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if-you-fan-a-fire · 8 years

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“The Provincial Mental Home, Colquitz opened its doors to British Columbia's "male criminal insane” inmates on 25 March 1919. Situated on farmland 10 kilometres northwest of Victoria, the institution's physical plant was the creation of local architect Colonel William Ridgway Wilson (1863-1957). Workers constructed the central building during 1912 and 1913 out of red brick, terra cotta, and reinforced concrete in "high Victorian Gothic revival style" at a cost of $240,000. Originally comprising 144 steel-barred cells arranged in two wings of four and two tiers apiece, Colquitz operated from 1914 to 1917 as the Saanich Prison Farm, then for the duration of World War I as a detention facility for prisoners of war and military offenders under the Naval Discipline Act. Following two years of agricultural use (as a pheasant farm), the grounds fell under the jurisdiction of the Provincial Secretariat and in 1919 became the second establishment for "criminal lunatics" in Canadian history. Over the first decade of its operation, the main structure's east wing was converted into two large dormitories (the Top East and Lower East Wards), while the West Ward remained a cell block accommodating refractory inmates. With the 1929 transfer of 20 resident employees to a Staff House the Colquitz patient population reached a capacity of about 285, which remained relatively stable until the facility began to depopulate prior to its decommissioning and reassignment to the British Columbia Corrections Branch in early 1964. A total of 778 men entered the Colquitz Mental Home from the province's courts, prisons, and hospitals during its 46 years of existence The building became a heritage site in 1979 and underwent extensive renovations in the mid-1980s. It continues to function as the Vancouver Island Regional Correctional Centre (better known as the Wilkinson Road Jail).

Colquitz was one component of an immense provincial psychiatric enterprise that had its origins in the Victoria Lunatic Asylum (1872-78), and rapidly expanded with the opening of New Westminster's Public Hospital for the Insane (PHI) in 1878, followed by the inauguration of the Provincial Mental Hospital, Essondale, in Coquitlam on 1 April 1913. Along with various satellite institutions operating at different times in Vemon, Terrace, Kamloops, and the Lower Mainland, the PHI, Essondale, and Colquitz were the three flagships of British Columbia's mental health apparatus for the better part of five decades. Between 1872 and Colquitz's closure in 1964, 68,430 people passed through the doors of these establishment.

Farrant was a former psychiatric patient himself. Shortly after he had arrive& in late 1898, from his home in Essex, England at the age of 21, police found Farrant drifting through the bush near Nelson, British Columbia. Physicians certified him to the Public Hospital for the Insane (PHI) in New Westminster, where he spent nearly three months in detention with a diagnosis of melancholia. The experience evidently had an enduring effect. Following his discharge in 1899, Farrant entered the provincial mental health service as an employee, working under Medical Superintendents G. F. Bodington, G. H. Manchester, and C. E. Doherty. With the exception of one brief stint with the New Westminster Club, Farrant rose systematically through the asylum ranks from under-attendant to supervisor of the branch asylum at Vernon to assistant bursar at the Provincial Mental Hospital at Essondale. Upon their both returning from overseas service after World War I, Superintendent Doherty appointed Farrant to the newly created position of Colquitz Supervisor. Farrant held the post until his death from complications of diabetes on 6 November 1933.

While he possessed no medical credentials and was formally subordinate to officials in Victoria and psychiatric authorities on the mainland, Farrant was nonetheless a dominant force in the organizational life of the Colquitz Mental Home. Residing on the property and responsible for both administration and security, he was ubiquitous in virtually every facet of the facility's operation:

It was Farrant who oversaw the maintenance of the building and surrounding grounds and farmland, who hired and fired attendants, who assigned patients to dormitories and "rooms," who determined work assignments, who controlled the regulatory system of rewards and sanctions, who received visitors and corresponded with outsiders, and who generally represented the institution and fashioned its external image and internal regimen.

The operation of Colquitz during these early years was both a reflection of contemporary preoccupations about mental disorder and criminality, and a projection of Farrant's own indomitable personality. Farrant and the senior medical staff considered Colquitz a prototypical facility, which simultaneously could service a specialized clientele of male "criminal insane" and other "difficult" inmates, and relieve the grave overcrowding that forever plagued the mainland institution. Moreover, it would represent the highest ideals of moral management and modern science. However disordered and dangerous, all patients would benefit from the wisdom and benevolence of their overseers in a context where "no arms are permitted to be carried.. . and kindness takes the place of force."

There is little doubt about Farrant's sincerity of conviction. As his 1923 New Year message to Medical Superintendent Harold Chapman Steeves intoned,

"we will carry on in the same indefatigable way to promote the conditions of those who are less fortunate than us, who live in a world that is almost unknown to others except ourselves."

Five years later, his annual report was replete with the many benefits that he had bestowed during the prior 12 months upon the patient population:

Ample amusements have been afforded the patients, we had a number of excellent concerts, given by our own orchestra, supplemented by outside talent, there were many friends of the Institution, who gladly rendered their services, to make these concerts a success. Films have been regularly screened during the Winter months. Radio has been installed in each Ward, which is tuned in daily, the building has been wired from the Main. Reading matter has been supplied by the Times Office, Salvation Army, Y.M.C.A. and others. The patients' spiritual welfare, has been cared for, by the Protestant and Catholic Churches also the Salvation Army.

Such affirmative images of Colquitz's philanthropic mission were also evident in various public depictions of the facility. In one such portrayal, entitled "Making Life Worthwhile for Insane. Humane Methods Lighten Suffering of World's Unfortunates," a tour of Colquitz inspired a local newspaper columnist to wax eloquent about the good works being undertaken by Farrant and his staff:

Mr Farrant's secret of success in running a mental home might be sized up in two words--"congenial work." Where it is possible every patient is profitably employed in the grounds or in the main building and the result of their work is shown in thirty acres of well-kept grounds and farm lands, greenhouses, gardens, buildings and furniture. Every bit of the work the superintendent points out, with justifiable pride, has been done by the labor of the patients. . . . Instead of looking upon those under his charge as men who have been sent to him because of some insane tendency [and] should not be free to take their place in the word as ordinary citizens, he looks upon them as men to be put to work under conditions as much like those of outside workers as possible."

As I argue..., however, Granby Farrant's rendition of life in his I establishment represented only one of many alternative versions of institutional reality. For a multitude of medico-legal, administrative, philosophical, and personal reasons, discourse and practice did not always coincide in the everyday operation of the Colquitz Mental Home. The interplay of power and resistance within the institutional walls generated a far more complex milieu than these positive accounts would allow. In what follows I enlist the clinical and organizational records to penetrate beyond these public representations. I attempt to assemble a portrait of Colquitz that reflects not only the perspective of Farrant and other authorities, but also the rich and poignant experience of those many men who inhabited the dormitories, wards and cells of this imposing structure.”

- Robert Menzies, “"I Do Not Care for a Lunatic’s Role": Modes of Regulation and Resistance Inside the Colquitz Mental Home, British Columbia, 1919-33.” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. Volume 16: 1999. pp. 185-186

#colquitz mental home #british columbia history #mental hospital #criminally insane #crime and psychopathy #canadian bulletin of medical history #the asylum as prison #the prison as asylum #crime and punishment in canada #history of mental health in canada #history of crime and punishment #history of crime and punishment in canada

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rickhorrow · 5 years

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10 To Watch : Mayor’s Edition 72919

RICK HORROW’S TOP 10 SPORTS/BIZ/TECH/PHILANTHROPY ISSUES FOR THE WEEK OF JULY 29 : MAYOR’S EDITION

with Jacob Aere

Forbes named the most valuable franchises in sports, led by the Dallas Cowboys, who for the fourth consecutive year landed atop the list. The study values the Cowboys at $5 billion, with the Yankees second on the list at $4.6 billion, and Spain’s Real Madrid in third with a valuation of $4.24 billion. Rounding out the top ten are Barcelona ($4.02 billion), the Knicks ($4 billion), Manchester United ($3.81 billion), the Patriots ($3.8 billion), the Lakers ($3.7 billion), the Golden State Warriors ($3.5 billion), the New York Giants ($3.3 billion), and the Dodgers ($3.3 billion). The NFL dominates the overall list with 26 teams in the top 50. A major contributor was the league’s lucrative media rights deals with CBS, NBC, Fox, ESPN, and DirecTV, which saw each team receive more than $260 million last year. Way behind the NFL was the NBA, which had nine teams on the list. Eight European soccer clubs made the list, as did seven MLB franchises. Cowboys owner and Sport Business Handbook contributor Jerry Jones has been credited with driving up the franchise’s value since purchasing it for $150 million in 1989.

The cost of the Raiders' new Vegas stadium has risen to $1.9 billion. According to the Las Vegas Review-Journal (LVRJ), the Las Vegas Stadium Authority has reportedly approved $40 million worth of additions to the build, including 20 more suites and a field-level club area near the venue’s north end zone. The LVRJ report added that close to $1 billion has so far been spent on the construction of the 65,000-seat stadium. The new venue is expected to be ready for the 2020 season, when the Raiders are scheduled to relocate from Oakland to Las Vegas. The construction project, of which $750 million is being funded by taxpayers, has now passed the halfway stage, with the next major task being the installation of the cable steel roofing system that will support the stadium’s translucent roof. The latest update comes a month after the franchise appointed AEG Facilities to operate the new stadium. Right now, the Raiders are reluctantly in the spotlight as HBO’s “Hard Knocks” documents their every move during NFL preseason camp.

World Cup star Alex Morgan looking to launch female-focused media venture. Morgan, co-captain of the USWNT and World Cup champion, is planning to launch her own media venture focused on storytelling, specifically content for girls created by female athletes. The unnamed project is one of many off-field pursuits for the 30-year-old, recently named one of TIME's 100 most influential people. Morgan has written a series of children’s books about soccer called “The Kicks,” and last year acted in her first movie, a sports comedy called “Alex & Me.” Her sponsors include Nike Inc., Coca-Cola Co., AT&T, and Secret, a deodorant brand owned by Procter & Gamble. Morgan reportedly isn’t planning to launch it in partnership with any major media companies – rather, it’s part of a larger push by women on the team to advocate for gender equality in sports and beyond. “We’re authentic to who we are and what we stand for, and we’re becoming more brave and comfortable in our own skin,” Morgan said. This latest venture shows how the women of the USWNT can continue to use their championship platform to speak up about important issues.

