#india china doklam faceoff

[sonita0526]

नौसेना ने चीनी सैनिकों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखने के लिए पी-8आई युद्धक विमान तैनात किए थे: जनरल रावत

नौसेना ने चीनी सैनिकों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखने के लिए पी-8आई युद्धक विमान तैनात किए थे: जनरल रावत

नई दिल्ली. भारत-चीन सीमा पर 73 दिनों तक चले डोकलाम गतिरोध के दौरान भारत ने चीनी सैनिकों की गतिविधियों पर नजर रखने के लिए नौसेना का पी-8 आई पनडुब्बी रोधी युद्धक विमान को तैनात किया था। चीफ ऑफ डीफेंस स्टाफ जनरल बिपिन रावत ने सोमवार को बताया कि राष्ट्रीय सुरक्षा की चुनौतियों से निपटने के लिए तीनों सेनाओं के बीच तालमेल लाने के लिए नौसेना के विमान को तैनात किया गया था।

पिछले साल पुलवामा आतंकी हमले…

[weelectronicstudentreviewstuff]

China started deploying fighter jets at airbase adjacent to LAC after 2017 Doklam standoff | World News

China started deploying fighter jets at airbase adjacent to LAC after 2017 Doklam standoff | World News

After the 73-day face-off in Doklam between India and China in 2017, China started strengthening its airbase adjoining the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) deploying fighter jets at Nagri Gunsa Airport (Ngari Gunsa), just 200 km from Pangong Tso in Ladakh.

During the 2017 Doklam standoff, Chinese and Indian troops were placed on high alert over a…

[newsmatters]

PLA: China appoints ex-PLA General who headed troops on India front to top parliamentary committee

PLA: China appoints ex-PLA General who headed troops on India front to top parliamentary committee

China has appointed General Zhao Zongqi, a former top People’s Liberation Army officer who oversaw the border with India, as the deputy chairman of the influential Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC), the country’s Parliament. Gen Zhao, 65, headed the Western Command during the Doklam faceoff in 2017 and Ladakh standoff in 2020. As per regulations of the PLA, the…

[bbcbreakingnews]

Just PR won’t help, Rahul says on reports of China build-up

NEW DELHI: Former Congress president Rahul Gandhi on Monday took a dig at the Modi government over reports about Chinese build-up near the Doklam faceoff site and said tackling the neighbour required more than headline management. Tagging a news report about growing Chinese military presence and infrastructure in Doklam, the MP from Wayanand,Kerala, tweeted, “China’s geopolitical strategy cannot be countered by a PR-driven media strategy. This simple fact seems to elude the minds of those running GOI (Government of India).” Congress spokesman Pawan Khera accused the BJP government of sacrificing the strategic interests of the country by making bad policies with no clarity on who is in charge of foreign policy. He said the country is paying for BJP’s constant desire to link critical strategic issues to domestic politics and the Prime Minister’s “constant need” for applause at home “to build his muscular image”.

source https://bbcbreakingnews.com/2020/11/24/just-pr-wont-help-rahul-says-on-reports-of-china-build-up/

[indianarrative1]

The standoff between Indian and Chinese soldiers in eastern Ladakh region in the last one-and-a-half months is likely to fester for longer than any other such faceoffs in recent years, and could surpass the 73-day conflict in Doklam in 2017.

[mehanstarknews]

"Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation": India On Military-Level Talks With China

“Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation”: India On Military-Level Talks With China

The standoff is the most serious since India and China were locked in a similar faceoff in Doklam.

New Delhi:

India and China have agreed to “peacefully resolve the situation in the border areas in accordance with various bilateral agreements”, the Foreign Ministry said today, a day after the two counties  held high-level talks between the militaries of the two countries near eastern Ladakh.

[newscountryindia]

“Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation”: India On Military-Level Talks With China The standoff is the most serious since India and China were locked in a similar faceoff in Doklam.

[tnewsindia]

India On Top Military-Level Talks With China In Ladakh, Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation In Border Areas

India On Top Military-Level Talks With China In Ladakh, Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation In Border Areas

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The standoff is the most serious since India and China were locked in a similar faceoff in Doklam.

New Delhi:

India and China have agreed to “peacefully resolve the situation in the border areas in accordance with various bilateral agreements”, the Foreign Ministry said today, a day after the two counties  held high-level talks between the militaries of the two countries near eastern…

[cool-magazineznews]

"Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation": India On Military-Level Talks With China

“Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation”: India On Military-Level Talks With China

The standoff is the most serious since India and China were locked in a similar faceoff in Doklam.

New Delhi:

India and China have agreed to “peacefully resolve the situation in the border areas in accordance with various bilateral agreements”, the Foreign Ministry said today, a day after the two counties  held high-level talks between the militaries of the two countries near eastern Ladakh.

[todaynewsadda]

"Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation": India On Military-Level Talks With China

“Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation”: India On Military-Level Talks With China

[ad_1]

The standoff is the most serious since India and China were locked in a similar faceoff in Doklam.

New Delhi:

India and China have agreed to “peacefully resolve the situation in the border areas in accordance with various bilateral agreements”, the Foreign Ministry said today, a day after the two counties  held high-level talks between the militaries of the two countries near eastern…

[news104]

"Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation": India On Army-Stage Talks With China

“Both Sides Agreed To Peacefully Resolve Situation”: India On Army-Stage Talks With China

[ad_1]

The standoff is the most serious since India and China were locked in a similar faceoff in Doklam.

