#it would take its first flight on June 25 1946

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🗣️🎙️ FLAT FUCK FRIDAY!

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The Sikorsky VS-44 Flying Boat

The VS-44, having had both military and normal application, had been Sikorsky's greatest and last-flying vessel, yet had a little creation continued running of only four.

Following its family history to a couple past land and additionally water competent plans, it had its first shimmer in the S-38. Constrained by two 420-hp Pratt and Whitney Wasp engines, the ten-explorer biplane, first flying in 1928 and achieving voyage paces of around 100 mph, had been mentioned by the US Navy and Pan American Airways. Lindbergh presented airmail organization with the sort between the US and the Panama Canal Zone the following year. Worked by a couple of various bearers, it valued a creation continue running of 110.

The succeeding, quad-engined, high-wing, vessel hulled S-40, mentioned by Pan American in 1929 and bound to transform into the then-greatest US plane, obliged 40 voyagers on 500-mile fragments, the primary, allocated "American Clipper," starting organization on November 19, 1931. Its unavoidable task force of three engaged it to pioneer Caribbean and South American courses.

The S-41, a greater adjustment of the S-38 with a farthest point of 14, had a creation continued running of just seven.

Made arrangements for transoceanic storage in San Clemente courses, the S-42, energized by four Pratt and Whitney engines driving reversible-pitch Hamilton Standard propellers, was proposed to fill necessities for a greater breaking point, 2,500-mile, land and additionally water proficient transporter cruising at 150 mph, yet a decreased, 1,500-pound payload in a general sense extended its range capacity. First flying in 1934, it engaged Pan American to serve previously uncoverable Atlantic and Pacific areas with its task force of ten.

The greatest and last-Sikorsky flying barge, joining development made by these past plans, rose up out of the Navy's essential for a 3,450-mile watch flying machine to cloud the extent of its current PBY Catalinas. The assurance, clear by the US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics' Design Proposal #137, stipulated a 200-mph speed, a gathering supplement of six, and four programmed rifle turrets.

The arrangement, progressively appointed "S-44" by Sikorsky, and the one specifically which eagerly met the Navy's requirements, combined a high, all-metal, cantilever wing; four Pratt and Whitney, 700-hp Twin Wasp radials which drove steady speed Hamilton Standard propellers; a.50-bore ambush rifle in the two its bow and tail turrets; and a.30-bore programmed rifle in its two center turrets. Regardless of the way that it could also suit 4,000 pounds of bombs, the later decided, and even more predominant, 1,050-hp R-1830-68 engines, joined with 12-foot-width props, increased this point of confinement.

A lone model, for which an understanding had been allowed on June 25, 1936, first flew a year later on August 13 from the Housatonic River near the Sikorsky generation line in Stratford, and featured a 47,142-pound gross burden in flying machine arrangement and a 49,059-pound most noteworthy burden in watch falsification.

The two-month flight test program, including 26.9 airborne hours, revealed a couple of execution parameters, including a 640-fpm beginning outing rate, a 62-mph hinder speed, a 225-mph most outrageous speed at 10,000 feet, a 23,100-foot organization rooftop, and a 4,545-mile broaden.

Passed on to Norfolk Naval Air Station on October 12, 1937, the XPBS-1 assembled an extra 53.5 extensive stretches of test flying, during which rudder control insufficiencies were experienced, requiring an entry to the producer for alterations. In any case, notwithstanding the manner in which that Navy pilots conveyed as a rule flying machine dealing with and execution satisfaction, the Navy itself all of a sudden dropped any further organizes the arrangement, overriding it with the Coronado. No reason was thusly decided.

Thusly entrusted to delivery government specialists and need payload, the single XPBS-1 worked for quite a while until it was hurt while touching base in San Francisco Bay in 1942, causing a log strike. It was ousted from Navy stock with 1,367.5 hours in its logbook.

The arrangement, in any case, had business application. Skillet American Airways' opponent, American Export Airlines (AEA), searching for a long-run, land or potentially water able bearer for its own one of a kind transoceanic explorer organizations, denoted an understanding for a typical variation of the XPBS-1 appointed "Versus 44", the "Versus" prefix reflecting the joined, anyway ephemeral, Chance Vought and Sikorsky assembling plant exercises, the two divisions of United Aircraft Corporation. Pending its receipt of Civil Aeronautics Board explorer course rights, it expected to purchase three VS-44As, whose names reflected its American Export conveyance and interesting division of vessels-to be explicit, "Excalibur," "Excambian," and "Exeter"- while Pan American itself mentioned the fighting Martin M-130 flying boat.

A couple of structure changes were first required to bring it up to business standard. The nose turret, regardless of anything else, must be superseded with a solid, balanced, cone made of metal, while the windows, doors, and gateways were relocated. In order to change the watch airplane into a bearer, an outright different inside must be presented, bulkhead-divided into six tinier, watertight regions with fitting voyager seating, galleys, lavatories, warming, ventilation, and soundproofing. A greater even tail, including ten degrees of dihedral, was retrofitted to extend longitudinal control, while aileron and tail connections were rerouted.

Within arrangement fused a five-man cockpit compelled by a pilot, copilot, flight originator, guide, and radio director; a cookroom found rapidly underneath it and outfitted with a grill, an electric stove with two hot plates, a sink, hot and cold water, a refrigerator, and limit organizers; bunch resting offices; verifying equipment; a things compartment; and two men's rooms. Voyager breaking point changed between 32 in day and 16 in sleeper structure. Forty-inch-wide seats were convertible into both upper and lower compartments, and each wa gave a window, a light, and warming and ventilation vents. The behind cabin contained the ladies' room, a second stuff compartment, and hotel group settlement.

Upon completion, the VS-44A, with a 79.3-foot all around length, wielded a high, thick, 124-foot wingspan from which foreseen the four three-bladed, 12.6-foot-broadness propellers driven by 1,200-take off torque Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp S13C-G chamber engines and underneath which hung two, water surface-skimming floats near its wingtips. Two twofold wheeled guideline establishing gear units and a lone, twin-wheeled tail unit permitted nonaquatic ground moving. The tailplane spread more than 31 feet. With a 3,820-gallon fuel limit, the flying machine offered a 59,534-pound gross weight and a 211-mph most prominent speed.

Hung in Navy mask uniform, the principle plane, named "Excalibur," was done on December 30, 1941, anyway was occupied by the necessities of World War II. AEA, working it with its own one of a kind flight gatherings, began without fail, war transport transoceanic organization on June 20 to Faynes, Ireland. "Excambian" and "Exeter" were passed on May 4 and June 23.

Working the world's first tireless westbound transoceanic crossing point on June 22, 1942, flying machine "Excalibur" flew from Faynes to New York in 25 hours, 40 minutes with 16 explorers ready.

The airframe's organization life, regardless, would navigate insignificant over a fourth of a year. Executing a long, water-purposing take off from Botwood, Newfoundland, on October 3, 1942, it achieved a ten-foot stature before settling afresh into the water. Returning, it determined into an over the top, 30-degree nose-high attitude, during which time it moved to 35 feet, anyway as such dashed earthward, influencing with the ocean's surface and breaking isolated. Five of the 11 gathering people and six of the 26 explorers kicked the bucket. In spite of the way that the certifiable reason had never been pinpointed, it is acknowledged that the pilot had tried to use a ridiculous, drag-conveying, take off strategy going off to some far away place trailing edge overlay setting.

Since the remaining two airframes had contained the world's longest-go business types, prepared to fly 3,100-mile or increasingly noticeable divisions with full payloads, and because the war dealt with the prerequisite for such transport, their ownership was moved to the US government on January 26, 1943 for action in the Navy's transoceanic explorer, cargo, and mail dispatch organization to the Caribbean and Europe. American Export Airlines, under contract to them, continued keeping up and fly the aircraft.

