#thomas h stockton

[michaelcosio]

Thomas H. Graves

JULY 8, 1968 – DECEMBER 14, 2021

Thomas (Tom) Harold Graves passed away in Stockton, CA on December 14, 2021 at the age of 53. He is survived by his mother Judy Graves, sons Thomas Graves (Cynthia) and Marcus Graves (Feng), daughter Cari Aurandt (Andrew), grandchildren Preston and Adalynn Aurandt, sister Dr. Jennifer Nagel (Jeff) and nephews Conner and Camden Nagel, aunts, uncles, cousins and many friends. He was preceded in death by his father, Thomas Ray Graves and his grandparents, Harold and Ollie Morgan and Frank and Blanche Graves.

Tom was born in Stockton, CA on 7/8/68 and lived in Stockton his entire life. He graduated from Lincoln High School and became a journeyman electrician as well as a journeyman control operator. He retired from San Luis/Delta Mendota Water Authority. Tom’s first love was always music, and he sang with many local bands starting in high school and continuing until he could only get through a couple of songs.

[tvb1852-1853]

(T.V. Brundige Diary, Jan 24th & 25th, 1852)

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In which our protagonist has caught cold again, and a once-famous preacher makes a cameo at Charles St Methodist Episcopal Church.

Transcript & Notes

SATURDAY, January 24th, 1852.

Weather. Clear and cold _

Rose at 1/2 past 7, feeling very poorly, with a severe cold, I have taken, and which troubled me a good deal, through the night soon after breakfast, I started for my Counting Room, where I have been engaged through the morning, pretty busily, as is usual on Saturday mornings _

Upon my return home to dinner, I felt so unwell, that I concluded to remain there the balance of the day, and as it seems impossible for me to be idle, when I can possibly find any thing to do, I spent the afternoon in contriving and fixing some little notions I have at home, feeling all the time that it was painful to be stirring about _ Aunt Susan Smith called to see us later this afternoon, for a few minutes_ At 9 o'c I drank some hot lemonade, and went immediately to bed, in hopes that it would relieve my cold_

Sunday January 25th 1852_

Weather. Clear, and much milder.

After breakfast, prepared myself, at at 11 o'c, attended worship at the Charles St. Church, in company with my wife, where I heard an eloquent and beautiful missionary sermon from Revd Thos. H. Stockton, to a very crowded audience, from the 5 verse of 5 chap of 2nd Corinthians, after which, a collection was taken up for the Missionary Cause, to which I contributed, to the extent of my ability, and with a great desire to do more, if it were in my power_

Remained at home, during the afternoon, and spent the greater part of it in reading the Bible + "Christian Advocate". And in pleasant converse with my dear Companion. Passed the evening also at home, but felt so overcome with sleep soon after supper, that I could not read as I desired _ Retired to rest at 1/2 past 8 o'c〜

[Ed. Notes: Rev. Thomas H. Stockton was a prominent minister and preacher who led many different Methodist congregations during his lifetime in Baltimore, Philadelphia, D.C., Ohio and New Jersey. He was intermittent Chaplain of the US House of Representatives and delivered the sermon consecrating the Gettysburg cemetery before Lincoln gave his address.

Left: Stockton while pastor of First Methodist Church in Philadelphia, 1843 [Library of Congress] Right: portrait by OP Fitzgerald published in 1885.

Baltimore Sun Jan 24th continues to report, among other things, on snow, digging out of city gutters, surveying of harbor taking advantage of frozen shoreline, and the arrival or difficulties of various steamers and ships due to ice and storms, all of vital interest to a mercantile city. But there's also reports on France and fallout from a failed Hungarian democratic revolution, and its popular leader Kossuth, showing international interests of Baltimoreans, as well as London's Great Exhibition organized by Albert and US organizations like Maryland Institute trying to emulate it with smaller regional versions. Newspaper reports show TVB and his wife will participate in the local one.]

[spurgie-cousin]

Weird History Wednesday: UFO Encounters in American History (Part 2)🛸

(feat. my 2 favorite international UFO stories of all time!)

1. The American Airship Wave (1896-1897) Beginning in California in 1896, sightings of strange ships and lights in the sky began to be reported in unprecedented numbers across the Western United States. Many of the encounters describe hearing singing, voices, or strange noises accompanying the sighting of strange lights or crafts. One account by Colonel H.G. Shaw from Stockton, CA claims while driving his buggy, Shaw came across a strange metallic object rested in a field. He stated that 3 slender figures around 7 ft tall approached his buggy making a ‘strange warbling noise’, and tried to force him back to their craft with them. Despite their size, he was able to fight them off, after which they fled back to their craft and disappeared into the sky.

2. Mantell UFO incident (1948) A little before 2pm on January 7th, 1948, Kentucky Air National Guard pilot Thomas F. Mantell was sent out in a P-51 Mustang Fighter to pursue an unidentified flying object in the vicinity. The only description of the object was that is was circular in shape and around 80-90 meters in diameter. Mantell pursued the object until he encountered an unstable altitude that caused him to spiral downward and crash, resulting in his death. Some have wondered if the object was a military weather balloon, but the object in question has never been definitely identified.

3. The Flatwoods Monster (1952) The Flatwoods monster is an entity reported to have been sighted in the town of Flatwoods in Braxton County, West Virginia, United States, on September 12, 1952, following the appearance of a bright object crossing the night sky. After seeing the strange object seemingly crash land on a neighboring farm, 3 boys went to notify the owners of the farm, and they walked as a group into the property’s woods to investigate. While looking for the object, they describe encountering a humanoid figure approximately 10ft tall, with glowing green eyes, small ‘claw like’ hands, and a head that resemble ‘an ace of spades’. It appeared to glide toward the group making a hissing noise, before the residents dropped their flashlights and fled.

4. The Incident in Aurora, Texas (1897) Another bizarre encounter from the airship ‘wave’ of 1896-1897 happened in Aurora, Texas on April 17, 1897. According to reports, a strange metallic craft reportedly crash landed on local farm after hitting a windmill. After finding the site of the crash, the residents are said to have found metallic debris along with a body described as ‘not of this world’. The farmers, for some reason, decided to dispose of the craft remnants in a well, and buried the strange body on the property with traditional ‘Christian Rites’ as well as a grave marker (which has since been taken down). 5. Allagash Abductions (1976) Brothers Jim Weiner and Jack Weiner were on a camping trip in Allagash, Maine with friends Charles Foltz and Charles Rak when they claimed that they were abducted by aliens on August, 20, 1976. During a hypnosis session, they recalled being taken aboard a circular UFO and being "probed and tested by four-fingered beings with almond-shaped eyes and languid limbs". In a later interview by the St. John Valley Times, Charles Rak changed his story, saying he saw strange lights during the camping trip, but the abduction part of the story was a fabrication. The other three members of the group though stand by the abduction story, saying that “...after all these years, (we) are still in agreement with the Eagle Lake event as we remember it. We also accept the results of the hypnotic regression sessions and subsequent polygraph tests as supportive of an abduction scenario".

6. Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting (1952) The Nash-Fortenberry UFO incident was an unidentified flying object sighting that occurred on July 14, 1952, when two commercial pilots (William B. Nash and William H. Fortenberry) claimed to have seen eight UFOs flying in a tight arrow formation over Chesapeake Bay. The crafts were described as balls of light flying in an eerily precise manner. The case was listed in the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book as an "unknown” and there has still been no credible explanation found for the incident to this day.

7. Japan Airlines Flight 1628 incident (1986) On November, 17, 1986, Japan Airlines Flight 1628 was en route from Paris to Narita International Airport, near Tokyo, with a cargo of Beaujolais wine. While flying over eastern Alaska, the crew witnessed two unidentified objects flying to their left. According to their accounts, the figures abruptly rose from below and closed in seemingly to escort their aircraft as it flew. Each object had two rectangular arrays of what appeared to be glowing nozzles or thrusters, though the bodies of the crafts remained obscured by darkness. When the objects were at their closest, the aircraft's cabin lit up and the captain described being able to feel their heat on his face. When the two craft disappeared, the crew noticed a third, much larger disk-shaped object had began trailing their aircraft. The sighting lasted 50 minutes and ended in the vicinity of Denali National Park, Alaska.

Illustration of the first two objects, based on Captain Terauchi's drawings and descriptions. 8. The Stonehenge Incident (1975) The ‘Stonehenge Incident’ or the ‘North Hudson Park UFO sightings’ occurred on January 12, 1975 in New Jersey, at a tall grey apartment building nicknamed the ‘Stonehenge’. According to resident George O'Barski, while out driving he began hearing static over his radio and saw in North Hudson Park a dark, round flying object with brightly lit windows hovering over the ground. He then observed ten small, hooded, identically-dressed figures emerge from the UFO and appear to dig up soil, collect it in bag-like receptacles, and return to the craft. O'Barski returned to the site the next day and claims to have found the holes in the vicinity of his sighting. Months later, O'Barski told the story to ufologist Budd Hopkins, who with other ufologists allegedly found other independent witnesses (like the doormen at the Stonehenge) who also reported seeing the strange object.

9. The Ariel School Sighting (1994) In 1994 at the Ariel School in Ruwa, Zimbabwe, over 60 students reported witnessing a strange craft land on a lawn near their school in broad daylight. Several students reported feeling compelled to approach the object, and said they were communicated with telepathically by the beings inside. The students report feeling an extreme urgency combined with a message of conservation for the earth, nature, and our natural resources, as well as being given visions of possible disaster scenarios if humans didn’t heed these instructions. Many students who experienced this stand by their stories to this day, and say that it affects the decisions they make regarding conservation to this day.

10. The Celestial Phenomenon Over Nuremberg (1561) On the morning of April 14th of 1561, a mass UFO sighting was recorded via broadsheet in Nuremberg, Germany. The story says that around dawn, residents of Nuremberg saw what they described as an aerial battle, followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and then a large crash outside of the city. The broadsheet claims that witnesses observed hundreds of spheres, cylinders and other bizarre-shaped objects that moved erratically in the sky. It also describes objects of various shapes including crosses, globes, two lunar crescents, a black spear and tubular objects from which several smaller, round objects emerged and darted around the sky at dawn. A quote from the original report states: “...there stood on both sides and as a torus about the sun such blood-red ones and other balls in large number, about three in a line and four in a square, also some alone. In between these globes there were visible a few blood-red crosses, between which there were blood-red strips, becoming thicker to the rear and in the front malleable like the rods of reed-grass, which were intermingled, among them two big rods, one on the right, the other to the left, and within the small and big rods there were three, also four and more globes. These all started to fight among themselves, so that the globes, which were first in the sun, flew out to the ones standing on both sides, thereafter, the globes standing outside the sun, in the small and large rods, flew into the sun. Besides the globes flew back and forth among themselves and fought vehemently with each other for over an hour.”

An illustration of the Phenomenon over Nuremberg

[plurdledgabbleblotchits]

We’d love you to get rid of your Sheriff and law enforcement . We don’t need no rules!   

Alvord-Stiles Gang (1899-1904) – Led by two ex-lawmen, Burton Alvord and Billy Stiles, this gang of train robbers operated in Arizona Territory at the turn of the century.

Archer Gang (1880s) – Much like the Reno Brothers who had operated two decades earlier, the Archer brothers — Thomas, Mort, John, and Sam, raided Orange and Marion Counties in Indiana for several decades.

Sam Bass Gang (1877-1878) – Led by Sam Bass, this gang robbed trains and banks in Texas. For South Dakota and Nebraska robberies, see the Black Hills Bandits.

Billy the Kid’s Gang, aka: The Rustlers (1876-1880) – Led by Billy the Kid, this gang formed out of the conflict of the Lincoln County War in New Mexico.

Black Hills Bandits (1876-1877) – Comprised of Sam Bass, Joel Collins, and four other men, they robbed stagecoaches in the Deadwood, South Dakota area and pulled off the Big Springs train robbery in Nebraska.

Blonger Brothers (1890’s-1922) – Louis H. “The Fixer” Blonger led one of the longest-running confidence rings in the American West.

Bummers Gang (1855-1860) – Operating in Denver, Colorado, the Bummers Gang began “raiding” the town in the mid-1850s.

Burrow Gang (1887-1890) – Reuben “Rube” Burrow, along with his brother Jim, and other members began to rob trains after Rube’s crops had failed in Texas.

Clanton Gang, aka: The Cowboys (1870s) – The Clanton family and their ranch hands were a loosely organized gang of outlaws who operated along the Mexican border of Arizona, stealing cattle, robbing stagecoaches, ambushing teamsters, and committing murder.

Cook Gang (1894) – Led by Bill Cook and Cherokee Bill, these outlaws terrorized Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in 1894. Ruthless, they shot anyone who got in their way.

Brack Cornett Gang – See Bill Whitley Gang

Dalton Gang (1891-1892) – Led by brothers Bob and Grat Dalton, the Dalton Gang robbed banks and trains throughout Kansas and Oklahoma until they were killed in the Coffeyville, Kansas Raid.

Daly Gang (1862-1864) – For two years the Daly Gang terrorized the town of Aurora, Nevada.

Dodge City Gang (1879-1881) – In the summer of 1879, a gang of desperadoes known as the Dodge City Gang masqueraded as lawmen in Las Vegas, New Mexico.

Doolin-Dalton Gang, aka: Oklahombres, the Wild Bunch (1892-1895) – Led by Bill Doolin, the gang specialized in robbing banks, stagecoaches and trains in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.

Espinosa Gang – Bitter at the killing of six family members during the Mexican-American War, the Espinosas took their revenge on Colorado residents and travelers, murdering them viciously.

The Five Joaquins (1850-1853) – The Five Joaquins were said to be responsible for the majority of cattle rustling, robberies, and murders that were committed in the Mother Lode area of the Sierra Nevadas between 1850 and 1853.

Fleagle Gang in the Newspaper

Fleagle Gang (1920s) – The Fleagle Gang robbed banks and committed murder in Kansas, Colorado, and California during the 1920s. They were found and executed or killed after robbing the First National Bank in Lamar, Colorado.

Flores-Daniel Gang (1856-1857) – Led by Juan Flores and Pancho Daniel, the gang raided southern California, stealing horses, cattle, and robbing travelers along the roadways, sometimes leaving their victims dead.

High Fives Gang (1890s) – Also referred to as the Christian Gang, led by “Black Jack” Will Christian and his brother, Bob, from Oklahoma, the gang operated in New Mexico and Arizona after the Christian brothers escaped from an Oklahoma jail in 1895.

Hole-in-the-Wall-Gang – Active in the 1880s-1890s in the Hole-in-the-Wall Pass of the Big Horn Mountains in Wyoming, the Hole-in-the-Wall Gang was not one organized gang of outlaws, but rather, was made up of several separate groups and individuals who made their hideouts within the pass in Johnson County, Wyoming.

Innocents Gang – The Innocents were an alleged gang of outlaw road agents in Montana Territory who operated during the gold rush of the 1860s, preying on shipments and travelers carrying gold between Bannack and Virginia City.

James Gang (1879-1882) – Three years after the demise of the James-Younger Gang, when the Youngers were arrested in Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James put together another group to continue on with his criminal career. The James Gang lasted from 1879 to 1882, when Jesse was killed by Bob Ford on April 3, 1882.

James-Younger Gang (1866-1882) – After the Civil War, the James and Younger brothers hooked up, robbing banks, trains, and stagecoaches for ten years, becoming the most famous outlaw gang in America’s history.

Jennings Gang (1897) – This short-lived gang operated only a few months making several failed train robbery attempts in Oklahoma in 1897 before all were arrested or killed.

Jesse Evans Gang – The Boys (1872-1879) – Lead by Jesse Evans, this gang was actively involved in cattle rustling and armed robbery in New Mexico in the early 1870s.

Ketchum Gang (1896-1899) – Made up of a revolving list of members, the Ketchum Gang was led by Black Jack Ketchum. The gang robbed retail businesses, post offices, and trains in New Mexico.

John Kinney Gang (1870’s-1883) – Also known as the Rio Grande Posse, the Kinney Gang were successful cattle rustlers, robbers, and hired gunmen in New Mexico.

Lee Gang (1885) – In the mid-1880s, Cooke County, Texas, on the northern border of the Lone Star State, and the Chickasaw Nation just north in Indian Territory, were plagued by a gang of horse and livestock thieves led by James Lee and his brothers, Tom and Pink.

McCanles Gang – Led by David McCanles (or by some accounts, McCandless), this group of men were allegedly wanted for robbing banks and trains, cattle rustling, murder, and horse theft in the early 1860s.

McCarty Gang (1892-1893) – The McCarty Gang was run by Tom McCarty, who was one of the first to introduce Butch Cassidy to the life of banditry. The gang robbed banks until several members were killed.

Mes Gang – This bunch of primarily Hispanic outlaws and gunmen, were a rival of the John Kinney Gang, both operating out of New Mexico.

