated M23, President Kagame has also questioned why no-one is talking about a separate rebel group it accuses DR Congo of backing - the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), which includes some of the alleged leaders of the genocide.

The M23 has taken control of several towns and villages in the North Kivu province in the past year.

The forces of several east African countries have joined the Congolese army, with the support of UN peacekeepers, in fighting against the group.

Earlier this month, its leaders agreed to a ceasefire and to withdraw from territory it had taken but fighting broke out once again on Tuesday morning, hours before the Congolese fighter jet was shot at.

[oasissafari]

Why Uganda Rwanda Safaris Are Worth Your Time

Are you looking for a unique and memorable adventurous experience? Book your Uganda Rwanda Safaris today! These two countries offer two different experiences of the African landscape and culture. This tour is a full fascination with the true nature, the forests, and biodiversity.

Why Uganda Rwanda Safaris Are Worth Your Time?

Gorilla Trekking-

This is one of the top reasons for your safari. Trek with the rare and endangered mountain gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in Uganda, offering an unparalleled wildlife experience.

Your gorilla tracking will be an exciting journey along forested slopes, bushes, and bamboo before you eventually reach the gorillas’ habitat. Imagine Getting close to these gentle giants in their natural habitat. You can observe gorilla families and their activities under the guidance of expert rangers. This will give you a more intimate experience.

Diverse Wildlife and Scenic Beauty-

Both Uganda and Rwanda boast a rich diversity of wildlife. Explore through game drives, boat safaris, and guided nature walks. The Queen Elizabeth National Park and Murchison Falls National Park are prime locations in Uganda where you can watch the elephants, giraffes, lions, leopards, crocodiles, hippos, buffaloes, water birds, monkeys, and all the other thirsty wildlife.

Drive to Kyambura Gorge for a forest walk in Uganda to look out for the chimpanzees and other primates. Enjoy Gisenyi which is a beautiful town located on the shores of Lake Kivu, the main water body of Rwanda

Gain a thrilling wildlife experience when driving through the savannah or cruising along the Nile River.

Cultural Immersion-

Understand the rich cultural heritage and traditions of Uganda and Rwanda and connect with local communities. This is a great opportunity for travelers. These cultural experiences will enrich your overall journey. Learn about the history and unique way of life of the local tribes.

In addition, enjoy a tour of the Genocide Memorial of Murambi, the royal palace of the traditional kings of Rwanda, find the best Rwandan original handicrafts, and more.

Pristine and Untouched Nature-

Explore the unspoiled wilderness of safaris in Uganda and Rwanda. These countries are committed to conservation so the wildlife areas are safe and protected for future generations. of best Uganda Rwanda Safaris are less crowded comparatively, ensuring an immersive experience in nature. This also ensures that the natural environment remains untouched and authentic.

Both the countries offer the best tourism options to the travelers. Your safari tour directly contributes to these efforts.

Safe for Travelers-

Safety and accessibility are guaranteed. You can easily access both countries by air and the roads leading to key safari destinations. Get an affordable safari without compromising on experience.

Look for a reliable and professional tour operator and choose the best time to visit. Don’t miss the opportunity to explore these beautiful countries. You can discover many things which are hard to find elsewhere in the world.

Book your Uganda Rwanda Safaris today at www.oasissafarisltd.com. Oasis Safaris is a Destination Management Company offering World-Class travel management services. Our Bespoke safaris suit individual needs, time, and budget.

[africantravellersltd23]

Top Must-Do Activities in Rwanda: Explore with African Traveller Ltd

The tiny but fascinating nation of Rwanda, sometimes known as the "Land of a Thousand Hills," is situated in the center of East Africa. With its stunning landscapes, rich culture, and unique wildlife, Rwanda has become a top destination for travelers seeking an authentic and unforgettable experience. African Traveller Ltd is your ideal guide for exploring this beautiful country, offering a range of tours and activities that cater to all types of adventurers. Whether you're interested in nature, history, or cultural experiences, here are some amazing things to do in Rwanda with African Traveller Ltd.

1. Gorilla Trekking in Volcanoes National Park

One of Rwanda's most famous attractions is the opportunity to go gorilla trekking in Volcanoes National Park. You will have a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to interact closely and naturally with the critically endangered mountain gorillas. African Traveller Ltd provides guided tours that ensure a safe and informative trek through the dense forest, making this a highlight of your trip.

