Tumgik
#it teaches a new narrative that the old folks of this country haven’t considered because they’re so knee deep in nationalism
state-of-franklin · 1 year
Text
All the people that think Oppenheimer is a propaganda movie actually make me laugh, because it is propaganda! Just not the nationalistic/patriotism kind.
It’s literally about a guy that lives to regret his most renowned invention, who wished more than anything it wouldn’t become a weapon, and when faced with his own guilt is told to suck it up and fake a smile.
This movie is trying to get the audience to understand the plight of the scientist that feels like he invented death. He was manipulated time after time by the US military and government, and truly was used for his genius more than he “used” anyone.
It is a 3 hour movie of pain, regret, and opposition between scientific progress and moral implications of doing so.
Don’t shit on a fucking movie because you read a tumblr post about it. Do your own fucking research and maybe go see the movie before you lay such harsh judgement on it.
19 notes · View notes
madzfm · 3 years
Photo
Tumblr media
˛ ⠀ * ⠀ ★ ⠀  JESSICA ALEXANDER  .   CIS FEMALE  .  SHE / HER      ⧽ ⠀ have  you  seen  the  786  latest  post  ?  sources  say  they  have  some  serious  dirt  on  the  child  of  a  big  time   COUNTRY MUSIC STARS  .   they  haven’t  revealed  who  it was  yet  but  my  best  is  on  MADISON  DARLING  !  ever  since  that  last  update  about  how  she  ALLEGEDLY GOT CAUGHT SPORTING A BABY BUMP LAST YEAR BEFORE GHOSTING EVERYONE  i  don’t  put  anything  pass  them  .  i  mean  ,  these  celebrity  kids  are  just  out  of  control  .   they  do  whatever  they  want  ,  whenever  they  want  and  are  ungrateful  in  the  process  !!  i  mean  take  MADDIE  for  example  ,  they’re  a  TWENTY THREE  year  old  DANCER  ,  and  what  did  they  do  to  get  there  ?  have  famous  parents  !  like  hello  ,  just  because  you HAVE BEEN IN MUSIC VIDEOS WITH A-LIST MUSICIANS doesn’t  mean  you  actually  deserved  it  .   i’m   glad   the   786   is   taking   them   down   a   notch   .   it’s   about   time   someone   does   .
             𝐆𝐎𝐎𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐃𝐎𝐂  /  𝐏𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐓  / 𝐖𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
hey ... hey ... how y’all doin’ ?  i’m sooo excited to be here , besties ! sorry i’m late with the intro , it’s been a looooong weekend for me but i’m eager to get the ball rolling . so here’s the rundown , the google doc has a full bio + more stats + headcanons but i don’t expect anyone to actually read all that nonsense so i’ve tried my best to sum it up below ( it’s still kinda long tho i’m sorry y’all i ramble too much ). i’m always down to talk plots & threw a few wanted connection ideas at the bottom , so feel free to hmu on discord any time <3 but yes okay let’s get into it
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
━━     ˊ     *     𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐬  . .
𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐞. madison dallas darling .   𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐧𝐚𝐦𝐞(𝐬). maddie , mads .   𝐝𝐨𝐛. april 14 , 1998 .   𝐚𝐠𝐞. twenty - three .   𝐳𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐜. aries sun , libra moon , leo asc .   𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫. cis female .   𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐬. she / her .   𝐬𝐞𝐱𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. bisexual .  𝐛𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞. nashville , tn .   𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭. 5ft 5in .  𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. high school diploma .   𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧. dancer / realty tv personality .   𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐬. robert “robbie” darling - father . dixie darling - mother . delaney darling - sister .   𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐬. compassionate , imaginative , family-oriented  , devoted , generous , sympathetic , idealistic , self critical , naive , competitive , indecisive , impressionable , elusive , sensitive .
━━     ˊ     *     𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲 . .
tw : things like shitty controlling parents , injury , & pregnancy are mentioned
   born & raised in nashville , tennessee , madison is the daughter of two country music icons ( basically blake shelton & miranda lambert ) & has only ever known a life in the spotlight . her parents were a widely adored it couple who shared their lives with millions of viewers across the world with their reality tv show . at 7pm cst you could tune in to watch robbie & dixie raise their two daughters - having some good ol’ wholesome family fun while juggling responsibilities that come with being famous artists . to any outsider looking in , they seemed like the perfect family . a loving father , a supportive mother , two prim & proper daughters that collected accolade after accolade in every pageant & talent competition they ever entered . but you shouldn’t believe everything you see on tv , even if it’s deceptively labeled as “reality” .
   when the cameras weren’t rolling , the darling sisters were left under their mother’s restrictive control . dixie darling treated her daughters more like dolls than living beings , madison & delaney were basically pretty little accessories . while robbie never dared to mistreat his daughters , he was around a lot less than the show made it seem - often touring the world rather than spending quality time with his girls . plus , dixie & robbie seemed to endlessly fight with one another - nearly every childhood memory madison has of her parents involves them yelling . if she wanted to see them looking happy & in love , she’d have to tune in to the fabricated reality on their own show to get a taste of what a happy , loving family looks like . 
   you can’t be a child of dixie darling without being exploited in some way . while delaney was pushed into the music scene , madison was shoved into the world of dance . she took every class that was offered & practiced for hours upon hours to perfect her craft . her sister had taken after their folks with the singing voice of an angel & the looks to rival that of miss universe , meanwhile maddie was good for two things : dance & doing whatever her mother said . so when dixie said to twirl , she twirled , when she said do a grand jeté, maddie asked how high & then over performed like the good little girl she was trained to be .
   it wasn’t until her parents got divorced & maddie moved to miami to be with her sister , her father , & her father’s new girlfriend that she sort of came out ( or more accruately described as dragged out ) of her timid , non - confrontational , subservient shell . with a longer leash , she had more freedom to roam far & wide . no one tried to tell her what to do or who to talk to & considering she was just a privileged teenager with endless funds & the status to get away with just about anything , you can imagine how badly that went . every mistake she made was broadcasted onto people’s televisions or headlined in tabloids . it was stressful , growing up & messing up all under the watchful gaze of millions of people who felt entitled to berate her for her poor life decisions . just because they watched her grow up on tv didn’t mean they actually knew anything about her . & yet so many people shared their unsolicited opinions on her & her life . it drove her insame .