Repainted in AEA's uniform in January of 1945, the two VS-44As recommenced booked, non military staff organization in June, anyway a later merger with American Overseas Airlines (AOA) and the power of war-began runway improvement ruined their need, transoceanic courses by and by continuously served by means of land planes, for instance, the Douglas DC-4.

The "Excambian" and "Exeter" were in this way obtained by Tampico Airlines from the War Assets Corporation on February 27, 1946, at which time they were subserviced to various bearers for assent errands. In any case, Tampico's very own cash related difficulties came to fruition in their ahead arrangement to Skyways International the following April.

Edge losing setbacks, as yet typical for the arrangement's history, struck before long and only four months after the verifying, on August 15, 1947. Attempting to land on the River Plata near Montevideo, Uruguay, during dim of night, in nonexistent visual reference conditions and without revived altimeter settings, flying machine "Exeter," adequately over-trouble, influenced with the water surface, shedding its structure plates and cutting off segment of its left wing.

Flooded with gushing water, the aircraft sank, taking nine of the 12 spirits enthusiastic about it. Just "Excambian,"

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 7.25

306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. 677 – Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls. 864 – The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings. 1137 – Eleanor of Aquitaine married Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux. 1139 – Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal. 1261 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire. 1278 – The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile. 1467 – The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively. 1536 – Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali. 1538 – The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil. 1547 – Henry II of France is crowned. 1554 – Mary I marries Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral. 1567 – Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela. 1593 – Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. 1603 – James VI of Scotland is crowned king of England (James I of England), bringing the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into personal union. Political union would occur in 1707. 1609 – The English ship Sea Venture, en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there. 1693 – Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico. 1722 – Dummer's War begins along the Maine-Massachusetts border. 1755 – British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council order the deportation of the Acadians. 1759 – French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: The war's last action, the Siege of Cuddalore, is ended by a preliminary peace agreement. 1788 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K550). 1792 – The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed. 1797 – Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain). 1799 – At Abu Qir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha. 1814 – War of 1812: An American attack on Canada is repulsed. 1824 – Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua. 1837 – The first commercial use of an electrical telegraph is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone. 1853 – Joaquin Murrieta, the famous Californio bandit known as the "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed. 1861 – American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Crittenden–Johnson Resolution, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. 1866 – The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank. 1868 – The Wyoming Territory is established. 1869 – The Japanese daimyōs begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869). 1894 – The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship. 1898 – In the Puerto Rican Campaign, the United States seizes Puerto Rico from Spain. 1908 – Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it. 1909 – Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from (Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom) in 37 minutes. 1915 – RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross. 1917 – Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%). 1925 – Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established. 1934 – The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt. 1940 – General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal. 1942 – The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation. 1943 – World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio. 1944 – World War II: Operation Spring is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war. 1946 – Nuclear weapons testing: Operation Crossroads: An atomic bomb is detonated underwater in the lagoon of Bikini Atoll. 1956 – Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51. 1957 – The Republic of Tunisia is proclaimed, under President Habib Bourguiba. 1958 – The African Regroupment Party (PRA) holds its first congress in Cotonou. 1961 – Cold War: In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO. 1965 – Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music. 1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war. 1973 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched. 1976 – Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo. 1978 – Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders. 1978 – Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF. 1979 – Another section of the Sinai Peninsula is peacefully returned by Israel to Egypt. 1983 – Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners. 1984 – Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk. 1993 – Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War. 1993 – The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa. 1994 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948. 1995 – A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded. 1996 – In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya. 2000 – Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, killing 113 people. 2007 – Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president. 2010 – WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history. 2018 – As-Suwayda attacks: Coordinated attacks occur in Syria.

[ladystylestores]

Coronavirus: What sporting events are affected by the pandemic? | News

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, which as of May 21 has killed more than 329,000 people  globally, has affected sporting events across the world.

As the number of confirmed coronavirus cases worldwide has surged past five million, major sporting events have been cancelled or postponed.

The most significant one that was due to take place in Japan this summer was the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.

More:

However, the International Olympic Committee and Japan’s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe have postponed the event to next year, where it will now take place from July 23 to August 8, 2021.

Football

In South Korea, the football league season restarted on May 8 after several weeks of postponement, with reigning champions Jeonbuk Motors hosting Suwon Bluewings in an empty World Cup Stadium in Jeonju.

The Major League Soccer (MLS) top-tier football league in the US has extended its postponement of matches in the country until at least June 8 due to the coronavirus pandemic.

On April 12, the Confederation of African Football (CAF) announced the postponement of the two-legged semi-finals of the African Champions League that were supposed to take place in May.

“In light of growing concerns and evolving nature on COVID-19 (that has led to a) lockdown in most countries, the CAF Emergency Committee has decided to postpone the matches until further notice,” a statement said.

The CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football) Nations League Finals, which were scheduled for June 4 to June 7, have been suspended. The finals, due to be contested by Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico and the United States and held in the Houston and Dallas areas of Texas, will be rescheduled for a later date in venues to be determined.

Football in Russia has been suspended until April 10. The Russian league was the best-attended sports competition still operating in Europe last weekend, with more than 33,000 fans at one of its games, but the Russian Football Union agreed to immediately suspend all competitions at a meeting on March 17.

In Germany, the top-flight Bundesliga resumed its season on May 16 behind closed doors after a two-month hiatus. 

The African Nations Championship 2020  tournament scheduled for April in Cameroon has been postponed indefinitely, the African Football Federation said in a statement on March 17.

This year’s Copa America has been postponed until 2021, the South American Football Confederation (CONMEBOL) said on March 17. The 12-team tournament had originally been scheduled to take place from June 12 to July 12 in Colombia and Argentina.

The Euro 2020 tournament has been postponed until 2021, European football’s governing body UEFA said in a statement on March 17. UEFA said that the 24-team tournament, which was due to be staged in 12 nations across the continent from June 12 to July 12 this year, would now take place from June 11 to July 11, 2021. 

On April 23, UEFA also postponed the Euro 2021 Women’s championship, and it will now be played in England from July 6 to July 31, in the same venues that were originally proposed to host the event.  

Meanwhile in England, all elite football has been suspended until at least April 30.

Europa League match between Inter Milan and Ludogorets was played in an empty stadium in Milan, Italy [Emilio Andreoli/Reuters]

UEFA on April 1 suspended all Champions League and Europa League matches “until further notice”.

All national team games scheduled for June have also been postponed.

FIFA and the Asian Football Confederation have agreed to postpone the Asian World Cup qualifying matches in March and June.

New seasons in the Chinese, Japanese and South Korean professional leagues have been postponed.

Asian Champions League matches involving Chinese clubs Guangzhou Evergrande, Shanghai Shenhua and Shanghai SIPG have been postponed. The start of the knockout rounds has been moved back to September.

The Confederation of African Football has postponed two rounds of the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers scheduled for March 25-31.

An exhibition match between Mexico and Colombia on May 30 at Denver has been cancelled.

The three divisions of England’s National League have also been suspended indefinitely.

The rest of the Dutch football league has been cancelled and leading team Ajax will not be declared the champion.

Marathons

The London Marathon, which was scheduled to take place on April 26, has been postponed until October 4.

The Boston Marathon, originally scheduled for April 4, is now expected to take place on September 14.

Amsterdam, Paris and Barcelona marathons have also been postponed. 

In Japan on March 1, the Tokyo Marathon, which usually attracts 300,000 participants, was restricted to only 200 elite runners.