2. Exploring Kigali City

Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, is a vibrant and modern hub with a rich history. African Traveller Ltd offers guided city tours that include visits to significant landmarks such as the Kigali Genocide Memorial, where you can learn about the country's past and its journey towards reconciliation and growth. Stroll through local markets, sample traditional Rwandan cuisine, and immerse yourself in the bustling city life.

3. Visiting Akagera National Park

For wildlife enthusiasts, a visit to Akagera National Park is a must. This park is home to the Big Five (lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo, and rhino) and offers spectacular game drives, boat safaris, and birdwatching opportunities. African Traveller Ltd's expert guides will help you spot the diverse wildlife and ensure an enriching experience.

4. Chimpanzee Tracking in Nyungwe Forest

Nyungwe Forest National Park is a pristine rainforest that offers incredible biodiversity. One of the park's highlights is the chance to go chimpanzee tracking. With African Traveller Ltd, you can embark on a guided trek to see these fascinating primates in their natural environment, along with other wildlife and a stunning canopy walkway.

5. Relaxing at Lake Kivu

One of Africa's Great Lakes, Lake Kivu is a tranquil and gorgeous location ideal for leisure.Enjoy a boat ride on the lake, visit the charming towns of Gisenyi and Kibuye, or simply unwind on the shores while taking in the breathtaking views. African Traveller Ltd can arrange various activities around Lake Kivu to ensure a memorable stay.

6. Cultural Experiences with Local Communities

Rwanda's rich culture and traditions are best experienced by engaging with local communities. African Traveller Ltd offers cultural tours that include visits to traditional villages, where you can participate in local crafts, dance, and music. These experiences provide a deeper understanding of Rwanda's heritage and the daily lives of its people.

7. Hiking and Nature Walks

Rwanda's diverse landscapes offer numerous opportunities for hiking and nature walks. Whether it's trekking through the volcanic mountains, exploring the lush forests, or walking along the scenic trails of the countryside, Things to do in Rwanda can customize your adventure to match your fitness level and interests.

8. Bird Watching in Rwanda

Rwanda is a paradise for bird watchers, with over 700 bird species recorded in the country. African Traveller Ltd organizes bird-watching tours in various locations, including Nyungwe Forest, Akagera National Park, and the wetlands of Bugesera. Expert guides will help you spot both common and rare species, making it a rewarding experience for bird enthusiasts.

9. Exploring Rwanda's Historical Sites

For history buffs, Rwanda offers several fascinating historical sites to explore. African Traveller Ltd provides tours to places such as the King's Palace Museum in Nyanza, the Ethnographic Museum in Huye, and the ancient rock paintings in Nyamata. These sites offer insights into Rwanda's pre-colonial history and cultural evolution.

10. Enjoying Rwandan Cuisine

Without sampling Rwanda's delectable food, a visit is not complete. African Traveller Ltd can guide you to the best local restaurants and food markets, where you can taste traditional dishes like ugali, brochettes, and isombe. Participate in cooking classes to learn how to prepare these dishes yourself and bring a piece of Rwanda's culinary heritage back home.

[laxmipharma]

Exporter of Oral Bottle Liquid Filling Machine in Rwanda

Company Overview: Laxmi Pharma Equipment is a prominent Manufacturer, Supplier, and Exporter of Oral Bottle Liquid Filling Machine in Rwanda. Laxmi Pharma Equipment offers a wide array of pharmaceutical machinery including vial filling machines, bottle filling machines, liquid filling machines, powder filling machines, vial sealing machines, ampoule filling machines, ROPP capping machines, screw capping machines, aluminum cap sealing machines, and sticker labeling machines. The company is a reputable manufacturer, exporter, and supplier of Oral Liquid Filling Machines for bottles, meeting diverse industry needs. The company specializes in the production of Oral Liquid Filling Machines for bottles, catering to diverse industry needs. We provide automatic liquid filling machines for bottles, facilitating various types of liquid fillings. Key Features of Liquid Filling Machine: GMP Compliance: Ensures adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice standards. Volumetric Type: Volumetric liquid filling machine for precise measurements. Material Quality: SS 316 to PTFE type for each filling pump. Output Range: Capable of 40 to 250 BPM (Bottles Per Minute). Contact Parts: All liquid contact parts are made of S. S. 316. Filling Accuracy: ±1% accuracy in filling. Filling Capacity: Suitable for filling 5ml to 1000ml with the help of change parts. Volume Setting: Individual volume setting for each pump (manual) or servo type for auto setting. No-Bottle, No-Fill System: Prevents wastage by ensuring filling only when a bottle is present. Variable Frequency Drive: The main machine and conveyor are equipped with a variable frequency drive. High-Quality Components: Imported gearbox and motor. Exporter of Oral Bottle Liquid Filling Machine in Rwanda Including Bugesera, Burera, Gakenke, Gasabo, Gatsibo, Gicumbi, Gisagara, Huye, Kamonyi, Karongi, Kayonza, Kicukiro, Kirehe, Muhanga, Musanze, Ngoma, Ngororero, Nyabihu, Nyagatare, Nyamagabe, Nyamasheke, Nyanza, Nyarugenge, Nyaruguru, Rubavu, Ruhango, Rulindo, Rusizi, Rutsiro, Rwamagana, Kigali, Gisenyi, Butare, Gitarama, Ruhengeri, Byumba, Cyangugu, Kibuye, Rwamagana, Kibungo, Kirambo, Kagano. Please feel free to contact us with any questions or for additional information. Read the full article