   maddie wasn’t handling the stress of being well known very well . she wanted a break from it all , to just go somewhere far away where no one knew her name & just live by herself . it was a silly dream . nothing she’d ever actively pursue . but the universe has a funny way of giving us a taste of what we think we want just to teach us a lesson . 
   so over a year ago , maddie found out that she was pregnant . it was a shock to say the least . she kept it a close guarded secret from everyone but her sister for awhile . not only was it a life changing development , but it was one thing that she was determined not to share with the rest of the world . with the idea of running away in continuous loop in the back of her mind , she came up with a plan to buy herself some time . she faked a really bad injury during a performance & let the media run with saying she might not be able to walk , let alone dance ever again . pushing the cover story even further , she claimed to be in need of intense physical therapy & sought after it in a luxurious private lodge in new zealand . that’s where she stayed during her year away , letting no outsiders come visit while she figured out how she was going to move forward with this baby growing inside of her .
   so maddie finally got the break she was looking for even if it wasn’t under the circumstances that she would’ve liked . but she adapted to the situation . in her time away , she went through the entire pregnancy but it was basically decided for her by her parents that it was best to give the baby up for adoption . the little girl would be in good care by a couple that was a family friend of the darlings . better to bless someone who wanted a baby but couldn’t have one than for maddie to keep her daughter when she wasn’t in a place to take care of her . it broke her heart , honestly . she had grown quite attached to the baby & even entertained the idea of being a single mom even though she knew her own mom would never let that happen - it would go against the strict narrative that they try to put out there about the darling family .
   after a year away , maddie is back in miami without anyone knowing what really happened . she keeps using the “injury” as the excuse for her absence from the spotlight . anyone really close to her might be able to tell that something’s off , but she’s trying so hard to act like everything is fine & nothing has changed at all . she might even be able to get away with her lies - if it wasn’t for that damn 786 website threatening to spill the tea & make her life hell .
━━     ˊ     *     𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 & 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐧𝐬 . .
   a wannabe good girl gone bad but harbors a deep rooted fear of being a disappointment & a failure due to her mom’s strict parenting style . so like she wants to be rebellious & come across as carefree but internally she’s panic screaming always ( honestly relatable like same , girl )
   well - mannered in a sweet southern belle kind of way with her please’s & thank you’s & calling everyone ma’am & sir out of respect & what not
   biiiig mom friend energy . she just wants to make sure that everyone is taken care of . she can get very protective & a little helicopter parent-y with her friends . it probably has something to do with control issues that she doesn’t realize she has but we don’t have time to unpack that rn akjsdbk
   before her year away i want to say that she was a lot more people please-y / overly eager to please ?? like rarely said no to people that asked for favors , always agreed to any plans people invited her to out of courtesy , & what have you . but now i see her as being a little less patient than before & a little bit more unhinged & quick to shut down or snap
   guillable ! naive ! dumb as hell ! believes that everyone was raised with the same values as her & has a big of a heart like she does so she’s easily subjectable to getting her feelings hurt & i say let it happen !!
   wants to be mysterious so bad but there is very little known about her & her life that isn’t public knowledge . she could get shit on by a bird & it’ll probably become a twitter highlight idk she just wants to believe she’s imperceptible & acts all evasive in order to keep her private life private but that rarely ever has the desired effect
    one of those annoying rich & famous people that’s like “i wasn’t meant to be famous . i was meant to have a normal life & be a normal person” but like !! she is actually so out of touch with reality & probably couldn’t tell you how much milk is at the grocery store because she has people to do mundane day to day things for her . spoiled little privileged rich girl , let’s be real . her dad tried to keep her humble , idk what happened
   dance style / career is pretty much inspired by maddie ziegler but also not really bc i am very picky & choosey about which aspects of her career i’m pulling from
   boring on social media because she hardly ever posts & is very short with her captions & tweets when she does make an appearance online every blue moon 
   dodges questions about what she’s been up to while she was gone like she’s in the matrix or something . all that pr training her mom put her through when she was younger is coming in handy because she has not given a single honest , straight answer in the months she’s been back . would rather talk about anything else than herself right now so don’t be surprised if she pulls some random subject changes out of her ass if people get nosy . i’m sure the common conspiracy is that maddie was so embarrassed by the fall on stage that she went into hiding 
   delaney is the kim kardashian & britney spears of the family while madison is the kourtney & the jamie lynn xoxo
━━     ˊ     *     𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 . .
ride or die , bad influence , frenemies , family friends , good influence , confidant , rival , girl squad , non judging breakfast club , childhood friend , unlikely friend , exes on good terms , exes on bad terms , neighbors , pr friendship , pr enemy , social media mutuals , party buddies , secret friend , secret hook - up , crush , friends with benefits , adventure buddy , enemy with benefits , dance partners , mentors , mentees , sibling like relationship , will they won’t they , people suspicious of her & her supposed “injury” , father of her baby 👀 jk ..... unless
18 notes · View notes
libertariantaoist · 7 years
Link
The level of lunacy we’ve reached can be measured by the brouhaha over the  presence of Russian photographers in the Oval Office during Sergey Lavrov’s  visit: no US photographers were allowed, but the Russians somehow got in and  the Paranoid Brigade went into overdrive. They may have planted “bugs” there!  No, this wasn’t nutjob  Louise Mensch, the queen of the Russia-haters, but “former  intelligence officials,” including the former deputy director of the CIA,  David Cohen.
Given this kind of paranoia, why allow Lavrov in the Oval Office? After all,  he could slip a bug into that sanctum just as easily as somehow who works for  Tass – indeed, it would be far easier for him to do so, since photographers  are routinely searched before they enter, and I doubt the Russian Foreign Minister  is subjected to the same procedure.