Musgrove Gang (1867-1868) – A gang of horse thieves and cattle rustlers who operated throughout Southern Wyoming and Northern Colorado in the late 1860s.

Oklahombres – See Doolin-Dalton Gang

Henry Plummer Gang – See the Innocents

Red Jack Gang – Led by “Red Jack” Almer, also known as Jack Averill, this gang preyed on Arizona stagecoaches during the early 1880s, particularly along the San Pedro River.

Reno Gang (1866-1868) – Four of the five Reno Brothers terrorized the state of Indiana for two years before they tracked down and hanged by the Southern Indiana Vigilance Committee in 1868.

Reynolds Gang (1863-1864) – A group of Confederate sympathizers that rampaged the South Park, Colorado area with the intention of raising money for the Confederate government.

Rogers Brothers Gang (1890s) – The Rogers Brothers Gang, led by Bob Rogers, terrorized Oklahoma and Kansas in the 1890s. The gang was involved in stealing horses, rustling cattle and robbing stores, post offices, banks, and trains.

Rufus Buck Gang (1895-1896) – A gang of ruthless outlaws who preyed on victims in Oklahoma, five of them were hanged at Fort Smith, Arkansas.

Selman’s Scouts (1878) – An outlaw gang in Lincoln County, New Mexico led by John Selman. For two months, during September and October 1878, the gang members terrorized the county by rustling cattle and horses, killing innocent men and boys, pillaging businesses and homes, and raping women.

Seven Rivers Warriors – (1870s) – Made up mostly of small-time ranchers from the Seven Rivers area of southeastern Lincoln County, New Mexico. supported the Tunstall/McSween faction against that of Dolan and Murphy in the Lincoln County War of New Mexico.

Silva’s White Caps, aka: Forty Bandits, Society of Bandits (1879-1893) – Silva’s White Caps were a vicious outlaw gang that operated in Las Vegas, New Mexico from about 1879 to 1893. They were a mafia-like organization that was led by led by Vicente Silva.

Smith-Dixon Gang – A Gang of horse thieves and whiskey peddlers operating in Indian Territory (Oklahoma), its members included Dave Smith, a former member of the Belle Starr Gang; his brother-in-law, Leander “Lee” Dixon; and a man teenager of about 17 years-old named William “Billy” Towerly.

Soapy Smith Gang (1879-1898) – Led by Jefferson Randolph “Soapy” Smith, the gang operated in Denver and Creede, Colorado before moving on to Skagway, Alaska, running a number of con games against unsuspecting citizens.

Stockton Gang (1878-1881) – Led by Ike Stockton, this gang of cattle rustlers terrorized the area of northern New Mexico while posing as “gentleman cowboys” in Durango, Colorado.

Triskitt Gang – Known for having conducted several robberies and killings in Northern California, the gang killed 18 people in Sailor’s Diggings, Oregon and stole $75,000 in gold.

Vasquez Gang (1860s-1875) – Led by Tiburcio Vasquez, the gang committed armed robbery and rustled horses and cattle up and down central and southern California for years.

Bill Whitley or Brack Cornett Gang (1887-1888) – Comprised of about 12 outlaws, the gang was led by Texas desperadoes Bill Whitley and Brack Cornett, robbing Texas banks and trains in the late 1880s.

Wild Bunch (1896-1901) – Led by Butch Cassidy, the Wild Bunch terrorized the states of Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada for five years.

Wolcott’s Regulators (1892) – One of the most feared bands of gunfighters and outlaws in Wyoming was Wolcott’s Regulators, who preyed on homesteaders in 1892, frequently leaving dead bodies in their wake.

[magictehnique]

Unexpected Love

Pairing: Jax Teller x reader

Disclaimer: I do not own Sons of Anarchy and the gif is not mine, credit goes to the creator.

Love always comes unexpectedly. At least that’s how it was with Jax Teller. It didn’t happen right away either. Growing up in Charming, y/n knew of the Sons and knew of Jax and his best friend Opie through school. Y/n wasn’t close to the two, but heard what was going on in their lives through Charming’s gossip grapevine. Heard everything from the intense birth of his son Abel, his reunion with high school sweetheart Tara Knowles, his lock up in Stockton, the birth of his second son Thomas. And recently the news of Tara’s murder, at the hands of his own mother.

Working at the local diner, y/n slowly began to get to know a few of the members of SAMCRO. She met Juice and Tig on many occasions; Tig always finding some way to flirt and hit on her. A few months after Tara’s murder, Jax would come around with Tig and Juice; sometimes his VP Chibs would tag along. Each time they sat in y/n’s section. It was obvious to her that Jax didn’t sleep much at night. He would always have dark circles under his eyes, and his shoulders were always slouched, but tense and alert. The first few times, he never said much to y/n. Barely acknowledged her enough to order something to drink.

As the weeks passed, Jax began to engage more with y/n. He would smirk at Tig’s awful attempts at flirting, and chimed in a few times when her and Juice were in conversation. Each time he would talk more, smile more, and look more like the Jax she remembered from before the murder of his wife. He would even make small talk with y/n every so often.

It was early evening on a Friday and the diner was going to be closing soon for the night. Y/n was sweeping the floor of the diner, trying to keep occupied for the last twenty minutes of her shift. The chime of the door could be heard in the background, but the smell of leather and cigarette smoke is what caught her attention. As she looked up from the floor, Jax sauntered over to her.

“Hey darlin’, how’s your night going?” He asked, leaning up against the counter.

“It’s going. Haven’t been very busy today,” y/n responded, leaning the broom against the counter and sitting on the bar stool, facing Jax.

“What time are you out of here?” He asked.

“In twenty minutes.”

“You should swing by TM tonight, we’re having a party for Bobby’s birthday. I can pick you up at 9:30.”

Y/n thought about it for a second. It was no surprise that after Jax started opening up her, the more she began to think about him. It was obvious she had a bit of a crush on him, and always looked forward to the next time he would come into the diner. “Really? I don’t want to impose on Bobby’s party…”

Jax gave her a wide smile and said, “don’t worry about that darlin’. You won’t be imposing at all. Besides, I’m the president, no one would dare question it.”

“Alright then. I’ll go home and change after my shift,” y/n replied with a small smile of her own.

“Perfect. I’ll pick you up at 9:30.” With that, he leaned in and gave her a small kiss on the cheek. She felt her face flush from the small sign of affection and watched him walk out the door. He threw one last smirk at her before climbing on his bike and riding off.

After her shift was over, y/n raced home to find something acceptable to wear to the party. She had a modest type of style, but knew that would get her no where at the party. Through the various stories and gossip, she was very familiar with the female company the Sons kept around the clubhouse. Digging through her closet, she found a white lace corset top and paired it with black skinny jeans, and black ankle boots. Looking and her phone, she saw that she only had ten minutes before Jax would arrive to pick her up. She quickly ran into the bathroom and combed her y/h/c hair and fixed her makeup. Just as she finished she heard the roar of Jax’s motorcycle pulling into her driveway. With one last look in the mirror, she grabbed her leather jacket, phone, and keys.

Y/n opened the front door right as Jax was getting ready to knock. His hand stilled in the air and his eyes widened a bit when he took in y/n appearance. As much as he tried, he couldn’t deny how beautiful she was before, and definitely couldn’t deny how drop dead gorgeous she looked standing in front of him.

“Wow, y/n. You look great,” he said, still ogling her from the door way.

Y/n’s face flushed again and she fiddled nervously with her keys. “Thank you. I hope this is okay. I wasn’t sure what the dress code policy is for this kind of party,” she responded with a small smile.

Jax looked into her y/e/c eyes and smirked. “Don’t worry darlin’. You definitely nailed it. Let’s get going shall we?” Y/n nodded and followed him out the door and over to his Harley. She watched as he mounted the bike and handed her his helmet. She took the helmet and swallowed any nerves she had about how the night was going to go, as she climbed on the back behind him.

Jax revved the engine and looked over his shoulder at y/n and shouted, “you ready?” Y/n nodded her head in response and he said, “hold on tight,” before backing out and speeding down the road.

Being on the back of Jax bike made y/n realize why the Sons loved riding them so much. Feeling the wind blow through her hair and grace over her skin felt so freeing. Feeling Jax’s hardened muscles through his shirt only intensified the feeling. Roughly ten minutes later, they reached TM. Y/n saw the row of bikes parked and could hear the rowdy party in full swing. She climbed off the bike and handed Jax the helmet back. Outside of the club house she saw a few of the guys hanging out on the picnic benches with scantly dressed croweaters trying their best to end up in bed with the Son of their choice. Jax placed a hand on the small of her back and steered her into the clubhouse. Once inside she recognized a few of the Sons who frequented the diner. Juice and Chibs nodded and raised their glasses towards y/n and Jax from their seats at the bar. The pair walked over and joined them.

“Hey y/n, glad you could make it,” Juice said with a friendly smile.

“Aye lass, I’m glad Jackie boy here finally grew some balls and asked you here,” Chibs said, slapping Jax on the shoulder. Jax just smirked and ordered two beers.

“Here you go darlin’. Let’s go sit on one of the couches.” Y/n accepted the beer and followed him over. For the duration of the party, Jax and y/n stayed on the couch and talked to each other. They drank beer after beer and talked about their families. Jax talked about his two boys, and how the death of their mother was hard on them. How all of them are still trying to cope with her death. Y/n talked about her parents, and what it was like growing up. She talked about her dream to open up a 50s themed diner someday. And even mentioned wanting to have a family of her own.

It wasn’t until the early hours of the morning when Jax dropped y/n off at her house. He walked her to her door and y/n turned to look at him. Neither one of them wanted the night to end. For the first time in months, Jax felt genuinely happy and stress-free with y/n, and could no longer deny the growing feelings he had for her. Y/n herself realized that she was falling hard for the blonde haired biker standing in front of her. After a few moments of silence, y/n said, “thank you for inviting me to the party, Jax. I had really nice time.”

Jax smiled and replied, “it’s my pleasure darlin’. I enjoyed having you there. Actually I was wondering if you would like to come by my place sometime. I’ll cook you dinner and we can hang out. Maybe you could meet Thomas and Abel.”

Y/n was a little surprised with Jax’s question. She wanted nothing more than to spend more time with Jax and eventually meet his sons. She had no idea that he shared her feelings. “Yeah, I would like that.”

Jax smiled the biggest smile she had ever seen on him, and she had to admit, it was the most amazing smile she had ever seen. “Perfect. It’s a date then. I’ll call you tomorrow.” With that he leaned down and gave her a small kiss on her lips. All too quickly, he pulled awake and wished her a goodnight. He walked over to his bike and climbed on, but waited until she got inside her front door. She yelled goodnight and gave him a small wave. As she shut the front door, her fingers ghosted her lips, which were still tingling front the kiss. Y/n couldn’t stop the huge grin on her face.

That night, y/n was too giddy to sleep. The talk they had the kiss they shared played through her mind on repeat. Finally she was able to fall asleep, after what seemed like forever. When she woke up in the late morning, she glanced at her phone and found a text message from a certain blonde biker. And once again, her lips tingled from the memory of the kiss and she was filled with anticipation of what was to come from the ever so charming, Jax Teller.

[weirdletter]

Doorway to Dilemma: Bewildering Tales of Dark Fantasy (British Library Tales of the Weird), edited and introduced by Mike Ashley, British Library Publishing, 2019. Info: www.bl.uk.

“The events which I purpose detailing are of so extraordinary a character that I am quite prepared to meet with an unusual amount of incredulity and scorn…” Welcome to the realm of Dark Fantasy, where the weird prevails and accounts of unanswerable dilemma find their home. Gathered within these pages are twisted yarns, encounters with logic-defying creatures and nightmarish fables certain to perplex and beguile. So join us as we journey across the threshold, deep into the Library’s vaults where nineteen deliciously dark and totally dumbfounding stories await. These tales, plucked from long-lost literary magazines and anthologies spring to life again to embody this most mesmerising of genres.

Contents: Introduction by Mike Ashley What Was It? by Fitz-James O’Brien The Anticipator by Morley Roberts The First Dilemma: The Lady or the Tiger? and The Discourager of Hesitancy by Frank R. Stockton The White People by Arthur Machen The Prism by Mary E. Wilkins The Second Dilemma: The Mysterious Card, and The Mysterious Card Unveiled by Cleveland Moffett A Moonlight Fable, H. G. Wells Fear by Catherine Wells The Third Dilemma: The Little Room, and The Sequel to the Little Room by Madeline Yale Wynne The Thing in the Cellar by David H. Keller Johnson Looked Back by Thomas Burke The Fourth Dilemma: The Woman in Red, and Unmasked by Muriel Campbell Dyar The New Mother by Lucy Clifford The Hoard of the Gibbelins by Lord Dunsany The Final Dilemma: The Three Marked Pennies by Mary E. Counselman

[superhalfrussian]

In 1846 the U.S. Navy was under orders to take over all California ports in the event of war. There were about 400–500 U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy bluejacket sailors available for possible land action on the Pacific Squadron's ships. Hearing word of the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma and the arrival of the large British 2,600 ton, 600 man, man-of-war HMS Collingwood, flagship under Sir George S. Seymour, outside Monterey Harbor, Commodore Sloat was finally stirred to action. On 7 July 1846—seven weeks after war had been declared, Commodore John D. Sloat instructed the Captains of the ships USS Savannah and sloops USS Cyane and USS Levant of the Pacific Squadron in Monterey Bay to occupy Monterey, California—the Alta California capital. Fifty American marines and about 100 bluejacket sailors landed and captured the city without incident—the few Californio troops formerly there having already evacuated the city. They raised the flag of the United States without firing a shot. The only shots fired were a 21 gun salute to the new 28 star U.S. flag fired by each of the U.S. Navy ships in the harbor.[35] The British ships observed but took no action—getting a message to and from Britain requesting new orders to interfere would have taken from one to two years.

The abandoned Presidio and Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores) at San Francisco, (then called Yerba Buena), was occupied without firing a shot on 9 July 1846 by U.S. Marines and U.S. Navy sailors from the sloop USS Portsmouth. Militia Captain Thomas Fallon led a small force of about 22 men from Santa Cruz, California, and captured the small town of Pueblo de San Jose without bloodshed on 11 July 1846. Fallon received an American flag from Commodore John D. Sloat, and raised it over the pueblo on 14 July. On 15 July 1846, Commodore (Rear Admiral) John D. Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore Robert F. Stockton when Stockton's ship, the frigate Congress, arrived from Hawaii. Stockton, a much more aggressive leader, asked Fremont to form a joint force of Fremont's soldiers, scouts, guides etc. and a volunteer militia—many former Bear Flag Revolters. This unit called the California Battalion was mustered into U.S. service and were paid regular army wages. On 19 July, Frémont's newly formed "California Battalion" swelled to about 160 men. These men included Fremont's 30 topographical men and their 30 scouts and hunters, U.S. Marine Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie, a U.S. Navy officer to handle their two cannons, a company of Indians trained by Sutter and many other permanent California settlers from several different countries as well as American settlers. The California Battalion members were used mainly to garrison and keep order in the rapidly surrendering California towns. The Navy went down the coast from San Francisco, occupying ports without resistance as they went. The small pueblo (town) of San Diego surrendered 29 July 1846 without a shot being fired. The small pueblo of Santa Barbara surrendered without a shot being fired in August 1846. On 13 August 1846 a joint force of U.S. Marines, bluejacket sailors and parts of Fremont's California Battalion carried by the USS Cyane entered Los Angeles, California with flags flying and band playing. Captain Archibald H. Gillespie, (Fremont's second in command), with an inadequate force of 40 to 50 men were left to occupy and keep order in the largest town (about 3,500) in Alta California—Los Angeles.