Combination photos show how runners fill the street at the start of the Tokyo Marathon 2019 in Tokyo, Japan in this March 3, 2019, right, and runners start at the Tokyo Marathon 2020 in Tokyo, Japan on March 1, 2020 [Kyodo/via Reuters]

Olympic Games

The International Olympic Committee and Japan’s Prime Minister Shinzo Abe have concluded the Tokyo 2020 Olympics must be postponed.    

The decision was made after holding out for weeks as local organisers and the IOC came under increasing pressure from athletes, national Olympic bodies and sports federations.

The event will now take place from July 23 to August 8, 2021. 

Athletics

The traditional Berlin athletics meeting, ISTAF, will not take place without spectators later this year if coronavirus restrictions remain in place, organisers have said. The 79th edition of the event is scheduled for September 13, but meeting director Martin Seeber said he is planning a potential cancellation and wants a decision by mid-June.

The World Athletics Championships scheduled to take place in Oregon in August 2021 have been pushed back to July 2022 to avoid clashing with the rescheduled Olympic Games, the sport’s governing body said on April 8. 

The Diamond League postponed its first five meetings of the 2020 season due to be held in April and May in Qatar, China, Stockholm, Naples and Rabat.

World Athletics said in a statement that it “approved the new dates this week after extensive discussions with the sport’s stakeholders.”

The World Athletics Indoor Championships, scheduled for Nanjing from March 13-15, have been postponed until next year.

Formula 1

The Hungarian Formula One Grand Prix, which was scheduled originally for August 2, can only take place without spectators, organisers said

Formula One plans to start its season behind closed doors in Austria from July 3-5, followed by the British Grand Prix at Silverstone under similar conditions, but has yet to publish a revised calendar.

The Azerbaijan Grand Prix became the latest postponement in the calendar, meaning there will be no Formula One races until the middle of June at the earliest.

The race at the Baku City Circuit was scheduled for June 7.

Formula 1 cancelled the season-opening Australian GP after a McLaren team member contracted the coronavirus. The race was scheduled to take place on March 15. 

The Bahrain Grand Prix and the Vietnam Grand Prix have been postponed. Those events were first scheduled to take place on March 20-22 and April 3-5 respectively.

The Bahrain Grand Prix in Manama was due to be held without fans before organisers decided to postpone the race [File: Thaier Al-Sudani/Reuters]

The Chinese Grand Prix in Shanghai, which was scheduled to take place on April 19, was also called off. 

Races in the Netherlands, Spain and Monaco in May have all been postponed, the governing motorsport body FIA said on March 19. 

Formula 1 Canadian Grand Prix organisers announced on April 7 that the race in Montreal that was supposed to kick off the 2020 World Championship calendar will be postponed until further notice. 

The French Formula 1 Grand Prix scheduled for June 28 at Le Castellet has been cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, organisers said on April 27.

Racing

The Indianapolis 500 scheduled for May 24 has been postponed until August 23 and will not run on Memorial Day weekend for the first time since 1946.

The French MotoGP initially scheduled for May 15-17 in Le Mans, was postponed because of the “ongoing coronavirus outbreak”, organisers announced on April 2.

Tennis

The International Tennis Federation (ITF) said 900 tournaments across all its circuits had been postponed and that it was furloughing half its staff.

The ITF’s revamped Fed Cup Finals was one of the high-profile events postponed. It was supposed to have taken place this month in Budapest.

The 2020 Wimbledon tennis championships have been cancelled because of the coronavirus pandemic, the All England Club announced on April 1.

It is the first time the championships, due to take place between June 28 and July 11, have been called off since World War II.

The professional tennis tour – men’s and women’s – has been suspended until June 7, with all clay-court tournaments in Europe cancelled. ATP and WTA rankings have been frozen until further notice. 

Joint WTA/ @atptour Announcement:

All ATP and WTA tournaments in the Spring clay court swing will not be held as scheduled.

The professional tennis season is now suspended through June 7, 2020 –> https://t.co/IYR6A2pI05 pic.twitter.com/qHOlmohWbq

— WTA (@WTA) March 18, 2020

The US Women’s Open in Houston has been postponed from the end of spring to the middle of December.

The USGA said that the rapid development of COVID-19 has led the Women’s Open at Champions Golf Club to be postponed. Instead of being held June 4-7, the new date is December 10-13.

The French Open has been postponed until September 20 – October 4, organisers said on March 17. The clay-court major was originally scheduled to be played from May 24-June 7.

There was also disappointment for tennis fans in California as the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells was cancelled.

Also cancelled were the Xi’an Open, scheduled for April 13 to 19, and Kunming Open, pencilled for April 27 to May 3. Both events were to take place in China.

In the United Kingdom, the Main Board of the All England Club (AELTC) and the Committee of Management of The Championships on April 1 decided to cancel the Wimbledon grasscourt Grand Slam, formally known as The Championships 2020. The 134th Championships will instead be staged from 28 June to 11 July 2021.

Boxing

The world boxing heavyweight title fight between Briton Anthony Joshua and the IBF’s mandatory challenger Kubrat Pulev of Bulgaria originally scheduled for June 20 has been postponed, promoters said.

The Tokyo Olympic boxing qualifiers for Asia and Oceania were moved to Jordan from China.

However, the European, American and final world qualifying boxing tournaments for the Olympic Games have been suspended, the International Olympic Committee said.

Briton Anthony Joshua’s world heavyweight title defence against Bulgarian Kubrat Pulev would probably take place at the end of the year instead of June 20 at Tottenham Hotspur’s stadium in London as scheduled.

Basketball

On May 19, the German basketball league (BBL) has been given permission by the regional Bavarian government to conclude its season   with a 10-team tournament in Munich’s Audi Dome in the first weekend of June.

The National Basketball Association (NBA) said on March 11 that it was suspending the season until further notice after a Utah Jazz player tested positive for the virus.

The WNBA draft will be a virtual event this year. The women’s league announced that its draft will still be held on April 17 as originally scheduled, but without players, fans or media in attendance due to the coronavirus pandemic.

WNBA postpones start of 2020 regular season

The Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) postponed the 2020 regular season as coronavirus continues spreading rapidly across the US and the world.

“As developments continue to emerge around the COVID-19 pandemic, including the extension of the social distancing guidelines in the United States through April 30, the WNBA will postpone the start of its training camps and the tip of the regular season originally scheduled for May 15,” the WNBA Commissioner Cathy Engelbert said in a statement late Friday.

“While the league continues to use this time to conduct scenario-planning regarding new start dates and innovative formats, our guiding principle will continue to be the health and safety of the players, fans and employees,” she added.

Rugby

World Rugby’s governing body announced on May 15 it has postponed all test matches scheduled for July due to travel curbs and health protocols implemented to halt the spread of the novel coronavirus.

It was too early to determine whether matches in the November window would be affected at this stage, it added, with a decision contingent on advice from governments and health organisations.

In France, the country’s rugby federation said on March 13 that it was suspending all of its competitions due to the outbreak.

At least three Six Nations matches have been postponed.

The women’s Six Nations game between Scotland and France was postponed after a Scottish player tested positive for coronavirus.

The Singapore and Hong Kong legs of the World Rugby Sevens Series have been postponed from April to October.

MotoGP

The opening two rounds of the season in Qatar, which were scheduled for March 6-8, did not go ahead. The Thailand race, due to be held on March 22, has been postponed.

April rounds in Texas and Argentina have been pushed back to November. 

The Spanish Grand Prix scheduled for May 3 has also been postponed. It is the fifth MotoGP race to be cancelled or postponed due to the coronavirus. 

Table tennis

The world championships in Busan, South Korea, have been pushed back provisionally from March to June. 

The April 21 to 26 World Tour Japan Open in Kitakyushu has been postponed.