[dubaireliablellc]

@DubaiAgentz wa.me/971554453028 #Vihiga #Voi #Wajir #Watamu #Webuye #Wote #Wundanyi #Kigali #Butare #Muhanga #Ruhengeri #Gisenyi #Byumba #Cyangugu #Nyanza #Kabuga #Ruhango #Rwamagana #Kibuye #Kibungo #Gikongoro #Umutara #Kigali #Kicukiro #Rutongo #Nyanza #Muhanga #Kamonyi #Ruhango #Butare #Gisagara #Nyaruguru #Nyamagabe #Byumba #Ruhengeri #Kibuye #Cyangugu #Gisenyi #Rwamagana  #Kibungo #AddisAbaba #Mekelle #Gondar #Adama #Hawassa #BahirDar #DireDawa #Sodo #Dessie #Jimma #Jijiga #Shashamane #Bishoftu #ArbaMinch #Hosaena #Harar #Dilla #Nekemte #DebreBirhan #Asella #DebreMark'os #Kombolcha #DebreTabor #Adigrat #Woldiya #Sebeta #Burayu #Shire (IndaSelassie) #Ambo #ArsiNegele #Aksum #Gambela #BaleRobe #Butajira #Ziway #Adwa #Areka #Yirgalem #Woliso #Welkite #Gode #Meki #NegeleBorana #AlabaKulito #Alamata #Chiro #Tepi #Durame #Goba #Asosa #Boditi #Gimbi #Wukro #Alemaya #MizanTeferi (at Reliable Cargo Dubai Kenya Tanzania Zanzibar Dares salaam Nairobi & Mombasa) https://www.instagram.com/p/ClPbvptvbWF/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[xtruss]

‘They Stopped Seeing Us As Human Beings’: How War Criminal Europe Provoked A Savage Modern Genocide In The Heart of Africa

Thirty Years Later, The Rwandan Genocide Reminds Africa That It Needs African Solutions To African Problems

— March 7, 2024 | RT

© RT/RT

“Our neighbors moved away from us, and we found ourselves isolated. They called us snakes. They stopped seeing us as human beings. Only a handful of neighbors came to drink at the bar I ran, the biggest bar in the area,” Dafrosa, a survivor of the 1994 genocide, recalls. “Markets and shops appeared where we were forbidden to shop. There they refused to sell us food; the cashiers said, ‘take your money somewhere else.’ From 1990 to 1994, politics began to divide people more and more. Segregation became commonplace. At first, there was no hostility in our church, but in other churches, the parishioners were divided and even refused to give communion to the Tutsis.”

The horrific events of April 1994 put an end to the illusion that the end of the Cold War and the ‘democratization’ of Africa would lead to years of peace and prosperity.

RT recalls how the bloody genocide began in Rwanda and whether it was possible to avoid.

How It Started

On April 6, 1994, two surface-to-air missiles shot down a plane as it approached Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. Then-President of Rwanda Juvenal Habyarimana and President of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira, on their way from peace talks in Arusha, Tanzania, died in the plane crash, along with seven other passengers.

The military, headed by retired Chief of Staff Theoneste Bagosora convened an interim government and declared that the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) headed by Paul Kagame had been responsible for the attack. By that time, the RPF had been engaged in an armed conflict with the government for many years, and advanced towards the capital from the side of Uganda.

On that tragic night, Bagosora at a meeting of the General Staff of the Army tried to negotiate a transfer of power to the military but faced opposition from Romeo Dallaire who led the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) at that time.