[1baddmouthcrown]

1815 Cuffe arrives at Sherbrooke Island in present day Sierra Leone with 88 African Americans, the first. 1816 December The American Colonization Society is established. 1820 The ship Elizabeth sails from New York to Sierra Leone and Liberia with 88 emigrants. and 22 emigrants die within 3 weeks from yellow fever and of the 4, 571 emigrants brought to Liberia between this year and 1843 only 1, 819 survive. 1821 Lt. Robert Stockton points a pistol to King Peter’s head and King Peter sells Cape Mersurado. 1822 January 7 The emigrants brought to Sherbrooke Island by Cuffe are taken to Cape Mersurado by another ship and there they establish the city of Christopolis. 1824 The city of Christopolis is renamed Monrovia after President James Monroe. 1825 King Peter and other Kings sign a treaty with Ashmun granting land and are given 3 barrels of rum, 5 caskets 1829 March Jamaican John Brown Russworm co founder of the first African American owned newspaper, “Freedoms Journal” emigrates from the U. S. to Liberia. 1830 Russwurm found employment as the colonial secretary for the American Colonization Society serving from until 1834 and also worked as the editor of the Liberia Herald and served as the superintendent of education in Liberia’s capital, Monrovia. 1836 Russwurm becomes the first black governor of the Maryland in Africa colony which was annexed Liberia in 1857. 1845 The ACS draft a constitution at a convention held in Monrovia. 1847 Liberia delcares its independence becoming an independent and sovereign Republic using the constitution. 1848 January 3 Joseph Jenkins Roberts is elected Liberia’s first president. 1850 Edward Wilmot Blyden at age 18 emigrates to Liberia after unsuccessfully enrolling in Rutgers Theological College as well as 2 other theological colleges in the U.S. Blyden had made the trip to the U.S. with the wife of John P. Knox, pastor of St. Thomas Protestant Dutch Reformed Church. The state of Virginia begin to put aside $30, 000 every year until 1855 to support emigration. Blyden edits the Liberia Herald and writes the column “A Voice From Bleeding Africa”. 1859 May Martin Delany, whos own paternal descent was that of Goan sails from New York to Liberia where he and chiefs in the Abeokuta region make an agreement similarly to for to unused land. Earlier that same year Delany had published parts of Blake: Or The Huts of America in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe’s “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, in which he criticized for inaccurately portraying the slaves as too passive although for cruelty of Southern slave owners, the first half of part one is serialised in The Anglo-African Magazine between January to July. 1860 Delany leaves Liberia for England and there he is honoured by the International Statistical Congress, and returns to America shortly. 1835 Delany attends the National Negro Convention in Philadelphia. 1843 Delany begins publishing The Mystery black newspaper, his articles and writings are reprinted in William Lloyd Garrisons “The Liberator” and also meets and marries Catherine A. Richards Pittsburgh. 1846 Delany is sued $650 for libel by an African American, Fiddler Johnson, who he accused in The Mystery newspaper of being a slave catcher. 1847 Delany meets Douglass and Garrison whilst they are in Pittsburgh on an anti-slavery tour and helps to put together Douglass’s first abolitionist newspaper “the North Star”, printed from the basement of the Memorial African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church in Rochester, New York. Delanys eulogy for Rev. Fayette Davis is widely redistributed. Delany recruits for the Union Army. His son Touissant Louverture Delany serves with the 54th regiment. 1848 July Delany reports in the North Star that the jury in the Crosswait trial were instructed by U.S. District Court Justice John McLean to make it a punishable offence for a citizen to thwart those trying to “repossess” an alleged runaway slave, and as a result influences abolitionist Salmon P. Chase to remove McLean as a candidate of the Free Soil Party for the Presidency. 1850 Delany becomes one of the first of three black men to attend Harvard Medical School but is dismissed in after a few weeks on account of a race complaint from white students. 1852 Delany publishes his The Condition, Elevation, Emigration and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, Politically Considered. 1854 Delany publishes The Origins and Objects of Ancient Freemasonry: Its Introduction into the United States and Legitimacy among Colored Men. Delany, in the second Cholera outbreak stays behind in Pittsburgh to treat patients whilst many leave the city. August Dealany leads the National Emigration Convention in Cleveland, Ohio. and publishes his “Political Destiny of the Colored Race on the American Continent”. 1856 Delany moves his family to Chatham, Ontario, Canada. 1861 Delanys second part of part one series is published in Weekly Anglo African Magazine, he also prepares to embark Abeokuta but abandon plans abolition Delany begins recruiting black men for the Union Army Rhode Island, Connecticut and Ohio raising thousands of enlistees many joining the new United States Coloured Troops, his son serving in the 54th regiment, writes to secretary of war Edwin Stanton 179, 000 black men enlisting in the U.S. Coloured Troops making up almost 10% of those serving in the Union army. 1865 February Delany meets Abraham Lincoln and proposes the creation of a Corps of black men led by black officers to attract blacks in the south. Delany becomes the first black line field officer in the U.S. Army as well as the only black officer to receive commission of the highest rank of Major during the Civil War. April 14 Delany invited to the War Department ceremony in Charleston, South Carolina, attending with Robert Vesey son of hanged black abolitionist, Denmark Vesey in ship named the Planter former slave Robert Smalls, Major Genral Robert Anderson Fort Sumter 1861, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Senator Warner speak, Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson and abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher. 1861 Blyden becomes professor of Greek and Latin at Liberia College and becomes Liberian Secretary of State. 1877 Delany became chairman of the Liberian Exodus Joint Steamship Company finance committee they bought the 400 ton ship Azor. 1878 The following year the company made the voyage from Charleston to Monrovia with captain Harrison N. Bouey. Blyden serves as President of Liberia College for 4 years. 1887 Blyden publishes his Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race. 1895 17 years later Bishop Henry Mc. Turner was responsible for two ships with 500 emigrants sailing to Liberia in 1895 and 1896. The year after he also received James Mata Dwane of South Africa along with H. B. Parks and J. S. Flipper. Dwane previously a South African Methodist Minister had left the Methodist Church to join the Ethiopian Church of Mangena Mokone in the same year and was also the founder of the Order of Ethiopia in the Anglican Church.

[lboogie1906]

Henry Thomas Sampson, Jr. born in Jakeson, Mississippi, on April 22, 1934, died June 4, 2015, in Stockton, CA was an African-American inventor, known for creating the gamma-electric cell–a device with the main goal of generating auxiliary power from the shielding of a nuclear reactor. He then attended Morehouse College before transferring to Purdue University. He received a BS in Chemical Engineering from Purdue University. He graduated with a MS in Engineering from UCLA. He received an MS in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and his Ph.D. He was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering in the US. His patents included a binder system for propellants and explosives and a case bonding system for cast composite propellants. Both inventions are related to solid rocket motors. He was a member of the Navy. He was employed as a research chemical engineer at the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, in the area of high-energy solid propellants and case bonding materials for solid rocket motors. He served as the Director of Mission Development and Operations of the Space Test Program at the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo. He was awarded a patent, with George H. Miley, for a gamma-electrical cell, a device that produces a high voltage from radiation sources, primarily gamma radiation, with proposed goals of generating auxiliary power from the shielding of a nuclear reactor. The patent cites the cell's function as a detector with self-power and construction cost advantages over previous detectors. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence #omegapsiphi https://www.instagram.com/p/CcpskuNLa1iseroHU48sag547Vkt3pd0exAY2c0/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[michaelcosio]

Thomas H Graves IV

6232 Hemet Ave

Stockton, CA 95207

[shihtzuman]

187 #ClimateMayors adopt, honor and uphold #ParisAgreement goals

Badman Nishioka/3rd report /1st 62 Mayors, 2nd 88 Mayors, 3rd: The 187 US Mayor's commit to adopt, and uphold Paris Agreement!

HP: Climate Mayors

U.S. #Climate Mayors working together to advance local climate action, national emission reduction policies, & the Paris Climate Agreement www.climate-mayors.org. Jun 2

187 US Climate Mayors commit to adopt, honor and uphold Paris Climate Agreement goals

STATEMENT FROM THE CLIMATE MAYORS IN RESPONSE TO PRESIDENT TRUMP’S WITHDRAWAL FROM THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT June 1st 2017

The President’s denial of global warming is getting a cold reception from America’s cities.

As 187 US Mayors representing 52 million Americans, we will adopt, honor, and uphold the commitments to the goals enshrined in the Paris Agreement. We will intensify efforts to meet each of our cities’ current climate goals, push for new action to meet the 1.5 degrees Celsius target, and work together to create a 21st century clean energy economy.

We will continue to lead. We are increasing investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency. We will buy and create more demand for electric cars and trucks. We will increase our efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions, create a clean energy economy, and stand for environmental justice. And if the President wants to break the promises made to our allies enshrined in the historic Paris Agreement, we’ll build and strengthen relationships around the world to protect the planet from devastating climate risks.

The world cannot wait — and neither will we.