Golf

On May 14, the PGA Tour said testing for the novel coronavirus and daily temperature checks will be a mandatory feature of the return of professional golf in the US on June 11 with the Charles Schwab Challenge in Fort Worth, Texas. 

The Saudi Ladies International, the first women’s professional golf event to be staged in Saudi Arabia, has been rescheduled for October 8-11 after it was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic, organisers have confirmed.

The 2020 Masters Tournament has been provisionally rescheduled for November 12-15, Augusta National Golf Club has said.

The 149th Open Championship due to be played at Royal St George’s from July 16-19 has been cancelled. “The R&A has decided to cancel The Open in 2020 due to the current Covid-19 pandemic,” the governing body said in a statement, adding that “the Championship will next be played at Royal St George’s in 2021”.

The KLPGA Championship at the Lakewood Country Club in Yangju, South Korea was held without spectators [Lee Jin-man/AP]

 The Trophee Hassan II in Morocco from June 4-7 was postponed and the Scandinavian Mixed tournament in Stockholm was cancelled and will now be played in 2021.

The Honda LPGA Thailand event and the HSBC Women’s World Championship in Singapore have been cancelled.

The Maybank Championship in Kuala Lumpur and the China Open have been postponed.

The Indian and China opens have both been postponed.

The Evian Masters women’s golf tournament has been moved to August.

The Dubai Duty Free Irish Open announced on March 30 that it would be postponed due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. The European Tour confirmed that the event, scheduled for 28-31 May at Mount Juliet, has been postponed following “consultation with all stakeholders”.

Cycling

The road cycling European championships scheduled for September in the Italian province of Trentino have been postponed by a year, the Union Europeenne de Cyclisme (UEC) said on May 3.

The three-week Tour de France, scheduled for June 27, will now start on August 29 and will finish on September 20.

The Tour could not start as scheduled in the Riviera city of Nice because French President Emmanuel Macron cancelled all public events with large crowds through mid-July in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

Top one-day cycling races Paris-Roubaix and Liege-Bastogne-Liege have been postponed, organisers said on March 17. Paris-Roubaix and Liege-Bastogne-Liege, which were due to be held on April 12 and 26 respectively, are two of the five “Monument” races of the cycling calendar with the Tour of Flanders, Milan-Sanremo and the Tour of Lombardy.

The Tour of Flanders and Milan-Sanremo have already been postponed. A new date has yet to be set for the races.

The final two stages of the UAE Tour were cancelled after two Italian participants tested positive for the coronavirus.

Four teams have pulled out of several cycling races in Italy.

The Giro d’Italia start on May 9 in Budapest has been postponed. A new start date will not be determined until at least April 3.

Meanwhile, British Cycling will furlough around a third of its staff in April and May due to the financial impact of the pandemic. 

On April 13, the Turkish Cycling Federation announced all cycling competitions to be held in Turkey until June have been postponed.

All scheduled activities until June 6 are postponed to a later date because of the coronavirus pandemic. New racing calendar will be announced later, the federation said in a statement.

Baseball

The final qualification tournament for the Olympics in Taiwan has been postponed from April to June.

Japan and South Korea professional league has postponed the start of the new season.

Major League Baseball (MLB), the US’s professional baseball league, suspended its “spring training”, a period in the off-season that features practices and exhibition games that allow trainers to test new players on different teams.

The MLB also delayed its opening day, which was scheduled for March 26, for at least two weeks. 

MLB games scheduled to be played in Mexico City and San Juan, Puerto Rico, are cancelled. 

  NCAA

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) cancelled scheduled games for both men and women on Thursday afternoon.

The NCAA organises all sports for athletes in university, an important league that showcases young talent to recruiters for professional sports in the US. 

The cancellation extends to all championships scheduled in the spring, including hockey, baseball and lacrosse.

Cricket

England’s two-match test series in Sri Lanka, which has been postponed and rescheduled for January next year, Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) CEO Ashley de Silva said. England were scheduled to play tests in Galle and Colombo in March before the coronavirus outbreak.

The men’s Cricket World Cup Challenge League A, scheduled to begin on March 16 in Malaysia, has been postponed.

The start of the Indian Premier League T20 tournament (March 29) was postponed until April 15.

The Pakistan Cricket Board announced that Pakistan Super League matches in Karachi will be played with no spectators in the stadium.

England’s two-match test series in Sri Lanka scheduled to start on March 19 was postponed.

Australia’s proposed test tour of Bangladesh in June has been postponed and both boards will work together to find new dates to reschedule the series.

Judo

The International Judo Federation cancelled all Olympic qualification events through to the end of April.

Weightlifting

The Asian Championships, scheduled to take place in Uzbekistan from April 16 to 25, have been cancelled.

Winter sports

The International Ski Federation cancelled the final races of the men’s Alpine skiing World Cup.

The World Cup finals in Cortina were cancelled along with the last three women’s races in Are.

The women’s world ice hockey championships in Canada were cancelled.

The Ice Hockey World Championship scheduled for Switzerland in May was cancelled.

The speed skating world championships in Seoul were postponed until at least October.

The March 16-22 world figure skating championships in Montreal were cancelled.

The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) has cancelled the remainder of its season after temporarily suspending its playoffs.

Australian Rules

The AFL game between St Kilda Saints and Port Adelaide Power scheduled for May 31 in China has been moved to Melbourne.

NHL 

The National Hockey League, primarily based in the US but with teams from Canada, suspended its season indefinitely on March 12. 

Wrestling

The Asian Olympic qualifying event from March 27-29 was moved from Xi’an, China to Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

On February 29, Kyrgyzstan withdrew as host.

Horse racing 

The Dubai World Cup, one of the world’s richest horse races and a premier annual sporting event in the United Arab Emirates, scheduled for March 28, has been postponed to next year, Dubai’s government media office tweeted on March 22.

The 146th running of the Kentucky Derby has been moved to September 5. It will be the first time the world-renowned horse race will not run on the first Saturday in May since 1945, when it was moved because of World World II.

Estimated revenue losses of various sports [Alia Chughtai/Al Jazeera]

Badminton

The final qualification tournament in Taiwan for the Olympics was put back from April to June 17-21, while the March 22-26 qualification event in Arizona was postponed.

Japan’s professional league postponed the start of the season.

Badminton’s Thomas and Uber Cup Finals being staged in Aarhus, Denmark, have been postponed from May 16-24 to August 15-23.

The biennial event features national teams.

The 2021 badminton World Championships will move from its August slot and begin in late November to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Tokyo Olympics next year, the game’s governing body said on May 1.

The tournament will be held from November 29 to December 5 in the Spanish city of Huelva, the Badminton World Federation (BWF) said in a statement.

Sumo

The Summer Grand Sumo Tournament has been postponed by two weeks from its scheduled May 10 start due to concerns over the coronavirus, according to the Japan Sumo Association.

The annual 15-day tournament at Tokyo’s Ryogoku Kokugikan is one of the six major sumo contests held in Japan every year. The Tokyo tournament is now scheduled to start on May 24, with the next competition to be held in Aichi Prefecture also delayed for two weeks.

Paralympics

The postponed Paralympic Games will run from August 24-September 5, 2021.

Canoeing

All events originally scheduled for May, including the Paracanoe World Championships, canoe sprint Olympic qualifiers, and the ICF canoe sprint World Cup have been cancelled.

Pre-Olympic canoe slalom training camps in Tokyo in May, June and July have all been cancelled.

The opening two ICF canoe slalom World Cups, set for June in Italy and France, have been postponed.

Swimming

The short course world championships, scheduled for December in Abu Dhabi, will now be staged from December 13-18, 2021, in the United Arab Emirates. 

The 2021 aquatics world championships in Fukuoka, Japan, will now be held from May 13-29, 2022, swimming’s governing body FINA said in a statement on May 4.