New Delhi:

India and China have agreed to “peacefully resolve the situation in the border areas in accordance with various bilateral agreements”, the Foreign Ministry said today, a day after the two counties  held high-level talks between the militaries of the two countries near eastern…

[durgaprasadc01-blog]

IR NOV

What is UNSC Reform agenda? It entails discussions on following areas:    Categories of membership    The question of the veto held by the five permanent members    Regional representation    Size of an enlarged Council and its working methods and    The Security Council-General Assembly relationship. G-4 Nations    It comprises of Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan and they support each other’s bids for permanent seats on the UNSC.    They recently demanded an ‘early reform’ and enhanced role for developing countries and improvement of working methods in UNSC in order to make the Council more legitimate, effective and representatives. Uniting for Consensus (UfC) or Coffee Club    UfC is a movement to counter the bids for permanent seats proposed by G-4.    It demands that a consensus must be reached first on the form and size of the Security Council before expanding it.    It is led by Italy and includes Pakistan, South Korea, Canada Argentina and some other countries. Arguments in favor of India’s bid for membership    India was the founding member of UN.    India is the world’s largest democracy and both demographically and geographically holds a significant position.    India is the second fastest growing economy in the world making it an ideal destination for foreign investment and future growth.    India has been the second largest contributor to them UN peacekeeping operations.    India’s elevation will also be an acknowledgment of its rise as a global power, ready to play a key role in the council’s objectives of international peace and security. 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2.1. UNSC REFORM Why in news? India has demanded transparency in the UN Security Council reform process at the plenary meeting of the UN General Assembly. More about the news    The reform agenda has been on continuous annual consideration since 1993 but there has been a lack of consensus on the issue, primarily due to “institutional inertia”. Why there is a need for reforms?    Changing geopolitics: UNSC still reflects the geopolitical architecture of the WW II despite the change in power relations in world. The developing nations, including India, now play a larger role in both the international economy and politics, yet are not represented in the forum.    Reforms Long Overdue: It was expanded only once in 1963 to add 4 non-permanent members. Although the overall membership of the UN has increased from 113 to 193 but no change in the composition of the UNSC happened.    Inequitable economic and geographical representation: Major economic and regional powers like Germany (Europe), Japan, & India (Asia) and Brazil (Latin America) are not yet a part of UNSC. Similarly, there is no permanent member from Africa, despite the fact that 75% of its work focused on Africa it has no permanent member from this region.    Crisis of legitimacy and credibility: various issues including its Interventions in Libya and Syria in the guise of responsibility have put the credibility of the institution in jeopardy.    North South Divide: The permanent UNSC membership of P5 today only portrays the big North-South divide in the decision making of security measures.    Emerging issues: Issues such as transnational threats, deepening economic interdependence, worsening environmental degradation also call for effective multilateral negotiations for reforms yet all critical decisions are still being taken by the veto-wielding permanent members of the Security Council. Reasons For delay in Reforms    Lack of Political will- The UN’s rules state that changing the composition of the P5 involves changing the UN’s charter which will further require the backing of twothirds of the General Assembly including the current P5 which is difficult to obtain due to lack of political will among them. 13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS    Diverging Demands: There is a lack of consensus among member States and regional groups like G-4, L.69, African Group, UfC, Organization of Islamic Conference, Accountability, Coherence, and Transparency, etc.    Veto power- There are various countries and groups demanding permanent membership and veto power, which the P5 are not ready to accede. Conclusion Given the current circumstances it has become crucial for the UNSC to adopt various suggested reforms to uphold its legitimacy and representativeness in the world. However, the inherent paradox, that is impeding any progress, is that for the Security Council to reform the five nations holding ultimate power have to vote to give some of it up. Thus, for any change in the structure of the organization would require   Further extensive discussions and deliberations among the stake holders.    Gradually building consensus on issues that are holding back the changes.    A strong political will on the part of P5 and other members of UNSC. 2.2. BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE Why in news? Recently China has urged India to shed its objections and take advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Why India is alarmed regarding BRI?    China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): It passes through Kashmir and thus it could legitimize Pakistan’s claims in PoK. This violates India’s “sovereignty and territorial integrity”.    Strategic Mistrust: India’s neighbours China and Pakistan are nuclear capable countries and have a legacy of war and boundary disputes with India.    Security Implications: China is promoting its greater presence in North East India, in Bangladesh-ChinaIndia-Myanmar countries through Road Initiative and in Indian Ocean through its Belt initiative which is nothing but a disguised “String of Pearls”.    Showcasing Military might: The ports like Gwadar are deep enough to accommodate submarines and aircraft carriers which may be used as a military port in future.    New Great Game: China’s expansion into the region is being referred to as the new “Great Game” akin to Britain and Russia who jostled for influence in Central and South Asia during 19th and 20th centuries.    Lack of transparency: BRI is a unilateral initiative of China and there is lack of transparency in its functioning. Arguments in favor of Joining BRI    Economic Cooperation: As per China’s position CPEC corridor is a part of economic cooperation. It is not targeted at any third country and does not involve territorial disputes. Joining it would improve economic collaboration among the countries which may have further implications in improving the relations.    