Aside from that, the same people who are making a fuss about this are convinced  the Trump administration is a cabal of Kremlin agents: so why would the Russians  even need to plant a bug in the Oval Office? After all, according to the conspiracy  theorists, they’re getting the same intelligence directly from the White House.
Yes, folks, I’m really writing about this nonsense. Because that’s where we’re  at these days.
Now the conspiracy theorists who have taken over the Democratic party are screaming  that the firing of James Comey is all a part of the plot: Trump did it to scotch  the year-long investigation into “Russia-gate,” which has so far yielded nothing.  The White House denies this, although we’re now hearing a different  and probably far more accurate account: the President was pissed off that Comey  wasn’t investigating leaks of classified information, and was paying too much  attention to the Russia probe.
If this is true, then one can only applaud the White House and urge them to  be more upfront about the reason for Comey’s firing. The “Russia-gate” conspiracy  theory is total nonsense, is based on completely unsupportable premises, and  is bad for the country. The President should quash it, so he can get  back to the job he was elected to do.
The whole thing is a media-driven hate campaign that has no relation to the  facts: despite the “high confidence” our “intelligence community” says it has  that the Russians somehow mysteriously “influenced” our election, the alleged  evidence they’ve made public is  nothing but a  joke. Indeed, it has been repeatedly debunked by cyber-security experts,  and yet the media ignores this, just like they ignored the warnings of those  of us who challenged the Bush administration’s “high confidence” that Saddam  Hussein had “weapons of mass destruction.”
Hillary Clinton refers to “Russian  WikiLeaks” as if it were a foregone conclusion that Julian Assange is an  agent of Moscow, but there’s no evidence for this. Just like there’s no evidence  for the allegation that the Trump campaign “colluded” with the Russians to deny  her the White House: it was the American voters who did that.
In short, the multiple investigations into “Russia-gate” are based on nothing  but speculation, innuendo, and unsupportable conspiracy theories – and yet they’re  consuming the Congress, the White House, and the law enforcement apparatus that  is supposed to be protecting us from real threats. The whole thing is a tiresome  theatrical performance that has dragged on long enough: it’s long past time  for the actors to take their curtain call, roll up the somewhat tattered scenery,  and move on to more serious fare.
Speaking of “foreign influence” on US politics, it’s been reported that the  intelligence agencies of both Great  Britain and Estonia fed dirt on Trump to our own spooks, who then leaked  it to their conduits in the media. While “former” MI6 agent Christopher  Steele, author of the slanderous anti-Trump dossier commissioned by anti-Trump  Republicans, is not officially connected to British intelligence, does anyone  really believe Her Majesty’s spies weren’t clued in to the operation?
Of course, that kind of foreign influence is considered perfectly okay, and  will never be investigated.
The meeting with Lavrov, which our warmongering media is portraying as Trump  taking orders from the Kremlin, is good news: it means that the Trump administration  is beginning to implement the President’s campaign promise to “get along with  Russia.” At a time when tensions in Europe are at an all-time high, and US troops  in Syria are doing their best to separate our Kurdish allies from Turkish aggression,  the prospect of better relations with nuclear-armed Russia is a bright spot  in an otherwise darkening world. That this development scares the national security  bureaucracy, especially some elements of the military as well as the ever-Russophobic  CIA, is hardly surprising. The former is counting on inflating the “Russian  threat” in order to grab a big share of the defense budget, while the latter  is institutionally opposed to Trump’s “America First” foreign policy.
What’s interesting is how this wave of anti-Russian hysteria is roiling American  politics. The Democratic party has been completely captured by it: they sound  like a McCarthyite mob out of the 1950s. Instead of howling about “Who lost  China?” they’re demanding to know “Who lost Ukraine?”
The Republicans are split: Trump loyalists pay lip service to the “Russian  threat,” but their enthusiasm is lacking. The McCain-Graham wing of the party  – shrunken quite a bit since the days of George W. Bush – is in some ways more  fanatically anti-Russian than the Democrats. They really want a military standoff  with Moscow.
Then there are the real leftists, the Bernie Sanders types, who are also split:  Bernie himself has jumped on  the hate-Russia bandwagon, and many of his followers have followed suit.  Yet there are the Sincere Lefties, typified by people like Glenn Greenwald,  who are straddling the fence: on the one hand, they are nervous about the Russia-baiting  campaign – and even, like Greenwald himself contemptuous of it – but on the  other hand they go along with the mainline Democrats’ campaign to appoint a  special counsel to head up the McCarthyite witch-hunt for “Kremlin agents” in  our midst. This ambiguity is motivated, in part, by a need to appease their  liberal fan club: these people are reflexively anti-Trump and don’t much care  how he’s brought down. The Sincere Liberals’ problem is that they know too much  history – and are far too aware of the foreign policy consequences of the new  McCarthyism – to go along with the Russian-under-every-bed hysteria that’s gripped  the Democrats’ base.
What they don’t understand – or, perhaps, don’t want to understand – is that  there’s no way to separate the witch-hunt on the home front from an actively  anti-Russian foreign policy. If Russia is the Main Danger, then that holds true  both at home and abroad: there’s no way to escape the logic of Russophobia.
The appointment of a special counsel would mean that the current anti-Russian  hysteria would be extended into the indefinite future. It would mean a witch-hunt  the likes of which we haven’t seen since the 1950s. And it would preclude any  hope of a rapprochement with Russia: no reduction in nuclear arms, no deal over  Syria, and perhaps the beginning of a new arms race, with the threat of a major  war hanging over us. In short, it would mean another cold war with Russia, and  the prospect of World War III.
In a  recent interview Greenwald did with the left-wing “Democracy Now,” the pseudo-communist  Amy Goodman was eager to buttress the Democratic narrative, averring that the  Russia-gate investigation was “getting close to the truth,” which is why Comey  was fired. Of course, now that Russia is no longer communist, extreme leftists  like Goodman are in the front line of the Russia-haters. Greenwald, however,  was visibly queasy:
“Yeah, I mean, I think that that’s the obvious  perception that, even if you’re trying to wear a lens of thick skepticism through  which you’re viewing these events, you have to take into account. You know,  but on the other hand, I still think that it’s an extremely dangerous situation  when you have two countries like the United States and Russia, drowning in a  nuclear-armed arsenal, to have it be politically radioactive on both sides,  to be able to have constructive relations. And so, I think it’s imperative that  we keep these two things separate.”