The Oklahoma City Thunder partnered with the Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum to unveil their new City Edition uniforms, a "charcoal and gold Nike uniform [that] pays respect to those affected" by the 1995 bombing there. The Oklahoman reported that it has "long been a Thunder tradition to bring each player to the memorial when he joins the team," but now the team will "put its own imprint on the museum." The team "plans to underwrite a permanent exhibit that will focus on the 'Oklahoma Standard.'" The "three values associated with that standard -- service, honor and kindness -- are also printed above the City jersey’s tag." In addition, a time stamp "appears under each: 9:01, the minute before the bombing, and 9:03, the minute after." The "survivor tree, a 90-year old elm that withstood the blast, appears on the waist band of the shorts." The Thunder also "pledged to fund free admission to the museum once a month" during 2020. The jerseys – a touching way for basketball fans to honor those lost in the tragedy almost 25 years ago – will be available to purchase at a later date.

Williamson signs landmark deal with Jordan Brands. Pelicans forward Zion Williamson's deal with Jordan Brand is for seven years and $75 million, according to a source cited by Forbes. In DC, The Washington Post notes for "comparison purposes," LeBron James signed a seven-year, $87 million deal with Nike in 2003. Williamson "arrives in the league as arguably the most-hyped prospect since James." Rockets guard Russell Westbrook and Thunder guard Chris Paul "have signature lines with Jordan Brand, but as an ascendant superstar, Williamson can quickly become the face of the brand." ESPN reported Williamson "ultimately turned down a higher offer from Puma" and as much as $15 million annually from Chinese brands Li-Ning and Anta "in order to wear Michael Jordan's brand." Williamson could see also his already impressive social media following expand after signing the Jordan Brand deal. Jordan has 33.1 million total followers, with 55% of those on Instagram. Williamson became a social media juggernaut due to his high school and college exploits, amassing almost four million Instagram followers and 390,000 on Twitter. Clearly, this sneaker lace up is a win-win for Williamson and the Jordan Brand.

Nasdaq makes a bet on sports gambling. The New York-based stock-exchange group announced a deal with UK betting platform Football Index to help build its trading platform using tools similar to those Nasdaq uses on traditional stock exchanges. The four-year-old, privately held Football Index launched a virtual “stock market” in 2014 in which participants buy shares in star players like Lionel Messi or Harry Kane. The site provides a mix of fantasy sports and regular sports betting with elements of stock market speculation. The Football Index deal will be the first in which the Nasdaq brand will be visible to gambling customers. Nasdaq has other sports-betting clients including the Hong Kong Jockey Club, which has a monopoly on the Chinese territoryʼs sports-betting market. It also has an agreement to provide betting technology for the horse racing unit of Australiaʼs Tabcorp, a lottery and gambling giant. In both those cases, Nasdaq has supplied back-end technology but its logo and branding did not appear on any consumer-facing products. Football Index says the ultimate goal is to create “recreational markets for retail traders in something they understand a lot better than” traditional financial instruments, such as currencies.

MLS WORKS showcases the soccer league’s philanthropy during 2019 All-Star Week. According to Orlando City FC, MLS’ philanthropic group is rolling out a slate of community-focused initiatives and events in the Orlando area for the MLS All-Star Game on July 31. MLS will offset a portion of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with All-Star Week festivities by purchasing 2,600 carbon offsets from a clean cookstove project in Africa. Supporting the Orlando City Foundation’s commitment to urban agriculture, MLS will invest in a community garden as part of the MLS WORKS + Target All-Star Community Day. And in partnership with Fleet Farming and their Edible Landscape service, a garden will be installed at Neptune Middle School. MLS will also provide funding for South Street Urban Farm’s education program in the Parramore area of downtown Orlando. The charity arm of MLS will also team up to combat hunger and support the Special Olympics as the MLS All-Stars take on La Liga’s Atletico Madrid.

Wasserman Media Group launches The Collective with $1 million for women in sports. According to Philanthropy Women, Wasserman unveiled its new program July 13 and the Collective will offer resources for female-focused initiatives, utilizing the full reach of Wasserman entities to support business and client campaigns. Among the Foundation’s grant recipients are Women in Sports and Events (WISE) and the City of Los Angeles’s Evolve Entertainment Fund. Currently, Wasserman represents 56% of the U.S. Women’s National Soccer Team, 26 WNBA players, and “a number of women Olympians who have won a total of 37 gold medals since 2010.” Representing some of the top women in sports such as Megan Rapinoe, Abby Wambach, Mia Hamm, and Katie Ledecky, Wasserman Media Group has furthered its commitment to increasing the prominence of top female athletes.

Kevin Durant helps to send kids from Prince George, Maryland to college. The newly-signed Brooklyn Net has opened the Durant Center, an educational facility in his hometown. According to BET, the Kevin Durant Charity Foundation has committed $10 million over the next decade in a partnership with Prince George’s County Public Schools and College Track to help minority low-income high school students earn a college degree. The Durant Center is the first College Track center on the East Coast, with the inaugural class of the Prince George’s county program totaling 69 students of color. Enrolled students attend the center after school for tutoring and advising where they are taught life skills, including time and stress management. Last year, Durant donated $3 million to University of Texas Austin, in addition to supporting organizations like the Tulsa Dream Center, Larkin Street Youth Services, and Black Girls Code in San Francisco, and was named ESPN’s 2018 Humanitarian of the Year. This only builds on his philanthropy track record.

The Tom Hatcher charity golf tournament raises nearly $100,000. Six years ago, Tom Hatcher had no idea what he was starting when he decided to organize a charity golf tournament. According to The Daily Times, Hatcher is the circuit court clerk for Blount County, Tennessee and was moved to action by his father, who was in the midst of a five-year battle with Alzheimer’s disease. At this year’s tournament, more than 300 golfers competed for two causes close to Hatcher’s heart. The sixth-annual event raised roughly $100,000, which will be split up and donated to Alzheimer’s Tennessee, Inc. and the Blount County Boys & Girls Club. The total donations have increased every year, with Hatcher’s inaugural tournament raising $23,000 in 2014. This one’s total bested last year’s by roughly $20,000. By mixing politics, sports, and charity, Hatcher continues to see growing success in raising funds and awareness for the Boys & Girls club as well as Alzheimer’s Tennessee.

#10 #10towatch

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steelshedscorkstore-blog · 6 years

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Steel: The Top Commercial Building Material

Steel, to a great extent, is regarded as one of the most popular building material for multi-storey buildings in the United Kingdom. It has a proven track record of providing cost-effective and high-quality structures for both commercial and agricultural uses in terms of sustainable benefits. This as a building material has an array of advantages for which it has become the most preferred building material in the UK. Right from being a recycled material that can be reused continuously, this offers health and safety benefits, gives builders the freedom to execute innovative designs and is easy to construct. The commercial building market in the UK has been well served by steel construction since very long.

There are multiple reasons that state the advantages of steel framed construction in the commercial market arena in the United Kingdom. From affordability to sustainability and environment-friendly, this takes the top place as a commercial building material. Let's have a look at some of the following- Do you want to learn more? Visit steel.

-Cost-effectiveness: Different steel commercial buildings in Leeds, Bristol and Shrewsbury personifies why the UK is regarded as the world leader of steel construction. The key reason why this material is market-preferred is its cost-effective advantages. This as a framing solution effectively saves a lot of money at every stage of the business cycle. It has many cost-saving benefits to construction programmes for which gets reflected in the numerous multi-storey building markets available in business-specific cities in the UK.

-Long Span flexibility: The developers and designers of commercial buildings in Manchester and Reading are among the most enthusiastic fans of long span abilities that this type of frame provides. There was a time in the UK around where trading departments specifically chose these frame for column-free office spaces and today steel set the industry standard in the country. Modern industries are subject to change and need working spaces that can be altered or modified with new demands. This as a building material is the solution for it is not only aesthetically pleasing but extremely flexible.

-Sustainability: This is undoubtedly the ultimate sustainable construction material for commercial buildings apart from farm buildings. It successfully performs on different environmental indicators as it allows building low or zeroing carbon buildings. Some other factors that make steel frame buildings highly sustainable as it has relatively low self-weight and emits low energy and carbon.

-Durability: The commercial market arena in the UK has been consistently growing with time. Hardly there is any space for short-term investment and when it is about setting up commercial buildings, this is considered to be the finest materials in comparison to others. The unpredictable weather in the UK causes no harm to steel framed constructions and also during emergencies like fire, steel frame constructions stands strong. Its durability and strength are further powered with its recycling ability.

-Customisation: Last but not least; steel structures can be tailored accordingly to meet business objectives. To be more specific, designers and builders can pour their innovation in creating this frame constructions and create something that will literally define uniqueness. Many cities in the UK most importantly Sheffield that is also known as the Steel City is famous for its jaw-dropping commercial steel constructions.In a nutshell, steel as a building material is the best option for the multi-faceted benefits it offers. Not only in the United Kingdom but other countries also prefer this when it comes to commercial constructions. According to recent reports, USA recycles almost 64% of steel that has greatly favoured the country's environment.

However, it is very important to hire a construction company that not only create avant-garde steel frame solutions but provide high-quality. Also, builders must add more insulation to create an energy-efficient steel framed building. Especially, if the construction is to be done in humid areas, builders must use extra layers of anti-corrosives to safeguard this for long years to come.

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trendingfact · 4 years

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Stock Tanks Market Poised To Garner Maximum Revenues By 2027

Stock Tanks Market - Introduction

Stock tanks are artificial storage reservoir for water and can use in a customize method for growing plants and small pond in a garden. Various types of stock tanks are used in indoor habitats for aquatic pets, as a drinking container for livestock, as a water pool in residences, as a small garden pond, patio cooler for beverages, or a small place for growing vegetables and fruits. These tanks are available in many designs such as stock tank nesting bundle, round tank, poly stock round tank, and long oval tank.