Trade benefits: OBOR can open trade avenues for India not only through maritime route but also through road infrastructure.    Infrastructure: It can be a win-win situation for India wherein it can get a boost on regional transport, energy security, and blue economy which are key components of BRI by encouraging geographical integration.    Revival of ‘continentalism’: China suggests that as the Eurasian landmass deepens linkages, Asia will emerge as one economic continent and the new economic growth engine of the world.    Mutual Advantage: China has the financial capital, technology to accelerate the development of other countries and India also need resources and funds for its own development. Conclusion    Instead of isolating itself completely from the initiative, India can utilize the economic opportunity that it provides. Engaging with China and Pakistan, the important neighbours of India, may help India improve its profile in the region as well as internationally. 14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Association of South East Asian Nations    It is a political and economic organization aimed primarily at promoting economic growth and regional stability among its members.    It was founded in 1967 by the five South-East Asian nations of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.    There are currently 10-member states: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam.    India is not against connectivity, but it stands for connectivity which is open, free and equitable. 2.3. ASEAN Why in News?    Recently, the 15th ASEAN-India and East Asia summits took place.    ASEAN also celebrated its 50th anniversary. Other Events    Many other events that took place simultaneously in Manila during the summit areo the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) leaders’ meeting o the ASEAN Business and Investment Summit. o the first meeting of the India-U.S.-Japan-Australia quadrilateral, Background    China has been working on improving its commercial and military dominance in the region (South China Sea issue), which has increased instability in the region.    Such uncertainties have been further exaggerated by the gradual retreat of the US from the region.    There has been a fundamental change in India’s foreign affairs with regards to its embrace of the bigger issues of East Asia like the North Korean nuclear crisis as well, depicting its further engagement in the region. The East Asia Summit is a forum held annually by leaders of, initially, 16 countries in the East Asian, Southeast Asian and South Asian regions. The first summit was held in 2005. 15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Trade & Economic Cooperation   ASEAN region & India comprise about 1/4th of the global population and their combined GDP has been estimated at over $3.8 trillion.    India signed a FTA in goods in 2009 and an FTA in services and investments in 2014 with ASEAN.    Apart from this, India has a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) with various countries of the ASEAN region which has resulted in concessional trade and a rise in investments.    India's investment in ASEAN during the same period has been more than $40 billion.    Trade between India and ASEAN stood at $65.04 billion in 2015-16 and comprises 10.12 per cent of India's total trade with the world.    India has gradually emerged as a more dependable partner for South-East Asia following the Doklam faceoff with China. ASEAN relevance in today’s world Arguments against    There is a palpable influence of China (and extra regional powers) on the region which can be testified by the fact thato China has a de facto veto over any decision which may directly affect Beijing’s interests both in economic and security matters. o There has been a lack of resolve before China’s repeated acts of provocation against ASEAN members, particularly the Philippines and Vietnam.    There seems to be a lack of mutual trust in terms of security which made the members of ASEAN like Vietnam and Philippines to try to augment their defense ties with the extra regional powers.    Also, due to lack of coherence and consensus among the members it has failed to negotiate on Declaration on the Conduct of the Parties in the South China Sea.    Economically, ASEAN still grapples with 10 different tax systems and Indonesia continues to pursue an economically protectionist policy. Foreign ownership is still limited in Indonesia and the hiring of foreign workers is strictly controlled. Arguments in favour    The bloc’s longevity as well as its relative stability—is itself a testament that one of the world’s oldest regional organizations is actually doing something right.    Recently, the focus of the organization has shifted more towards economy. It is seen that despite the slowdown in global economic growth, ASEAN economies remain as among the most dynamic in the world. ASEAN has played a crucial role of contributing to political and economic stability in the region. At the same time, dynamism and adaptability have always been the mark of effective institutions, and ASEAN will similarly need to constantly revisit the spirit of its existence vis-à- vis the region’s fast-changing geopolitical configuration. For a group like ASEAN, staying relevant, whether via new ways of thinking or new solutions, is the only viable step forward. India-ASEAN    In 1992, India became a dialogue partner across limited sectors in ASEAN and in 1995 it achieved the status of full dialogue partnership.    In 1996, India was given the opportunity to appear in the ASEAN Post Ministerial Conference (PMC) and became a full member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). While in 2012 the relations were upgraded to strategic partnership.    For the past few years India has joined the ASEAN “plus six”, including China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand, to discuss the RCEP free trade agreement.    Although there have been issues over India’s stand on visas and services access, while also holding out against free trade that could give China an unfair edge in goods trade.    The “ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress, and Shared Prosperity” in 2004 and the “Plan of Action” in 2012 highlighted the growing confluence in various areas between ASEAN and India.    Two decades of the Look East Policy, now renamed as Act East Policy by the government, have brought some positive results for India in making ASEAN an important regional partner. Significance of ASEAN for India    In terms of Economy 16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS What is Quadrilateral?    It is an informal strategic dialogue and not a military alliance like the NATO.    