This is wishful thinking. History teaches us that no such separation is possible.  Greenwald & Co. are going to have to choose between appeasing the Democratic  base or staying true to their anti-interventionist, pro-civil liberties principles.
The same goes for Rep. Justin Amash, the alleged libertarian Republican congressman  from Michigan, who is calling for a special counsel and is sponsoring legislation  to set up some kind of “Russian  Commission” to look into the issue of alleged Russian “subversion” of our  precious bodily fluids. What this would amount to, in effect, would be the restoration  of the old House Un-American Activities Committee, which notoriously dragged  many writers, actors, and other into the dock, interrogated them, and sent some  to prison when they refused to answer questions. The irony of this is that Amash  is supposed to be a libertarian, and has made the defense of civil liberties  his forte in the House. Yet what does he think will be the result of his “Russian  Commission,” if it is ever established? It would be just another device for  the government to spy on us, and to intimidate people for having non-approved  political opinions. Amash’s support for this cockamamie scheme is inexplicable.  – unless, that is, he’s trying to stave off another costly primary  campaign from the neoconservatives, who hate him. Whatever the reason, his  proposal is shameful coming from a supposed libertarian.
5 notes · View notes
batterymonster2021 · 5 years
Text
How to learn any language in six months | Chris Lonsdale | TEDxLingnanUniversity
New Post has been published on https://hititem.kr/how-to-learn-any-language-in-six-months-chris-lonsdale-tedxlingnanuniversity/
How to learn any language in six months | Chris Lonsdale | TEDxLingnanUniversity
Translator: TED Translators admin Reviewer: Allam Zedan The humans in the back, can you hear me naturally? Ok, just right. Have you ever held a query in mind for goodbye that it becomes part of the way you feel? Maybe even part of who you might be as a person? Well I’ve had a query in my intellect for a lot of, many years and that is: how are you going to pace up learning? Now, that is an exciting question considering for those who velocity up learning, which you could spend less time at university. And should you be taught quite quick, you typically wouldn’t must go to university at all. Now, when I was young, institution used to be kind of ok however… I observed relatively quite often that school obtained in the way of studying so I had this question in mind: How do you be taught turbo? And this commenced after I used to be very, very young, once I used to be 11 years old, I wrote a letter to researchers within the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep-studying, the place you get a tape recorder, you set it beside your mattress and it turns on within the core of the night time when you’re snoozing, and you’re alleged to be finding out from this.A just right inspiration, regrettably it does not work. However, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in different areas and we now have had extraordinary discoveries about finding out that began with that first question. I went on from there to emerge as captivated with psychology and i’ve been involved in psychology in lots of distinct methods for the rest of my lifestyles up except this point. In 1981, I took myself to China and i decided that I was once going to be native degree in chinese within two years. Now, you have to have an understanding of that in 1981, all people inspiration chinese used to be quite, really problematic and that a Westerner might learn for 10 years or extra and under no circumstances really get superb at it. And i additionally went in with yet another idea which was: taking the entire conclusions from psychological research as much as that factor and making use of them to the educational approach.What was rather cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin chinese language and it took a little bit longer to get up to native. However I looked around and that i saw all of these people from distinctive countries struggling terribly with chinese language, I noticed chinese language humans struggling terribly to gain knowledge of English and other languages, and so my query got subtle right down to: how will you help a normal grownup gain knowledge of a brand new language rapidly, effectively and with no trouble? Now this is a relatively, quite important question in modern day world.We have now significant challenges with environment, we have now gigantic challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all forms of things happening and if we can’t keep in touch, we’re quite going to have situation solving these problems. So we have to be competent to speak each and every different’s languages, this is fairly, really most important. The question then is: How do you do this? Good, it’s genuinely fairly easy. You look around for individuals who can already do it, you appear for occasions where it is already working and then you establish the ideas and apply them. It can be referred to as modelling and i have been looking at language learning and modelling language studying for approximately 15 to twenty years now. And my conclusion, my commentary from this is that any adult can learn a 2nd language to fluency within six months. Now when I say this, most folks believe i’m crazy, this isn’t viable. So let me remind everybody of the history of human development, it is all about expanding our limits. In 1950, each person believed that jogging one mile in four minutes was unattainable, after which Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it’s received shorter and shorter.100 years ago every person believed that heavy stuff doesn’t fly. Besides it does and we all know this. How does heavy stuff fly? We reorganise the fabric using concepts that we now have realized from observing nature, birds on this case. And in these days now we have long gone even extra… Now we have long past even extra, so that you would be able to fly a vehicle. That you may buy one of these for a couple a hundred.000 US dollars. Now we have cars on the planet that fly. And there is a different method to fly which we now have learned from squirrels. So all you have to do is replica what a flying squirrel does, build a swimsuit referred to as a wing suit and off you go, you could fly like a squirrel. Now most humans, a number of individuals, i would not say every body but plenty of folks suppose they can’t draw. However there are some key principles, five concepts, that you can apply to learning to draw and you could honestly learn to draw in 5 days.So, when you draw like this, you be trained these ideas for 5 days and follow them and after 5 days which you can draw some thing like this. Now i do know that is real due to the fact that that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was once what I was once in a position to do. And that i checked out this and that i went: "Wow, so that is how I seem like once I’m concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding." So, any person can be trained to draw in 5 days and within the equal approach, with the same logic, anybody can learn a 2d language in six months.How? There are five ideas and seven movements. There could also be a number of more however these are obviously core. And earlier than I get into those I just wish to talk about two myths, I want to dispel two myths. The primary is that you simply want talent. Let me let you know about Zoe. Zoe got here from Australia, went to Holland, was once seeking to learn Dutch, struggling enormously, particularly… A nice deal and ultimately persons have been saying: "you are entirely vain," "you are not gifted," "stop," "you’re a waste of time" and she was once very, very depressed. After which she came throughout these 5 concepts, she moved to Brazil and he or she applied them and in six months she used to be fluent