Canada’s Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic swimming trials have been rescheduled for next April, Swimming Canada said.

The trials, originally set for March 30 to April 5 in Toronto, were postponed on March 13 as part of efforts to control the spread of the novel coronavirus. They were rescheduled after the International Olympic Committee and Japan organisers postponed the 2020 Summer Games for one year.

The meet will be held at the same venue, the Toronto Pan Am Sports centre, but will be condensed into a five-day program from the seven days originally planned.

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[nhlabornews]

Today in labor history for the week of November 20, 2017

This Week in Labor History November 20 First use of term “scab,” by Albany Typographical Society – 1816

Norman Thomas born, American socialist leader – 1884

The time clock is invented by Willard Bundy, a jeweler in Auburn, N.Y. Bundy’s brother Harlow starts mass producing them a year later – 1888

Mine fire in Telluride, Colo., kills 28 miners, prompts union call for safer work conditions – 1901

A total of 78 miners are killed in an explosion at the Consolidated Coal Company’s No. 9 mine in Farmington, W. Va. – 1968

The Great Recession hits high gear when the stock market falls to its lowest level since 1997. Adding to the mess: a burst housing bubble and total incompetence and greed—some of it criminal—on the part of the nation’s largest banks and Wall Street investment firms. Officially, the recession lasted from December 2007 to June 2009 – 2008

November 21 Six miners striking for better working conditions under the IWW banner are killed and many wounded in the Columbine Massacre at Lafayette, Colo. Out of this struggle Colorado coal miners gained lasting union contracts – 1927

The 1,700-mile Alaska Highway (Alcan Highway) is completed, built during World War II on the order of President Roosevelt.  Some 11,000 troops, about one-third of them African-Americans, worked on the project, which claimed the lives of an estimated 30 men. Memorials for the veterans are scattered in spots throughout the highway, including the Black Veterans Memorial Bridge, dedicated in 1993.  It wasn’t until 1948 that the military was desegregated – 1942

The United Auto Workers Union strikes 92 General Motors plants in 50 cities to back up worker demands for a 30-percent raise. An estimated 200,000 workers are out – 1945

Staten Island and Brooklyn are linked by the new Verrazano Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time and still the longest in the U.S.  Joseph Farrell, an apprentice Ironworker on the project, told radio station WNYC: “The way the wind blows over this water it would blow you right off the iron. That was to me and still is the most treacherous part of this business. When the wind grabs you on the open iron, it can be very dangerous.” Three workers died over the course of the 5-year project – 1964

(Survival of the Fittest is a must-read for anyone in the building trades, especially younger workers. In clear, easy-to-read language it explains how to be successful in the trades and, directly linked to that success, how to make union construction thrive and prosper.)

The promise of telecommuting arrives when the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network—ARPANET, the beginnings of the global internet—is established when a permanent link is created between the University of California at Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, Calif. – 1969

A fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas kills 85 hotel employees and guests and sends 650 injured persons, including 14 firefighters, to the hospital. Most of the deaths and injuries were caused by smoke inhalation – 1980

Flight attendants celebrate the signing into law a smoking ban on all U.S. domestic flights – 1989

Congress approves the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), to take effect Jan. 1 of the following year – 1993

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act takes effect in the nation’s workplaces. It prohibits employers from requesting genetic testing or considering someone’s genetic background in hiring, firing or promotions – 2009

November 22 “The Uprising of the 20,000.” Some 20,000 female garment workers are on strike in New York; Judge tells arrested pickets: “You are on strike against God.” The walkout, believed to be the first major successful strike by female workers in American history, ended the following February with union contracts bringing better pay and working conditions – 1909

The district president of the American Federation of Labor and two other Caucasians are shot and killed in Bogalusa, La., as they attempt to assist an African-American organizer working to unionize African-American workers at the Great Southern Lumber Co. – 1919

President John F. Kennedy is assassinated. Generally considered a friend of labor, Kennedy a year earlier had issued Executive Order 10988, which authorized unionization and a limited form of collective bargaining rights for most federal workers (excluding the Department of Defense). Many states followed the example set by Kennedy – 1963

November 23 History’s first recorded (on papyrus) strike, by Egyptians working on public works projects for King Ramses III in the Valley of the Kings. They were protesting having gone 20 days without pay—portions of grain—and put down their tools. Exact date estimated, described as within “the sixth month of the 29th year” of Ramses’ reign—1170BC—in The Spirit of Ancient Egypt, by Ana Ruiz. Scholar John Romer adds inAncient Lives: The Story of the Pharaoh’s Tombmakers that the strike so terrified the authorities they gave in and raised wages. Romer believes it happened a few years later, on Nov. 14, 1152 B.C.

Troops are dispatched to Cripple Creek, Colo., to control protests by striking coal miners – 1903

Mine Workers President John L. Lewis walks away from the American Federation of Labor to lead the newly-formed Committee for Industrial Organization. The CIO and the unions created under its banner organized six million industrial workers over the following decade – 1935

The first meeting between members of the newly-formed National Football League Players Association and team owners takes place in New York. Union founders included Frank Gifford, Norm Van Brocklin, Don Shula and Kyle Rote. They were asking for a minimum $5,000 salary, a requirement that their teams pay for their equipment, and a provision for the continued payment of salary to injured players. The players’ initial demands were ignored – 1956

November 24 Led by Samuel Gompers, who would later found the American Federation of Labor, Cigarmakers’ Int’l Union Local 144 is chartered in New York City – 1875

November 25 Some 10,000 New Orleans workers, Black and White, participate in a solidarity parade of unions comprising the Central Trades and Labor Assembly. The parade was so successful it was repeated the following two years – 1883

Teachers strike in St. Paul, Minn., the first organized walkout by teachers in the country. The month-long “strike for better schools” involving some 1,100 teachers—and principals—led to a number of reforms in the way schools were administered and operated – 1946

(No Contract, No Peace: A Legal Guide to Contract Campaigns, Strikes, and Lockouts is a must-have for any union or activist considering aggressive action to combat management’s growing economic war against workers. The book references recent union activities and NLRB decisions that have affected the labor relations environment and the author’s familiarity with labor and employment law combines with his activist spirit to provide innovative yet practical tips for mounting and maintaining meaningful campaigns designed to build union and workers’ power.)

Nearly 1,550 typesetters begin what is to become a victorious 22-month strike against Chicago newspapers – 1947

George Meany becomes president of the American Federation of Labor following the death four days earlier of William Green – 1952

Canadian postal workers, protesting a Post Office decision to offer discounts to businesses but not individuals, announce that for one week they will unilaterally reduce postage costs by about two-thirds.  Declared the Canadian Union of Postal Workers: “(M)embers of the general public, not businesses, can mail letters with 10 cents postage and postal workers will process them without taxing them for insufficient postage” – 1983

November 26 Six young women burn to death and 19 more die when they leap from the fourth-story windows of a blazing factory in Newark, N.J. The floors and stairs were wooden; the only door through which the women could flee was locked – 1910

—Compiled and edited by David Prosten

Today in labor history for the week of November 20, 2017 was originally published on NH LABOR NEWS

[pagedesignhub-blog]

US Army builders test aircraft carrier drone control software program

New Post has been published on https://pagedesignhub.com/us-army-builders-test-aircraft-carrier-drone-control-software-program/

US Army builders test aircraft carrier drone control software program

The USA Navy has tested a software program package deal as a way to allow aircraft companies strolling it to apply its planned drone air-to-air tankers for communications relay and surveillance obligations.

The MD-5 Unmanned provider Aviation Assignment control System (UMCS) turned into examined under lab conditions the usage of a lorry in the vicinity of the drone, according to US internet site Defence Systems.