Sign

*Mayor Eric Garcetti, City of Los Angeles, CA/

*Mayor Martin J Walsh, City of Boston, MA/

*Mayor Bill de Blasio, New York City, NY/

*Mayor Sylvester Turne, City of Houston, TX/

*Mayor Madeline Rogero, City of Knoxville, TN/

*Mayor Rahm Emanuel, City of Chicago, IL/

*Mayor Ed Murray, City of Seattle, WA/

*Mayor Jim Kenney, City of Philadelphia, PA/

*Mayor Kasim Reed, City of Atlanta, GA/

*Mayor Lioneld Jordan, City of Fayetteville, AR/

*Mayor Trish Herrera Spencer, City of Alameda, CA/

*Mayor Kathy Sheehan, City of Albany, NY/

*Mayor Allison Silberberg, City of Alexandria, VA/

*Mayor Jeanne Sorg, City of Ambler, PA/

*Mayor Ethan Berkowitz, City of Anchorage, AK/

*Mayor Terence Roberts, City of Anderson, SC/

*Mayor Christopher Taylor, City of Ann Arbor, MI/

*Mayor Van W Johnson, City of Apalachicola, FL/

*Mayor Susan Ornelas, City of Arcata, CA/

*Mayor Esther Manheimer, City of Asheville, NC/

*Mayor Steve Skadron, City of Aspen, CO/

*Mayor Steve Adler, City of Austin, TX/

*Mayor Gordon Ringberg, City of Bayfield, WI/

*Mayor Jesse Arreguin, City of Berkeley, CA/

*Mayor William Bell, City of Birmingham, AL/

*Mayor Ron Rordam, City of Blacksburg, VA/

*Mayor John Hamilton, City of Bloomington, IN/

*Mayor Dave Bieter, City of Boise, ID/

*Mayor Suzanne Jones, City of Boulder, CO/

*Mayor Carson Taylor, City of Bozeman, MT/

*Mayor Eric Mamula, Town of Breckenridge, CO/

*Mayor Lori S. Liu, City of Brisbane, CA/

*Mayor Brenda Hess, City of Buchanan, MI/

*Mayor Byron W Brown, City of Buffalo, NY/

*Mayor Miro Weinberger, City of Burlington, VT/

*Mayor E Denise Simmons, City of Cambridge, MA/

*Mayor Lydia Lavelle, City of Carrboro, NC/

*Mayor Pam Hemminger, City of Chapel Hill, NC/

*Mayor John J Tecklenburg, City of Charleston, SC/

*Mayor Jennifer Roberts, City of Charlotte, NC/

*Mayor Andy Berke, City of Chattanooga, TN/

*Mayor Mary Casillas Salas, City of Chula Vista, CA/

*Mayor Brian Treece, City of Columbia, MO/

*Mayor Stephen K Benjamin, City of Columbia, SC/

*Mayor Brian Tobin, City of Cortland, NY/

*Mayor Biff Traber, City of Corvallis, OR/

*Mayor Jeffrey Cooper, Culver City, CA/

*Mayor Mike Rawlings, City of Dallas, TX/

*Mayor Robb Davis, City of Davis, CA/

*Mayor Cary Glickstein, City of Delray Beach, FL/

*Mayor Michael Hancock, City of Denver, CO/

*Mayor Frank Cownie, City of Des Moines, IA/

*Mayor Josh Maxwell, City of Downingtown, PA/

*Mayor Roy D Buol, City of Dubuque, IA/

*Mayor William V Bell, City of Durham, NC/

*Mayor Kris Teegardin, City of Edgewater, CO/

*Mayor David Kaptain, City of Elgin, IL/

*Mayor Lucy Vinis, City of Eugene, OR/

*Mayor Stephen H Hagerty, City of Evanston, IL/

*Mayor Coral J Evans, City of Flagstaff, AZ/

*Mayor Jack Seiler, City of Fort Lauderdale, FL/

*Mayor Tom Henry, City of Fort Wayne, IN/

*Mayor Karen Freeman-Wilson, City of Gary, IN/

*Mayor Rosalyn Bliss, City of Grand Rapids, MI/

*Mayor Nancy Vaughan, City of Greensboro, NC/

*Mayor Joy Cooper, City of Hallandale Beach, FL/

*Mayor Luke Bronin, City of Hartford, /

*Mayor Peter Swiderski, City of Hastings-on-Hudson, NY/

*Mayor Nancy R. Rotering, City of Highland Park, IL/

*Mayor Gayle Brill Mittler, City of Highland Park, NJ/

*Mayor Tom Stevens, Town of Hillsborough, NC/

*Mayor Dawn Zimmer, City of Hoboken, NJ/

*Mayor Josh Levy, City of Hollywood, FL/

*Mayor Alex B Morse, City of Holyoke, MA/

*Mayor Paul Blackburn, City of Hood River, OR/

*Mayor Josh Levy, City of Hollywood, FL/

*Mayor Candace B Hollingsworth, City of Hyattsville, MD/

*Mayor Svante Myrick, City of Ithaca, NY/

*Mayor Steven M Fulop, Jersey City, NJ/

*Mayor Sly James, Kansas City, MO/

*Mayor Nina Jonas, City of Ketchum, ID/

*Mayor Steve Noble, City of Kingston, NY/

*Mayor Adam Paul, City of Lakewood, CO/

*Mayor Michael Summers, City of Lakewood, OH/

*Mayor Christine Berg, City of Lafayette, CO/

*Mayor Richard J Kaplan, City of Lauderhill, FL/

*Mayor Mark Stodola, City of Little Rock, AR/

*Mayor Robert Garcia, City of Long Beach, CA/

*Mayor Dennis Coombs, City of Longmont, CO/

*Mayor Marico Sayoc, City of Los Gatos, CA/

*Mayor Paul R Soglin, City of Madison, WI/

*Mayor Kirsten Keith, City of Menlo Park, CA/

*Mayor Tomas Regalado, City of Miami, FL/

*Mayor Philip Levine, City of Miami Beach, FL/

*Mayor Gurdip Brar, City of Middleton, WI/

*Mayor Daniel Drew, City of Middletown, CT/

*Mayor Reuben D. Holober, City of Millbrae, CA/

*Mayor Jeff Silvestrini, City of Millcreek, UT/

*Mayor Tom Barrett, City of Milwaukee, WI/

*Mayor Mark Gamba, City of Milwaukie, OR/

*Mayor Betsy Hodges, City of Minneapolis, MN/

*Mayor Mary O’Connor, City of Monona, WI/

*Mayor John Hollar, City of Montpelier, VT/

*Mayor Timothy Dougherty, City of Morristown, NJ/

*Mayor Fred Courtright,City of Mount Pocono, PA/

*Mayor Ken Rosenberg, City of Mountain View, CA/

*Mayor Megan Barry, City of Nashville, TN/

*Mayor Ras Baraka, City of Newark, NJ/

*Mayor Jon Mitchell, City of New Bedford, MA/

*Mayor Toni N Harp, City of New Haven, CT/

*Mayor Mitch Landrieu, City of New Orleans, LA/

*Mayor Francis M. Womack, North Brunswick Township, NJ/

*Mayor Donna D Holaday, City of Newburyport, MA/

*Mayor Setti Warren, City of Newton, MA/

*Mayor David J. Narkewicz, City of Northampton, MA/

*Mayor Jennifer White, City of Nyack, NY/

*Mayor Libby Schaaf, City of Oakland, CA/

*Mayor Cheryl Selby, City of Olympia, WA/

*Mayor Buddy Dyer, City of Orlando, FL/

*Mayor Greg Scharff, City of Palo Alto, CA/

*Mayor Jack Thomas, Park City, UT/

*Mayor Greg Stanton, City of Phoenix, AZ/

*Mayor William Peduto, City of Pittsburgh, PA/

*Mayor Ted Wheeler, City of Portland, OR/

*Mayor Liz Lempert, City of Princeton, NJ/

*Mayor Jorge O Elorza, City of Providence, RI/

*Mayor Nancy McFarlane, City of Raleigh, NC/

*Mayor John Marchione, City of Redmond, WA/

*Mayor John Seybert, Redwood City, CA/

*Mayor Hillary Schieve, City of Reno, NV/

*Mayor Tom Butt, City of Richmond, CA/

*Mayor Levar Stoney, City of Richmond, VA/

*Mayor Daniel Guzzi, City of Rockwood, MI/

*Mayor Mike Fournier, City of Royal Oak, MI/

*Mayor Darrell Steinberg, City of Sacramento, CA/

*Mayor Christopher Coleman, City of Saint Paul, MN/

*Mayor Kim Driscoll, City of Salem, MA/

*Mayor Jackie Biskupski, Salt Lake City, UT/

*Mayor Kevin Faulconer, City of San Diego, CA/

*Mayor Ed Lee, City of San Francisco, CA/

*Mayor Sam Liccardo, City of San Jose, CA/

*Mayor Pauline Russo Cutter, City of San Leandro, CA/

*Mayor Heidi Harmon, City of San Luis Obispo, CA/

*Mayor Miguel Pulido, City of Santa Ana, CA/

*Mayor Helene Schneider, City of Santa Barbara, CA/

*Mayor Lisa M. Gillmor, City of Santa Clara, CA/

*Mayor Javier M Gonzales, City of Santa Fe, NM/

*Mayor Ted Winterer, City of Santa Monica, CA/

*Mayor Chris Lain, City of Savanna, IL/

*Mayor Scott A Saunders, City of Smithville, TX/

*Mayor Joe Curtatone, City of Somerville, MA/

*Mayor Pete Buttigieg, City of South Bend, IN/

*Mayor Philip K Stoddard,City of South Miami, FL/

*Mayor Domenic J Sarno, City of Springfield, MA/

*Mayor Lyda Krewson, City of St Louis, MO/

*Mayor Len Pagano, City of St Peters, MO/

*Mayor Rick Kriseman, City of St Petersburg, FL/

*Mayor Michael Tubbs, City of Stockton, CA/

*Mayor Glenn Hendricks, City of Sunnyvale, CA/

*Mayor Michael J Ryan, City of Sunrise, FL/

*Mayor Daniel E Dietch, City of Surfside, FL/

*Mayor Stephanie A Miner, City of Syracuse, NY/

*Mayor Marilyn Strickland, City of Tacoma, WA/

*Mayor Kate Stewart, City of Takoma Park, MD/

*Mayor Andrew Gillum, City of Tallahassee, FL/

*Mayor Bob Buckhorn, City of Tampa, FL/

*Mayor Jim Carruthers, Traverse City, MI/

*Mayor Eric E Jackson, City of Trenton, NJ/

*Mayor Jonathan Rothschild, City of Tucson, AZ/

*Mayor Shelley Welsch, University City, MO/

*Mayor Diane Marlin, City of Urbana, IL/

*Mayor Dave Chapin, City of Vail, CO/

*Mayor Muriel Bowser, City of Washington, D.C./

*Mayor Oscar Rios, City of Watsonville, CA/

*Mayor Edward O’Brien, City of West Haven, CT/

*Mayor John Heilman, City of West Hollywood, CA/

*Mayor Jeri Muoio, City of West Palm Beach, FL/

*Mayor Christopher Cabaldon, City of West Sacramento, CA/

*Mayor Daniel Corona,City of West Wendover, NV/

*Mayor Thomas M Roach, City of White Plains, NY/

*Mayor Debora Fudge, City of Windsor, CA/

*Mayor Allen Joines, City of Winston Salem, NC/

*Mayor Angel Barajas, City of Woodland, CA/

*Mayor Joseph M Petty, City of Worcester, MA/

*Mayor Mike Spano, City of Yonkers, NY/

*Mayor Amanda Maria Edmonds, City of Ypsilanti, MI

Updated signatories as of 8 AM PT on June 3, 2017

Climate Mayors (aka, Mayors National Climate Action Agenda, or MNCAA) is a network of 200 U.S. mayors — representing over 54 million Americans in red states and blue states — working together to strengthen local efforts for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and supporting efforts for binding federal and global-level policy making. Climate Mayors recently released an open letter to President Trump to oppose his actions thus far against action.

If you would like to sign this statement, or require further information about the Climate Mayors (MNCAA) and its activities please email info@climate-mayors.org or visit our websitehttp://www.climate-mayors.org.

NOTE 2pm, 6/2: Please note that we are receiving a significant amount of interest from US cities in joining Climate Mayors and we may be delayed in responding to you. Climate ChangeTrumpParis AgreementCitiesGlobal Warming

Climate Mayors U.S. #ClimateMayors working together to advance local climate action, national emission reduction policies, & the Paris Climate Agreement

https://medium.com/@ClimateMayors/climate-mayors-commit-to-adopt-honor-and-uphold-paris-climate-agreement-goals-ba566e260097

[xmasqoo-haineke]

5th century - 1879 ALCOHOL timeline (White, Kurtz, & Acker).

This first chronology spans the earliest medicalization of excessive drinking through the “discovery” of addiction in America. This discovery occurs during a period that witnessed a dramatic increase in American per capita alcohol consumption and drinking preferences (from fermented to distilled alcohol) as well as a recognition of the addictive powers of opium and morphine. We will also see in this first period the first articulation of a disease concept of alcoholism and the call for the creation of specialized medical institutions for the treatment of the inebriate. Note the early emergence of elements that will become the core of the addiction disease concept: tolerance, withdrawal, progression, loss of control, inability to abstain, and the necessity of total abstinence.

---- Early references to “drink madness” from ancient Egypt and Greece (Crothers, 1893)

5th Century BC Heroditus (fifth century BC) reference to drunkenness as a body and soul sickness

(Crothers, 1893)

4th Century BC Aristotle (384-322 BC) in comparing licentiousness to drunkenness noted that the

former was a functional disorder while the latter resulted from an organic disorder. He viewed licentiousness as permanent but drunkenness curable. (The Cyclopaedia of Temperance and Prohibition, p., 221)

1st Century AD Seneca (4 B.C.-65 A.D.) (Seneca. Epistle LXXXIII: On drunkenness. Classics

of the Alcohol Literature. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol (1942) 3:302- 307.) ̃ “the word drunken is used in two ways,-in the one case of a man who is loaded with wine and has no control over himself; in the other, of a man who is accustomed to get drunk, and is a slave to the habit...there is a great difference between a man who is drunk and a drunkard.” p. 304

̃ “drunkenness is nothing but a condition of insanity purposely assumed.” p. 306 ̃ “...the vices which liquor generated retain their power even when the liquor is gone.” p. 307

St John Chrysostom-first distinctive comparison of inebriety to other diseases. (Crothers, 1893)

1531 Classics of the Alcohol Literature: A Document of the Reformation Period on Inebriety: Sebastian Franck=s “On the Horrible Vice of Drunkenness.” Quarterly

4

1563

1576

1592

Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 2(2):391-395 ̃ Refers to intoxication as a “sin that has become a habit.” p. 392. ̃ Franck=s attack is on drunkenness and not on alcohol or drinking; Jellinek notes that this attitude derived from Franck=s religious view that “What God created could not be evil in itself.” p. 395

The Portuguese explorer Garcia da Orta describes opium addiction in India: “...there is a very strong desire for it among those who use it.” Early depiction of craving and compulsion. (Sonnedecker, 1962, p. 281)

German physician-botanist Leonhart Rauwolf, in describing the opium traffic among the Turks, Moors and Persians, notes of opium consumers: “if they leave off somewhat taking it, so that then they feel physically ill.” Early description of narcotic withdrawal. (Sonnedecker, 1962, p. 280)

Classics of the Alcohol Literature: The Observations of the Elizabethan Writer Thomas Nash on Drunkenness. (1943). Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 4(3): 462-469. ̃ Nash=s pened thoughts on “The Eight Kinds of Drunkennesse.”

̃ “All these species, and more, I haue seene practised in one Company at one sitting, when I have beene permitted to remaine sober amongst them...” ̃ NOTE: E.M. Jellinek, who introduced and summarized Nash’s work in the above Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol article, later uses Nash’s term “species” in his own work to separate those types of alcohol problems that warrant designation as a disease.

H. van Linschoten of Holland describes opium use in India: “He that is used to eating it, must eat it daily, otherwise he dies and consumes himself...he that has never eaten it, and will venture to at first to eat as much as those who daily use it, will surely kill him: for I certainly believe it is a kinde of poison.” Early depiction of tolerance. (Sonnedecker, 1962, p. 280)

“...the modern conception of alcohol addiction dates not from the late eighteenth century but from the early seventeenth century at the very least. It is in the religious oratory of Stuart England that we find the key components of the idea that habitual drunkenness constitutes a progressive disease, the chief symptom of which is a loss of control over drinking behavior.” (Warner, 1993)

English Clergyman John Downame refers to drunkards “who addict themselves to this vice.” (Quoted in Warner, 1993, p. 687)

Ward, S. (1622). Woe to Drunkards. London: A Mathewes. ̃ English clergyman refers to drunkard’s “disease” (Cited in Warner, 1993, p. 688)

5

1592

17th Century

1609 1622

1655 Physician Acosta (Portugal) notes difficulties experienced by those trying to discontinue opium use--early anticipation of concept of addiction.

1673 Increase Mather, minister of the Old North Church, in his sermon, “Woe to Drunkards” declares: “Drink in itself is a good creature of God...and to be received with thankfulness, but the abuse of drink is from Satan; the wine is from God, but the drunkard is from the Devil.” (Lender, 1973, p. 353)

1675 English minister Richard Garbutt describes tolerance and progression: ̃ “The greatest Drunkard, what commonly was he at first, but only a frequent needless Drinker? At first he did but sip it, and afterwards he turned to sup, and now he swoops it.” (Quoted in Warner, 1993, p. 687)

1680 Scrivener, M. (1680). A Treatise against Drunkenness: Described in its Natures, Kindes, Effects and Causes, Especially that of Drinking of Healths. London: Printed for Charles Brown. ̃ Refers to England’s “Epidemical Disease of Drunkenness” (Cited in Warner, 1993, p. 688)

1682 Stockton, O. (1682). A Warning to Drunkards Delivered in Several Sermons to a Congregation in Colchester upon the Occasion of a Sad Providence towards a Young Man, Dying in the Act of Drunkenness. London: J.R. English clergyman Owen Stockton’s Warning to Drunkards posthumously published:

̃ “Drunkenness is an enticing, bewitching sin, which is very hardly left by those addicted to it.” (Quoted in Warner, 1993, p. 687)

1700 In The Mysteries of Opium Reveal’d, English physician John Jones describes the opiate withdrawal syndrome and dependence, saying that “the effects of sudden leaving off the uses of opium after a long and lavish use therefore [were] great and even intolerable distresses, anxieties and depressions of spirit, which commonly end in a most miserable death, attended with strange agonies, unless men return to the use of opium; which soon raises them again, and certainly restores them.” (Acker) Jones concluded his depiction of addiction with the observation that “the mischief is not really in the drug but in people,” but does note that the addict eventually loses volitional control of his habit. (Sonnedecker, 1962, p. 283-284)

1747 French philosopher Condillac refers to inebriety as a disease and calls for state sponsored treatment. (Crothers, 1893)

1772 Benjamin Rush calls for the abandonment of distilled spirits and the substitution of cider, beer, wine and non-alcoholic drinks in his “Sermons to Gentlemen Upon Temperance and Exercise.” (Wilkerson, 1966, p. 42)

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1774

Anthony Benezet’s Mighty Destroyer Displayed is published. Includes what is perhaps the first American reference to alcohol addiction: “The unhappy dram- drinkers are so absolutely bound in slavery to these infernal spirits, that they seem to have lost the power of delivering themselves from this worst of bondages.”

̃ Notes progression: “Drops beget drams, and drams beget more drams, till they become to be without weight or measure.” ̃ Refers to alcohol as a “bewitching poison.” ̃ Refers to “grievous abuse of rum,” the “abuse of spiritous liquors,” and “people may abuse themselves thro’ excess.” (Benezet, 1774)

Benjamin Rush (1746-1813). Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Mind and Body is published. Reprinted in Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 4:321-341 (1943). ̃ Rush refers to intemperance as “this odious disease...” (p. 5) and notes the progressive development of intemperance. ̃ “...drunkenness resembles certain hereditary, family and contagious diseases.” p. 8 ̃ Rush notes that the hereditary quality of intemperance should lead one to be cautious in one’s matrimonial matches to avoid the risk of inebriate children. p. 8 ̃ Rush presents neither a fully articulated disease concept nor a treatment protocol that flows out of this concept.

First American temperance society organized in Litchfield, CT.

Rush, B. Plan for an Asylum for Drunkards to be Called the Sober House (1810). In: The Commonplace Book of Benjamin Rush, 1792-1813, In: The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush (1948) Edited by Corner, G.W. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 354-355.

̃ Rush calls for creation of a special hospital for inebriates (“Sober House”)

The British observer Samuel Crumpe compares opium use in Turkey and the Levant to use of wine and liquor in Europe; he says in these countries opium serves as “the support of the coward, the solace of the wretched, and the daily source of intoxication to the debauchee.” This view, which also takes hold in the U.S., stresses the exotic nature of the drug and its users and ascribes addiction as a problem of the less civilized. (Morgan) (Acker)

Opium as a form of stimulant is a common theme for the theses medical students must write to graduate from America’s few medical schools. An example is John Augustine Smith’s “Inaugural Dissertation on Opium Embracing its History, Chemical Analysis, and Use and Abuse as a Medicine,” submitted to the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, University of the State of New York, in 1832. (Acker)

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1784

1789 1790

1793

late 18th/early 19th century

1803 Wilson, D. (1803). An Inaugural Dissertation on the Morbid Effects of Opium on the Human Body. In: Grob, G., Ed., Origins of Medical Attitudes Toward Drug Addiction in America. New York: Arno Press. ̃ Includes cases of the “habitual use of opium” including one submitted by Rush, p. 30

1803 Scott, Franklin (1803). Experiments and Observations on the Means of Counteracting the Deleterious Effects of Opium and on the Method of Cure of the Disease Resulting Therefrom. In: Grob, G., Ed., Origins of Medical Attitudes Toward Drug Addiction in America. New York: Arno Press. ̃ Refers to opium overdose as a disease. p. 40 ̃ Refers to those “habituated to its (opium) use.” p. 45 ̃ Withdrawal: “...among those who have been in the habit of eating opium, if they are at any time deprived of the usual dose, they are rendered miserable...” p. 46

1803  Serteurner isolates and describes morphine. This, the first isolation of an alkaloid from a plant, is a key moment in the emergence of modern pharmacology, one focus of which will be the production of new drugs. Though created as medicines, some of these will be used recreationally and will be associated with problems of dependence. Later the Progressive Era concerns about opiate and cocaine use follow closely on the introduction and widespread sales of such compounds as morphine, cocaine, heroin, veronal, and aspirin. (Goodman & Gilman) (Acker)

1804  Trotter, T. (1804). Essay, Medical Philosophical, and Chemical, on Drunkenness and its Effects on the Human Body. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. ̃ Trotter, an Edinburgh physician, publishes his essay on drunkenness in which he sets forth the proposition that the habit of drunkenness is a “disease of the mind.”

̃ “In medical language, I consider drunkenness, strictly speaking, to be a disease produced by a remote cause in giving birth to actions and movements in a living body that disorders the function of health.” ̃ “The habit of drunkenness is a disease of the mind.”

̃ Recommends regular meetings between physician and patient to formulate and implement a sobriety plan--references to gaining confidence of patient, etc. reflect a type of medical psychotherapy. ̃ Published in U.S. in 1813.

̃ Introduced with excerpts in Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 2(3):584- 591 December, 1941.

1811 A temperance society in Fairfield, Connecticut calls for total abstinence, acknowledging that this is a harsh remedy, “but the nature of the disease absolutely requires it.” (White, 1998, p. 3)

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1812-1813 Delirium tremens recognized and medically described by Lettsom, Armstrong, Pearson and then named by Thomas Sutton. (Wilkerson, 1966, p.64)

1815 Reason=s Plea for Temperance (1815). (New England Tract Society, Volume 3). Andover: Flagg and Gould.

̃ “To attempt to reform a confirmed drunkard is much the same, as preaching to a madman or idiot.”

1819  Christopher Wilhelm Hufeland coins the term dipsomania to describe the uncontrollable cravings for spirits that triggers “drink storms.”

1820  Bound, J.J. (1820). The Means of Curing and Preventing Intemperance. New York: Charles N. Baldwin & Chamber. (Quoted in Brent, 1996) ̃ Intemperance is “considered a vice, treated with ridicule and contempt...people do not dream of it being a disorder, or think it to be within the reach of medicine.” p. 3-4

1822 Thomas De Quincey publishes Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. This work and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem “Xanadu” launch the Romantic image of the aristocratic, bohemian opium user. (Acker)

1822 John Eberle characterizes opiate withdrawal: “When the system is entirely free from the influence of the accustomed stimulant, torments of the most distressing kind are experienced.” This is an early statement of the position that opiate withdrawal is a uniquely harrowing physical and mental experience. (Morgan) (Acker)

1825  Lyman Beecher delivers his Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasion, Signs, and Remedy of Intemperance. (Published 2 years later)

̃ Refers to the intemperate as being “addicted to the sin,” “the evil habit” ̃ Refers to “insatiable desire for drink”, “inordinate and dangerous love of strong drink” ̃ Progression: “...he will hasten on to ruin with accelerated movement”

̃ “Intemperance is a disease as well as a crime, and were any other disease, as contagious, of as marked symptoms, and as mortal, to pervade the land, it would create universal consternation: for the plague is scarcely more contagious or more deadly; and yet we mingle fearlessly with the diseased, and in spite of admonition we bring into our dwellings the contagion, apply it to our lip, and receive it into the system.” p. 37

̃ Excessive drinking marks “...the beginning of a habit, which cannot fail to generate disease.” p. 39 ̃ “There is no remedy for intemperance but the cessation of it.” p. 43 ̃ Amazingly modern checklist of warning signs. Pp. 44-45

1826  American Temperance Society formed - first national temperance organization. 9

1828 Drake, Daniel (1828). A Discourse on Intemperance. In: Grob, G. (1981) Nineteenth Century Medical Attitudes Toward Alcohol Addiction. New York: Arno Press. ̃ References to “habitual drinking;” “Thus, by repetition we are made to relish equally the savor and the effects of ardent spirits; and, at last become drunkards, from taste as well as constitution.” p. 24

̃ Refers to intemperance as a “vice” and notes that “vices are gregarious...go in flocks.” Intemperance, gambling, profanity ̃ Lists causes of intemperance as: 1) habitual drinking, 2) use of alcohol in business, 3) gambling, 4) use of alcohol in the trades, 5) smoking ASegars@ (“...tobacco disturbs the nervous systems of most young persons to such a degree, that the stimulus of ardent spirits is, in some measure, necessary to sustain or restore them.” (p. 31), 6) matrimonial unhappiness, 7) the multiplication of drinking establishments, and 8) the growth of small distilleries.