in Portuguese, so skill doesn’t matter. Humans additionally consider that immersion in a brand new country is methods to be trained a language.But appear around Hong Kong, appear at all of the westerners who’ve been right here for 10 years, who don’t converse a word of chinese. Appear at all the chinese living in the us, Britain, Australia, Canada were there 10, two decades and they do not speak any English. Immersion per se does now not work. Why? Because a drowning man can’t be trained to swim. Whilst you don’t communicate a language, you are like a little one. And if you drop yourself right into a context which is all adults speakme about stuff over your head, you is not going to be taught. So, what are the five standards that you need to pay concentration to? First: the 4 phrases, attention, which means, relevance and reminiscence, and these interconnect in very, very principal ways.Peculiarly when you are speaking about studying. Include me on a ride by way of a woodland. You go on a walk through a forest and also you see some thing like this… Little marks on a tree, might be you pay concentration, probably you do not. You go one other 50 metres and also you see this… You should be paying awareness. An extra 50 metres, if you haven’t been paying awareness, you see this… And at this point, you are paying attention. And you’ve got simply realized that this… Is foremost, it’s significant seeing that it approach this, and anything that’s related, any understanding related to your survival is stuff that you’re going to pay attention to and as a result you’re going to keep in mind it.If it’s concerning your private objectives, then you are going to pay concentration to it. If it is imperative, you are going to don’t forget it. So, the primary rule, first precept for learning a language is focus on language content that is principal to you. Which brings us to instruments. We grasp instruments by means of making use of tools and we be taught instruments the quickest when they’re critical to us. So let me share a narrative. A keyboard is a tool. Typing chinese a unique method, there are ways for this.That is a instrument. I had a colleague many years in the past who went to night school; Tuesday night time, Thursday night, two hours each time, practicing at dwelling, she spent 9 months, and she or he didn’t be taught to form chinese. And one night we had a situation. We had forty eight hours to give a training manual in chinese language. And she or he got the job, and i will assurance you in 48 hours, she learned to style chinese due to the fact it used to be primary, it was meaningful, it was primary, she was once utilising a tool to create price.So the 2d precept for learning a language is to use your language as a device to keep up a correspondence correct from day one. As a child does. When I first arrived in China, I failed to communicate a word of chinese, and on my 2d week, I got to take a teach experience overnight. I spent eight hours sitting in the eating automobile speaking to probably the most guards on the teach, he took an interest in me for some cause, and we just chatted all night in chinese and he used to be drawing graphics and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by way of piece by means of piece I understood increasingly.But what used to be relatively cool, was once two weeks later, when individuals were speaking chinese around me, I was working out some of this and that i hadn’t even made any effort to be trained that. What had occurred, i’d absorbed it that night on the teach, which brings us to the 0.33 precept. When you first realize the message, then you’re going to accumulate the language unconsciously. And that is really, quite well documented now, it’s whatever known as understandable enter.There may be 20 or 30 years of study on this, Stephen Krashen, a leader within the discipline, has released all different types of these distinctive studies and this is simply from considered one of them. The purple bars exhibit the rankings on exceptional exams for language. The pink people had been persons who had realized with the aid of grammar and formal be taught, the golf green ones are those who learned by means of understandable enter. So, comprehension works. Comprehension is key and language learning is just not about amassing lots of advantage. In many, many ways it can be about physiological coaching. A girl i do know from Taiwan did fine in English at school, she received A grades the entire approach by means of, went by way of tuition, A grades, went to the us and discovered she could not recognize what people had been pronouncing. And folks started asking her: "Are you deaf?" and he or she used to be.English deaf. Considering the fact that we’ve filters in our mind that filter in the sounds that we’re conversant in and they filter the sounds of languages that we’re now not. And in case you can not hear it, you is not going to have an understanding of it, if you happen to are not able to have an understanding of it, you are no longer going to gain knowledge of it. So that you definitely need to be in a position to listen to these sounds. And there are approaches to do that nevertheless it’s physiological training. Talking takes muscle. You will have obtained forty three muscle groups for your face, you have got to coordinate these in a way that you are making sounds that different folks will have an understanding of.Should you’ve ever carried out a new game for a couple of days, and you know how your physique feels? Hurts? In case your face is hurting, you are doing it right. And the final principle is state. Psycho-physiological state. If you are unhappy, irritated, involved, upset, you’re now not going to learn. Interval. If you’re happy, comfy, in an Alpha mind state, curious, you are going to gain knowledge of really speedily, and very above all you need to be tolerant of ambiguity. If you’re a kind of people who wishes to realise 100 percent each phrase you’re listening to, you are going to go nuts, when you consider that you’ll be able to be extremely upset all the time, on account that you’re no longer ultimate. If you are cozy with getting some, not getting some, just paying awareness to what you do understand, you are going to be quality, comfortable, and you’ll be able to be learning rapidly.So headquartered on those 5 standards, what are the seven moves that you take? Number one: pay attention loads. I name it mind soaking. You place yourself in a context the place you’re listening to lots and lots and tons of a language and it’s not relevant for those who realize it or now not. You’re paying attention to the rhythms, to patterns that repeat, you are paying attention to things that stand out. (chinese) Po nozi. (English) So, simply soak your mind in this. The 2nd action is that you just get the which means first, even earlier than you get the words. You go: "well how do I do that? I do not know the words!" well, you recognize what these special postures imply. Human communication is body language in lots of, many approaches, so much physique language. From body language that you could understand a variety of verbal exchange, consequently, you are working out, you are acquiring via understandable input. And that you can also use patterns that . If you’re a chinese language speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go to Vietnam, you will realize 60 percentage of what they are saying to you in daily conversation, considering that Vietnamese is about 30 percent Mandarin, 30 percentage Cantonese. The 1/3 motion: mixing.You typically have on no account thought of this but if you happen to’ve bought 10 verbs, 10 nouns and 10 adjectives, that you would be able to say one thousand unique matters. Language is a inventive process. What do babies do? Adequate, "me", "bath", "now". Good enough, that is how they communicate. So begin mixing, get ingenious, have fun with it, it doesn’t must be superb, just has to work. And when you are doing this, you focal point on the core. What does that mean? Well, any language is excessive frequency content.In English one thousand words covers 85 percentage of anything you’re ever going to say in every day communication. 