In software program terms UMCS is not a large bounce: USN developers plugged existing Task management, making plans and sensor control software into us Military’s Not unusual control Device framework, tailoring every element as required to talk to the “drone” Structures getting used.

“We’ve had the opportunity to leverage many current technologies and skills from different Navy platforms and integrate them into this,” said USN Captain Beau Duarte, in control of the USN’s Unmanned provider Aviation program.

Trying out evaluated UMCS’s capacity to have multiple signals transmitted from a single source, in addition to voice trunking, data sharing ability, and records dissemination. UMCS will even assist maritime Automated Identification Machine sign detection, permitting it to notice nearby civilian ships broadcasting their presence.

This indicates that the USN is calling at drones as relays: that is, a means of extending its conversation and surveillance Structures’ range. Hyperlink 16-well suited aircraft can already exchange tactical statistics in the range of the plane’s very own Structures, so an airborne relay station has the obvious ability for extending the range of allotted surveillance from, say, a plane service’s very own warring parties.

UMCS will sooner or later be utilized in American service with the MQ-25 Stingray aerial refueling drone. At the beginning conceived as an all-singing, all-dancing unmanned alternative to the conventional naval plane, the MQ-25 will now especially be used for topping up the tanks of manned aircraft – and, it seems, some air and sea surveillance work. The drone is particularly being evolved to be proof against hackers, in keeping with the USN. Updates At the Air Pressure AH-1Z And UH-1Y plane That is the professional opinion of Lt. Colonel: “A prime survivability improves to the AH-1Z/UH-1Y plane, presently inside the latter ranges of developmental flight check here, made its first flights this week on the Bell Helicopter XworX facility in Texas. The upgrade, which includes an incorporated engine exhaust management Machine that then turns the hot exhaust gasses out and far from the plane’s tail increase, quickly accompanied Monday’s ground run accomplishment with the aid of expanding the flight envelope from hover to 120 knots Tuesday.”

“The flight consisted of a six-minute hover,” explained Marine Lt. Colonel David J. Anderson, the H-1 program’s assistant software supervisor for Systems Engineering, “followed via an over-night teardown and inspection. Tuesday, after the Bell group positioned the whole thing again collectively, we took it up to 120 knots.” Bell’s Improve Applications unit has been exploring approaches to enhance the survivability of the Cobra for numerous years, developing a solution through handling the exhaust go with the flow and integrating off-the-shelf additives, then turning the exhaust far from the helicopter’s tail increase.”

“This is the fruits of over a 12 months of design integration effort by using a group of devoted experts,” said Tom Mast, a Bell design engineer On the software. “Not most effective will it similarly decrease the helicopter’s infrared signature, but engineers expect it will assist with decreasing engine exhaust warmness on AH-1Z and UH-1Y tail booms and reducing engine compartment temperatures. The upgraded T-seven hundred engines require greater advanced engine exhaust control than the older, less effective ones. Eventually, the System lets in the engine to perform extra successfully, burning less gas for the same amount of power.”

“The improve, to be able to additionally be carried out to currently fielded AH-1W High-quality Cobras, lots of which are supporting Marine Corps operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and the Horn of Africa, is the first fundamental engineering prototype attempt for Bell’s XworX to benefit the H-1 application.”

“Flight Trying out of the grew to become exhausted amendment On the AH-1W Extraordinary Cobra is scheduled to start in October with fielding in March 2005. “Overall performance of the new grew to become exhausted during the last days confirms what we hoped we might see,” Anderson stated. “Bell superior Applications and XworX are residing up to our expectancies they’re cutting their teeth At the AH-1Z and so far, we adore what we see.”

“As Firstly configured, exhaust gasses flowing over the tail increase made for a larger IR signature in both the AH-1W and the upgraded AH-1Z and UH-1Y. Because of more warmness popping out of the up-rated engines within the AH-1Z and UH-1Y, the exhaust heat also started affecting the structure of the tail boom itself. superior non-adverse inspection technology enabled NAVAIR engineers to recognize the troubles as a result of the heating earlier than they became protection of flight issues. “We developed this revolutionary amendment to store lives and decrease help expenses,” stated Kendall Goodman, Bell’s engineering group chief.”

“The XworX engineers, operating with their ‘caviar’ counterparts, fabricated and established the parts for the became exhausted amendment. Complete flight check envelope expansion flights for both the AH-1Z and UH-1Y will continue at NAS Pax River. “We had been going to do this all alongside to gain extra survivability,” defined Marine Col. Doug Isleib, H-1 program supervisor here, “however we observed that what works for IR signature reduction also works to lower tail boom temperatures – making turned exhaust the most effective way to both issues.”

“The H-1 Improvements integrated check crew here presently has completed about 1,800 flight test hours with five aircraft (three AH-1Z and two UH-1Y take a look at the plane, of which all but one AH-1Z are manufacturing representative). The take a look at plane have flown 222 knots, maneuvered from -zero.4 to +three.5 g’s, been properly above the 10,000-foot altitude mark and these days completed their 2nd operational evaluation by means of Fleet pilots.”

“The document from that evaluation is pending. With the became exhaust-geared up AH-1Z again to a flight repute, XWorX artisans are now turning their attention to performing the equal amendment At the 84 percentage same UH-1Y. Flight test on that Y-Model Huey will resume as soon as the change is finished.”

The Primitiveness of Being a test Pilot inside the Mid-Nineteen Forties I used to be a naval pilot at the end of WWII, then became a civilian test pilot. My task become to test-fly experimental F4U Corsairs as well as production models off the meeting line. “take a look at pilot” is an thrilling call that can be given to pilots, like Chuck Yeager, who turned into first to interrupt the sound barrier as well as to many unrecognized folks who take a look at aircraft, small or massive, off of manufacturing strains every running day. My responsibilities required both. Maximum of my friends and I flew production Testing; 5 people additionally flew experimental (the Chuck Yeager types).

Being a test pilot was exhilarating, however, few people recognize some quirky primitiveness of certain equipment whilst I was involved. It changed into Now not the aircraft, best the device used to flight check them. Helmets, as an instance, have been fabric at some stage in WWII, and the U.S. producers have been just beginning to produce jet plane which might finally mandate difficult helmets. The most speed required of the first F4U’s, sold to The USA Army June 30, 1941, changed into 417 mph and its carrier ceiling changed into 36,900 toes. These figures regularly multiplied until the F4U-5 had a service ceiling of forty-one,500 ft. And a maximum speed of 462 mph.

Vought’s first jet turned into off the drawing boards and a prototype was being built. As a consequence, we take a look at pilots for Vought focused on F4U-four’s of which the orders were voluminous, because of the drawing close Korean War.

to test the new F4U-5’s above 40,000 feet., our pilots wished tough hats, pressurized cockpits, and ejection seats. Paradoxically, for three to four months in 1946, we had none of those 3 necessities!

Vought pilots had never seen nor worn crash helmets. Carrying them could supply safety if at excessive speeds the plane hit an air pocket. When I installed a request for a tough hat, Purchasing couldn’t discover a dealer. The navy had Not conventional hard hats yet. Once they did, such hard helmets had been plentiful. however, that turned into Not till late 1946, numerous months after my request. For me, having played football at an eastern college, I was capable of getting surplus football helmets from my college’s athletic department. The electric keep at Chance Vought stressed out them for radio communications. That changed into as near as we were given to tough hats. Even though gaudy, they worked. I have stored (simply my mother stored) my primitive helmet, and it generates many questions at e-book signings.