First of all, the conspirators got rid of moderate politicians. Among the victims were Prime Minister Agathe Uvilinhiyimana, Chairman of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda, as well as a number of ministers and leaders of opposition parties. Their assassination greatly undermined any resistance efforts. Bagosora’s call for ‘revenge’ was supported by commanders, local authorities, and political experts, and was broadcast on Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) and other media.

100 Days of Genocide

Mass killings began in Rwanda’s Gisenyi Province (considered a stronghold of the authorities) just a few hours after the plane crash. By the next day, they spread to six more provinces, including the capital. The Presidential Guard, gendarmerie, Interahamwe youth detachments (‘interahamwe’ translates from Kinyarwanda as ‘those who work/fight together’), and ordinary people grabbed machete blades and agricultural tools, and wiped out the ‘Tutsis’, identified through documents or pointed out by their neighbors.

The wave of deadly violence began to decline as the RPF seized new territories in the north and east of Rwanda. In May and June 1994, the genocide continued on the territory which was not controlled by the RPF, while most of the intended victims had already been killed, the officials tried to direct the violence into the fight against Kagame’s detachments.

The mass murder of unarmed people went on throughout the country for about three months, leading to the death of several hundred thousand people. Though estimates vary depending on the time frame and other criteria, according to the Government of Rwanda, the official death toll is 1,074,107. The international community and the UN contingent stationed in Rwanda could not agree on any effective measures and merely watched the tragedy unfold.

During the about 100-day genocide, the RPF’s struggle with Habyarimana’s regime continued, and so did the conflict within the ruling regime – between supporters of the “moderate” course and the “radicals” led by Bagosora, who rejected any negotiations with the RPF. The genocide was eventually stopped, RPF troops led by Kagame entered the capital. From then and for many years, the RPF established itself as the undisputed ruling party in Rwanda, and the key partner for any external player in the region.

In the aftermath of the tragic events of 1994, Rwanda was devastated, its GDP plunged dramatically, and the political landscape in the African Great Lakes region changed completely.

The genocide was not initially planned as a full-scale elimination of all Tutsis, but as a political cleansing of the actual or potential opponents of the regime. However, this got out of control promptly and dramatically.

The Role of War Criminal France

It is a widely reported that France maintained close relations with the Rwandan officials, responsible for the genocide, right up to its culmination. Many Rwandans even believe that, in the summer of 1994, a limited contingent of French troops was sent to the country in order to help France’s close allies among the government officials to escape (Opération Turquoise).

Having come to power, Paul Kagame reduced the influence of France in his country to a minimum. On the official level, Rwanda abandoned the use of the French language and switched to English. It also joined the Commonwealth of Nations headed by Britain. In its first years, Kagame’s government received major support from the US, but later, driven by both historical and economic reasons, Rwanda formed a multi-vector partnership system that was increasingly oriented towards the East – for example, China and the UAE.

Rwanda's new elected Hutu President Pasteur Bizimungu (L) and his vice President Paul Kagame, the Tutsi-led RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) commander (R), share a joke in Kigali on July 19, 1994. © Alexander Joe/AFP

Where The ‘Tutsis’ and ‘Hutus’ Came From

It is often claimed that the ‘Tutsis’ and ‘Hutus’ are ethnic groups. This is not at all the case, since the differences between these imposed and outdated categories are rather social. The Tutsis and Hutus, — at the time these categories were in use, — spoke the same language and inhabited the same territory. They were historically part of one society and closely interacted with each other.

In modern-day Rwanda, division into ‘Tutsis’ and ‘Hutus’ is wisely abandoned and forbidden – all residents are Rwandans, and the descendants of the former Hutus and Tutsis get along very well. But this does not mean that these categories could not be reinstated in the future, should someone want to start another conflict.

Binary oppositions were always an important factor in the development of European culture. But in traditional African societies, hybrid identity was much more widespread – a person is often identified with several social and cultural groups, and the social structure allowed people to ‘switch’ their social identity multiple times in the course of life.

The ‘Tutsis’ and ‘Hutus’ became known as a result of complex overlapping processes, including migration, assimilation, and the division of labor in society. The ‘Tutsis’ owned cattle, and generally had bigger incomes and more weapons. The ‘Hutus’ people worked the land. In pre-colonial Rwandan society, the ‘Tutsis’ represented the traditional hereditary aristocracy. Both groups spoke the same language, their traditions and customs were part of a single culture. The cultural boundaries were often blurred, and this served as an antidote to conflicts.