3000 words gives you ninety eight percent of whatever you are going to assert in daily dialog. You received 3000 words, you are talking the language. The relaxation is icing on the cake. And when you are simply opening with a new language, start together with your instrument box. Week number one, for your new language you say matters like: "How do you say that?" "i do not comprehend," "repeat that please," "what does that mean?" all on your target language. You’re utilising it as a tool, making it valuable to you, it’s primary to learn other things in regards to the language.By means of week two, you should be saying things like: "me," "this," "you," "that," "give," you know, "hot," easy pronouns, easy nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives, speaking like a baby. And through the 1/3 or fourth week, you are coming into "glue words." "although," "but," "as a result," these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language collectively, allowing you to make more tricky meaning. At that point you are speakme. And when you are doing that, you should get yourself a language parent. If you seem at how kids and mother and father interact, you’ll be able to realise what this means. When a baby is talking, it can be utilizing simple phrases, simple combinations, oftentimes relatively unusual, normally very strange pronunciation, other people from external the household do not comprehend it. But the father and mother do. And so the child has a secure atmosphere, will get self belief. The moms and dads talk to the children with physique language and with easy language they comprehend the little one is aware. So you have a comprehensible input environment that’s nontoxic, we know it works; or else none of you would converse your mother tongue.So you get yourself a language father or mother, who’s somebody desirous about you as a man or woman who will communicate with you almost as an equal, however pay concentration to aid you fully grasp the message. There are four principles of a language dad or mum. Spouses aren’t superb at this, good enough? However the four principles are, to start with, they’re going to work hard to appreciate what you imply even when you are manner off beat. Secondly, they’ll in no way proper your mistakes.Thirdly, they will feed back their understanding of what you might be announcing so as to reply competently and get that feedback after which they are going to use words that you know. The sixth factor you must do, is reproduction the face. You got to get the muscular tissues working correct, so you could sound in a technique that humans will appreciate you. There is a couple of matters you do. One is that you just hear how it feels, and believe the way it sounds which means you will have a feedback loop working on your face, but ideally if you could seem at a local speaker and simply notice how they use their face, let your unconscious intellect take in the rules, then you are going to be capable to choose it up.And for those who are not able to get a local speaker to seem at, you can use stuff like this… (female voice) Sing, tune, king, stung, hung. (Chris Lonsdale) And the final suggestion right here, the final action you have got to take is some thing that I name "direct join". What does this mean? Good most humans studying a 2nd language kind of take the mummy tongue phrases and the target words and go over them time and again in their intellect to check out and recall them. Fairly inefficient. What you have got to do is appreciate that the whole lot is an snapshot within your mind, it’s feelings, should you speak about hearth, that you can odor the smoke, that you can hear the crackling, you will discover the flames, so what you do, is you go into that imagery and all of that memory and also you come out with a different pathway. So I name it "same field, one of a kind course". You come out of that pathway and also you build it over time, you end up more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those photos that you have already got, into that inner illustration. And over time you even grow to be naturally just right at that approach, that turns into unconscious. So, there are five ideas that you simply ought to work with, seven moves, in the event you do any of them, you are going to give a boost to. And recall these are things below your manage because the learner. Do all of them and you are going to be fluent in a 2d language in six months. Thanks. (Applause) .
0 notes
airoasis · 5 years
Text
How to learn any language in six months | Chris Lonsdale | TEDxLingnanUniversity
New Post has been published on https://hititem.kr/how-to-learn-any-language-in-six-months-chris-lonsdale-tedxlingnanuniversity/
How to learn any language in six months | Chris Lonsdale | TEDxLingnanUniversity
Translator: TED Translators admin Reviewer: Allam Zedan The humans in the back, can you hear me naturally? Ok, just right. Have you ever held a query in mind for goodbye that it becomes part of the way you feel? Maybe even part of who you might be as a person? Well I’ve had a query in my intellect for a lot of, many years and that is: how are you going to pace up learning? Now, that is an exciting question considering for those who velocity up learning, which you could spend less time at university. And should you be taught quite quick, you typically wouldn’t must go to university at all. Now, when I was young, institution used to be kind of ok however… I observed relatively quite often that school obtained in the way of studying so I had this question in mind: How do you be taught turbo? And this commenced after I used to be very, very young, once I used to be 11 years old, I wrote a letter to researchers within the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep-studying, the place you get a tape recorder, you set it beside your mattress and it turns on within the core of the night time when you’re snoozing, and you’re alleged to be finding out from this.A just right inspiration, regrettably it does not work. However, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in different areas and we now have had extraordinary discoveries about finding out that began with that first question. I went on from there to emerge as captivated with psychology and i’ve been involved in psychology in lots of distinct methods for the rest of my lifestyles up except this point. In 1981, I took myself to China and i decided that I was once going to be native degree in chinese within two years. Now, you have to have an understanding of that in 1981, all people inspiration chinese used to be quite, really problematic and that a Westerner might learn for 10 years or extra and under no circumstances really get superb at it. And i additionally went in with yet another idea which was: taking the entire conclusions from psychological research as much as that factor and making use of them to the educational approach.What was rather cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin chinese language and it took a little bit longer to get up to native. However I looked around and that i saw all of these people from distinctive countries struggling terribly with chinese language, I noticed chinese language humans struggling terribly to gain knowledge of English and other languages, and so my query got subtle right down to: how will you help a normal grownup gain knowledge of a brand new language rapidly, effectively and with no trouble? Now this is a relatively, quite important question in modern day world.We have now significant challenges with environment, we have now gigantic challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all forms of things happening and if we can’t keep in touch, we’re quite going to have