Secondly, without pressurized cockpits, “in-oxia” (oxygen delivery failure) was our pilots’ major fear, honestly, due to the fact, there was no caution of an oxygen supply malfunction. At altitudes above 15,000 – 20,000 toes., if a leak developed in a pilot’s oxygen supply, there was no manner for him to recognize, and he would literally nod off. some would possibly name it “passing out.” This happened regularly sufficient that we pilots used a simple test with the aid of reducing the leather out of our glove above the right thumbnail. Then, if the thumbnail started turning blue, indicating low or no oxygen, we pushed the stick forward straight away earlier than passing out, hoping we might wake up before the sea or ground ended the whole thing. Personally, I awakened as soon as to see this large water wall right ahead of me. I used to be simply driving at maximum pace. Gravity from the g’s pulling out nearly positioned me under again.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.25

306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. 864 – The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings. 1137 – Eleanor of Aquitaine married Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux. 1139 – Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal. 1261 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire. 1278 – The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile. 1467 – The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively. 1536 – Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali. 1538 – The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil. 1547 – Henry II of France is crowned. 1554 – Mary I marries Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral. 1567 – Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela. 1593 – Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. 1603 – James VI of Scotland is crowned king of England (James I of England), bringing the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into personal union. Political union would occur in 1707. 1609 – The English ship Sea Venture, en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there. 1693 – Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico. 1722 – Dummer's War begins along the Maine-Massachusetts border. 1755 – British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council order the deportation of the Acadians. 1759 – French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: The war's last action, the Siege of Cuddalore, is ended by a preliminary peace agreement. 1788 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K550). 1792 – The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed. 1797 – Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain). 1799 – At Abu Qir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha. 1814 – War of 1812: An American attack on Canada is repulsed. 1824 – Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua. 1837 – The first commercial use of an electrical telegraph is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone. 1853 – Joaquin Murrieta, the famous Californio bandit known as the "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed. 1861 – American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Crittenden–Johnson Resolution, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. 1866 – The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank. 1868 – Wyoming becomes a United States territory. 1869 – The Japanese daimyōs begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869). 1894 – The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship. 1898 – In the Puerto Rican Campaign, the United States seizes Puerto Rico from Spain. 1908 – Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it. 1909 – Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from (Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom) in 37 minutes. 1915 – RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross. 1917 – Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%). 1925 – Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established. 1934 – The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt. 1940 – General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal. 1942 – The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation. 1943 – World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio. 1944 – World War II: Operation Spring is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war. 1946 – Operation Crossroads: An atomic bomb is detonated underwater in the lagoon of Bikini Atoll. 1952 – The U.S. non-incorporated territory of Puerto Rico adopts a constitution. 1956 – Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51. 1957 – The Republic of Tunisia is proclaimed. 1958 – The African Regroupment Party (PRA) holds its first congress in Cotonou. 1961 – In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO. 1965 – Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music. 1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war. 1973 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched. 1976 – Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo. 1978 – Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders. 1978 – Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF. 1979 – Another section of the Sinai Peninsula is peacefully returned by Israel to Egypt. 1983 – Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners. 1984 – Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk. 1993 – Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War. 1993 – The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa. 1994 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948. 1995 – A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded. 1996 – In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya. 2000 – Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, killing 113 passengers. 2007 – Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president. 2010 – WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 6.1

1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León. 1298 – Residents of Riga and Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida. 1495 – A monk, John Cor, records the first known batch of Scotch whisky.[citation needed] 1533 – Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen of England. 1535 – Combined forces loyal to Charles V attack and expel the Ottomans from Tunis during the Conquest of Tunis. 1648 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War. 1649 – Start of the Sumuroy Revolt: Filipinos in Northern Samar led by Agustin Sumuroy revolt against Spanish colonial authorities. 1670 – In Dover, England, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover, which will force England into the Third Anglo-Dutch War. 1676 – Battle of Öland: allied Danish-Dutch forces defeat the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea, during the Scanian War (1675–79). 1679 – The Scottish Covenanters defeat John Graham of Claverhouse at the Battle of Drumclog. 1773 – Wolraad Woltemade rescues 14 sailors at the Cape of Good Hope from the sinking ship De Jonge Thomas by riding his horse into the sea seven times. Both he and his horse, Vonk, drowned on his eighth attempt. 1779 – The court-martial for malfeasance of Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, begins. 1792 – Kentucky is admitted as the 15th state of the United States. 1794 – The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars. 1796 – Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States. 1812 – War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom. 1813 – Capture of USS Chesapeake. 1815 – Napoleon promulgates a revised Constitution after it passes a plebiscite. 1831 – James Clark Ross becomes the first European at the North Magnetic Pole. 1849 – Territorial Governor Alexander Ramsey declared the Territory of Minnesota officially established. 1855 – The American adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua. 1857 – Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal is published. 1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Fairfax Court House is fought. 1862 – American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: The Battle of Seven Pines (or the Battle of Fair Oaks) ends inconclusively, with both sides claiming victory. 1868 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico. 1879 – Napoléon Eugène, the last dynastic Bonaparte, is killed in the Anglo-Zulu War. 1890 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns. 1913 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War. 1916 – Louis Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the United States Supreme Court. 1918 – World War I: Western Front: Battle of Belleau Wood: Allied Forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord engage Imperial German Forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince. 1919 – Prohibition comes into force in Finland. 1922 – The Royal Ulster Constabulary is founded. 1929 – The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires. 1930 – The Deccan Queen is introduced as first intercity train between Bombay VT (Now Mumbai CST) and Poona (Pune) to run on electric locomotives. 1939 – First flight of the German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft. 1941 – World War II: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete capitulates to Germany. 1941 – The Farhud, a massive pogrom in Iraq, starts and as a result, many Iraqi Jews are forced to leave their homes. 1943 – BOAC Flight 777 is shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88s, killing British actor Leslie Howard and leading to speculation that it was actually an attempt to kill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. 1946 – Ion Antonescu, "Conducator" ("Leader") of Romania during World War II, is executed. 1950 – The Chinchaga fire ignites. By September, it would become the largest single fire on record in North America. 1958 – Charles de Gaulle comes out of retirement to lead France by decree for six months. 1961 – The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada merge to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, the largest bank merger in Canadian history. 1962 – Adolf Eichmann is hanged in Israel. 1964 – Kenya becomes a republic with Jomo Kenyatta (1897 – 22 August 1978) as its first President (1964 to 1978). 1974 – The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal Emergency Medicine. 1975 – The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan was founded by Jalal Talabani, Nawshirwan Mustafa, Fuad Masum and others. 1978 – The first international applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty are filed. 1979 – The first black-led government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 90 years takes power. 1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting. 1988 – European Central Bank is founded in Brussels. 1988 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty comes into effect. 1990 – Cold War: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production. 1993 – Dobrinja mortar attack: Thirteen are killed and 133 wounded when Serb mortar shells are fired at a soccer game in Dobrinja, west of Sarajevo. 1994 – Republic of South Africa becomes a Commonwealth republic. 1999 – American Airlines Flight 1420 slides and crashes while landing at Little Rock National Airport, killing 11 people on a flight from Dallas to Little Rock. 2001 – Nepalese royal massacre: Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal shoots and kills several members of his family including his father and mother. 2001 – Dolphinarium discotheque massacre: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 at a disco in Tel Aviv. 2004 – Oklahoma City bombing co-conspirator Terry Nichols is sentenced to 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of a parole, breaking a Guinness World Record. 2008 – A fire on the back lot of Universal Studios breaks out, destroying the attraction King Kong Encounter and a large archive of master tapes for music and film, the full extent of which was not revealed until 2019. 2009 – Air France Flight 447 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil on a flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris. All 228 passengers and crew are killed. 2009 – General Motors files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It is the fourth largest United States bankruptcy in history. 2011 – A rare tornado outbreak occurs in New England; a strong EF3 tornado strikes Springfield, Massachusetts, during the event, killing four people. 2011 – Space Shuttle Endeavour makes its final landing after 25 flights. 2015 – A ship carrying 458 people capsizes on Yangtze river in China's Hubei province, killing 400 people.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 7.25