̃ “The disorders of body produced by habitual intemperance, are various in different persons, and at different periods of life.” p. 39 -- Lists them in following categories: 1) Stomach, 2) Liver, 3) Lungs, 4) Dropsy, 5) Gout, 6) Sore Eyes, 7) Firey eruption of the nose and skin, 8) Leprosy, 9) Muscular weakness, 10) Epileptic convulsions, 11) Apoplexy, 12) Spontaneous combustion, and 13) Bad habit of the body (lowered immunity to disease). ̃ “...the habit being once established, he will not, I almost say cannot, refrain.” p. 54

1828 Sweetser, William (1828). A Dissertation on Intemperance. In: Grob, G. (1981) Nineteenth Century Medical Attitudes toward Alcohol Addiction. New York: Arno Press. ̃ “...a course of unnatural stimulation cannot long continue operative on the living economy without inducing some morbid alteration in some of the vital tissues, and a consequent derangement in the function of the organ or organs, whose structures become thus affected.” p. 8

̃ “We are born with, inherit from our parents, or acquire from accidental circumstances after birth, different conditions of physical structure, some peculiarities in the life of the tissues, which cause them to take on with great facility particular modes of diseased action, and which constitute what we commonly denominate predispositions.” p. 10

̃ “...it is not an easy matter to set limits to the diseases of intemperance; for though its influence is unquestionably exercised on some tissues with more facility than others, yet it is specially confined to none....there is hardly any vital structure, but intemperance may either directly or indirectly injure.” p. 11

̃ Does not use term disease for intemperance but talks about “observed deviations from healthy structure, and natural function” that have a close relationship with the habitual use of distilled spirits. The man “addicted to intemperance” experiences altered susceptibility to various diseases and his altered state “establishes a new set of morbid predispositions.” p. 12

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̃ “...the intemperate are liable to almost all those obscure and varying complaints which ignorance has caused us to generalize under the unmeaning name of nervous disorders.” p. 43 ̃ Refers to the “habit of intemperance” but describes its hold: “Few habits enthrall by so potent a spell the voluntary and reasoning powers of man and so enslave his moral faculties as that of intemperance, and few are there for, whose shackles we less frequently become delivered.” p. 83 ̃ “They now say they must drink...The Poison must now be used as an antidote to the poison.” p. 84 ̃ “Now that it (intemperance) becomes a disease no one doubts, but then it is a disease produced and maintained by voluntary acts, which is a very different thing from a disease with which providence inflicts us.” p. 97 ̃ “And I feel convinced that should the opinion ever prevail that intemperance is a disease like fever, mania, etc., and no moral turpitude be affixed to it, drunkenness, if possible, will spread itself even to a more alarming extent than at present.” p. 98

1828 Dr. Eli Todd, superintendent of the Hartford Retreat for the insane, urges that an inebriate asylum be established under the direction of an enlightened physician.

1828  Kain, J.H. (1828). On Intemperance Considered as a Disease and Susceptible of Cure. American Journal of Medical Science, 2:291-295

̃ Refers to the “depraved appetite which bids defiance to all moral restraint, and impels the unhappy sufferer to the gratification of a propensity which increases with this disease...” p. 291 ̃ “In every temperate man, there is an immutable association in his mind between stimulating liquors and the relief they afford to all unpleasant sensation which I have described as forming his disease...To cure him, we must break up this association and convince him, by actual sensations that his remedy has lost its effect.” p. 293

̃ Refers to Rush’s use of an emetic in cure of a drunkard and further references a product--Chamber’s remedy for intemperance--sold as a cure for drunkenness that contains emetic tartar. ̃ Cites a maxim in medicine: “Chronic diseases require chronic cures.” p. 295

1829  Beman, N.S. (1829). Beman on Intemperance (rev. Stereotype ed.). New York: John P. Haven. (Cited in Hore, 1991; Dean & Poremba, 1983) ̃ “When the case is formed and the habit established no man is his own master.” pp. 6-7

1830-1840 Experiments and clinical observations by Prout, Beaumont, and Percy document the pathophysiology of alcohol on the stomach and blood. (Wilkerson, 1966, p. 98)

1830-1850 The social ideology of the new nation is marked by a “cult of curability.” 11

Inebriate asylums grow from the same confidence that births other reform institutions-prisons, insane asylums, orphanages. (Tyler, 1944, “Freedom’s Ferment”)

1830  Influenced by Todd, the Connecticut State Medical Society calls for creation of inebriate asylums.

1831  Dr. Samuel Woodward, Superintendent at the hospital for the insane at Worcester, MA writes a series of essays that are published in 1836 and again in 1838. “A large proportion of the intemperate in a well-conducted institution would be radically cured, and would again go into society with health reestablished, diseased appetites removed, with principles of temperance well grounded and thoroughly understood, so that they would be afterwards safe and sober men.”

̃ “...intemperance is too much of a physical disease to be cured by moral means only.” p. 2 ̃ “Intemperance is disease.” p. 19 ̃ Intemperance a product of “morbid appetite.” p. 21

̃ Reference to “mind and body diseased and debased by this practice.” p. 23 ̃ “The disease [of intemperance] may be hereditary, and thus liable to return...So it is with other diseases; one attack increases the susceptibility of the system to the second.” p. 8

̃ “The grand secret of the cure for intemperance is total abstinence from alcohol in all its forms.” p. 8 ̃ Woodward believed that any criminality involved in inebriety was in the use and moderate use of spirits when “the individual is a free agent...” p. 1

̃ “But intemperance can never be cured, if the practice of moderate drinking is persisted in; the only hope is total abstinence. No substitute is admissible: wine, ale, opium, peppermint, must be wholly prohibited, or the appetite will not be removed.” p. 10. This is change in Rush’s position of advocating substitution of cider, ale, wine and opium for distilled spirits.

1832  Smith, W. (1832). An Inaugural Dissertation on Opium, Embracing Its History, General Chemical Analysis and Use and Abuse as a Medicine. In: Grob, G., Ed., Origins of Medical Attitudes Toward Drug Addiction in America. New York: Arno Press.

̃ “Opium should never be used as a substitute for the ordinary stimulus of wine or spirits: for when it is thus used, it seldom fails to lay the foundation for a long train of morbid symptoms, which, sooner or later, terminate in all the wretchedness, which disease is capable of inflicting...” p. 21

1832 Springwater, Doctor (1832). The Cold-Water-Man. Albany: Packard and Van Benthuysen.

̃ “...the use of ardent spirits produces a disease of the stomach, which goes with the drunkard to his grave. His craving, insatiable appetite, unnatural in its production, as well as its demands, deranges and racks the system...To sustain the

12

vigor of this disease, it must be fed with such an aliment if at first denied, the desire for it increases to such a degree, as to deprive its unhappy victim almost to desperation.” p. 17 ̃ “Entire abstinence from all alcoholic drinks does not cure the disease called into existence by the ordinary use, in any quantity of ardent spirits. It only leaves it in a dormant state...Let those who have been once overcome by this deadly foe, never suffer it again to enter their system.” p. 17-18 ̃ “He (the drunkard) stalks about like a moral pestilence, scattering his vile contagion with every breath. He is a walking plague, a living death. He caters for hell. He recruits for the devil. Oh! What a deadly damp does he breathe on his country, creating a poisonous influence, and scattering a moral and physical pestilence upon its shores!” p. 24 ̃ Refers to the drunkard as a “voluntary slave to his cups.” p. 26 ̃ “To use ardent spirits as a beverage, in any quantity, is to prepare ourselves to become food for the monster intemperance. It watches the moderate drinker, ready every moment to make him its prey.” p. 94 ̃ All, with one voice, are ready to exclaim, “Slay the monster intemperance. Its crimes are written in blood. It deserves to die...yet many cherish the monster in their bosom; many feed it with their children’s bread...The monster intemperance will never die for thirst while fed with a little alcohol.” p. 99 ̃ “ ‘Let all drunkards abstain entirely,’ says another, ‘and this will arrest the progress of intemperance.’ Could this be done, it would not banish intemperance from the earth. In a single year, more than 30,000 moderate drinkers would step forward to fill up the vacated ranks of drunkenness.” p. 100 ̃ “The monster intemperance can be slain by the single blow of entire abstinence.” p. 103 ̃ “The system therefore of him who gets drunk on alcohol, is deranged and thrown into a diseased state...” p. 147 ̃ “As to the appetite for alcohol or the disease of drunkenness, distilled liquor and that only, will usually produce it. It is therefore evident that, though to become intoxicated on any article, is an exceeding aggravated evil, yet to become intoxicated on ardent spirits, injures the drunkard and the community much more than to become intoxicated on fermented liquors, and it is therefore the greater evil.” p. 147-148 ̃ “You say, ‘Let the drunkards join temperance societies,’ Do you think these associations are good and useful? When or where did you ever hear of drunkards associating together for any good object?” ̃ Section on “Reformation of the Drunkard” that begins with a case study of a drunkard reformed by joining a local temperance society. p. 298

1833 Secretary of War, Lewis Cass. (Speech printed in American Quarterly Temperance Magazine, 2:121-125).

̃ Intemperance is so “overpowering that it assumes “entire mastery” over the individual.”

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1833 Sigorney, L. and Smith, G. (1833). The Intemperate and the Reformed. Boston: Seth Bliss.

̃ Reference to “fetters which bind them down to tyrant appetite.” p. 5 ̃ Growing awareness of morbidity and mortality-references to the distillery and the tavern as “fountains of disease and death.” p. 6 ̃ Growing use of disease analogy even where disease isn’t directly applied to intemperance. “There was hope for our friend, if the yellow fever or even the plague was upon him; but none if he became a drunkard.” p. 24 ̃ Growing recognition of progression: “the gradations of moderate drinking, of tippling, and of hard drinking have been observable in this case, as in the cases of most drunkards.” p. 27 ̃ “Was for a long time a moderate daily drinker--next a tippler--and thence, by quick march, a full grown drunkard.” p. 31 ̃ Case studies of 38 reformed drunkard presented; most attribute cures to religion or involvement with the local temperance society. ̃ Fly in spider web metaphor use to describe the drunkard’s entrapment. p. 27 (Note growing pervasiveness of slavery and entrapment metaphors)

1835 Macnish’s Anatomy of Drunkenness offers a typology of seven types of drunkards: the sanguineous drunkard, the melancholy drunkard, the surly drunkard, the phlegmatic drunkard, the nervous drunkard, the choleric drunkard and the periodic drunkard.

̃ “Some are drunkards by choice, and some by necessity.”

1838 In France, Esquirol calls the disease of intemperance a “monomania of drunkenness a mental illness whose principle character is an irresistible tendency toward fermented beverages.” (Paredes, 1976, p. 22)

1840 Grinrod, R.B. (MD) (1838). Bacchus. ̃ “I am more than ever convinced that...drunkenness is a disease, physical as well as moral, and consequently requires physical as well as moral remedies.” Quoted in Hargreaves, 1884, p. 278

1842 A Member of the Society. (1842). The Foundation, Progress and Principles of the Washingtonian Temperance Society of Baltimore, and the Influence it has had on the Temperance Movements in the United States. Baltimore: John D. Toy. ̃ “He [the drunkard] knows and feels that drunkenness with him is rather a disease than a vice.” p. 40 (Italics in original)

1842 Nicolay, J.G. and Hay, J. Eds. Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Lamb Publishing Company, Vol. 1, pp193-209.

Address Before the Springfield Washington Temperance Society, February 22, 1842. ̃ “...those who have suffered by intemperance personally, and have reformed, are the most powerful and efficient instruments to push the reformation to

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ultimate success...” ̃ “In my judgment such of us as have never fallen victims (to intemperance) have been spared more by the absence of appetite than from any mental or moral superiority over those who have.”

1842 Glasgow physician Hutcheson notes that the essence of dipsomania is “the irresistible impulse which drives the unhappy being to do that which he knows to be pernicious and wrong, and which, in the intervals of the paroxysms, he views with loathing and disgust.” (quoted in Carpenter, 1853)

1849 Swedish physician Magnus Huss introduces term “alcoholism” in his text, Chronic Alcoholism ; it does not appear in the US until after the Civil War. Huss notes: “These symptoms are formed in such a particular way that they form a disease group in themselves and thus merit being designated and described as a definite disease...It is this group of symptoms which I wish to designate by the name Alcoholismus chronicus.” (quoted in Marconi, 1959) ̃ “The name chronic alcoholism applies to the collective symptoms of a disordered condition of the mental, motor, and sensory functions of the nervous system...affecting individuals who have persisted in the abuse of alcoholic liquors.” (quoted in Marcet, 1868, p. 21) ̃ Huss term focuses on the biological consequences of prolonged heavy drinking.

1849  Hills, R. (1849). On the Pathology and Medication of Intemperance as a Disease. Proc. Med. Conv., Ohio, pp. 15-20

1850  Allen, Nathan (1850). An Essay on the Opium Trade. In: Grob, G., Ed., Origins of Medical Attitudes Toward Drug Addiction in America. New York: Arno Press. ̃ “There is no slavery on earth, to be compared to with the bondage into which Opium casts its victims. There is scarcely one known instance of escape from its toils, when once they have fairly enveloped a man.” p. 25

̃ “It is not the man who eats Opium, but it is Opium that eats the man.” p. 25

1853 The hypodermic syringe is developed as a refinement of the use of cannulae to introduce drugs beneath the skin. Morphine is one of the first drugs for which the syringe is commonly used, to treat such conditions as facial neuralgia. (Acker)

1857 Washingtonian Home in Boston. The terms “disease” and “vice,” “cure” and “reformation” were used interchangeably and sober outcomes were attributed to the influences of family, friends, and the fellowship, not to medical intervention.

1857 Fitzhugh Ludlow publishes The Hasheesh Eater, an American work in the genre pioneered by De Quincey and Coleridge. He writes of opiates, “The emasculation of the will itself, ...is in reality the most terrible characteristic of the injury

15

wrought by these agents.” The idea that opiates debase the will and sap the capacity for moral action becomes the foundation of the view that addiction is a moral vice rather than an illness. (Morgan) (Acker)

1857 Dr. James Turner in an address to the Board of Directors of the New York State Inebriate Asylum:

̃ “Inebriety is the first disease of which we have any record.” p16

1860 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., dean of Harvard Medical School, blames physicians for causing opiate addiction through careless prescribing. He characterizes the problem as especially serious in the Western states where, he says, “the constant prescription of opiates by certain physicians...has rendered the habitual use of that drug in that region very prevalent... A frightful endemic demoralization betrays itself in the frequency with which the haggard features and drooping shoulders of the opium drunkards are met with in the street.” By claiming the problem lies with Western physicians who were likely trained in proprietary medical schools rather than with elite Eastern physicians like himself, Holmes’s statement reflects growing tensions and rivalries within the medical profession in nineteenth- century America. (Acker)

1860 Peddie, A. (1860). Dipsomania: A Proper Subject for Legal Provision.

Transactions of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science,

538-546. ̃ Peddie calls for legal commitment of dipsomaniacs to inebriate asylums. He distinguished between common drunkards whose excessive drinking was a vice and the “insane drinker” whose vice had been transformed into a disease no longer under his volitional control. He believed this disease could be inherited or acquired. p. 539-40 ̃ Peddie suggested that dipsomaniacs suffered from a disease of the brain.

1861-1865 The use of opium and morphine in the treatment of disease and injury is widespread during the Civil War and the use of the hypodermic syringe becomes more widespread by the end of the War. While opium addiction will in later years become labeled the “soldier’s disease” because of such use, there are very few accounts of soldiers addicted during the war, but both disease and injury create a large vulnerable population in the post-civil war patent medicine era.

The Combined Addiction Disease Chronologies of William White, MA, Ernest Kurtz, PhD, and Caroline Acker, PhD 1864 - 1879

The years 1864-1879 mark the birth of the nation’s first inebriate homes and asylums and their beginning professionalization via the American Association for the Cure of Inebriety (AACI). Although the AACI=s first founding principle is the proclamation that inebriety is a disease, there is some disagreement within the association on this very point (See Harris, 1874).