situation solving these problems. So we have to be competent to speak each and every different’s languages, this is fairly, really most important. The question then is: How do you do this? Good, it’s genuinely fairly easy. You look around for individuals who can already do it, you appear for occasions where it is already working and then you establish the ideas and apply them. It can be referred to as modelling and i have been looking at language learning and modelling language studying for approximately 15 to twenty years now. And my conclusion, my commentary from this is that any adult can learn a 2nd language to fluency within six months. Now when I say this, most folks believe i’m crazy, this isn’t viable. So let me remind everybody of the history of human development, it is all about expanding our limits. In 1950, each person believed that jogging one mile in four minutes was unattainable, after which Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it’s received shorter and shorter.100 years ago every person believed that heavy stuff doesn’t fly. Besides it does and we all know this. How does heavy stuff fly? We reorganise the fabric using concepts that we now have realized from observing nature, birds on this case. And in these days now we have long gone even extra… Now we have long past even extra, so that you would be able to fly a vehicle. That you may buy one of these for a couple a hundred.000 US dollars. Now we have cars on the planet that fly. And there is a different method to fly which we now have learned from squirrels. So all you have to do is replica what a flying squirrel does, build a swimsuit referred to as a wing suit and off you go, you could fly like a squirrel. Now most humans, a number of individuals, i would not say every body but plenty of folks suppose they can’t draw. However there are some key principles, five concepts, that you can apply to learning to draw and you could honestly learn to draw in 5 days.So, when you draw like this, you be trained these ideas for 5 days and follow them and after 5 days which you can draw some thing like this. Now i do know that is real due to the fact that that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was once what I was once in a position to do. And that i checked out this and that i went: "Wow, so that is how I seem like once I’m concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding." So, any person can be trained to draw in 5 days and within the equal approach, with the same logic, anybody can learn a 2d language in six months.How? There are five ideas and seven movements. There could also be a number of more however these are obviously core. And earlier than I get into those I just wish to talk about two myths, I want to dispel two myths. The primary is that you simply want talent. Let me let you know about Zoe. Zoe got here from Australia, went to Holland, was once seeking to learn Dutch, struggling enormously, particularly… A nice deal and ultimately persons have been saying: "you are entirely vain," "you are not gifted," "stop," "you’re a waste of time" and she was once very, very depressed. After which she came throughout these 5 concepts, she moved to Brazil and he or she applied them and in six months she used to be fluent in Portuguese, so skill doesn’t matter. Humans additionally consider that immersion in a brand new country is methods to be trained a language.But appear around Hong Kong, appear at all of the westerners who’ve been right here for 10 years, who don’t converse a word of chinese. Appear at all the chinese living in the us, Britain, Australia, Canada were there 10, two decades and they do not speak any English. Immersion per se does now not work. Why? Because a drowning man can’t be trained to swim. Whilst you don’t communicate a language, you are like a little one. And if you drop yourself right into a context which is all adults speakme about stuff over your head, you is not going to be taught. So, what are the five standards that you need to pay concentration to? First: the 4 phrases, attention, which means, relevance and reminiscence, and these interconnect in very, very principal ways.Peculiarly when you are speaking about studying. Include me on a ride by way of a woodland. You go on a walk through a forest and also you see some thing like this… Little marks on a tree, might be you pay concentration, probably you do not. You go one other 50 metres and also you see this… You should be paying awareness. An extra 50 metres, if you haven’t been paying awareness, you see this… And at this point, you are paying attention. And you’ve got simply realized that this… Is foremost, it’s significant seeing that it approach this, and anything that’s related, any understanding related to your survival is stuff that you’re going to pay attention to and as a result you’re going to keep in mind it.If it’s concerning your private objectives, then you are going to pay concentration to it. If it is imperative, you are going to don’t forget it. So, the primary rule, first precept for learning a language is focus on language content that is principal to you. Which brings us to instruments. We grasp instruments by means of making use of tools and we be taught instruments the quickest when they’re critical to us. So let me share a narrative. A keyboard is a tool. Typing chinese a unique method, there are ways for this.That is a instrument. I had a colleague many years in the past who went to night school; Tuesday night time, Thursday night, two hours each time, practicing at dwelling, she spent 9 months, and she or he didn’t be taught to form chinese. And one night we had a situation. We had forty eight hours to give a training manual in chinese language. And she or he got the job, and i will assurance you in 48 hours, she learned to style chinese due to the fact it used to be primary, it was meaningful, it was primary, she was once utilising a tool to create price.So the 2d precept for learning a language is to use your language as a device to keep up a correspondence correct from day one. As a child does. When I first arrived in China, I failed to communicate a word of chinese, and on my 2d week, I got to take a teach experience overnight. I spent eight hours sitting in the eating automobile speaking to probably the most guards on the teach, he took an interest in me for some cause, and we just chatted all night in chinese and he used to be drawing graphics and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by way of piece by means of piece I understood increasingly.But what used to be relatively cool, was once two weeks later, when individuals were speaking chinese around me, I was working out some of this and that i hadn’t even made any effort to be trained that. What had occurred, i’d absorbed it that night on the teach, which brings us to the 0.33 precept. When you first realize the message, then you’re going to accumulate the language unconsciously. And that is really, quite well documented now, it’s whatever known as understandable enter.There may be 20 or 30 years of study on this, Stephen Krashen, a leader within the discipline, has released all different types of these distinctive studies and this is simply from considered one of them. The purple bars exhibit the rankings on exceptional exams for language. The pink people had been persons who had realized with the aid of grammar and formal be taught, the golf green ones are those who learned by means of understandable enter. So, comprehension works. Comprehension is key and language learning is just not about amassing lots of advantage. In many, many ways it can be about physiological coaching. A girl i do know from Taiwan did fine in English at school, she received A grades the entire approach by means of, went by way of tuition, A grades, went to the us and discovered she could not recognize what people had been pronouncing. And folks started asking her: "Are you deaf?" and he or she used to be.English deaf. Considering