It is seen as a strategic deterrence as well as a mechanism to provide more and better options to regional powers. o The bloc represents a key trade and investment partner for India. Over the past 20 years, ASEAN’s portion of India’s total exports and imports is around 9.22 percent and 8.93 percent, respectively, which is a considerable chunk. o Investment from ASEAN to India has been over $70 billion in the last 17 years accounting for more than 17 per cent of India's total Foreign Direct Investment or FDI. o The ASEAN economies have a wide experience in manufacturing which can be utilised by India in its Make in India endeavour.    In terms of Security o ASEAN platform allows India to discuss non-traditional security issues in Indian Ocean Region(IOR) like piracy, illegal migration, and trafficking of drugs, arms, and human, maritime terrorism, etc. which can only be resolved on a multilateral level. o India has also scored several diplomatic successes at ARF, including maintaining ties after its nuclear test of 1998, isolating Pakistan during the Kargil War, and lobbying against Pakistan’s entry in the forum till 2002.    Connectivity is another important issue of convergence, with India working toward formalizing its transit agreements and establishing better connectivity infrastructure with this region through land, water, and air, example- India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multimodal Project.    The aggressively rise of China, both economically and militarily, has caused suspicion among the countries in the region. This provides an opportunity to India which seeks to balance China and gain cooperation in the region. Significance of India for ASEAN    Economically, the ASEAN nations can utilize their relation with India, which is an emerging economic power. One of the objectives of the CECA signed between the two is to facilitate the more effective economic integration of the new ASEAN member states and the bridging of development gap among the parties.    The recent loss of US market by the ASEAN nations can be compensated with the domestic demand in India which has been increasing with the rise of middle class in the country.    In terms of security challenges, both ASEAN and India are faced with grave vulnerabilities with regard to terrorism and it is in their common interest to work together to build peace and security in the region.    With the withdrawal of US troops from strategic locations in the region, ASEAN countries justifiably perceive India, with the largest Naval forces in the Indian Ocean and nuclear capabilities, a strategic partner to balance China’s growing power in the region    While East Asia is on the verge of entering a phase of lower share of working age population India is entering a phase with a higher share of working age population which can prove to be a human resource base for East Asia. Way Forward    Along with East Asian specialization in manufactures, India’s strength in services could result in a formidable strategic combination which may be mutually beneficial for both the sides.    The US president recently replaced the term “Asia-Pacific” with “Indo-Pacific” which depicts the increasing importance of India, also presenting a great opportunity and responsibility on the Indian part.    The region has become strategically important for India due to its growing importance in the world politics. And for India to be a regional power as it claims to be, continuing to enhance its relations with ASEAN in all spheres must be a priority. 2.4. QUADRILATERAL MEETING Why in News? India has accepted an invitation to join the Japan-proposed, U.S.- endorsed plan for a “Quadrilateral” grouping including Australia to provide alternative debt financing for countries in the IndoPacific. 17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Arguments against entry of Britain & France    Even if the two have islands and military facilities in the region, they are extraregional powers.    Further, their reliability is also suspected if the US decides to step back.    The European powers are still too fixated on Russia (rather than China) as the primary security threat to be of much utility to their Asian partners. Details    It was convened around the theme of a “free and open Indo-Pacific”.    The discussions focused on cooperation based on their converging vision and values for promotion of peace, stability and prosperity in an increasingly inter-connected region that they share with each other and with other partners.    India highlighted its Act East Policy as the cornerstone of its engagement in the Indo-Pacific region. Background    It was Japanese Prime Minister Abe who conceived the idea of Asian democracies joining forces in 2007 the maritime democracies have a stake in securing a rules-based global order, liberal trading system and freedom of navigation.    In May 2007, the four countries held the inaugural meeting of a new quadrilateral dialogue on the side-lines of an ASEAN Regional Forum meeting.    Recently, though Australia had earlier withdrawn from the initiative, America clearly expressed its desire to include Australia in the India-US-Japan security collaborations.    Adding to this, Japan went a step ahead and suggested that Britain and France too could be involved in this grouping. Why change in India’s Policy?    The grouping is seen as building a strategic partnership to deal with China’s rise and its implications, which could clearly not be countered with India’s ‘neighbourhood first’ policy.    Further, India has tacitly accepted that the presence of “other parties” in the region makes our neighbours feel more secure. Two reasons behind the increasing feeling of insecurity among our neighbours areo Clash of economic interests- As a growing economy, India’s own needs often clash with those of its neighbours. For example, the recent concerns over Bhutan’s increasing debt, 80% of which it owes to India. o Delays- The delays and cost overruns in the big projects of the region taken up by India can no longer be ignored. Arguments against the inclusion of Australia    Australia had decided to exit the quad last time around in 2008, in deference to China’s concerns.    Australia’s economy is heavily dependent on commodity exports to China.    Chinese money is deeply enmeshed in Australian politics owing to lax rules related to the foreign funding of political parties.    Unlike Japan and India, Australia has no direct dispute with China. Merit in considering Australia’s entry    Despite all its economic and political ties with China, Canberra has been very critical of Chinese activities in the South China Sea.    Australia is mulling reforms to its political donation laws in order to limit foreign influence in its politics.    It is a major maritime democracy in the Indo-Pacific region. India, the US or Japan, all of them frame this partnership in terms of common political values rather than as a counterweight to China—a strategy that makes a lot of sense.    