For example, a member of the ‘Tutsi’ community could become a ‘Hutu’, and vice versa. Some people weren’t part of either group, or considered themselves members of both groups. In European terms, they were one nation, but represented different social groups.

However, German and later Belgian colonialists needed a way to effectively manage and control the population of Ruanda-Urundi (the colonial territory that preceded modern Rwanda and Burundi), particularly since the Europeans were few in number. Searching for a model of colonial governance, they resorted to racial theoriespopular in Europe at the time (and not just in Germany). Based on these groundless theories, the taller ‘Tutsis’, who allegedly came from the north, were innately superior to the thickset ‘Hutus’.

The genocide was not an accident nor a sudden, unforeseen event. It was a deliberate terror campaign directed against the assumed supporters of the RPF. By April 1994, this campaign had reached its apogee and resulted in deliberately organized mass killings of unarmed people.

Bodies dug out from mass graves laid on a table in the Murambi memorial center in the south of Rwanda, April 19, 2008 in Murambi, Rwanda. © Shaul Schwarz/Getty Images

Rwanda Today: No Division

Over the past 30 years, Rwanda has been focused on building a united nation and avoiding any division into ‘Hutus’ and ‘Tutsis’. Progress in this respect is evident – the country has risen from the ashes, ensured sustainable economic growth, and turned into a regional stronghold of stability and security.

However, the opposition between the ‘Hutus’ and ‘Tutsis’ persists around. In Burundi, the percentage of Hutus and Tutsis in leadership positions is fixed at legislative level. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), various groups resort to ethnic rhetoric (e.g. the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda), and the risk of instability is greater than ever before.

Genocide And Population Growth: The Greatest Manipulation

In 1992, a report titled ‘Beyond the Limits’ was released, which warned about the threat of overpopulation on our planet. The report was published by the Club of Rome – one of the most influential behind-the-scenes non-profit organizations, notorious for its struggle with overpopulation. From an informational and ideological point of view, the report has strongly influenced how conflicts in Africa (including those in Rwanda) are viewed by the world.

The massive, months-long massacre, in the course of which ordinary people killed their unarmed neighbors practically with their bare hands, seemed to illustrate the horror into which the planet could plunge as a result of overpopulation and a lack of land, resources, and food. Several authoritative articles and monographs published in Europe and the US convinced the world that the tragedy in Rwanda had happened precisely because of overpopulation.

From this, an obvious conclusion was drawn that birth rates in the Global South – from Latin America to China – must be limited in order to avoid the repetition of the Rwanda scenario in countries like Nigeria or China. In reality, the Club of Rome and certain Western elites came to this conclusion in the interests of preserving their global supremacy and preventing the transfer of power to the world majority in the East and South. After all, the rise of the West to power and colonial expansion would have been impossible without the ‘demographic explosion’ that had once happened in Europe.

The myth about the overpopulation of Earth, including the ‘population trap’ and the food-shortage trap that humanity can fall into, is among the biggest information manipulations of the late 20th century. It has been based on a considerable number of ‘expert’ reports and scientific papers, publications, and discussions. However, by the second decade of the 21st century, it became clear that reality was a lot more complicated, and demographic growth in countries such as China, India, Ethiopia, and Nigeria actually ensured the development of infrastructure, agriculture, and allowed these countries to eliminate hunger. Today, all this is obvious, but in 1994, the genocide in Rwanda seemingly proved the opposite: that global overpopulation leads to catastrophes.

Pacifique Rutaganda, the guide of the Ntarama Genocide memorial where 5000 people were killed in the 94 Genocide, talks to an AFP reporter 26 May 2003. © Marco Longari/AFP

Thirty years have passed since the Rwanda genocide. Following a significant population decrease – from seven million people in the late 1980s to five million by the end of 1994 – by now, the population of Rwanda has surged to 14 million. Rwanda remains the most populous country in continental Africa, and is also one of the leaders in terms of economic growth. In terms of population density in Africa, Rwanda is surpassed only by Mauritius – which could well be the most prosperous country on the African continent.

Economic Growth Today

The supposed connection between population density, falling living standards, and food crises in Africa was merely an unsuccessful hypothesis. The expected growth of Africa’s population to three billion people in the coming decades is likely to solve the problem of hunger through market growth, infrastructure development, and agricultural production.