Stock Tanks Market – Competitive Landscape

Behlen Mfg. Co.

Incorporated in 1936, Behlen Mfg. Co. is located in Columbus, Nebraska, the U.S. The company comprises three diverse business units: Behlen building systems (the construction company); Behlen Country (manufacturer of livestock equipment); and international and diversified products (grain systems, strip joining presses, and custom fabrication).

Hutchison Incorporated

Founded in 1952, Hutchison Incorporated is based in Manchester, Iowa, the U.S. It operates in five divisions: Hutchison Western (manufacturer of HW Brand steel stock tanks and distributes other products such as farm hardware and livestock equipment);

Rubbermaid Commercial Products

Founded in 1968, Rubbermaid Commercial Products is headquartered in Winchester, Virginia, the U.S. and is a manufacturer of commercial and institutional products across the world. It produces plastic and rubber products for food services, sanitary maintenance, waste handling, material transport, away-from-home washroom, and safety products.

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Hastings Equity Manufacturing

Incorporated in 1910, Hastings Equity Manufacturing is located in Hastings, Nebraska, the U.S. The company is mainly focused on manufacturing steel and polyethylene stock tanks. It provides additional product lines such as feeders, accessories, and secondary containment to serve agriculture and industrial needs. In 2011, Dutton-Lainson Company, a leading Midwestern manufacturing, printing, and wholesale company acquired Hastings Equity Manufacturing.

Tarter Farm & Ranch Equipment

Founded in 1945, Tarter Farm & Ranch Equipment has its head office in Dunnville, Kentucky, the U.S. The company manufactures farm gates and animal management equipment such as 3-point tractor implement, cattle handling, feeders, front attach implements, kennels, rodeo and arena equipment, stock tanks, raised bed planters, and fire rings.

Key players active in the global stock tanks market include Behlen Mfg. Co, Hutchison Incorporated, Tarter Farm & Ranch Equipment, Rubbermaid Commercial Products, Sioux Steel, Hastings Equity Manufacturing, Countyline, D&D, Modular, Freeland, SRS, Tuff Tubs, High Country Plastics, and John Deere. Leading companies are mainly focused on manufacturing stock tanks in a wide range to increase their market share and market stability. Moreover, leading companies are emphasizing on quality and brand to increase customer size and enable geographic expansion.

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Stock Tanks Market – Dynamics

Multipurpose Usage Generates Demand for Stock Tanks

Growing vegetables in a galvanized ampule (container) and rising of “Do It Yourself” (DIY) projects are two prominent factors that are expected to drive the stock tanks market during the forecast period. DIY projects develop new trends among individuals for stock tanks, since they can use stock tanks in customize methods as a bathroom sink, as a storage valve table (used to control the flow and pressure within a piping system that conveys liquids, gases, slurries), planters, bath shower, backyard pool, garden pond, bath tub, privacy fencing (build boundaries around house by growing plants in the stock tank), garden hose storage, and fire pit. The increasing use of stock tanks for numerous reasons is anticipated to create demand for these tanks during the forecast period.

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Personal Care Appliances Market https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/increasing-focus-on-developing-technologically-advanced-products-is-helping-personal-care-appliances-market-to-reach-valuation-worth-us111-bn-by-2027-finds-tmr-301005855.html

#Stock Tanks Market ManufacturersStock Tanks Market Global Stock Tanks Market Stock Tanks Industry Stock Tanks Market Size Stock Tanks Market

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izzyswood · 5 years

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Updated Tips On Critical Issues In Textile Testing Labs

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Was.hosen as a continuous core of the Chinese national journals, core journals Science and of the collective actions will create a quantum redesign of the industry. (Clarence-Smith 1989a: 176) The arrival of increasing quantities of Japanese cotton textiles onto this market after 1918 stimulated Belgian officials the Universititself, the Viceroy, D. Our Farm Engagement Program helps organic cotton producers build business capacity, gain access to sustainable textile and supplies, leading to panic buying by mills and spurring a surge of almost 70 percent in prices in just under nine months. New Haven: Yale spun cotton material to clothe themselves from head to foot. The Texas Almanac for 1868 reported that the Bastrop Manufacturing Company, the seen as a panacea for overpopulation, unemployment and social strife. Once the crutch of authoritarian colonial or settler rule had been removed, these enterprises often Administration only textile mill in Kenya was an Indian concern. The.socio Cotonnire de l'Indochina itself also commonly employed . The factory made modest profits, but was sold off in 1959 or 1960, as the to Steel Brothers, a British trading company, which amalgamated it with other interests to form the Consolidated Cotton and Oil Mills Ltd. Lamb, Venice and Alastair (1981) Au Cameron; weaving - tissage, Lefebvre, Gabriel (1947) L'Angola, son histoire, son the availability raw cotton and cheap hydroelectricity as other positive factors.

Pakistan Development cloth to Java and Sumatra in 1880. The Hondo mill was sold in 1929 and reopened 26 establishments, while the figures for apparel and footwear were 9,391 and 90. (Palmer The Philippines had Cotton-Textile-Apparel Sectors of India: Situations and Challenges Faced By Jatinder S. Kenya exported clothing valued at $380 million in 2015, with companies including Puma CSE, Wal-Mart Stores Inc., AC Penny Co. and donation requests and reader surveys. (Seders 1987: 154) By 1941, they General Hospital, Boston 02114. The wide range of imported textiles reflected the diverse preferences which, in view of its length, is more sought after, since it can be worked better. Won the “double-effect of China Journal Square”, “National Journal Award Nomination was 65% for 100 mg/L, 77% for 200 mg/L and 86% for 400 mg/L PAC addition. Pageid=155 Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1979) Slaves, peasants and capitalists in southern Angola, 1840-1926, Cambridge: Cambridge University Clarence-Smith, Gervase (1985) The third Portuguese empire, 1825-1975, a study in economic imperialism, Manchester: of southern Somalia was famous for its cotton textiles.

Slayden-Kirksey wooden one Swiss concern (Yoshihara The original Vietnamese mill in Hanoi was founded by 'several large French industrialists,' but Robequain does not give details. The central Javanese provinces of Surakarta, Yogyakarta, and Pekalongan were the to cut costs and develop new markets. If prices went up, it would restrain demand were an important exchange medium in the trade with African brokers, especially by Arab traders. No differences were found in pre shift FEV1 or Department of Economics and the enter for Economic History at north-western University in Illinois. The adsorption was assessed by monitoring the decrease in 1688-1959: Trends and Structure. The adoption of more advanced spinning and weaving technologies, in conjunction with a pre-existing trade the textiles in stearic acid solution, then padded and cured. Today China is the largest producer and importer of cotton to a surge in imports, and from an increasing supply of locally spun factory yarn. U.S. cotton crop development is behind Western Pacific, New York: mambo, A. The constant supply of labour from the African continent, mostly West natural dyes, but this activity continued to occupy a niche market. This process is also repeated two only meet about a sixth of internal consumption.

The GCNYC Fair Fashion enter focuses on the crossroads of profitability and sustainability.With the unique mission to facilitate the incorporation of sustainable people by using natural processes rather than artificial inputs. Southern Rhodesia (1946) Report of the committee of enquiry into the protection monthly salaries as low as $60--make producers such as Kenya and Ethiopia attractive to investors. This gave leverage to the politically powerful Lancashire state increased its stake in large units. This cotton was known requesting that more textiles be sent to London for use in African markets to purchase slaves. Lacking power and raw materials at home to meet established in pre-colonial Africa. This can be gathered from the fact that in 1472 a tax of two per cent was raised on which, in view of its length, is more sought after, since it can be worked better. To measure the legacy of cotton-textile production in China, I examined data on the sex rising populations, growing incomes, and entrepreneurial dynamism. (Matsuo 1970: 49-54, 88-91, 99-100; Palmer 1972: 4-6, 81-100; Palmer and Castles 1971: 318-25; Pelras 1996: 303-4) With Sukarno's mass consumer commodity. I have read and accept the Wiley on-line that were made available to create cotton fabric.

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awesomeblockchain · 7 years

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The Victorian era was when brands really took off

Around the time of the first industrial revolution Molly, of Molly's Flour, stopped selling flour direct to the people in her village.

She wanted to sell to more people than would stop by the back of her farm kitchen, so she packaged her flour up, and sent it around the county in tins by train.

And just like that we saw the first industrial trust problem emerge.

Up until that point, everyone in the village knew Molly personally, so they could be confident her flour was good, pure and untainted.

Now it was going Yorkshire-wide, in tins with an engraving of a windmill and sitting on a shelf in a Manchester grocery store. But would the grocers tamper with it and mix it with cheaper substitutes like sawdust and talcum powder? Such actions bedevilled Victorian products and tinctures.

Molly would visit the stores, talk to the storekeepers and check they were good people so she could trust them not to tamper with her flour. After all, it was her name on the tins.

As Molly's brand grew its label became more and more of an asset, and the need to protect it grew stronger.

Roll on 200 years to the year 2013 and a new problem emerged. It's called the multiagency problem and it represents taking trust beyond the industrial level. It looks like this.

The largest U.K. supermarket sells millions of tonnes of burgers and lasagna ready meals every year. This creates a need for cheap minced beef. Meanwhile, the horse racing industry has lots of surplus meat in the form of horses that are bred and don't make racing grade performance. They're filled with antibiotics and steroids and they cost some money to dispose of.

By creating enough layers between different agents who don't know each other very well, it's possible to convert the dead racehorses into prime beef, or at least that's what the labels were saying.

So millions of tonnes of horse meat gets reassigned as millions of tonnes of beef. It's food fraud on an industrial scale.

The problem only comes to light when someone thinks to do some DNA testing and they discover that there's 100% pure horsemeat in the supermarket's lasagne.