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Papers from the annual AACI meetings and, after 1876, the Journal of Inebriety, mark the beginning of a deluge of literature propounding various disease conceptualizations of addiction. The period witnesses growing concern with opiate morphine addiction and the first incorporation of drugs other than alcohol within the emerging disease concept of inebriety. The founding of the Keeley Institutes marks the beginning of private addiction cure institutes (many of them franchised in multiple locations) who will use a disease concept of addiction both as a clinical philosophy and a marketing strategy. New breakthroughs in microbiology lead to discoveries of the causes of many diseases (from anthrax to syphilis) and spawn many theories about the biological causes of addiction.

1864 Dr. James Turner, after years of agitating that inebriety is a disease that should be medically treated, opens America’s first inebriate asylum in Binghamton, NY.

1864 Edward Parrish, in his A Treatise on Pharmacy (Philadelphia, p. 172) notes how citizens who would not abuse alcohol take opium until “they become victims to one of the worst habits.”

1864 The first case of morphine addiction involving the use of the hypodermic syringe is reported. (Pettey, 1913, p. 2)

1864 Moore, G. (1864). The Desire for Intoxicating Liquors, A Disease: Its Causes, Its Effects, and Its Cure, with the Danger of a Relapse. Baltimore.

1866  Keller (1975). “It is to the French physician, Gabriel, that we owe the simple and quite adequate term alcoholism, in its correct modern sense, and even the first direct consideration of it as a public health problem.” Gabriel’s 1866 doctoral thesis was entitled (translated) Essay on Alcoholism, Considered Principally from the Viewpoint of Public Hygiene.

1867  Ludlow, F. (1867). What Shall They Do to Be Saved? Harper’s Magazine 35(August): 377-387.

̃ “Now, such a man (opium addict) is a proper subject, not for reproof, but for medical treatment. The problem of this case need embarrass nobody. It is as purely physical as one of small-pox. When this truth is as widely understood among the laity as it is known by physicians, some progress may be made in staying the frightful ravages of opium among the present generation.” p. 379

̃ References to “opium disease” throughout the article

1867 Day, Albert (1867). Methomania: A Treatise on Alcoholic Poisoning. Boston: James Campbell. In: Grob, G. (1981). Nineteenth Century Medical Attitudes Toward Alcohol Addiction. New York: Arno Press. ̃ “I have selected this title as an appropriate general name for that disease which, in its several forms or stages of development, is variously termed Drunkenness, Inebriety, Dipsomania, Methexia....” p. 5 (Original)

̃ “...that disease which I have ventured to call Methomania, with its varied and 17

complex character, and involving as it does abnormal conditions of both mind and body, must demand of the faithful physician all his resources of physiological and psychological science.” p. 43 ̃ “Let it be remembered, that such a man is diseased, and that he is fighting not against temptation only, but against temptation fostered by the morbid elements of his own physical and mental nature.” p. 49-50

1868 Marcet, W. (MD) (1868). On Chronic Alcoholic Intoxication. New York: Moorhead, Simpson, & Bond, Publishers.

̃ Chapter entitled, “Chronic Alcoholism” ̃ “With respect to the use of alcoholic stimulants, if the patient has completely given them up for some time, and entirely lost his taste for liquor, I have been in the habit of recommending about a pint of bitter beer daily.” p. 76; also recommended tea and coffee as substitutes.

1868 Report of a Joint Special Committee Appointed to Consider the Matter of Inebriation as a Disease, and the Expediency of Treating the Same at Rainsford Island. (1868). Boston: Wright, & Potter, State Printers. ̃ Governor Andrew, addressing the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1863: “I most respectfully, but urgently advise that the Legislature initiate measures to establish an asylum for the treatment of inebriates. Drunkenness is a disease as well as a sin. We have long since legislated for its punishment; let us no longer neglect to legislate for its cure.” p.2 ̃ “...the continued use of alcoholic drinks produces a disease, peculiar and distinct from all other disease; having a distinct pathology, and presenting post mortem appearances unlike those of any other disease, being as characteristic as those of typhoid fever or pneumonia.” p. 4

1870 Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt of Cambridge expresses his alarm at so few warnings about the hypodermic injection of morphine. (Sonnedecker, 1962, p. 28)

1870 John Gough: “Drunkenness is a mysterious disease, and the power of the appetite on a nervous susceptible organization is almost absolute, and there is no remedy but total abstinence-total and entire. You cannot make a moderate drinker of a drunkard.” Crowley, 1999, p. 155

1870 Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of Charities and Correction (Quoted in Hargreaves, 1884, p. 276)

̃ “Habitual drunkenness is a moral disease (also physical), for which, as in other forms of licentiousness, there is no specific, except the resolute determination of the patient.” ̃ “Those addicted to drunkenness are in general too infirm, in purpose to persist in their resolution of amendment, and this infirmity of purpose is one of the sad consequences of this vice.” p. 278

18

1870 An association of inebriate homes and asylums, the American Association for the Cure of Inebriety, is founded on the principle: “inebriety is a disease.” The Association bylaws posit that:

1. Intemperance is a disease. 2. It is curable in the same sense that other diseases are. 3. Its primary cause is a constitutional susceptibility to the alcoholic impression. 4. This constitutional tendency may be either inherited or acquired. (Proceedings, 1870-1875)

The legacy of the inebriate asylum movement is a biologically based approach to understanding addiction, the corollary claim that addiction is the special province of medicine, the notion that successful treatment requires legal coercion, and the assertion that treatment is both a responsibility of government and a commodity to be sold on the private market.

The inebriate asylum period distinguishes between “treatment” -- alleviation of acute intoxication, the medical management of withdrawal and care of acute medical problems, and “cure” -- the elimination of the morbid craving for the drug. The later rediscovery of this distinction by Jolliffe will mark the beginning of the modern alcoholism movement.

1870 Dodge AACI paper ̃ “May we hope the day is not far distant when this disease (which is now universally acknowledge to be a disease by the profession), will be thoroughly investigated, and firmly established on a scientific foundation, and a treatment adopted that will place it in the list of diseases, that are quite as well understood, and as successfully treated as insanity or typhoid fever.” (Proceedings, p. 52) ̃ “At the present day the principal remedy prescribed for this disease is abstinence-TOTAL ABSTINENCE is the heroic remedy in all cases of inebriety.” (Proceedings, p. 52)

1870 Albert Day AACI Paper ̃ “One of the earliest results of the establishment of these Asylums, was the discovery, after treatment of a very few cases, that inebriety was a disease rather than a vice...” (Proceedings, p. 65)

1870 AACI Minutes ̃ Definition of hereditary: “...some persons are born with temperaments and tendencies, which predispose them to seek such exaltation or relief, as is obtained from alcoholic stimulants.” (Proceedings, p. 27) ̃ “the diseased portion of the mind in such cases (inebriety) is chiefly of the will, not the intellect.” p. 37 (Italics in original)

19

1870s forward Physiological study of effects of morphine administration, including animal

studies, is carried out in American and European laboratories. Doses, duration of action, and route of administration are correlated with physiological effects such as respiratory depression. Warnings about addictiveness of morphine and a shifting cluster of other drugs begin to be common in the medical literature. (Acker)

1870s-90s Physicians prescribe morphine for wide ranging indications, reflecting the range of morphine’s physiological actions and prevailing ideas about disease. Morphine is known to relieve pain, promote sleep, ease anxiety, combat diarrhea, reduce coughing. Humoral models of disease favor medications with a broad range of systemic effects. In the competitive American medical scene, “regular” physicians distinguish themselves by prescribing drugs, like morphine, which produce clear physiological effects. As all medications are available for purchase without prescription, people medicate themselves to relieve symptoms, according to popular notions of disease. Examples: Women take morphine to relieve menstrual cramps, and mothers teach their daughters to do this. Women take morphine to ease the anxieties and pressures connected with their social roles. (Rosenberg; Acker, “Anodyne”; Courtwright) (Acker)

1871 Physician J. H. Etheridge warns of the chloral hydrate habit. (Morgan) (Acker)

1871 George M. Beard estimates there are 150,000 opiate addicts in the U.S. Beard becomes famous for elaborating the concept of neurasthenia, a condition he believes to afflict those engaged in the complex mental tasks associated with an urbanizing and industrializing civilization of growing complexity. He remains the chief exponent of the view that higher types bear a special susceptibility to nervous conditions, including addiction. This idea contrasts with (a) an increasingly common tendency in the U.S. to associate opiate use with stigmatized groups and (b) a view of addiction disease as occurring independently of individuals’ social status or character. (Morgan) (Acker)

1871 AACI issues statement that the morals of the inebriate--their presence or absence- -are not relevant to the fact of their diseased state.

Dr. William Wey AACI Paper ̃ “The question is asked, what do you treat? A habit independent of control; a disordered mind and a perverted will; or a diseased body, whose crowning honor, the brain, is the seat and centre of pathological change? The proper and successful treatment of inebriety includes all of these conditions and much besides.” (Proceedings, pp. 27-28)

1871 AACI Paper of W.C. Lawrence Supt, Boston Washingtonian Home. “I am inclined to believe that intemperance is a disease of the mind rather than the body.” (Proceedings, p. 86)

20

1871 Parrish AACI address ̃ “If intemperance is not a disease, how come it that so many tens of thousands of people die from it every year?” ̃ “Disease, too, that may be both the result of present excess, and likewise a cause of the tendency to inordinate indulgence.” p. 4 ̃ “What percentage, indeed, of other diseases are cured so that we can say they will never return?” (Proceedings, p. 9) ̃ “Truth is never injured by fair criticism, and science cannot be blinded by more light. We are not struggling to maintain pet dogmas, but to reach good results to our fellow men. Let us be honest to confess errors if we find them, and bold enough to re-assert what we have already declared, if we are satisfied that the interests of morality and science demand such re-assertion.” (Proceedings, p. 11)

1871  The American Association for the Study and Cure of Inebriety passes a resolution stating that drug effects are “the same in the virtuous, as in the vicious” and insisting on the centrality of a disease explanation of inebriety. Proponents of the inebriety concept argue that there is a scientific basis for the inebriety disease model. Several aspects of this model contrast with the disease model that will dominate from the 1920s to the 1970s. Inebriety is essentially the same disease no matter what drug is involved (although cause and appropriate treatment might vary depending on what drug is taken). It rejects explanations based on defects of character. Inebriety is also understood as a progressive condition; this aspect resembles Jellinek’s later construction of alcoholism. Abstinence is seen as the only acceptable treatment goal. (White 35 lc, 36 rc) (Acker)

1872  Brown, H. (1872). An Opium Cure: Based on Science, Skill and Matured Experience. New York: Fred M. Brown & Co. (Advertising Book for Antidote and Restorative) In: Grob, G. (1981) American Perceptions of Drug Addiction. New York: Arno Press. ̃ Described “Chronic Opium Disease” as a new and “intricate” disease. p. 17 ̃ “Opium is often taken for the relief of suffering from chronic diseases until the opium habit has become confirmed and the two diseases reign together.” p. 38 Note habit and disease used interchangeably.

1873  AACI --Dr. Parrish ̃ “Men become drunkards from very different causes, and require very different treatment to effect a cure.” (Proceedings, p. 54) ̃ An 1870 report of the Commissioners of Charities and Corrections for the city of New York refers to inebriety as a “moral disease” that should be classed with other forms of “licentiousness.” (Proceedings, p. 91) ̃ “Upon the subject of inebriety, I think the following may be regarded as facts: 1) That it is a disease of the constitutional character, involving the entire organism in its consequences, 2) that the true disease is the morbid craving for alcohol, of

21

which the act of drinking is but an effect.” (Parrish, Proceedings, p. 94)

1874 Heroin is invented but is not marketed until 1898. (Acker)

1874 George Beard Address AACI ̃ “The great predisposing cause of the disease (chronic alcoholism) is civilization, which, by its constant brain-work and flurry of in-door life, brings the nervous system to that state of susceptibility when alcohol, acting on it for a long time, can excite a functional disturbance.” (Proceedings, p. 52 and p. 64)

1874 AACI Paper of Dr. George Burr of NY State Inebriate Asylum ̃ “It is this condition of the nervous system, calling for alcoholic stimulants that is essentially the disease.” (Proceedings, p. 78)

1874 AACI Paper of Dr. Robert Harris, FranklinReformatory ̃ “As we do not, either in name or management, recognize drunkenness as the effect of a diseased impulse; but regard it as a habit, sin, and crime, we do not speak of cases being cured in a hospital, but ‘reformed’.” (Proceedings, p. 80)

1874 McKenzie, D. (1874). The Appleton Temporary Home: A Record of Work. Boston: Published for the Benefit of the Home.

̃ Quote supporting the work of the home by Alexander Rice, the Governor of Mass., references the purpose of the home being the “cure of alcoholic disease,” title page. ̃ McKenzie refers to inebriety as a “disease of the very machinery of volition” p. 72

̃ “The inebriate must be considered, not as a criminal, but as a sick man.” p. 139 ̃ “The moral susceptibilities of the slumbering inebriate must, in some manner, be awakened from their abnormal state, and made to assume a healthy condition, then the soul is prepared to receive spiritual food...” pp 281-282.

1874  Ordronaux, J. (1874). Is habitual drunkenness a disease? American Journal of Insanity, April, p. 439.

̃ “The problem if self-abasement or self-redemption is entirely within his control, provided he exercise a continuous determination of his will not to partake. The key to the riddle of this alleged disease lies in man’s own will, and without this will effort, no physician can cure or even relieve him.” (Quoted in Valverde, 1997)

1875  ACCI Paper “The Distinction between Disease and the Morbid Anatomy of Disease Applied to Inebriety.” Proceedings, p. 71-84

̃ “It is this condition of the nervous system, calling for alcoholic stimulants that is essentially the disease.” p. 78

1875 At the June meeting of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American 22

Institutions for the Insane: ̃ “Resolved further that the treatment in institutions for the insane of dipsomaniacs, or persons whose only obvious mental disorder is the excessive use of alcoholic or other stimulants, and the immediate effect of such excess, is exceedingly prejudicial to the welfare of those inmates for whose benefit such institutions are established an maintained, and should be discontinued just as soon as other separate provision can be made for the inebriates.” (Quoted in Parrish, 1883, p. 121

1875-1877 Eduard Levinstein publishes a series of articles in Germany that call attention to the problem of morphine addiction. His was one of first studies on narcotic addiction relapse (a rate he estimated as high as 75%). (Sonnedecker, 1962, p. 31)

1876  Dr. J. B. Mattison on the cause of addiction: “we strongly suspect it to be largely akin to that peculiar diathesis so strikingly manifested in most cases of genuine neuralgia, the main element of which is a well-marked hereditary tendency towards a debilitated state of the nervous system, either special or general.” This statement exemplifies a trend in psychiatric thinking in the late nineteenth century which posits a hereditary susceptibility to a broad range of mental and nervous conditions, including various forms of insanity, milder conditions including propensity to worry and nervousness, and neurological conditions such as epilepsy. The idea of diathesis, or inborn predisposition to a condition like addiction, remains influential in psychiatric thinking for several decades. (Morgan) (Acker)

1877  Foote, G.F. (1877). Inebriety and Opium Eating: In Both Cases a Disease. Method of Treatment and Conditions of Success. Portland, Maine. (Foote began treating alcohol and opium addicts in his private medical practice in 1848 and then opened the Dr. Foote’s Home in Stamford, CT)

̃ “It should be assumed on the part of the physician, that the habitual use of the alcoholic or narcotic element has diseased the system...in other words, has produced a physical and functional derangement of the organism, and that such has reduced the digestive, pulmonic, urinary, and nervous systems, to a condition that is thoroughly morbid. This is ever accompanied with a desire for alcohol or opium...which in the first instance was but slight, but grew stronger and stronger by indulgence, until is has been made absolutely irresistible.” p. 4

1877 Willet, J. (Rev.) (1877). The Drunkard’s Diseased Appetite: What is It? If Curable, How? By Miraculous Agency or Physical Means--Which? Fort Hamilton, NY: Inebriates Home, Fort Hamilton, Kings County, New York. (Read before the annual meeting of the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates, 1877) (Willet was the Superintendent of the Inebriate’s Home, Fort Hamilton, Kings County, NY)

̃ “...physical appetites...are the manifestation of diseased conditions of the 23

body.” p. 3 ̃ Willet noted that religious teachers have been mislead by so-called “reformed topers” who claimed to have been cured of an appetite for strong drink (which they never had) by religious conversion. “...religious teachers who, possessing more zeal than knowledge, undertake to proclaim to the inebriate, both from the platform and the pulpit, this strange and dangerous delusion.” p. 4-5 ̃ A distinction is made between problem drinkers and those who truly have a morbid appetite for alcohol. p. 5 ̃ “Whence comes this consuming thirst which this class of drunkards exhibits? There must be, somewhere within the man, a deep-seated diseased condition of the physical structure, which feeds upon and is intensified by the absorption of these fiery liquids.” p. 5 ̃ Quotes an experienced physician: “The desire for stimulants may be constant or paroxysmal--an irresistible and insatiable craving is either developed by ever so small an indulgence or is ever present. Persons with this predisposition lose their power of self-control as soon as they feel the influence of alcohol...the seeds of morbid appetite are transmissible to their children.” p. 6 ̃ Refers to a “certain class of inebriates who are irresistibly impelled by the force of a diseased appetite to drink to excess...” p. 11 ̃ Characterization of progression: “In these cases which we have already given in illustration ... the disease must proceed either to recovery or death, for there is no discharge in this war.” p. 14 ̃ Quoting the Rev. Charles Warren on religious conversion as a remedy for inebriety: “It is difficult to conceive that any man, in such a state of voluntarily- induced imbecility, too drunk to hold intelligent converse with men, can be competent to transact business with God...” p. 16

1877 The New York Times cites a medical expert opinion on addicts: “It is not a vice which afflicts them, but a disease, which presents as marked and as specific a symptomatology as do many of the better known diseases, and requiring, as they do, proper medical aid and systematic treatment to effect a cure.” This statement characterizes repeated attempts to characterize addiction as a disease according to disease-definition standards of a given period. Examples include defining addiction as a functional disease when the idea of functional disease becomes important in psychiatry and neurology (early 1900s) and Bishop’s and Pettey’s attempts to explain addiction with ideas derived from immunology (1913). (Morgan) (Acker)

1877-1906 Microbial causes are discovered for anthrax (1877), gonorrhea (1879), typhoid fever (1880), tuberculosis (1882), cholera (1883), diptheria (1883), tetanus (1884), diarrhea (1885), pneumonia (1886), menningitis (1887), botulism (1896), dysentery (1899), syphilis (1903) and whooping cough (1906). (Thagard, 1997, pp.10-11). These discoveries add momentum to search for biological foundation of inebriety.