the fact that we’ve filters in our mind that filter in the sounds that we’re conversant in and they filter the sounds of languages that we’re now not. And in case you can not hear it, you is not going to have an understanding of it, if you happen to are not able to have an understanding of it, you are no longer going to gain knowledge of it. So that you definitely need to be in a position to listen to these sounds. And there are approaches to do that nevertheless it’s physiological training. Talking takes muscle. You will have obtained forty three muscle groups for your face, you have got to coordinate these in a way that you are making sounds that different folks will have an understanding of.Should you’ve ever carried out a new game for a couple of days, and you know how your physique feels? Hurts? In case your face is hurting, you are doing it right. And the final principle is state. Psycho-physiological state. If you are unhappy, irritated, involved, upset, you’re now not going to learn. Interval. If you’re happy, comfy, in an Alpha mind state, curious, you are going to gain knowledge of really speedily, and very above all you need to be tolerant of ambiguity. If you’re a kind of people who wishes to realise 100 percent each phrase you’re listening to, you are going to go nuts, when you consider that you’ll be able to be extremely upset all the time, on account that you’re no longer ultimate. If you are cozy with getting some, not getting some, just paying awareness to what you do understand, you are going to be quality, comfortable, and you’ll be able to be learning rapidly.So headquartered on those 5 standards, what are the seven moves that you take? Number one: pay attention loads. I name it mind soaking. You place yourself in a context the place you’re listening to lots and lots and tons of a language and it’s not relevant for those who realize it or now not. You’re paying attention to the rhythms, to patterns that repeat, you are paying attention to things that stand out. (chinese) Po nozi. (English) So, simply soak your mind in this. The 2nd action is that you just get the which means first, even earlier than you get the words. You go: "well how do I do that? I do not know the words!" well, you recognize what these special postures imply. Human communication is body language in lots of, many approaches, so much physique language. From body language that you could understand a variety of verbal exchange, consequently, you are working out, you are acquiring via understandable input. And that you can also use patterns that . If you’re a chinese language speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go to Vietnam, you will realize 60 percentage of what they are saying to you in daily conversation, considering that Vietnamese is about 30 percent Mandarin, 30 percentage Cantonese. The 1/3 motion: mixing.You typically have on no account thought of this but if you happen to’ve bought 10 verbs, 10 nouns and 10 adjectives, that you would be able to say one thousand unique matters. Language is a inventive process. What do babies do? Adequate, "me", "bath", "now". Good enough, that is how they communicate. So begin mixing, get ingenious, have fun with it, it doesn’t must be superb, just has to work. And when you are doing this, you focal point on the core. What does that mean? Well, any language is excessive frequency content.In English one thousand words covers 85 percentage of anything you’re ever going to say in every day communication. 3000 words gives you ninety eight percent of whatever you are going to assert in daily dialog. You received 3000 words, you are talking the language. The relaxation is icing on the cake. And when you are simply opening with a new language, start together with your instrument box. Week number one, for your new language you say matters like: "How do you say that?" "i do not comprehend," "repeat that please," "what does that mean?" all on your target language. You’re utilising it as a tool, making it valuable to you, it’s primary to learn other things in regards to the language.By means of week two, you should be saying things like: "me," "this," "you," "that," "give," you know, "hot," easy pronouns, easy nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives, speaking like a baby. And through the 1/3 or fourth week, you are coming into "glue words." "although," "but," "as a result," these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language collectively, allowing you to make more tricky meaning. At that point you are speakme. And when you are doing that, you should get yourself a language parent. If you seem at how kids and mother and father interact, you’ll be able to realise what this means. When a baby is talking, it can be utilizing simple phrases, simple combinations, oftentimes relatively unusual, normally very strange pronunciation, other people from external the household do not comprehend it. But the father and mother do. And so the child has a secure atmosphere, will get self belief. The moms and dads talk to the children with physique language and with easy language they comprehend the little one is aware. So you have a comprehensible input environment that’s nontoxic, we know it works; or else none of you would converse your mother tongue.So you get yourself a language father or mother, who’s somebody desirous about you as a man or woman who will communicate with you almost as an equal, however pay concentration to aid you fully grasp the message. There are four principles of a language dad or mum. Spouses aren’t superb at this, good enough? However the four principles are, to start with, they’re going to work hard to appreciate what you imply even when you are manner off beat. Secondly, they’ll in no way proper your mistakes.Thirdly, they will feed back their understanding of what you might be announcing so as to reply competently and get that feedback after which they are going to use words that you know. The sixth factor you must do, is reproduction the face. You got to get the muscular tissues working correct, so you could sound in a technique that humans will appreciate you. There is a couple of matters you do. One is that you just hear how it feels, and believe the way it sounds which means you will have a feedback loop working on your face, but ideally if you could seem at a local speaker and simply notice how they use their face, let your unconscious intellect take in the rules, then you are going to be capable to choose it up.And for those who are not able to get a local speaker to seem at, you can use stuff like this… (female voice) Sing, tune, king, stung, hung. (Chris Lonsdale) And the final suggestion right here, the final action you have got to take is some thing that I name "direct join". What does this mean? Good most humans studying a 2nd language kind of take the mummy tongue phrases and the target words and go over them time and again in their intellect to check out and recall them. Fairly inefficient. What you have got to do is appreciate that the whole lot is an snapshot within your mind, it’s feelings, should you speak about hearth, that you can odor the smoke, that you can hear the crackling, you will discover the flames, so what you do, is you go into that imagery and all of that memory and also you come out with a different pathway. So I name it "same field, one of a kind course". You come out of that pathway and also you build it over time, you end up more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those photos that you have already got, into that inner illustration. And over time you even grow to be naturally just right at that approach, that turns into unconscious. So, there are five ideas that you simply ought to work with, seven moves, in the event you do any of them, you are going to give a boost to. And recall these are things below your manage because the learner. Do all of them and you are going to be fluent in a 2d language in six months. Thanks. (Applause) .
0 notes