There are already three trilaterals in operation—India-US-Japan, India-Japan-Australia, and US-JapanAustralia. Coalescing them into one quadrilateral would be a logical step forward.    The last time the quadrilateral engagement was attempted, it was successful in making China take notice as it registered protest with all the members. 18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Challenges for Indian Joint Ventures in SL    The main challenge faced by the projects undertaken by India in SL is the delay in their completion and implementation.    Many of these projects, like Mattala airport, are not seen as profitable for India.    Indian ventures in the country are more or less seen as reactive to the increasing Chinese influence in the country.    The developmental projects cannot be dismissed as reactive per se, yet overconcentration of Indian development funding to Tamil areas has political consequence for bilateral relations, stemming from majority Sinhala mass-perception. Challenges    The inclusion of global players in the neighborhood may increase multiple regional rivalries and is expected to push unnecessary enmity between India and China further intensifying the competition in the region.    It may come at the cost of India’s leverage and independent decision making in the region.    While all Quad participants are members of EAS, India is still not a member of APEC. This lacuna needs to be remedied if India is to contribute to Indo-Pacific region effectively.    India is the only member of the proposed coalition that is also part of another security arrangement involving China and Russia, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. India’s ability to balance its interests will be tested in Quad.    Further, like India recently objected to Chinese naval presence in the Indian Ocean, it may not be able to object to an increase in U.S. naval warships and Japanese presence there. Way Forward    India must demonstrate the will to influence geopolitical outcomes in Asia and beyond. There is no doubt that the construction of quad will face many challenges, given the deep divisions in all countries on how best to deal with China.    India has to calculate pros and cons before inviting other powers, howsoever well-meaning, into the neighbourhood. 2.5. INDIA-SRI LANKA Why in News?    Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe recently visited India to boost bilateral ties.    The agenda of the meeting was to expedite decisions on joint projects among other issues. India and Sri Lanka Economic relations    Commercial Relations- SL is one of India’s largest trading partner in SAARC. o Trade between the two countries grew particularly rapidly after India-SL Free Trade Agreement came into force in March 2000. o Bilateral trade in 2015 amounted to US $ 4.7 billion. Exports from India to SL in 2015 were US$ 4.1 billion (up by 2.1%), while exports from SL to India were US$ 645 million (up by 3.2%). o India is among the top four investors in SL with cumulative investments of over US$ 1 billion since 2003.    Recent Developments- SL recently allowed India to jointly develop the Trincomalee port (oil tanks farm) in north-eastern part of the country. o SL has invited Petronet LNG to set up a liquid gas import terminal in the country. It may help it straddle the gas sector, the dominant fuel for future economic growth. o SL signed an agreement with India to build 1,200 houses in Hambantota. o India has also bid to lease and manage the Mattala airport in Hambantota. o India is also helping build various road and rail projects in SL.    Also, there has been a significant progress in implementation of developmental assistance projects for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and disadvantaged sections of the population in Sri Lanka (SL), by India. The ‘China factor’    China has invested heavily in Sri Lanka’s infrastructure as part of its “string of pearls” policy aimed at establishing a naval presence across South Asia by building ports and other facilities in friendly countries – including Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.    This concerns India as China’s encroachment on its sphere of influence and eroding its commercial and cultural links with the island. 19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS    Under the previous regime, SL looked to China for economic and diplomatic backing at a time when the West was threatening to sanction Colombo for crimes committed in its conflict with Tamil separatists. China is the largest investor in Sri Lanka.    China’s economic dominance in SL both in terms of debt as well as investments increased.    Therefore, SL is now seemingly trying to balance its policy between India and China, giving India a stake in Hambantota airport, Colombo port project and a key expressway, besides preventing Chinese submarines in Sri Lankan waters in the backdrop of loans from Beijing that have pushed Sri Lanka into debt trap. Way Forward    Sri Lanka’s importance, for India, increases many folds due to its strategic location in the Indian ocean, especially with the Quad talks in progression.    On the other hand, SL clearly sees benefit from cultivating ties with both countries. But the government may find it hard to strike a balance between the competing interests of China and India, while fending off domestic concerns over economic colonization. 2.6. INDIAN JUGDE RE-ELECTED AT ICJ Why in News?    Recently, Justice Dalveer Bhandari was re-elected as the judge of International Court of Justice (ICJ). Details    This is the first time in the 70-year history of the United Nations that the U.K. no representation among the panel of judges ICJ.    This is the first time that one of the five permanent members of the UNSC lost out to an ordinary member in a race.    In this context, the loss at the ICJ is being read as confirmation of the U.K.’s diminishing role in global affairs.    This is also the first time that one sitting member of the ICJ lost to another sitting member.    Bhandari is the fourth Indian judge to be elected to the ICJ after B.N. Rau, Nagendra Singh and R.S. Pathak. Analysis    Permanent UNSC members unnerved- Winning against Britain's candidate might set a precedent that might challenge their power equation in future. Developing countries voted for Justice Bhandari in overwhelming numbers, forcing the developed countries to take note of their emerging influence in the world.    UNGA's vote in India's favour reflects new global order: The Judge has received the support of nearly two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly. The election result was crucial for India to gauge the support it enjoys in the world body where it has been campaigning for reforms, including a permanent seat for itself in Security Council.    