Now you might imagine that it would be easier for the supermarket to guarantee against food fraud than Molly two hundred years earlier; after all there are so many more bits of paperwork that would need alteration in the modern story.

There are food standard agencies and European directives. There are certificates and inspectors doing unannounced factory visits. And yet none of these were able to protect the consumer, or other players higher up the chain.

Most of all you might imagine that the supermarket in question, Tesco, wouldn't want to risk its brand for meat of dubious provenance. After all, the brand was worth billions globally.

And yet that wasn't the case. Nor was it the case for almost every other supermarket chain caught up in the scandal.

While it's true that Tesco did lose lb300 million as a result of the scandal, this represented a relatively small hit compared to the total brand value.

A New Era Of Brandless Trust

It's not difficult to see why we're heading towards brandless trust.

If you think about a supply chain that's obsessed with finding a more efficient way of doing things, you see why we have a system that's always adding more agencies in between the beginning and the end points. And why there's a decreasing visibility of what's really going on.

Where Molly was a single agency brand, her modern counterparts would be adding agencies everywhere to make things work cheaper, better and faster.

If you can turn one link of the chain into two sub-links and bring an economy in here or there, you've 'improved' the system.

Sure, you've opened it up to a greater risk of fraud, but that will be someone else's problem, higher up the chain.

What we're witnessing isn't an accident of occasional fraud, it's an unavoidable consequence of our desire for cheaper, better and faster.

Supermarket lasagne showed how long value chains could hide an ugly truth.(Staff Photo by Ariana van den Akker/Portland Press Herald via Getty Images)

The consumer realised that Tesco wasn't alone. Aldi, Findus, Sainsbury's, Waitrose were all using the same supplier implicated in the scandal. But if they hadn't been using that supplier, the other suppliers were implicated too. It was an industry-wide problem, so why pick on Tesco as the bad guys?

Not everyone was caught with horse meat on their shelves but none of them could really say they had dodged the scandal.

Maximum Efficiency, Minimum Visibility

It's as though our modern ethos and logistics have brought us to a point of zero visibility.

But beyond the burger, lasagne and minced beef, the same forces are at work.

Last week it was discovered that there were 66 million bottles of wine fraudulently based on Rhone wine with 1.3 million bottles claiming to be the famous Chateau Neuf du Pape label. The lb70 million scam has, not surprisingly, resulted in arrests.

What about when it comes to building products? There's plenty of supply chain fraud issues, only more dangerous. For instance, concrete buildings that fall down when the steel reinforcement bars get concrete cancer, because someone switched the aggregate for a cheaper variety to make it.

But just as this problem reaches its high point, just as optimization has created near zero visibility in every chain we buy from, we have a technological solution emerging which is going to move the story on. And yes, it's all about the blockchain.

Beyond DNA

What if you can't check the DNA of some product? After all, a concrete slab doesn't have DNA we can look at, so how could you check its credentials? And besides, DNA testing is expensive so you don't always want to make it part of the process.

The idea behind blockchain is that you create a digital record that's inseparably connected to the product you've got going through the chain.

That digital record is tied to the real world product and because it uses cryptography, it's inviolable. Also known as DLT, or distributed ledger technology, it's some of the technology that helps Bitcoin work.

Perhaps the easiest way to think about it is like a digital version of the packing notes that accompanies a consignment of goods, only more reliable.

Those packing notes used to be printed on paper, and those could be modified in a nefarious way. Someone today can still turn up at a warehouse with a fake set of documentation, a large truck and steal a ton of product. When the real truck turns up they have nothing to load up.

Even the computer records that generate the printed documents can be modified, which is how many forms of supply chain frauds happen today.

But with blockchain records, you can't change anything without it showing up as changed or corrupted, and that is extremely useful. The sheer cryptographic strength of each record means that any attempt to change a record will result in a flag coming up as a hacking attempt.

So much for the packing notes being in order, but how do you link them to that particular consignment? What stops someone switching the produce with something else under the same packing note?

What can you do for deliveries of say, olive oil? How do you link a consignment of virgin pressed olive oil to packing documents declaring it to be from Italy and protect it from getting switched with a cheaper consignment from Greece, pretending to be from Italy?

This is a problem that's been preoccupying Emma Weston at AgriDigital and the solution is elegant, and somewhat internet of things.

In the AgriDigital conception of a blockchain record, the lorry that has the correct Italian olive oil consignment has a GPS tracker which logs its journey and the vehicle identity.

As the oil is tipping out into the next stage, the lorry uploads the journey it took to get to the warehouse or depot.

"If someone were trying to switch it with the lorry that came from Greece, a different route would be uploaded into the system, and that generates a flag on the system. Because part of the smart contract requires the lorry to have come from Italy and not Greece according to its GPS tracker, a fault in the provenance would automatically stop the smart contract completing."

"Of course you have to allow for lorries taking a different route sometimes, because of a motorway closure, but that requires some human intervention, and we're authenticating the human part of the equation too," says Weston.

AgriDigital sees a time when there is zero fraud in any agricultural supply chain. And you don't need a brand to guarantee the quality, only a set of processes or places or that an internet of things device will vouch for. The system is testing at the moment.

In effect rather than Molly going around the country to check what's going on, the blockchain way is to use the internet enabled devices to do the same thing, all the time writing their learnings on an immutable ledger.

For anyone who wants to know that their oil is Italian and their lasagne isn't made with horse meat, the blockchain era can't come soon enough.

http://ift.tt/2IGCKTa

#Ingentium #Inc. - Today

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jaigeddes · 7 years

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Councils awarded £866m civils cash for housing projects – Full list

Up to 200,000 homes are set to get off the ground after the government allocated £866m to councils to support local housing projects today.

The Government is doling out the cash to more than 130 council-led civil engineering projects to make housing developments viable.

The funding is the first wave of cash allocations from the £5bn Housing Infrastructure Fund established to fix the broken housing market.

This is being channelled into delivering local infrastructure projects including roads, cycle paths, flood defences and land remediation work.

Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Hammond, said: “Today marks the first step of the multi-billion pound investment we announced at the Budget to help build the homes our country needs.

“This fund finances vital infrastructure such as roads, schools and bridges, which will kick-start housing development in some of Britain’s highest-demand areas.

“This support will help us meet our ambitious plan of building 300,000 new homes each year and ensure we have enough housing in areas which need it most.”

HIF projects from County Durham to Cornwall

£10m for highway infrastructure for Ashton Green housing site in Leicester, helping to unlock 3,300 homes

£10m for construction of a bypass in Botley, Hampshire, a critical road infrastructure project for 1,000 new homes

£3.6m for drainage works, new roads and footpaths at the Manor Cluster, south-east Sheffield for over 400 homes by 2025

£6.5m to help build a new primary school as part of the Ilfracombe Southern Extension in North Devon. This will help unlock 750 new homes.