24

1878 Morris, F. Baldwin (1878). The Panorama of a Life, And Experience in Associating and Battling with Opium and Alcoholic Stimulants. Philadelphia: Geo. W. Ward. In: Grob, Ed., (1981) American Perceptions of Drug Addiction. New York: Arno Press. ̃ Refers to “opium and alcoholic inebriacy” and opium and alcohol “habits” interchangeably. ̃ Includes chapter entitled “Alcoholism” p. 80

1878 Eduard Levinstein’s The Morbid Craving for Morphia is published in Germany, noting an “uncontrollable desire” for morphine and that the injudicious use of morphine produces a “diseased state.”

1878  The New York Times estimates there are 200,000 opiate addicts in the U.S. It warns of a dangerous fad, especially among society women, of injecting morphine; it terms this behavior a vice. (Morgan) (Acker)

1879  Dr. Leslie Keeley announces: “Drunkenness is a disease and I can cure it.” Contends that the disease results from poisoning of the cells and that his Bi- Chloride of Gold cured alcoholism by unpoisoning the cells. Marks beginning of franchised addiction cure institutes that use a disease concept of inebriety as a marketing slogan and treatment philosophy. (White, 1998)

1879 Crothers, T.D. (1879). Editorial: Practical Value of Inebriate Asylums. Journal of Inebriety, 3(4): 249

̃ “The Permanent cure of inebriates under treatment in asylums will compare favorably in numbers with that of any other disease of the nervous system which is more or less chronic before the treatment is commenced.”

[portofentryquotes]

S.S. Andros, The United States Customs Guide, 1859

Page 13: State of Maine. District of Pasmaquoddy. Port of Entry, Eastport. Collector, Robert Burns. District of Machias. Port of Entry, Machias. Collector, A.F. Parlin. District of Frenchman’s Bay. Port of Entry, Ellsworth. Collector, Thomas D. Jones. District of Penobscot. Port of Entry, Castine. Collector, John R. Redman. District of Waldoboro’. Port of Entry, Waldoboro’. Collector, John H. Kennedy. District of Wiscasset, Port of Entry, Wiscasset. Collector, Thos. Cunningham. District of Bath. Port of Entry, Bath. Collector, Joseph Berry. District of Portland & Falmouth. Port of Entry, Portland. Collector, Moses Macdonald. District of Saco. Port of Entry, Saco. Collector. A.A. Hanscom. District of Kennebunk. Port of Entry, Kennebunk. Collector, John Cousens. District of York. Port of Entry, York. Collector, Luther Jenkins. District of Belfast. Port of Entry, Belfast. Collector, J.G. Dickerson. District of Bangor. Port of Entry, Bangor. Collector, Dudley F. Leavitt.

Page 14: State of New Hampshire. District of Portsmouth. Port of Entry. Portsmouth. Collector, Augustus Jenkins.

State of Vermont. District of Vermont. Port of Entry, Burlington. Collector, Isaac B. Bowdish.

State of Massachusetts. District of Newburyport. Port of Entry, Newburyport. Collector, James Blood. District of Gloucester. Port of Entry, Gloucester. Collector, Gorham Babson. District of Salem & Beverly. Port of Entry, Salem. Collector, William B. Pike. District of Marblehead. Port of Entry, Marblehead. Collector, William Bartoll. District of Boston & Charlestown. Port of Entry, Boston. Collector, Arthur W. Austin. District of Plymouth. Port of Entry, Plymouth. Collector, Wait Wadsworth. District of Fall River. Port of Entry, Fall River. Collector, Phineas W. Leland. District of Barnstable. Port of Entry, Barnstable. Collector. S. B. Phinney. District of New Bedford. Port of Entry, New Bedford. Collector, C.B.H. Fessenden. District of Edgartown. Port of Entry, Edgartown. Collector, Constant Norton. District of Nantucket. Port of Entry, Nantucket. Collector, Eben W. Allen.

State of Rhode Island. District of Providence. Port of Entry, Providence. Collector, James A. Aborn.

Page 15: District of Bristol & Warren. Port of Entry, Bristol. Collector, George H. Reynolds. District of Newport. Port of Entry, Newport. Collector, Gilbert Chase.

State of Connecticut. District of Middletown. Port of Entry, Middletown. Collector, Patrick Fagan. District of New London. Port of Entry, New London. Collector, John P.C. Mather. District of New Haven. Port of Entry, New Haven. Collector, Minot A. Osborn. District of Fairfield. Port of Entry, Bridgeport. Collector, W.S. Pomroy. District of Stonington. Port of Entry, Stonington. Collector, B.F. States.

State of New York. District of Sackett’s Harbor. Port of Entry, Sackett’s Harbor. Collector, Wm. Holland. District of Genesee. Port of Entry, Rochester. Collector, Pliny M. Bromley. District of Oswego. Port of Entry, Oswego. Collector, Orville Robinson. District of Niagara. Port of Entry, Lewiston. Collector, George P. Eddy. District of Buffalo Creek. Port of Entry, Buffalo. Collector, Warren Bryant. District of Oswegatchie. Port of Entry, Ogdensburgh. Collector, Horace Moody. District of Sag Harbor. Port of Entry, Sag Harbor. Collector, Jason M. Terbell. District of the City of New York. Port of Entry, New York. Collector, Augustus Schell. District of Champlain. Port of Entry, Plattsburgh. Collector, Henry B. Smith. District of Cape Vincent. Port of Entry, Cape Vincent. Collector, T. Peugeot.

Page 16: District of Dunkirk. Port of Entry, Dunkirk. Collector. Oscar F. Dickinson.

State of New Jersey. District of Perth Amboy. Port of Entry, Perth Amboy. Collector, Amos Robins. District of Bridgetown Port of Entry, Bridgetown. Collector, William S. Bowen. District of Burlington. Port of Entry, Lamberton. Collector, Henry J. Ashmore. District of Great Egg Harbor. Port of Entry, Bargaintown. Collector, Thomas D. Winner. District of Little Egg Harbor. Port of Entry, Tuckerton. Collector, Isaac S. Jennings. District of Newark. Port of Entry, Newark. Collector, Edward T. Hillyer.

State of Pennsylvania. District of Philadelphia. Port of Entry, Philadelphia. Collector, Joseph B. Baker. District of Presque Isle. Port of Entry, Erie. Collector, John Brawley.

State of Delaware. District of Delaware. Port of Entry, Wilmington. Collector, Jesse Sharpe.

State of Maryland. District of Baltimore. Port of Entry, Baltimore. Collector, John T. Mason. District of Annapolis. Port of Entry, Annapolis. Collector, J.T. Hammond. District of Oxford. Port of Entry, Oxford. Collector, Tench Tilghman. District of Vienna. Port of Entry, Vienna. Collector, William S. Jackson.

District of Columbia. District of Georgetown. Port of Entry, Georgetown. Collector, Henry C. Matthews.

State of Virginia. District of Richmond. Port of Entry, Richmond. Collector. W.M. Harrison. District of Norfolk & Portsmouth. Port of Entry, Norfolk. Collector, Jesse J. Simkins. District of Tappahannock. Port of Entry, Tappahannock. Collector, Geo. T. Wright. District of Cherrystone. Port of Entry, Eastville. Collector, John S. Parker. District of Yorktown. Port of Entry, Yorktown. Collector, Wm. H. Curtis, Jr. District of Petersburg. Port of Entry, Petersburg. Collector, Timothy Rives. District of Alexandria. Port of Entry, Alexandria. Collector, Edward S. Hough.

State of North Carolina. District of Camden. Port of Entry, Elizabeth City. Collector, LD. Starke. District of Edenton. Port of Entry, Edenton. Collector, E. Wright. District of Plymouth. Port of Entry, Plymouth. Collector, Joseph Ramsey. District of Washington. Port of Entry, Washington. Collector, H.F. Hancock. District of Newborn. Port of Entry, Newbern. Collector, Wm. G. Singleton. District of Ocracocke. Port of Entry, Ocracocke. Collector, Oliver S. Dewey. District of Beaufort. Port of Entry, Beaufort. Collector, James E. Gibble. District of Wilmington. Port of Entry, Wilmington. Collector, James T. Miller.

State of South Carolina. District of Charleston. Port of Entry, Charleston. Collector, William F. Colcock. District of Georgetown. Port of Entry, Georgetown. Collector, John N. Merman. District of Beaufort. Port of Entry, Beaufort. Collector, Benj. R. Bythewood.

State of Georgia. District of Savannah. Port of Entry, Savannah. Collector, John Boston. District of St. Mary’s. Port of Entry, St. Mary’s. Collector, J.A. Baratte. District of Brunswick. Port of Entry, Darien. Collector, Woodford Mabry.

Page 19: State of Alabama. District of Mobile. Port of Entry, Mobile. Collector, Thaddeus Sanford.

State of Mississippi. District of Pearl River. Port of Entry, Shieldsboro’, Collector, Robert Eager. District of Natchez. Port of Entry, Natchez. Collector, John Hunter. District of Vicksburg. Port of Entry, Vicksburg. Collector, Wm. D. Roy.

State of Florida. District of Pensacola. Port of Entry, Pensacola. Collector, Joseph Sierra. District of St. Augustine. Port of Entry, St. Augustine. Collector, Paul Arnau. District of Key West. Port of Entry, Key West. Collector, J.P. Baldwin. District of St. Mark’s. Port of Entry, St. Mark’s. Collector, Alonzo B. Noyes. District of St. John’s. Port of Entry, Jacksonville. Collector, Thomas Ledwith.

Footnote 1: By an act passed June 30, 1834, all the ports, harbors, shores, and waters of the Mississippi River, within the State of Mississippi, were constituted a collection district by the name of the Natchez District, and a port of entry established at Natchez. Vessels bound to the port of Natchez from any foreign port, are required, under a penalty of $500 for neglect, to stop and report their arrival at the port of New Orleans, and receive on board a custom-house officer, who shall take possession of all the papers relating to the cargo on board, and deliver the same to the Collector of the port of Natchez, immediately after arrival at that port.

Footnote 2: By an act passed July 7, 1838, another district was established within the State of Mississippi, under the name of the Vicksburg District, Vicksburg being the port of entry. Vessels bound to this port are subject to all the regulations prescribed in respect to the port of Natchez by the act of 1834.

Page 20: District of Apalachicola. Port of Entry, Apalachicola. Collector, Robert J. Floyd. District of Fernandina. Port of Entry, Fernandina. Collector, Feliz Livingston.

State of Louisiana. District of Mississippi. Port of Entry, New Orleans. Collector, F.H. Hatch. District of Teche. Port of Entry, Franklin. Collector, R.N. McMillan.

State of Texas. District of Texas. Port of Entry, Galveston. Collector, Hamilton Stewart. District of Saluria. Port of Entry, La Salle. Collector, Darwin M. Staph. District of Brazos de Santiago. Port of Entry, Point Isabel. Collector, K.L. Harlalson. District of Paso del Norte, Texas and New Mexico. Port of Entry, Las Cruces, N.M. Collector, Samuel J. Jones.

State of Ohio. District of Miami. Port of Entry, Toledo. Collector, Dennis Coghlin. District of Sandusky. Port of Entry, Sandusky. Collector, Geo. S. Patterson. District of Cuyahoga. Port of Entry, Cleveland. Collector, Robert Parks.

State of Michigan. District of Detroit. Port of Entry, Detroit. Collector, Michael Shoemaker. District of Michillimackinac. Port of Entry, Michillimackinac. Collector, Jacob A.T. Wendell.

Page 21: State of Illinois. District of Chicago, Port of Entry, Chicago. Collector, B.F. Strother.

State of Wisconsin. District of Milwaukie. Port of Entry, Milwaukie. Collector, Moritz Schoeffler.

Page 22: State of California. District of Sacramento. Port of Entry, Sacramento City. Collector, Thos. W. Sutherland. District of Monterey. Port of Entry, Monterey. Collector, James A. Watson. District of Sonora. Port of Entry, Benicia. Collector, Timothy B. Storer. District of San Joaquin. Port of Entry, Stockton. Collector, Andrew Lester. District of San Diego. Port of Entry, San Diego. Collector, Jose M. Covarrubias. District of San Pedro. Port of Entry, San Pedro. Collector, John G. Downey. District of San Francisco, Port of Entry, San Francisco. Collector, B.F. Washington.

State of Minnesota. District of Minnesota. Port of Entry, Pembina. Collector, James McFetridge.

Oregon Territory. District of Oregon. Port of Entry, Astoria. Collector, John Adair. District of Port Oxford. Port of Entry, Port Orford. Collector, Robert W. Dunbar. District of Cape Perpetua. Port of Entry, Gardiner. Collector, Barclay J. Burns.

Washington Territory. District of Puget’s Sound. Port of Entry, Port Townsend. Collector, Morris H. Frost.

Page 84: Entry of Vessels from Foreign Ports.

Sec. 128. It shall not be lawful to make entry of any ship or vessel, which may arrive from any foreign port, within the United States, or of the cargo on board, elsewhere then at one of the ports of entry established by law, nor to unlade the said cargo, or any part thereof, elsewhere than at one of the designated ports of delivery; but every port of entry shall also be a port of delivery. Act March 2, 1799, Sec. 18.

Sec. 129. The master or commander of every vessel bound to a port of delivery, only, in any of the following districts, to wit, — Portland and Falmouth, except the ports of North Yarmouth, Freeport, and Harpswell; Bath, except the ports of Georgetown and Brunswick; Newburyport, New London; Middletown, except the ports of Lyme, Saybrook, Killingsworth, Haddam, and East Haddam; Norfolk and Portsmouth; Bermuda Hundred, (now Petersburg,) or City Point, Yorktown, Tappahannock, except the port of Urbanna; or Edenton, — shall first come to, at the port of entry of such district, with his ship or vessel, and there make report and entry in writing, and pay, or secure to be paid, all legal duties, port fees, and charges, in manner provided by this act, before such ship or vessel shall proceed to her port of delivery; and any ship or vessel bound to a port of delivery in any district other than those above mentioned, or to either of the ports of delivery above mentioned, may first proceed to her port of delivery, and afterward make report and entry within the time by this act limited.

Page 116: Footnote 2: The remaining provisions of this act are so far superseded by the provisions of the warehouse laws that it is deemed unnecessary to reproduce them here. Under the regulations of the department for carrying into effect these laws, foreign merchandise may be entered for warehousing at any port of entry, and transported under bond to any one of the designated interior ports.

Page 123: Sec. 203. Examination and appraisement to be made at port of importation. — The revenue laws require that, in all cases of importation of merchandise, the examination and appraisement of the same shall take place at the first port of entry; at which port, also, the actual quantity must be ascertained by weighing, gauging, or measuring, as the case may be, and the amount of duties ascertained and paid, or secured to be paid. Gen. Reg. Art. 330.