Skewed balance of power: Selection of judge indicated the shift in balance of power of UN away from the Security Council.    The extraordinary support from the UN membership is reflective of the respect for strong constitutional integrity of the Indian polity and the independence of the judiciary in India. International Court of Justice    Established in 1945, at Hague as the primary judicial branch of UN.    It settles legal disputes submitted to it by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.    The ICJ is composed of 15 judges elected to 9 year terms from a list of people nominated by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. No two judges can be of the same nationality.    Judges are elected by members of the UN General Assembly and the UNSC, where polling takes place simultaneously but independent of each other. A candidate needs absolute majority in both bodies to be elected.    All members of the UN are automatic parties to the statute, but it gets jurisdiction only on the basis of consent of both parties. 20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS The India-UN Development Partnership Fund (UNDPF) is a dedicated facility within the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation established in 2017. It supports Southern-owned and led, demand-driven, and transformational sustainable development projects across the developing world, with a focus on least developed countries and small island developing states. United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC), hosted by UNDP since 1974, was established by the UN General Assembly with a mandate to advocate for and coordinate South-South and triangular cooperation (collaboration and partnerships between South-South-North countries) on a global and UN system-wide basis. 2.7. INDIA-SINGAPORE Why in news? Recently, the India-Singapore Bilateral Agreement for naval cooperation was signed during the second Defence Minister’s Dialogue held in Delhi. Key Facts    The agreement will allow Indian Navy ships logistical support, including re-fueling, at Singapore’s Changi naval base located near the disputed South China Sea.    The agreement covers several areas including increased cooperation in maritime security, joint exercises, temporary deployments in each other’s naval facilities, and mutual logistics support. Significance of agreement: Apart from improving bilateral relations between India & Singapore, the agreement is important in terms of   Strategic location- The naval logistics agreement is the first for India with a country located east of Malacca, which is one of the most important shipping lane of the world. o Economically, it is considered a critical choke point for global commerce and is seen by China as vulnerability for its energy security. o This would allow greater Indian presence near the contested waters of the South China Sea.    Improving India’s role in Indian Ocean- India’s presence in Chahabar port as well as in the Changi Naval base in Singapore may help India emerge as net security provider in the Indian Ocean region giving navy the ability for extended deployments in the region.    Broader defense ties- This completes the agreements between the two sides in all service arms – the Air Force Bilateral Agreement was in place in 2007 while the Army Bilateral Agreement was also already in place in 2008.    Improving ties with East Asia- It could also further India’s efforts to interact more with Southeast Asian states in the maritime security domain especially with China increasing assertiveness in the region. 2.8. UN PARTNERSHIP FUND Why in News? India has pledged an additional USD 100 million towards the UN partnership fund at the 2017 UN Pledging Conference for Development Activities. Details    The first project from the fund is being executed in partnership with seven Pacific Island countries. The fund has also identified 15 more projects.    India is also contributing USD 10.582 million India to various other UN programmes.    The contribution has significantly scaled up India’s support to sustainable development projects across the developing world. 21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Theme of GCCS 2017 is “Cyber4All: A Secure and Inclusive Cyberspace for Sustainable Development”. However it could further be divided into following four sections:    Cyber4Growth – share ideas and insights to foster growth and development with growing importance of the cyber space to individuals, small businesses, large companies etc.    Cyber4DigitalInclusion –draw road map for inclusive society by sharing best practices for digital identity, idea of open and free Internet for all, digital technologies for enabling differently abled etc.    Cyber4Security –framework for comprehensive cyber security protocols for organisations and nations.    Cyber4Diplomacy –explore various facets of cyber security such as interstate cooperation for preventing Cyber Warfare and Cyber Diplomacy for Global Order. South-South Cooperation (SSC)    It is a methodology of development which facilitates the exchange of knowledge, experience, technology, investment, information and capacity between and among Southern countries through various agencies like governments, civil society organizations, etc. to accelerate all-round development.    It has emerged as a parallel mechanism to support the global quest for improved quality of life across the world with increasing need of assistance in the south and north’s uncertainty in providing it.    Lately, sustained economic growth in emerging economies has fueled a shift in the global center of gravity from the North to the South and the South began looking beyond the North-South Cooperation (NSC) and Triangular Development Cooperation (TDC). Significance of SSC    In the past decade S-S trade and investment has expanded more quickly than N-S trade.    Investors from the South often have important regional know-how, use appropriate technologies and prove more willing to take business risks in a difficult political environment.    Further, the countries in the South have become an additional source of official development assistance (ODA), thus reducing dependence on north. 2.9. GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON CYBER SPACE Why in news? Recently, India hosted the fifth edition of Global Conference on Cyber Space (GCCS). Global Conference on Cyber Space    It was launched with a view to establish internationally agreed ‘rules of the road’ for behavior in cyberspace, and create a more focused and inclusive dialogue between all those with a stake in the internet (governments, civil society and industry) on how to implement them.    It has set up an institutional mechanism – Global Forum on Cyber Expertise – to enhance capacity building, share best practices and expertise on cyber capacity. Cyber Space Prospects in India    India is one of the key leaders in digital and knowledge based economy with over 50% share of outsourcing economy.    