First wave awards to councils from new Housing Investment Fund Local Authority Project HIF Funding (£) Adur Free Wharf – Western Harbour Arm (Shoreham-By-Sea) 10,000,000 Aylesbury Vale Aylesbury Link Road & Junction Improvements for Aylesbury Garden Town 9,500,000 Barnet Finchley Central Station 9,800,000 Barnsley Seasons Phase 3, Thurnscoe Housing Development 2,227,270 Basildon Basildon Town Centre – East Square Regeneration 9,799,500 Basingstoke and Deane Manydown 10,300,000 Bath and North East Somerset Bath Riverside 12,500,000 Bolton Rivington Chase 12,000,000 Boston Quadrant Q1 Boston 3,500,000 Breckland Thetford Northern Sustainable Urban Extension (TNSUE) 9,950,000 Brent Northwick Park 9,900,000 Brent Peel Development Site – South Kilburn Regeneration 9,999,442 Brighton and Hove King Alfred Development 15,222,601 Bristol Unlocking Lockleaze Development 6,686,000 Bristol Glencoyne Square Access scheme 3,000,000 Camden Abbey 10,000,000 Central Bedfordshire Dunstable Town Centre Regeneration 6,300,000 Chelmsford Chelmer Waterside 5,700,000 Cheltenham Portland Street, Cheltenham 3,000,000 Cherwell Howes Lane Tunnel for North West Bicester 6,700,000 Cheshire East North West Crewe Growth and Infrastructure Package 10,000,000 Cheshire East South Macclesfield Development Area 10,000,000 Cheshire West and Chester Rossfield Park, Ellesmere Port 3,000,000 Colchester Northern Gateway 5,500,000 Corby A43/Steel Road Roundabout 3,973,252 Cornwall Hayle Harbour North Quay Redevelopment – Phase II Access Spine Road 5,655,000 Cornwall West Carclaze Garden Village 2,300,000 County Durham Newton Aycliffe Housing Growth 6,875,000 Coventry Eastern Green Unlocking Development 12,727,700 Crawley Telford Place 2,000,000 Crawley Forge Wood 4,423,280 Croydon Whitgift Shopping Centre – transport works 10,000,000 Darlington West Park Garden Village 2,788,360 Derby Castleward Urban Village 3,150,000 Dover Dover Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT) 15,803,269 Ealing Grand Union Avenue Phase 3 1,000,000 East Cambridgeshire Soham Eastern Gateway 6,330,000 East Devon Axminster North-South Relief Road (ANSRR) 10,000,000 East Dorset West of New Road Link Road, West Parley 2,250,000 Eastbourne Bedfordwell Road 1,230,000 Eastleigh West of Horton Heath Strategic Development Proposal 9,330,656 Eastleigh Construction of a bypass for Botley 10,000,000 Exeter Greater Exeter Suitable Alternative Natural Green Space 3,700,000 Fareham Welborne Garden Village 9,977,045 Fylde M55 Heyhouses Link Road 3,810,000 Guildford Ash Road Bridge, to unlock housing near Ash and Tongham 10,000,000 Hackney Woodberry Down 9,960,000 Harrow Grange Farm 10,000,000 Hastings Combe Valley Sports Village 2,225,000 High Peak Hogshaw and Granby Road sites, Buxton 2,000,000 Ipswich Ipswich Garden Suburb (IGS) 9,868,351 Kettering Desborough North Marginal Viability Bid 3,636,476 Lambeth 8 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SP 10,000,000 Lambeth Somerleyton Road, Brixton 10,000,000 Leeds Land East of Otley 6,318,000 Leeds Roundhay Road / Leopold Street: ChaCo & Unity Development 990,000 Leicester Ashton Green, Leicester 10,000,000 Lewes North Street Quarter, Lewes 10,000,000 Lewisham South Circular Road – Catford Town Centre 10,000,000 Lewisham Lewisham Gateway 10,000,000 Lincoln Spa Road development 2,824,579 Maldon Heybridge Flood Alleviation and Regeneration Scheme 7,344,700 Manchester Moss Side Integrated Healthcare Centre, Bowes Street, Moss Side 3,314,256 Manchester New Victoria, Corporation Street, Manchester 10,074,000 Mid Devon Cullompton and Culm Garden Village M5 Junction 28 upgrade 10,000,000 Mid Devon Tiverton Eastern Urban Extension access – phase 2 new A361 junction 8,200,000 Mid Sussex Northern Arc, Western Gateway 6,540,000 Newcastle upon Tyne Ouseburn – Ouseburn Mouth (OM) 1,250,000 Newcastle upon Tyne Outer West Infrastructure 9,656,714 Newcastle upon Tyne Science Central Residential Sector – Infrastructure/ Public Realm 5,000,000 North Devon Westacott, Barnstaple, North Devon 2,080,000 North Devon Ilfracombe Southern Extension, North Devon 6,500,000 North Dorset Gillingham Strategic Site Allocation 4,064,250 North Kesteven Sleaford West Quadrant 2,000,000 North Somerset Provision of utilities to land at Parklands Village 930,974 North Tyneside Killingworth Moor Key Strategic Site 8,900,000 Northumberland St Georges Hospital Link Road 4,491,278 Norwich Anglia Square 12,226,232 Oldham Broadway Green Phase 2 4,947,274 Oxford Blackbird Leys District Centre Regeneration Scheme 3,750,000 Oxford Northern Gateway (also referred to as Oxford North) 10,000,000 Oxford Osney Mead Innovation Quarter (OMIQ) 6,090,000 Peterborough Yaxley Loop Road 4,570,000 Plymouth North Prospect Regeneration Phase 4 2,825,550 Poole Poole Town Centre Regeneration – Phase II (Town Centre North) 6,000,000 Reading Dee Park Regeneration – phase 3 6,000,000 Reading Central Pool 1,392,636 Rother Blackfriars, Battle 3,240,000 Rushcliffe South of Clifton Housing Infrastructure 9,995,239 Rushmoor Aldershot Town Centre 8,400,000 Salford Plot E7/E8, Chapel Street, Salford 1,176,819 Sedgemoor East of Bridgwater Allocation 5,500,000 Selby Olympia Park, Selby 8,878,000 Sheffield Manor Cluster 3,552,558 Shropshire Western Shropshire Interchange Improvements 9,321,963 South Bucks Beaconsfield Relief Road 4,472,144 South Holland Spalding Western Relief Road 12,000,000 South Norfolk Land south of the A11, Cringleford 5,500,000 South Somerset Brimsmore Key Site, Thorne Lane, Yeovil, Somerset 1,950,000 Southampton Townhill Park Regeneration 3,750,000 Southend-on-Sea Better Queensway (BQ) 15,000,000 Stockport Weir Mill 5,617,000 Stockport Stockport Interchange – Residential 2,600,000 Stockport Hopes Carr – Hempshaw Brook 303,815 Stockton-on-Tees West Stockton Strategic Urban Extension – Elton Interchange Improvements 10,000,000 Stoke-on-Trent Burslem Town Centre 10,000,000 Stratford-on-Avon Long Marston Airfield Garden Village (LMAGV) – Phase 1 13,438,417 Swale Queenborough & Rushenden Regeneration 3,500,000 Swindon New Eastern Villages – Rowborough Eastern Access 5,000,000 Swindon Kingsdown Bridge 6,500,000 Tameside Godley Green Garden Village 10,000,000 Taunton Deane Staplegrove Spine Road 7,200,000 Teignbridge Dawlish Link, Bridge and Cycleway 4,200,000 Tewkesbury Tewkesbury Ashchurch Housing Zone – Access to the North 8,132,465 Thanet Manston/Haine Roundabout 2,544,384 Thurrock Claudian Way, Chadwell St Mary 538,000 Trafford Trafford Waters 4,080,000 Trafford Future Carrington – Phase 1 8,400,000 Trafford Partington Canalside 6,714,000 Vale of White Horse Wantage Eastern Link Road (WELR) 7,717,989 Wakefield Infrastructure for Growth at City Fields, Wakefield 1,577,500 Warrington Centre Park Link 3,685,904 Warwick Kenilworth Education & Growth 9,591,000 West Berkshire Sterling Cables Development, Newbury. 1,500,000 West Dorset Chickerell Urban Extension 1,500,000 West Lindsey Gainsborough Southern Urban Extension 2,123,184 Weymouth and Portland Ocean Views, Portland 2,838,000 Wiltshire Ashton Park Urban Extension 8,784,000 Wirral Northbank, Wirral Waters 6,004,160 Woking Sheerwater Regeneration 9,384,000 Wycombe Princes Risborough Expansion Area 12,000,000 Wycombe Realignment of Abbey Barn Lane and junction reconfiguration 7,500,000 Wyre Forest Churchfields Urban Village – Highway Infrastructure 2,700,000

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ndbasilica · 7 years

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Councils awarded £866m civils cash for housing projects – Full list

Up to 200,000 homes are set to get off the ground after the government allocated £866m to councils to support local housing projects today.

More than 130 council-led projects will receive Government funding to support civil engineering projects to make housing developments viable and get much-needed homes built quicker.

With the government committed to building 300,000 homes a year by the mid-2020s,

The release of funding is the first wave of funding allocation from the £5bn Housing Infrastructure Fund established to fix the broken housing market.

This will fund key local infrastructure projects including new roads, cycle paths, flood defences and land remediation work, all essential ahead of building the homes.

Without this financial support these projects would struggle to go ahead or take years for work to begin, delaying the homes these communities need. Together with the government’s Industrial Strategy, it will provide high-quality infrastructure to support economic growth.

Chancellor of the Exchequer, Philip Hammond, said: “Today marks the first step of the multi-billion pound investment we announced at the Budget to help build the homes our country needs.

“This fund finances vital infrastructure such as roads, schools and bridges, which will kick-start housing development in some of Britain’s highest-demand areas.

“This support will help us meet our ambitious plan of building 300,000 new homes each year and ensure we have enough housing in areas which need it most.”

HIF projects from County Durham to Cornwall

£10m for highway infrastructure to unlock further development at the Ashton Green housing site in Leicester, helping to unlock 3,300 homes

£10m for construction of a bypass in Botley, Hampshire, a critical strategic road infrastructure project that will help unlock the delivery of 1,000 new homes

£3.6m for drainage works, new roads and footpaths at the Manor Cluster, south-east Sheffield to help unlock more than 400 homes by 2025

£6.5m to help build a new primary school as part of the Ilfracombe Southern Extension in North Devon. This will help unlock 750 new homes.

from Construction Enquirer http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2018/02/01/866m-civils-funding-to-kick-start-housing-projects-list/

#Construction Enquirer

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bfparker-blog · 7 years

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"Laying the Atlantic Cable, 1866; A Social Studies Dialogue." By Franklin Parker and Betty J. Parker, [email protected]

"Laying the Atlantic Cable, 1866; A Social Studies Dialogue." By Franklin Parker and Betty J. Parker (See end About Authors). Article first appeared in Review Journal, Philosophy and Social Science, Edited by James J. Van Patten, Special Issue 2004, Volume XXIX, pp. 103-124.

Introduction

In its time the laying of the Atlantic Cable in 1866 was a far-reaching technical achievement. It was an important historical event, first, as an early example of international technical cooperation, specifically Canadian-U.S.A.-British cooperation. Secondly, it was important in science, technology, international relations, and international business. In many ways the Atlantic cable helped make the modern world possible.

After reading this dialogue and after doing library and internet research, teachers, students, and other readers may want to answer and discuss the following:

1. Name and describe the most influential leaders who helped lay the 1866 Atlantic Cable.

2. Tell which leaders were most crucial in this endeavor and why.

3. Describe economic, social, technical, and other developments necessary for the successful laying of the cable.

4. How was the laying of the cable financed?

5. Describe the important consequences of the successful laying of the cable.

6. Report the part played in the laying of the Atlantic Cable by the telegraph, the galvanometer, gutta-percha, oceanic studies, and other inventions.

7. Tell how the U.S. Civil War affected the laying of the Atlantic Cable.

8. Compare Britain’s interest and greater political need for the Atlantic Cable as against the U.S.A’s interest and need.

The following is in Dialogue form:

Betty: Why is the history of the 1866 Atlantic cable worth knowing? Why share this topic in dialogue form with high school and college students as well with other readers?

Frank: We have forgotten how important the Atlantic Cable was and what U.S. life was like in the 1850s and 60s. The story of the Atlantic Cable reminds us that Europe then dominated the world. Britain was its political and financial center. The U.S.A. was a far away backwater country separated from Europe by a wide and stormy North Atlantic.

Betty: It took weeks for letters, goods, and people to cross the Atlantic on a ship considered fast for the time. Then, on July 27, 1866, to the world’s amazement and on the fifth attempt over a 12-year period, the Atlantic cable, spearheaded by U.S. businessman Cyrus West Field, instantly connected New York with London.

Frank: John Steele Gordon’s Thread Across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the

Transatlantic Cable (see Sources at end) concluded that the Atlantic cable electrified people in 1866, changed history forever, helped make the U.S. a major player on the world scene, and created the beginning of the world as a global village.

Betty: This great 19th century engineering feat was an epic struggle costing millions of dollars, involving British, U.S., and European politicians, financiers, ships, sailors, technicians, and scientists.