In Rwanda itself, economic growth is evident. In the past 30 years, crop production has increased more than sixfold, both due to increased agricultural productivity and because of new land included in agricultural turnover.

The length of paved roads has doubled to 1,200 km, exports increased from $100 million to $3 billion, and the capacity of power plants has increased sevenfold to 230 MWh. The growth of the Rwandan economy isn’t just a result of the balanced development of infrastructure, but is also due to the consistent development of the tertiary sector of the economy. In 2022, Rwanda’s tourism revenues amounted to $445 million. An important contribution in this regard is made by RwandAir, which offers 24 direct routes to 21 countries.

Rwandan youths watch a football game on March 16, 2014 at Gikondo suburb in the capital, Kigali. © Phil Moore/AFP

Why Did It Happen?

As for the causes of the genocide, we can now affirm that it was caused by external and situational factors. The electoral ‘democracy’imposed by France did not take into account the country’s traditions of governance and the class structure of Rwandan society.

The criminals who came to power united their supporters under the guise of protecting the interests of the ‘Hutus’, and incited people to violence, which was driven by induced class hatred. Meanwhile, external forces, including arms suppliers and smugglers, made money from the conflict. It was also convenient for the West as a means to justify its agenda and maintain its leadership position. Nevertheless, France was badly affected by the Rwanda genocide. In fact, the demise of Francafrique and the crisis in relations between Paris and Africa that has reached its apogee today, dates back to 1994.

What’s Next: Regional Hubs, Polarless Policy, External Impact

It is common practice for countries (and not just in Africa) to move their capital cities inland, away from coastal areas. In Africa, the most successful example of this is Abuja in Nigeria, and Dodoma in Tanzania may be next. This step signifies a change in the country’s system of development, as it moves away from a semi-colonial structure – when the country’s life depends on trade with the outside world through one or two large ports – to self-sufficiency ensured by internal growth resources and intraregional cooperation.

The next step is the formation of regional integration hubs in the inland parts of Africa, which would serve the needs of the entire continent. Such hubs are very important for the continent’s future. Rwanda is already turning into a remote communications and logistics center for Africa, and a distribution hub for the entire African Great Lakes region.

The construction of a new airport in southern Rwanda in partnership with Qatar Airways, and the construction of the Kigali dry port with DP World – a Dubai-based infrastructure and logistics company – can turn Kigali into an important transport hub and business center. However, the volume of foreign-exchange earnings is still insufficient to ensure the country’s continuous and rapid growth, and this remains a problem.

However, the part of the economy related to the processing and re-export of minerals from the DRC, as well as the supply of necessary goods (e.g. energy, food, medicines, and equipment) to the Eastern Congo market may ensure long-term growth, considering the growing global demand for Congolese metals. In order for this to happen, Rwanda needs to preserve a porous border with the DRC and expand its economic and political influence in North and South Kivu provinces. Peace – or at least keeping the conflicts in this part of Africa under control – is also an important prerequisite.

Among other things, Rwanda remains a positive example of a multi-vector and polarless policy characteristic of Africa. Qatar and the UAE are now forced to compete for Kigali’s attention. Even France, despite the painful history of relations between the two countries, remains among Kigali’s partners. Rwanda also maintains smooth, friendly political relations with the US, China, and Russia.

If it were not for external pressure on the DRC and Western attempts to limit China’s influence in Africa, the neighboring countries would certainly come to an agreement. Objectively, the DRC is interested in economic growth and development in its eastern regions, which would be impossible without Rwanda’s involvement. However, in recent years the conflict between Kinshasa and Kigali has escalated, acquiring sinister features which bring to mind the situation 30 years ago.

Statements by Western governments, which take an increasingly pro-Congolese stance, make the authorities in Rwanda nervous and contribute to the escalation. Nevertheless, for both Kinshasa and Kigali, it is more profitable to keep Goma (a city in the eastern region of the Congo) as a trading hub and logistics center, rather than turn it into a site of bloody battles. The tragic story of the Rwandan genocide demonstrates that the less external forces meddle in the region’s affairs, the greater its chance of living in peace and focus on development.

In July 2024, Rwanda will hold presidential elections. If the current president, Paul Kagame, is to be re-elected for another seven-year term, he will have to once again prove the effectiveness of the country’s post-1994 management model.

— By Andrey Maslov and Angelina Pshenichnikova, Center for African Studies at the Higher School of Economics, Moscow. The authors thank Daniil Makukhin and Vsevolod Sviridov from HSE for their help in preparing the article

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