According to Cisco’s Visual Networking Index (VNI) Complete Forecast, the networked devices in India will grow up-to 2 billion from 1.4 billion in 2016 and the internet users in India according to Internet and Mobile Association of India are expected to grow to 314 million by end of 2017 with a growth rate of around 28% during 2013-17.    It is also third largest hub for technology start-ups and at present it has various technology based programs such as Aadhaar, MyGov, Government e-Market, DigiLocker, National e-Governance Plan etc.    The ‘Digital India’ campaign forms a crucial part of its development policy aiming towards cashless economy and inclusive development of the country by leveraging technology by boosting connectivity, expanding access and improving electronic delivery of government services.    The increasing dependence on technology, along with its benefits, is threatening both individual as well as national security for eg: radicalization of youth by terrorists through social networking sites.    Government has been putting in efforts to fight cybercrimes such as National Cyber Security Policy 2013, National Cyber Security Coordination Centre, CERT-fin, CERT-In, Cyber Swachhta Kendra, collaboration with industry partners etc. to empower people and spread awareness towards the threats. 22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Significance for India    India is third largest start-up hub in the world specifically focussing on technology start-ups.    It will give Indian entrepreneurs an opportunity to interact and network with the investors and entrepreneurs from across the globe.    It will also highlight India’s enabling environment for innovation and entrepreneurship. Challenges faced by Women Entrepreneurs    Access to capital.    Lack of mentoring for starting ventures and further expansion.    Lack of encouragement and knowledge in the direction of start-ups.    Safety issue for women to travel for business purpose. 2.10. GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP SUMMIT 2017 Why in news? Recently, NITI Aayog in partnership with the USA held Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2017 (GES) in Hyderabad. GES 2017    It is an annual event which is being conducted since 2011 and GES 2017 is first edition to be held in South Asia.    It provides a link between government and private sector to foster investment and growth.    The theme for GES 2017 was- Women First, Prosperity for All, focusing on supporting women entrepreneurs and fostering economic growth.    It also highlighted the role played by women entrepreneurs in the present world and the need to increase their participation.    About 52.5% of participants included women and more than 10 countries were represented by all women delegation such as Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and Israel.    It focused on four innovative Industries o Healthcare and Life Sciences, o Digital Economy and Financial Technology, o Energy and Infrastructure and Media and o Entertainment. Women Entrepreneurs in India    According to 6th Economic census, out of 58.5 million entrepreneurs only 8.05 million are women which is about 13.76% of total entrepreneurs.    Women owned enterprises provide employment to 13.45 million people.    Out of the total women entrepreneurs, 34.3% are from agriculture sector and 65.7% from non-agricultural sector.    Even though India is one of the largest hub of start-ups, only 10% of start-ups are started by women entrepreneurs. Steps Taken by the Government    Government has been taking various steps to promote women entrepreneurship such as Trade related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD), Mahila Vikas Nidhi, Training programs – National Small Industries Cooperations, Small Industries Services Institutes (SISIs) etc.    Government has framed National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015 in which it is specifically promoting entrepreneurship among women and also the skill training of women. 2.11. ISLAMIC ALLIANCE TO FIGHT TERRORISM Why in news? Recently first meeting of Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism (IMAFT) was held in Riyadh. Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism (IMAFT)    It is a Saudi led coalition of 40 countries and constitutes about 60% members of Organizational of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It was announced as a 34 member group initially in 2015.    Iran, Syria and Iraq are not part of coalition and Doha though part of the group did not participate in it in the wake of boycott led by Saudi Arabia.    It will serve as an inter-governmental counter-terrorism alliance against spread of ISIS in the region.    It further aims to provide military support and coordinate efforts with member countries to counter terrorism and thus aims to delink Islam from terrorism. 23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS About EBRD    It is a multilateral developmental investment bank, established in 1991.    It initially focused to help former Communist states build their economies after the Cold War and then expanded to support development in more than 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia.    It works only in countries that are "committed to democratic principles", using investment as a tool to build market economies. 2.12. INDIA'S MEMBERSHIP FOR EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION & DEVELOPMENT Why in News?    The union cabinet recently approved India’s membership for European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).    Steps will be initiated by the Department of Economic Affairs to acquire the membership. Significance for India    India will only be providing rather than receiving money with its new membership. It may, however, benefit indirectly through EBRD projects or if Indian companies invest alongside the bank, thereby increasing India’s investment opportunities and enhance its international profile.    With the country's economic growth over the years and enhanced international political profile, it was considered appropriate that India should expand its presence on the global developmental landscape beyond its association with the various multilateral Development Banks.    It would help India leverage the technical assistance and sectoral knowledge of the bank for the benefit of development of private sector in the country.    It may also help enhance the competitive strength of Indian firms and provide a greater access to international markets in terms of business opportunities, procurement activities and consultancy assignments.    It is expected to open up new vistas for Indian professionals and give a fillip to Indian exports.