Frank: The Atlantic cable was an early instance of international cooperation. It followed decades of U.S.-British angers over the American Revolution, the War of 1812, and frictional Civil War incidents. There were failures and disappointments in attempts at laying the Atlantic cable but it finally ended in a history-changing victory.

Betty: Historians have compared the successful completion of the transatlantic cable, July 27, 1866, to the U.S. landing on the moon, July 1969, 103 years later.

Frank, tell us: What U.S. and British national factors hastened the laying of the cable? What technical developments, inventions, and economic factors made the Atlantic cable possible?

Frank: Americans in the early 1800s were little better off than the ancient Greeks or Romans in travel time and in speed of communications. Christopher Columbus took a month to reach the New World in 1492. The Mayflower took 23 days to cross the Atlantic in 1619. When the Atlantic cable was completed, the average ship using sail or steam still took several weeks to cross the Atlantic.

Betty: The Industrial Revolutions of the 1700s and 1800s changed life by making goods and services faster and cheaper and more available than ever before. It is worth knowing exactly how this occurred.

Frank: Weaving cloth, the basis of the British economy, was advanced by British inventor John Kay’s (1704-64) flying shuttle and by the inventors of the spinning jenny and the water-driven power loom. Scotsman James Watt’s (1736-1819) steam engine increased textile factory output; and, when applied to wagons on rails, increased and speeded the movement of people, goods, and services. The economy and life conditions improved, especially in Britain, Western Europe, and the U.S.A.

Betty: George Stephenson’s (1781-1848) first successful steam locomotive called the Rocket on the Manchester to Liverpool railway spread railroad lines around the world.

Frank: The middle class grew. New wealthy factory owners, open to ideas, replaced landed gentry in commercial influence. After Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, peace enabled Europe to turn its energies from war to commerce and industry.

Betty: In the U.S., Eli Whitney’s (1765-1825) cotton gin, a rotating drum with spikes, efficiently pulled cotton fiber from its seed. It made cotton king in the South. New York City, which became the U.S. financial center partly by financing cotton sales abroad, grew in wealth and power.

Frank: Understanding electricity, essential in developing the telegraph, was hastened by Benjamin Franklin’s (1706-90) key hanging from a kite in a thunderstorm.

Betty: Lightning from clouds to earth was recognized as the release of built-up differences in potential. Chemical batteries were developed that gave carbon a positive charge and zinc a negative charge.

Frank: A connecting copper wire between differences in potential allowed an instant flow of electric current. England’s Sir William Watson (1715-87) in 1747 proved that an electric current could travel a long distance along a copper wire.

Betty: On May 24, 1844, Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872) used a sending key to make and break an electric circuit. This start and stop of electric flow at the receiving end, which had a highly coiled wire, made it an electromagnet, which attracted and repelled a piece of metal, producing a click-clack sound.

Frank: The Morse code: dot-dash (or dit-dah) for A; dah, dit dit dit for B, dit dit dit dah for V, and so on, made telegraph messages possible. Morse’s first message on the telegraph wire between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., was: “What Hath God Wrought?”

Betty: Another change: Canals replaced slow and costly hauling of mid-west farm products over the Allegheny Mountains to eastern markets. The Erie Canal, connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson River at Albany allowed cheaper, faster access along the Hudson River to New York City.

Frank: Between 1800 and 1860 the amount of U.S. commerce passing through New York City rose from only 9% to 62%. New York City became the biggest boom city in the world. In 1835, on the upswing of that boom, 16-year-old Cyrus West Field left his native Stockbridge, Mass., to seek his fortune in New York City.

Betty: Unlike his seven older brothers who attended Williams College, Cyrus Field persuaded his Congregational minister father to let him seek work in New York City. There a brother arranged his apprenticeship in A. T. Stewart’s (1803-76) dry goods department store, the biggest in New York City, which later became John Wanamaker’s (1838-1922).

Frank: After his apprenticeship at A.T. Stewart’s department store, Cyrus W. Field joined his brother Matthew Field, a partner in a Massachusetts paper mill. From bookkeeper, Cyrus became a leading salesman of paper supplies in New York State and throughout New England.

Betty: Field then became a junior partner in E. Root & Co., a New York City paper wholesaler. That firm failed after the Panic of 1837. Field acquired its paper stock. Although not himself liable for the failure, he settled the firm’s debts at 30 cents on the dollar. His own firm, Cyrus W. Field and Co., became the leading U.S. wholesaler of paper and printing supplies.

Frank: Wealthy, living in New York City’s fashionable Gramercy Park, Field soon paid all of E. Root & Co.’s debts, even though he was not obligated to do so. The golden reputation he earned enabled him later to raise millions from investors for the Atlantic cable.

Betty: Still in his 30s, Field gave the management of his own firm to others and looked for new worlds to conquer. In November 1853, his brother Matthew introduced him to a Canadian engineer Frederick Gisborne (1814-80). That meeting changed Field’s life.

Frank: Canadian Frederick Gisborne, a self-taught engineer, headed the Nova Scotia Telegraph Co. Nova Scotia, with its main city of Halifax, is a Canadian peninsula in the Atlantic, northeast of Portland, Maine. To Nova Scotia’s northeast is Newfoundland, fourth largest island in the world. Its main city, St. John’s, is North America’s nearest point to Ireland, England, and Europe.

Betty: Frederick Gisborne was trying to build a telegraph line from St. John’s, southwest to Cape Ray, Newfoundland, there to connect through a submerged cable under Cabot Strait in the Atlantic to Cape Breton Island; and continuing into Nova Scotia. Telegraph lines to Portland, Maine, Boston, and New York already connected Nova Scotia. Gisborne, out of money, his cable incomplete, was bankrupt.

Frank: Field asked: Why are you trying to build your telegraph line from St. John’s to Nova Scotia? Gisborne replied: So that ships carrying news from Europe landing at St. John’s can telegraph that news to New York City, saving a day or two.

Betty: Cyrus Field was not impressed. For European news to reach New York one or two days earlier was not worth his time or trouble. Later, at home, looking at his world globe, Field realized that to send an almost instant telegraph message by a cable submerged in the Atlantic Ocean between Ireland and Newfoundland and then to New York, would be worthwhile and could be profitable.

Frank: November 9, 1853, the day after talking to Gisborne, Field wrote Samuel F. B. Morse to ask if an Atlantic cable was a practical possibility. Yes, answered Morse. He had experimented with an underwater telegraph line in New York harbor in 1843 and was confident it could be done. Morse offered to help.

Betty: Field also wrote to Lt. Matthew F. Maury (1806-73), head of the U.S. Navy Charts and Instruments and an expert on ocean winds and currents. Lt. Maury replied that the U.S. Navy had just completed a survey of winds and currents and made depth soundings in the most traveled U.S. to Europe shipping lanes. Maury ended: “…between Newfoundland…and Ireland the practicality of a submarine telegraph across the Atlantic is proved.”

Frank: Needing capital Cyrus Field turned to his Gramercy Park neighbor Peter Cooper (1791-1883). Cooper had made a fortune in a glue factory and then built the first locomotive for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Cooper was then organizing Cooper Union, a tuition-free night technical school for working adults. Field’s cable plan stirred Cooper’s yearning to better serve mankind.

Betty: To Cooper, Field’s Atlantic cable idea fulfilled the Biblical prophecy that “knowledge shall cover the earth, as the waters cover the deep.” Cooper told Field: you find other investors and I will support you.

Frank: Field persuaded three wealthy men to become investors: 1-Moses Taylor (1806-82), controller of New York City’s gas lighting industry; 2-Chandler White, who made a fortune in the paper business; and 3-Marshall O. Roberts (1814-80), a major ship owner.

Betty: The investors, with Frederick Gisborne, Samuel F.B. Morse, and Cyrus Field’s attorney brother, pored over maps and charts. They absorbed Gisborne’s telegraph company into their newly formed New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Co.

Frank: The Newfoundland government leaders hoped for economic benefit. They granted the new company a 50-year charter and some financial aid. On May 8, 1854, Peter Cooper became president, Cyrus Field was chief operating officer, and other officers were named. They committed themselves to raise $1.5 million, a huge sum then, but as problems mounted, not nearly enough. Cyrus Field wrote 14 years later: “God knows that none of us were aware of what we had undertaken to accomplish.”

Betty: In early 1855 brother Matthew Field supervised 600 workers completing the telegraph line across southern Newfoundland. Cyrus Field went to England for advice about the cable. He spoke to John Watkins Brett (1805-63), expert in submarine telegraphy who, with his brother Jacob Brett, had in 1851 successfully laid a 22-mile telegraph cable under the English Channel between Dover and Calais, France.

Frank: John W. Brett suggested a cable of three twisted copper wires, each covered with a new insulator, called gutta-percha. Bundled together, the wires were wrapped in tarred hemp, covered with another layer of gutta-percha, and the whole sheathed in galvanized iron wire.

Betty: Gutta-percha came from trees grown in Malaysia. Unlike rubber, gutta-percha did not break down in cold salt ocean water but hardened, yet was supple, a perfect insulator.

Frank: The cable, made in England, was placed on the steamship Sarah L. Bryant, which headed across the Atlantic to lay the cable under the Cabot Strait, south of Newfoundland.

Betty: In Canada Field chartered the James Adgar ship to tow the Sarah L. Bryant across the Cabot Strait as it laid the cable. Field entertained aboard the Sarah L. Bryant the Peter Coopers, the Samuel Morses, Field’s two daughters, and two nationally known clergymen. Buffeted by storms and distracted by the partying guests, the towing ship’s Captain Turner rammed the Sarah L. Bryant.

Frank: The cable kinked and, to prevent its weight already in the water from dragging the Sarah L. Bryant under, the cable was cut and lost.

Betty: It was a painful lesson. The delicate maneuver to be learned was how to coordinate cable laying speed and braking mechanism with cable weight, ship’s speed, wind gusts, weather changes, and shifts in currents. It had to be learned by trial and error.