306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. 677 – Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls. 864 – The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings. 1137 – Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux. 1139 – Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal. 1261 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire. 1278 – The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile. 1467 – The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively. 1536 – Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali. 1538 – The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil. 1547 – Henry II of France is crowned. 1554 – Mary I marries Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral. 1567 – Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela. 1593 – Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism. 1603 – James VI of Scotland is crowned king of England (James I of England), bringing the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into personal union. Political union would occur in 1707. 1609 – The English ship Sea Venture, en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there. 1693 – Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico. 1722 – Dummer's War begins along the Maine-Massachusetts border. 1755 – British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council order the deportation of the Acadians. 1759 – French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé. 1783 – American Revolutionary War: The war's last action, the Siege of Cuddalore, is ended by a preliminary peace agreement. 1788 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K550). 1792 – The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed. 1797 – Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain). 1799 – At Abu Qir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha. 1814 – War of 1812: An American attack on Canada is repulsed. 1824 – Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua. 1837 – The first commercial use of an electrical telegraph is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone. 1853 – Joaquin Murrieta, the famous Californio bandit known as the "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed. 1861 – American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Crittenden–Johnson Resolution, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. 1866 – The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank. 1868 – The Wyoming Territory is established. 1869 – The Japanese daimyōs begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869). 1894 – The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship. 1898 – In the Puerto Rican Campaign, the United States seizes Puerto Rico from Spain. 1908 – Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it. 1909 – Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom in 37 minutes. 1915 – RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross. 1917 – Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%). 1925 – Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established. 1934 – The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt. 1940 – General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal. 1942 – The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation. 1943 – World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio. 1944 – World War II: Operation Spring is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war. 1946 – The Crossroads Baker device is the first underwater nuclear weapon test. 1956 – Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51. 1957 – The Tunisian King Muhammad VIII al-Amin is replaced by President Habib Bourguiba. 1958 – The African Regroupment Party holds its first congress in Cotonou. 1961 – Cold War: In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO. 1965 – Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music. 1969 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war. 1973 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched. 1976 – Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo. 1978 – Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders. 1978 – Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF. 1979 – In accord with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty, Israel begins its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. 1983 – Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners. 1984 – Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk. 1993 – Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War. 1993 – The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa. 1994 – Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948. 1995 – A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded. 1996 – In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya. 2000 – Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, killing 113 people. 2007 – Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president. 2010 – WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history. 2018 – As-Suwayda attacks: Coordinated attacks occur in Syria. 2019 – National extreme heat records set this day in the UK, Belgium and Germany during the July 2019 European heat wave.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 6.1

1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León. 1298 – Residents of Riga and Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida. 1495 – A monk, John Cor, records the first known batch of Scotch whisky.[citation needed] 1533 – Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen of England. 1535 – Combined forces loyal to Charles V attack and expel the Ottomans from Tunis during the Conquest of Tunis. 1648 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War. 1649 – Start of the Sumuroy Revolt: Filipinos in Northern Samar led by Agustin Sumuroy revolt against Spanish colonial authorities. 1670 – In Dover, England, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover, which will force England into the Third Anglo-Dutch War. 1676 – Battle of Öland: allied Danish-Dutch forces defeat the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea, during the Scanian War (1675–79). 1679 – The Scottish Covenanters defeat John Graham of Claverhouse at the Battle of Drumclog. 1773 – Wolraad Woltemade rescues 14 sailors at the Cape of Good Hope from the sinking ship De Jonge Thomas by riding his horse into the sea seven times. He drowned on his eighth attempt. 1779 – The court-martial for malfeasance of Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, begins. 1792 – Kentucky is admitted as the 15th state of the United States. 1794 – The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars. 1796 – Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States. 1812 – War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom. 1813 – Capture of USS Chesapeake. 1815 – Napoleon promulgates a revised Constitution after it passes a plebiscite. 1831 – James Clark Ross becomes the first European at the North Magnetic Pole. 1849 – Territorial Governor Alexander Ramsey declared the Territory of Minnesota officially established. 1855 – The American adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua. 1857 – Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal is published. 1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Fairfax Court House is fought. 1862 – American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: The Battle of Seven Pines (or the Battle of Fair Oaks) ends inconclusively, with both sides claiming victory. 1868 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico. 1879 – Napoléon Eugène, the last dynastic Bonaparte, is killed in the Anglo-Zulu War. 1890 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns. 1910 – Robert Falcon Scott's second South Pole expedition leaves Cardiff. 1913 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War. 1916 – Louis Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the United States Supreme Court. 1918 – World War I: Western Front: Battle of Belleau Wood: Allied Forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord engage Imperial German Forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince. 1922 – The Royal Ulster Constabulary is founded. 1929 – The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires. 1930 – The Deccan Queen is introduced as first intercity train between Bombay VT (Now Mumbai CST) and Poona (Pune) to run on electric locomotives. 1939 – First flight of the German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft. 1941 – World War II: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete capitulates to Germany. 1941 – The Farhud, a massive pogrom in Iraq, starts and as a result, many Iraqi Jews are forced to leave their homes. 1943 – BOAC Flight 777 is shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88s, killing British actor Leslie Howard and leading to speculation that it was actually an attempt to kill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. 1946 – Ion Antonescu, "Conducator" ("Leader") of Romania during World War II, is executed. 1950 – The Chinchaga fire ignites. By September, it would become the largest single fire on record in North America. 1958 – Charles de Gaulle comes out of retirement to lead France by decree for six months. 1961 – The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada merge to form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, the largest bank merger in Canadian history. 1962 – Adolf Eichmann is hanged in Israel. 1964 – Kenya becomes a republic with Jomo Kenyatta (1897 – 22 August 1978) as its first President (1964 to 1978). 1974 – The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal Emergency Medicine. 1975 – The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan was founded by Jalal Talabani, Nawshirwan Mustafa, Fuad Masum and others. 1978 – The first international applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty are filed. 1979 – The first black-led government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 90 years takes power. 1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting. 1988 – European Central Bank is founded in Brussels. 1988 – The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty comes into effect. 1990 – Cold War: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production. 1993 – Dobrinja mortar attack: Thirteen are killed and 133 wounded when Serb mortar shells are fired at a soccer game in Dobrinja, west of Sarajevo. 1994 – Republic of South Africa becomes a Commonwealth republic. 1999 – American Airlines Flight 1420 slides and crashes while landing at Little Rock National Airport, killing 11 people on a flight from Dallas to Little Rock. 2001 – Nepalese royal massacre: Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal shoots and kills several members of his family including his father and mother. 2001 – Dolphinarium discotheque massacre: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 at a disco in Tel Aviv. 2004 – Oklahoma City bombing co-conspirator Terry Nichols is sentenced to 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of a parole, breaking a Guinness World Record. 2008 – A fire on the back lot of Universal Studios breaks out, destroying the attraction King Kong Encounter and a large archive of master tapes for music and film, the full extent of which was not revealed until 2019. 2009 – Air France Flight 447 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil on a flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris. All 228 passengers and crew are killed. 2009 – General Motors files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It is the fourth largest United States bankruptcy in history. 2011 – A rare tornado outbreak occurs in New England; a strong EF3 tornado strikes Springfield, Massachusetts, during the event, killing four people. 2011 – Space Shuttle Endeavour makes its final landing after 25 flights. 2015 – A ship carrying 458 people capsizes on Yangtze river in China's Hubei province, killing 400 people.