[wionews]

China's growing strategic influence in Asia is a threat to India

Recently, concluded first plenum of 19th Congress of Communist Party of China (CPC) helped in consolidating Chinese President Xi Jinping position as a core leader, included his thought in the constitution of the party as Xi Jinping thought of Socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era along with his ambitious Belt and Road Initiative(BRI); and finally his emphasis on Chinese military modernisation, where army must be controlled by the communist party of China.

Now, one needs to carefully analyse the implications of these developments for Indian strategic and security interests in particular and foreign policy in general. Indeed, Chinese President Xi Jinping is the third most influential political leader after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping in Chinese political history. China has world’s second largest GDP in nominal terms $11,199,145 and hence, no short of money for Chinese military modernisation.

As a chairman of Central Military Commission, Xi Jinping has reiterated ‘basic mechanisation’ by 2020, ‘complete modernisation’ by 2035; and finally having ‘world-class military’ by 2050.

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China has increased their military spending 118 per cent between 2007 and 2016 along with biggest military spender in Asia and Oceania. As the chairman of Central Military Commission (CMC), Chinese President Xi Jinping has reiterated ‘basic mechanisation’ by 2020, ‘complete modernisation’ by 2035 and finally having ‘world-class military’ by 2050. He also asked the people’s liberation army (PLA) to be prepared for not just fight but win a war at any time.

In this background, it would be important to observe profiles of some important diplomats and military leaders. To begin with, one of the top diplomats, Yang Jiechi who is a state councillor; and special representative of India-China Border Dispute Talk Mechanism has been retained as a politburo and central committee (CC) member of the CPC.

The Central Committee (204 members) is the third largest decision-making body after Politburo Standing Committee (7-members PBSC) and Politburo (25 members including PBSC) of the CPC. It is also presumed that current foreign minister; Wang Yi will replace Yang Jiechi as a new state councillor and special representative in upcoming next plenum of 19th Congress of CPC in March-2018.

The head of Western Command of PLA in Sichuan, General Zhao Zongqi has been promoted as a central committee member. He is in-charge of India-China boundary disputes on the ground and played a very crucial role during 73-days long Doklam faceoff recently. General Xu Qiliang has been retained as a vice-chairman CMC of the CPC. The names of newly elected vice-chairman Zhang Youxia, and members of CMC are Wei Fenghe, Li Zuocheng, Miao Hua, Zhang Shengmini. It is to be noted that Chinese infrastructure development and logistics are in much better condition than Indian side of the border. China is also working on hi-speed train projects to these border areas with central parts of China.

Xi Jinping tries to build his legacy in next 30 years with the help of his ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a grand strategy of China.

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One can say that Chinese President Xi Jinping tries to build his legacy in next 30 years with the help of his ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a grand strategy of China. The Chinese official argument behind BRI is that to build a world community of shared destiny based on the sovereignty and national interests of every country in the world.

But what we notice in the case of their sensitivities towards ‘Indian sovereignty and national interests’ that despite Indian government repetitive protests, China is already involved in infrastructure development projects like construction of motorways, railways, bridges, tunnel and dams in the disputed Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK), Pakistan. In fact, China started building Karakoram highways in 1957 to increase their strategic influence in this disputed PoK region. No doubt, China-Pakistan Military Nexus is a strategic reality, which has been done against India. Today, both Chinese and Pakistani armies do joint patrolling in the disputed PoK region.

With the help of BRI, China wants to increase their strategic influence in South Asia and Indian Ocean region.

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With the help of BRI, China wants to increase their strategic influence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region. China is giving loans to India’s neighbouring countries, such as Nepal, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Pakistan. China’s new assertiveness towards South Asia and the Indian Ocean region is a manifestation of asymmetric military and economic capabilities between China and India.

One can witness this assertiveness and strategic signalling in the tone and tenor of psychological warfare and threatening and immature words used against India during the recent 73-days long Doklam faceoff. In fact, Doklam faceoff was an ad-hoc diplomatic victory because even Chinese PLA Major General Qiao Liang justified withdrawal of troops in order to secure strategic position and to host BRICS Xiament Summit 2017 between 3rd and 5th Sep-2017; and 19th congress of Chinese communist party between 18th and 25th Oct-2017.

These South Asian countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Pakistan are already raising the concerns about repayment of Chinese loans and debts. There are some questions which need to be answered in this context. What if these south small Asian countries default on their repayment of Chinese loan and its high-interest rates?

If China is serious about building a world community of shared destiny based on the sovereignty and national interests then, why it did not consult all the participating countries before unilaterally setting the agendas for BRI forum at Beijing on 14-15 May 2017?

BRI is a Chinese initiative launched for safeguarding the Chinese strategic and national interests.

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No doubt, BRI is a Chinese initiative launched for safeguarding the Chinese strategic and national interests. In the foreseeable future, one cannot discount the possibilities of another India-China boundary disputes because, in Chinese power calculus, India is considered as a junior power merely due to asymmetry in economic and military capabilities of both countries.

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[mehanstarknews]

India, China Top Military-Level Talks On Saturday Amid Border Tension The standoff is the most serious since India and China were locked in a similar faceoff in Doklam.

[viraltown-blog]

Doklam standoff was resolved because India is now a global power: Rajnath Singh | India News

Doklam standoff was resolved because India is now a global power: Rajnath Singh | India News

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BENGALURU: Union Dwelling Minister Rajnath Singh on Sunday reported that the Doklam standoff with China was fixed simply because India has develop into a world-wide electricity+ in latest times.

The remarks came in perspective of the latest standoff between India and China in Doklam location+ , wherever troops from both sides have been locked in a faceoff for about two months.

[ferretbuzz]

Doklam faceoff: China deployed more, standoff began earlier

Doklam faceoff: China deployed more, standoff began earlier

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Written by Sushant Singh | New Delhi | Published:September 25, 2017 4:26 am

Images captured by an Indian UAV of Chinese and Bhutanese army personnel on May 24.

Contrary to public perception that the border standoff between India and China at Doklam involved a small number of troops, the Chinese had posted more than 12,000 soldiers, 150 tanks and…