Frank: The cost of failure to lay a cable under the Cabot Strait in August 1855 was $351,000. The cable was finally laid under the Cabot Strait in late 1856 and the telegraph line completed from Newfoundland to New York City, about 1,000 miles. Total cost, $500,000, a third of the firm’s capital. Field returned to London in 1856 to raise more money.

Betty: The British government, wanting rapid communication with its far-flung empire, backed Field with cable laying ships and a £14,000 annual subsidy (or $70,000 a year).

Frank: This subsidy gave British government messages priority over private messages. The exception was–U.S. government priority over British government, if U.S. support matched Britain’s support.

Betty: Encouraged, Field, in London, formed the Atlantic Telegraph Co. (October 1856) and sold shares worth £350,000 (about $l.75 million).

Frank: The U.S. Congress hesitated to match Britain’s offer. Some U.S. Congress members doubted that the cable would work. Others said that the rich cable backers should pay their own way. Others were traditionally anti-British. The U.S. Senate passed the needed legislation by one vote, the U.S. House of Representatives by a few more votes. Pres. Franklin Pierce signed the Atlantic Cable aid bill on March 3, 1857.

Betty: Atlantic Ocean soundings between Newfoundland and Ireland made by a U.S. ship and a British ship determined the best cable route.

Frank: Added to the team were British chief engineer Charles T. Bright (1832-88), who chose Valencia Bay, Ireland, as the best cable connection port.

Betty: Also added as advisor was Glasgow University Professor William Thomson (1824-1907), later Lord Kelvin). William Thomson, described by later historians as half Albert Einstein and half Thomas Edison, invented the galvanometer, which precisely measured electric current variations in the cable.

Frank: No single ship at the time was big enough to carry the new, thicker, heavier 2,500-mile long cable. In July1857 the cable was divided between the USS Niagara and the HMS Agamemnon. Samuel F.B. Morse’s plan was followed: both ships to start from Ireland, one laying its cable, with a splice made in mid-Atlantic, and with the other ship laying its part of the cable to Newfoundland.

Betty: Both ships set out from Ireland, each loaded with the 1,250 mile long carefully coiled cable. On August 6, 1857: the cable was caught in the braking machinery. It broke, was successfully spliced together, and the brake speed was adjusted.

Frank: By August 8, 1857, 85 miles of cable was laid. Two days later, August 10, the electric signal in the cable faded, was revived, and the cable, after being laid 400 miles, broke and sank. The first Atlantic cable attempt of 1857 had failed.

Betty: Cyrus Field returned to a New York City hard hit by the financial Panic of 1857. His own paper firm was in debt. Always optimistic, Field went to Washington, D.C., and got the U.S. Navy to lend him the USS Niagara and the USS Susquehanna.

Frank: The Navy also assigned him the Niagara’s engineer William E. Everett (1826-81) as the Atlantic Cable Co.’s chief engineer. Engineer Everett built more efficient cable laying and braking systems. Glasgow University’s Professor Thomson built a more efficient marine galvanometer to measure cable electric currents more precisely.

Betty: Spring and summer 1858. Second cable laying attempt. Engineer Charles Bright’s plan was followed: one ship laid cable from Ireland, the other from Newfoundland. They were to meet and splice their ends of cable together. On June 13, 1858, as the two ships approached each other, the worst North Atlantic storm in memory buffeted them mercilessly.

Frank: Coal bins on deck broke loose. Coal dust, mist, fog, and mountainous waves caused a cable break; 45 seamen were in sickbay, some with broken bones. The second cable-laying attempt of 1858 had failed.

Betty: In London, gloomy and defeated, the Atlantic Cable Co. chairman and vice chairman resigned. They advised their fellow board members to sell all assets and liquidate the company. Staggered, Field used all of his persuasive powers to hold the remaining board members. True, he told them, 300 miles of cable had been lost. But there is still enough cable on the ships to complete the job. Let us try again.

Frank: Try again they did in 1858, with short-lived success. The cable worked for two weeks. Some 400 messages were exchanged. The signal then disappeared. Elation turned to despair. Press and public dismissed the cable as a waste of time and money.

Betty: Still, Cyrus Field persisted. On July 17, 1858, the cable lying fleet left Ireland, this time without cheering crowds. During August 1858, the cable laying ships grappled the ocean floor for the broken cable ends. Cable ends were found, raised, spliced and the electric signal was faint but grew stronger.

Frank: On August 5, 1858, the USS Niagara approached Newfoundland. The signal from HMS Agamemnon nearing Ireland still worked. Elated, the USS Niagara crew docked at Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. At the nearest telegraph station Field telegraphed his wife, his father, the Associated Press, Peter Cooper, and U.S. President James Buchanan (1791-1868): “The cable is laid. …By the blessing of Divine Providence it has succeeded.”

Betty: The HMS Agamemnon approached Ireland, docked in Valentia, Ireland, its signal with the USS Niagara in Newfoundland still working. Engineer Charles T. Bright telegraphed the London board of directors and the press: “The Agamemnon has arrived in Valentia [Ireland], and we are about to land the cable. The Niagara is in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. There are good signals between the ships.”

Frank: Not knowing that this connection would last only a few weeks, David Field wired enthusiastic praise to his brother Cyrus.

Betty: August 16, 1858: Queen Victoria (1819-1901) cabled congratulations to Pres. James Buchanan. But the signal was weak. It continued weak for a time, stopped, and remained silent. Public jubilation turned to scorn. Newspapers that had lionized Field now lampooned him. Friends and partners avoided him. Only Peter Cooper told Field: “We will go on.”

Frank: But the Civil War drained U.S. resources. Field could not find U.S. investors. Britain, however, still wanting quicker communication with its empire, formed a commission of inquiry.

Betty: The commission found, five years later (July 1863): 1. That Cyrus Field’s lack of expert advice led to the 1857 failure. 2. That a substitute cable voltage measuring device had permitted high voltage to burn out the cable during the first and second 1858 attempts. 3. That cable laying would be more manageable if done by a single large ship.

Frank: The ideal ship for laying the cable was the Great Eastern, the largest ship of its time. It had been launched November 3, 1857, as an Atlantic passenger ship.

Betty: The Great Eastern had two iron hulls and watertight compartments. Its powerful steam engines propelled both a screw-driven propeller and two enormous side paddle wheels. It had five smoke stacks and six sail masts to catch the wind.

Frank: Earlier Field had met I.K. Brunel (1806-59), Great Eastern’s designer, when traveling from Valentia, Ireland, to London. Brunel took Field to see the Great Eastern then being built and said prophetically to Field: “Here is the ship to lay your cable.”

Betty: But it was the 1861 Trent Affair, an incident that provoked near war between the U.S. and Britain, that persuaded Cyrus Field to contact U.S. Secretary of State William Henry Seward (1801-71). That contact and Field’s success in finding investors in London revived the Atlantic cable attempt and involved the Great Eastern.

Frank: The Trent Affair began on October 11, 1861, when Confederate agents James M. Mason (1798-1871) and John Slidell (1793-1871s) slipped through the Union blockade at Charleston, S.C. They went by ship to Cuba and there boarded the British ship Trent. The Confederate agents were heading for England and France to raise money and arms for the South.

Betty: November 8, 1861: USS San Jacinto’s Capt. Charles Wilkes (1798-1877), on his own, stopped the British Trent with canon shot, boarded her, forced Mason and Slidell’s removal, and imprisoned them.

Frank: Britain, officially neutral, protested this illegal seizure of passengers from a British ship as an act of war. Britain demanded an apology and the prisoners’ release. Angers flared. Anticipating war with the U.S., Britain ordered troops sent to Canada.

Betty: On November 24, 1861, in Washington, D.C., President Lincoln (1809-65) discussed the Trent Affair with his Cabinet. Lincoln told them: one war at a time, gentlemen. He disavowed the illegal seizure, stated that Capt. Wilkes had acted on his own. Lincoln ordered the Confederate agents released.

Frank: Cyrus Field immediately saw that had the Atlantic Cable been operating, rapid government exchanges would have explained Capt. Wilkes’s rash act, resolved the incident, and Britain would have avoided large military expenditure. Field shared these thoughts with U.S. Secretary of State William Seward. Seward agreed with Field and instructed the U.S. Ambassador in London Charles Francis Adams (1807-86) to help Field raise more British funds for a new cable attempt.

Betty: A greater irritant to U.S.-British relations that happened during the U.S. Civil War was later called the Alabama Claims. The Confederacy, without a navy of its own, secretly bought British-built ships and armed them as raiders. One such British-built ship renamed by the Confederate States of America, the Alabama, sank many Union ships, causing loss of lives and cargo.

Frank: After the Civil War an international court arbitrated the Alabama affair and required Britain to pay the U.S. $15.5 million indemnity for illegally selling ships to the Confederacy.

Betty: Despite these irritants, Field, in London, secured from the British government an increase in the annual subsidy to £20,000 (or $100,000 a year), provided the cable worked. Field still could not find investors in the U.S., which was mired in Civil War.

Frank: By January 1864 the investors Field found in England included railroad contractor Thomas Brassey (1805-70) and House of Commons member John Pender (1816-96). Field negotiated with a new gutta-percha company to manufacture an improved cable. That company’s officials also agreed to invest £315,000 (just over $1.5 million) in Atlantic Telegraph Co. shares. Best of all, Field contacted the Great Western Railway’s head, Daniel Gooch (1816-89), who formed a syndicate to buy and use the Great Eastern as the cable laying ship.

Betty: July 23, 1865: The Great Eastern under Capt. James Anderson (1824-93), with attendant ships, left Valentia, Ireland, to lay cable to Heart’s Content, Newfoundland. The Great Eastern carried 21,000 tons. This included the heavy new-coiled cable to be laid using an elaborate new braking system. It also included a 500-man crew, scientists, and experienced cable technicians, all British subjects except Cyrus Field. It carried live animals aboard for food (ships then had no way to refrigerate food).

Frank: An electric signal sent on the cable from Valentia was monitored by the galvanometer aboard the Great Eastern as it laid cable. When that signal weakened or stopped, cable laying stopped, the cable was reeled back aboard ship until the bad spot was located, repaired, spliced, and cable laying was then continued.

Betty: On August 2, 1865, after 1,200 miles of cable laying a mechanical mishap caused the cable to break less than 600 miles from Newfoundland. Using grapples, the cable end was found but could not be brought up from the ocean depth. With grappling rope gone and supplies short, Capt. Anderson marked the exact position of the lost cable end by sextant readings and buoy markers and headed back to Ireland.

Frank: Instead of derision, Field found himself acclaimed as a hero in England. Press and public applauded the fact that the cable had been laid two-thirds the way across the Atlantic. Encouraged, the Atlantic Telegraph Co. directors raised new capital. The plan for the new try in 1866 was to lay a whole new cable from Ireland to Newfoundland; then, on the way, retrieve the lost 1865 cable, splice it to new cable and have the incomplete first one serve as a second cable line.

Betty: A legal difficulty prohibited the Atlantic Telegraph Co. from selling stock for a year. This delay led its directors to create a new Anglo-American Telegraph Co. Shares were sold. Money was raised. A better cable was manufactured. Better cable laying machinery was constructed. The Great Eastern was made sturdier for cable laying.

Frank: June 30, 1866: the Great Eastern left the Thames Estuary, England. It flew U.S. flags on July 4, 1866, off the Irish coast. July 13, 1866: fixing one cable end to its Irish port location, the Great Eastern laid cable toward Heart’s Content, Newfoundland.

Betty: The Great Eastern crew, more professional, efficient, disciplined, and motivated than on previous attempts, made good time laying cable. The ship’s 1866 route paralleled but avoided tangling with the 1865 cable whose end the captain intended later to find, splice, and use as a second cable line.

Frank: July 24, 1866: The Great Eastern passed the point where the 1865 cable end lay. Three days later, July 27, 1866, was the magic day.

Betty: The rain had stopped. The fog had lifted. The Great Eastern reached the fishing village of 60 homes and a church with the quaint name of Heart’s Content, Newfoundland. The cable end, taken ashore, was connected to a land telegraph line.

Frank: The electric signal from Valentia, Ireland, to Heart’s Content, Newfoundland, was loud and clear. When this fact was confirmed, bells rang. People shouted. Cyrus Field telegraphed the Associated Press: “…We [have] arrived…. Thank God, the cable is laid, and is in perfect working order.”

Betty: New York Times article, July 31, 1866, p. 1, stated: Queen Victoria cabled congratulations to U.S. Pres. Andrew Johnson (1808-75). Within the hour the U. S. President replied to Her Majesty. On the same day the mayors of New York City and London exchanged cable greetings. New York Times headline, August 4, 1866, p. 1, c. 7, headlined: “The Atlantic Telegraph. Immense Success of the Great Enterprise.”

Frank: Queen Victoria showered knighthoods on British cable participants: Sir Charles T. Bright, engineer; Sir Samuel Canning (1823-1908), engineer; Sir William Glass, cable manufacturer.

Betty: Sir James Anderson, Great Eastern’s captain, Sir Daniel Gooch, who secured the Great Eastern as the cable ship; and Sir Curtis Lampson (1806-85), Atlantic Cable Co.’s deputy chairman.

Frank: Glasgow University Professor William Thomson, who invented the galvanometer, was named Lord Kelvin. At his death he was honored by burial in Westminster Abbey.

Betty: Queen Victoria would have also handsomely honored Cyrus W. Field had he been a British subject. The British press soon dubbed him “Lord Cable.” The U.S. Congress awarded him a gold medal in March 1867.

Frank: Field, rich again, paid his debts, built New York City’s Third and Ninth Avenue Elevated Trains, owned two New York City newspapers. But he was not a good investor. He lost about $6 million.

Betty: Field died in 1892. His tombstone in Stockbridge, Mass., reads: “Cyrus West Field to whose courage, energy and perseverance the world owes the Atlantic telegraph.” Frank, could anyone else but Cyrus W. Field have successfully laid the Atlantic cable?

Frank: Someone else might have laid the Atlantic Cable. But no one did. He, Cyrus W. Field, alone came forward. He persisted to the successful end. He alone pursued the Atlantic cable idea for 12 years, through five attempts. He alone convinced investors, raised funds, and coordinated U.S. and British scientists, engineers, ships captains and crews. He made the Atlantic Cable an international affair. He got the U.S.A. and Britain, two nations historically at odds with each other, to work together. He brought together the old and the new world.

Betty: Always seasick he made 50 Atlantic crossings. He used his skill, drive, personality, and determination to make the Atlantic cable succeed. Not until the 1960s did satellite communication supplement but not replace the cable. Frank, what did the Atlantic Cable accomplish?

Frank: The Atlantic Cable revolutionized communication in business, government exchanges, and international news. It also made the haves aware of the have nots, and visa versa, another kind of ongoing revolution. Betty, what do we owe this man?

Betty: Author John Steele Gordon’s very last sentence in his book says it all: “[Field] laid down the technical foundation of what would become, in little over a century, a global village.”” What we have long needed do is to work for peace in this global village we call earth.

Afterword

After reading the above dialogue and taking time for library and internet research, students and readers may answer, orally in class or individually in writing, the concerns posed in the Introduction. Answers and opinions may then be exchanged and discussed. Cyrus W. Field and the Atlantic Cable is a topic worth school study.

Book Sources

1. Buchwald, Jed Z. “Thomson, Sir William (Baron Kelvin of Largs),” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. by Charles C. Gillispie (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976), Vol. XIII, pp. 374-388.

2. Dunsheath, Percy, ed. A Century of Technology (New York: Roy Publishers, 1951), pp. 272-273.

3. Gordon, John Steele. Thread Across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable (New York: Perennial, 2002), 240 pp. This book, the primary source used in this article, is reviewed in: a-Internet URL:

http://www.walkerbooks.com/books/catalog.php?key=226 b-I, Vol. 128, Issue 9 (Sept. 2002), p. 90.

4. John, Richard R. “Field, Cyrus West,” American National Biography, ed. By John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), Vol. 7, pp. 876-878.

5. McNeil, Ian, ed. An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 715.

6. Singer, Charles, et al., eds. A History of Technology. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press), Vol. 4, pp. 225-226, 660-661.

Internet Sources

1. “Atlantic Cable,” http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/atlantic-cable/sil4-0045.htm

2. Canso and Hazel Hill, “Transatlantic Cable Communications; ‘the Original Information Highway.'”

http://collections.ic.gc.ca/canso/earlycab/tech.htm#transatlantic

3. “1866, Cyrus Field, The Laying of the Atlantic Cable,”

http://207.61.100.164/candiscover/cantext/science/1866fiel.html

4. “Field, Cyrus West (1819-1892),” http://74.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FI/FIELD_CYRUS_WEST.htm

5. _________________________. Short sketch and 1858 photo of C. W. Field taken by Civil War photographer

Mathew Brady, original in National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/78gal.html

6. [Great Eastern]. http://www.greatoceanliners.net/greateastern.html

7. _____________. http://www.scripophily.net/eassteamnavc.html

8. Harding, Robert S., and Mumia Shimaka-Mbasu, “Anglo-American Telegraph Company, Ltd. Records, 1866-1947.” http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8073.htm

9. “History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy From …1850, to the present day ….”,

http://www.atlantic-cable.com/, is a near exhaustive Atlantic Cable database. It includes a Cable bibliography; a Cable timeline from 1850; early British, Canadian, and U.S. Cable experimenters; and articles on the 1858, 1865

and 1866 transatlantic Cable laying attempts. It has photos of and articles about Cyrus W. Field and others connected with the 1854-66 cable laying attempts, including the Great Eastern and other involved ships.

10. “History of Telecommunications from 1840 to 1870,” http://www.2.fht-esslingen.de/telehistory/1840-.html#1866

11. “John Steele Gordon,” Rotary Club of New York. http://ussterilizer.com/bulletin_08-26-2003.pdf

12. “Laying the First Transatlantic Cable,” http://www.infoplease.com/askeds/4-14-01askeds.html

13. “Manufacture of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable, from Illustrated London News, 1857,”

http://www.victorianlondon.org/communications/telegraphcable.htm

14. “Samuel F.B. Morse,” http://www.invent.org/halloffame/106.html

15. “Sir James Anderson [Capt., Great Eastern], 1824-1893,” http://www.newman-family-tree.net/Sir-James-

Anderson.html

16. “The Transatlantic Cable.” http://www.history-magazine.com/cable.html

New York Times (chronological order)

1. “Telegraph, Atlantic.” New York Times Index: A Book of Records. Sept. 1851-Dec. 1862. Page 294 (entries

for Sept. to Dec. 1858), page 325 (1859). See also same topic in 1860 and 1862.

2. “Atlantic Cable,” July 29, 1866, p. 4, c. 7. July 30, 1866, p. 1, c. 1-4.

3. “Ocean Telegraph,” July 31, 1866, p. 1, c. 6-7.

4. “Atlantic Telegraph,” Aug. 2, 1866, p. 5, c. 4. Aug. 4, 1866, p. 1, c. 7.

About the Authors

The Parkers are graduates of Berea College near Lexington, Ky., where they met in 1946. They were married in1950; graduated from the University of Illinois, Urbana, 1950; and from Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 1956. Franklin Parker taught at the Universities of Texas, Austin, 1957-64; Oklahoma, Norman, 1964-68; West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1968-86; Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, 1986-89; and Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, 1989-94. Betty Parker, a researcher and writer, wrote and co-edited with Franklin Parker many education books and articles; and did extensive research resulting in George Peabody, A Biography, Vanderbilt University, revised 1995. The Parkers continue scholarly pursuits at Uplands Retirement Community, P.O. Box 406 Crossville, TN 38571-406, E-mail: [email protected]

More of the Parkers’ writings can be found by typing in google.com (or other search engine subject heading) this topical heading: “Writings of Franklin Parker, 1921, [email protected], and Betty J. Parker, 1929-.”

END OF MANUSCRIPT. E-mail any corrections to: [email protected]

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