Page 136: Sec. 229. Duties on goods destroyed by fire or other casualty, while in warehouse or in course or transportation under bond, may be abated. — The Secretary of Treasury shall be, and he is herby, authorized, upon production of satisfactory proof to him of the actual injury or destruction, in whole or in part, of any goods, wares, or merchandise, by accidental fire or other casualty, while the same remained in the custody of the officers of the customs in any public or private warehouse under bond, or in the appraiser’s stores undergoing appraisal, in pursuance of law or regulations of the treasury department, or while in transportation under bond from the port of entry to any other port in the United States, to abate or refund, as the case may be, out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, the amount of impost duties paid or accusing thereupon; and likewise to cancel any warehouse bond or bonds, or enter satisfaction thereon in whole or in part, as the case may be.

Page 149: Sec. 267. Transportation to interior ports. — To facilitate the transmission of merchandise in bond form a port of entry to any interior port of delivery, the importer of any goods, wares, or merchandise, residing at such interior port of delivery, may produce his invoice to the surveyor of the interior port, take the oath or oaths required by law, and execute the transportation bond before the surveyor of said port, who shall certify the sufficiency of the same, and transmit the bond to the collector of the port of importation; and the bond so taken shall be as valid and binding as though executed in the office of the collector where the entry shall be made. The invoice, with the oath attached, may be transmitted by the importer to his agent or attorney at the port where the goods are expected to arrive, who, upon their arrival, shall present the transportation entry, with bill or bills of lading therefor; whereupon the same proceedings shall be had as in other entries for transportation under bond from one port to another in the United States. Gen. Reg. Art. 471.

Page 283: Footnote: In all cases where imports subject to duty are seized for a violation of the revenue and collection laws, as the right to duties accrues to the United States on the arrival of the merchandise within the limits of a port of entry with intent to unlade the same, the legal duties must be collected and retained in the treasury, whether the merchandise be decreed forfeited or not. Merchandise fraudulently invoiced may be seized and forfeited, though the duties have been paid, and the goods delivered to the importer. Gen. Reg. Art. 866.

[jodyedgarus]

The Next Phase Of NBA Superteam Technology: Creating One From Scratch

When healthy, San Antonio Spurs swingman Kawhi Leonard is a card-carrying MVP candidate and one of the game’s premier all-around talents. But here’s the thing: Leonard hasn’t really been healthy since the 2017 playoffs, when he landed awkwardly on Zaza Pachulia’s foot in Game 1 of the Western Conference finals. Between that season-ending ankle sprain and a mysterious quad injury that sidelined Leonard for all but nine games of the 2017-18 season — fueling rumors of a growing rift with the Spurs organization — most of the recent headlines about Leonard have been over rehab schedules and locker-room turmoil, not his on-court brilliance.

Friday’s report that Leonard wants a trade out of San Antonio was the latest (and most significant) piece of news in that department yet. According to ESPN’s Chris Haynes and Adrian Wojnarowski, Leonard would prefer to be traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, which might help lay the groundwork for a superteam featuring Leonard, LeBron James and Paul George. These rumors were enough to cause a spike in the Lakers’ playoff futures, where they now have 6-1 odds of winning the 2018-19 title — after winning just 35 games last season. But while that development would shift the paradigm, would this Big Three really be able to challenge the Warriors for supremacy in the West? And are the Lakers even the team that can offer the best package in return for Leonard?

If L.A. does manage to reel in the trio of stars, it would finally replenish the Lakers’ supply of future Hall of Famers, a resource the franchise mined for championship runs almost continuously from the 1940s through the 2000s (before Kobe Bryant retired to become an Oscar-winning filmmaker). It would also represent a brand new kind of Big Three, one made entirely from scratch. Up until very recently, history’s top three-star arrangements came together at least semi-organically, with one (if not two) of the members already on the roster before the third piece of the puzzle was added. Even in newer cases such as the 2010-11 Miami Heat, you usually needed at least one existing player on the roster to play Dwyane Wade’s role and help recruit other stars to join up.

To illustrate this, here’s a list of just about every notable1 NBA Big Three since the ABA merger, along with how many of its members were already on the team before the final member joined:

A Kawhi-LeBron-PG-13 Big Three would be unique

Notable NBA Big Threes since the 1976 ABA-NBA merger, by year formed and number of stars who were already on the team’s roster

Year Team Star 1 Star 2 Star 3 prev. Stars 2019 Lakers (?) LeBron James Kawhi Leonard Paul George 0 2018 Rockets Chris Paul James Harden Trevor Ariza 2 2018 Thunder R. Westbrook C. Anthony Paul George 1 2017 Warriors Kevin Durant Stephen Curry Draymond Green 2 2015 Cavaliers LeBron James Kevin Love Kyrie Irving 1 2013 Lakers Kobe Bryant Pau Gasol Dwight Howard 2 2012 Clippers Chris Paul Blake Griffin DeAndre Jordan 2 2011 Heat LeBron James Dwyane Wade Chris Bosh 1 2010 Thunder Kevin Durant R. Westbrook James Harden 2 2008 Celtics Kevin Garnett Ray Allen Paul Pierce 1 2008 Lakers Kobe Bryant Pau Gasol Lamar Odom 2 2004 Lakers Shaquille O’Neal Kobe Bryant Gary Payton 2 2004 T-Wolves Kevin Garnett Latrell Sprewell Sam Cassell 1 2003 Spurs Tim Duncan Manu Ginobili Tony Parker 2 1997 Rockets H. Olajuwon Charles Barkley Clyde Drexler 2 1996 Bulls Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman 2 1994 Jazz Karl Malone John Stockton Jeff Hornacek 2 1994 Magic Shaquille O’Neal Penny Hardaway Nick Anderson 2 1988 Bulls Michael Jordan Scottie Pippen Horace Grant 1 1987 Pistons Isiah Thomas Adrian Dantley Bill Laimbeer 2 1983 76ers Julius Erving Moses Malone Bobby Jones 2 1983 Lakers K. Abdul-Jabbar Magic Johnson James Worthy 2 1981 Celtics Larry Bird Robert Parish Kevin McHale 1

Includes Big Threes formed by adding players through the draft.

Source: Basketball-Reference.com

With Leonard coming from San Antonio, James from Cleveland and George from Oklahoma City, this would be the first Big Three we could find that formed with three newcomers all meeting in a new city. Things have been trending in that direction for a while: Although the vast majority of Big Threes in the 1980s and ’90s were formed by adding a third star to a two-man core, plenty of recent Big Threes have seen two new faces joining one existing star’s squad. But this would be a new Big Three experiment that pushes the boundaries of how they can be formed even further.

If the Lakers do manage to haul in Leonard, George and James, their new team would instantly be good enough to at least give the Warriors some competition in the Western Conference next season. Let’s mix our CARMELO projections, which use historical comparisons to model out a potential career arc for each current NBA player, with the L.A. superteam scenario detailed here by my colleague Kevin Pelton. In it, he assumes the Lakers sign James and George with their cap room, and that San Antonio accedes to a trade that sends Lonzo Ball, Kyle Kuzma and Luol Deng’s onerous contract to the Spurs in exchange for Leonard. Here’s how CARMELO thinks that team looks on paper:

What a Lakers superteam might look like

Projected depth chart for the hypothetical 2018-19 Los Angeles Lakers, with CARMELO player projected plus/minus

Projected Plus/Minus Pos Player Age MPG Offensive Defensive Total PG Brandon Ingram 21 31 -0.3 -0.5 -0.8 Tyler Ennis 24 16 -1.1 -0.7 -1.8 SG Paul George 28 36 +2.0 +0.5 +2.5 Josh Hart 23 24 +0.5 -0.7 -0.2 SF Kawhi Leonard 27 28 +2.1 +1.3 +3.4 PF LeBron James 34 36 +5.4 +0.8 +6.2 Thomas Bryant 21 12 -1.4 -0.1 -1.5 C Nerlens Noel 24 20 -2.3 +2.8 +0.5 Ivica Zubac 21 14 -2.0 +1.0 -1.0 Replacement-level players 23 -1.7 -0.3 -2.0 Team total 240 +3.7 +2.1 +5.9

Assumes Lakers sign LeBron James and Paul George with cap space, trade with San Antonio for Kawhi Leonard and use a salary-cap exception to sign a big man (such as Nerlens Noel).

Age is as of Feb. 1, 2019.

Source: ESPN.com

CARMELO would expect that team, with a projected efficiency margin of plus-5.9 points per 100 possessions, to win about 54 games next season, even with stray waiver-wire pickups logging 10 percent of the team’s available minutes. The team would also have the star power of a bona fide championship contender, with James arguably ranking as the best player in the league,2 Leonard capable of snagging MVP votes and George checking in as a five-time All-Star by the age of 28. There would be questions about fit — since James, Leonard and George overlap in both position and skill set — and no guarantees about Leonard’s health. But this Big Three would certainly vault L.A. back into the championship conversation, where it hasn’t resided in a while.

However, before these Laker bros start making plans for a parade down Figueroa Street next June, it’s fair to ask whether the Lakers are really the most likely destination for Leonard. Although Leonard may want to play in L.A., he’s also still under contract with the Spurs for one more season, so San Antonio still controls where he’d eventually end up landing. And if they can help it, I’m guessing Gregg Popovich and R.C. Buford would prefer not to set a superteam up for the franchise that’s faced the Spurs in 34 playoff games since San Antonio’s dynasty began in the late nineties.

Moreover, Los Angeles may not even have the best package to offer the Spurs in a deal for Leonard. Our colleagues at ESPN.com put together their seven favorite potential Leonard trades, including the Lakers’ Ball/Kuzma/Deng swap mentioned above. For each of those scenarios, I added up CARMELO’s five-year upside values, which project a player’s wins above replacement over the next five seasons with negative-value comparable players zeroed out.3 According to that measure, L.A.’s deal is among the best San Antonio might be able to get — but it has competition from Miami, Toronto, Philadelphia and others:4

Who will teams offer in exchange for Kawhi?

Five-year CARMELO upside* values for selected trade packages involving Kawhi Leonard, according to ESPN.com’s Insiders

team Players tot. MIA Dragic 5 Richardson 14 Winslow 11 Adebayo 17 48 LAL Ball 37 Kuzma 10 Deng 1 47 TOR DeRozan 12 Anunoby 22 Siakam 11 45 PHI Covington 24 Fultz 8 10th pick 9 40 BOS Irving 24 27th pick 3 27 BOS Hayward 7 Rozier 14 21 POR McCollum 12 Rd 1 pick 4 16

* CARMELO’s “upside” measurements are a version of our ratings in which comparable players who project to have a negative value are zeroed out instead.

Numbers may not add up because of rounding.

Source: ESPN.com

Injury status notwithstanding, superstars like Leonard don’t come up for grabs on the trade market often, and where they end up landing can often shape the destiny of the league. If Leonard does ultimately team up with James and George, the resulting Big Three would indeed reshape the NBA championship picture for years to come. The financials of such a deal are tricky, though doable. What’s unknown now is the desire of Leonard, James and George to play together — a necessary component, since the latter two are free agents — and whether the Spurs would be willing to trade their star to a rival team in the West. In other words, this Big Three is unlikely as the situation currently stands. But just the same, we’ve seen stranger things than this happen during the NBA’s summer silly season. Stay tuned.

from News About Sports https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-next-phase-of-nba-superteam-technology-creating-one-from-scratch/

[wikipress01]

The Dambusters raid 75 years on and the North East heroes who took part

The 75th anniversary of the legendary ‘Dambusters’ bombing raid takes this place week – and these are the North East heroes who took part.

On the night time of May 16 and into the early hours of May 17 in 1943, Wing Commander Guy Gibson led 617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force on an audacious plan to destroy three dams in the Ruhr valley, the industrial heartland of Germany. The mission was codenamed Operation ‘Chastise’.

The three fundamental targets have been the Möhne, Eder and Sorpe dams.

From 9.28pm on May 16, 133 aircrew in 19 Lancasters took off in three waves to bomb the dams, who included eight males from the North East.

Their heroics are commemorated in ‘The Complete Dambusters. The 133 Men Who Flew On The Dams Raid’, by Charles Foster, the results of years of analysis on his part.

He primarily based it on the names contained in ‘Night Flying Programme 16.5.43’, the official battle order doc of the raid, its goal even on this saved secret.

Typed on it’s a document of which crew took part during which wave – often called Red I, Grey II and White III – which planes returned to base and at what time and which planes didn’t come again.

Mr Foster grew to become curious about the Dambusters as his uncle, Squadron Leader David Maltby, took part in the raid and he first wrote about him and his crew again in 2008.

The Dambuster – Dr Barnes Wallis. Wallis, the engineer who famously created the bouncing bomb that helped to destroy the German Dams alongside the Ruhr, a feat immortalised later on the silver display. Here he’s pictured speaking to Wing Commander RAB Learoyd beneath the watchful gaze of an Avro Lancaster Bomber throughout the RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight in 1968. (Image: Daily Mirror)

His crew included navigator, Sgt Ivan Whittaker, from Sherburn County Durham.

Their Lancaster took part in the first wave and was the fifth plane to assault Möhne Dam. Their bomb inflicting a big breach and the plane returned safely.

Others weren’t so fortunate. In all eight of the 19 planes have been misplaced, 53 males have been killed whereas three develop into prisoners of battle.

Among these to lose their lives have been Pilot Officer SL ‘Leslie’ Whillis, from Newcastle, whose airplane crashed after being focused by anti-aircraft hearth on its flight to the goal; Sgt Thomas Jaye from Crook, Co Durham, whose airplane suffered the identical destiny as did the airplane of Sgt Ron Marsden, who was born in Scarborough and raised in Stockton in Teesside.

Among these who lived to inform the story was Sgt James ‘Jim’ Clay, a bomb aimer, from North Shields.

His granddaughter Patricia Ramshaw, 49, nicely remembers her grandad.

She stated: “He was a truly lovely and gentle man. Very humble. If you pushed him he would tell you about the raid.”

On certainly one of these events Patricia requested him about how he had misplaced a little bit of his nostril.

“Apparently whereas he was in his Lancaster he leant again and to have a wee – that’s what they did after they needed to – and at the identical time some shrapnel exploded in the airplane, hitting his nostril.

“If he hadn’t leant again at that second, he in all probability would have died.”

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Another story he informed revealed the extraordinary heroics and dedication of the males who took part.

It was a airplane that had been categorised as ‘missing in action’ after the raid, one thing Jim wasn’t comfortable about it because it didn’t even start to inform the story.

“They had been shot up and may probably have gotten again to base.

“He stated everybody may hear them talk about on their radios what to do subsequent and them reaching their resolution to press on with the mission.

“They flew their airplane with the bomb nonetheless on board straight into certainly one of the factories, destroying it. It was an act of unbelievable bravery.”

Jim and spouse Patricia lived in Gosforth, Newcastle after the battle. He labored as an accountant, finally with Northern Rock, earlier than he retired.

The couple had two daughters, Gillian – who is Patricia’s mum – and Beryl, earlier than he handed away in 1995.

Granddaughter Patricia, who lives in Norwich, added: “He was a very beautiful quiet intelligent household man.

“He was adored by his spouse Patricia my grandma and lived a reasonably fabulous life. They travelled in all places and did every little thing.”

The raid was the fruits of years of planning after the Ruhr was focused, some say way back to 1937 as Hitler started growing his armaments programme.

Fast ahead to 1942 and British engineer Barnes Wallis started working on plans for a bomb that would skip throughout water.

He developed the thought by experimenting with bouncing marbles throughout a water tub in his again backyard – and the ‘bouncing bomb’ was born.

In late March 1943, a brand new squadron was shaped to hold out the raid on the dams.

Initially codenamed Squadron X, 617 Squadron was led by 24-year previous Guy Gibson and made up of aircrew from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA.

With one month to go earlier than the raid, and with solely Gibson understanding the full particulars of the operation, the squadron started intensive coaching in low-level night time flying and navigation. They have been prepared for Operation ‘Chastise’.

Although the affect on industrial manufacturing was restricted, the raid gave a major morale increase to the folks of Britain.

Mr Foster stated: “It’s an important piece of history. People who say the dambusters raid wasn’t a success are wrong.”

He stated whereas some level out the injury was repaired in simply ‘six months’, that was six months of diverted sources which may have, for instance, been used elsewhere to strengthen the Atlantic coastal defences of occupied France. The Dambusters raid took place simply 12 months earlier than D-Day.

What can by no means be questioned is the braveness of these who took part.

Mr Foster stated: “It was an extremely dangerous yet everyone who took part volunteered.”

Here are the North East members of the 133 Dambusters crew with notes from Mr Foster

1 – Sgt Vivian Nicholson. Navigator

Dambuster Vivian Nicholson (Image: www.completedambusters.com)

Took part in the first wave. Fifth plane to assault Möhne Dam and mine dropped precisely, inflicting massive breach. Aircraft returned safely.

Vivian Nicholson was born in 1922 in Sherburn, Co Durham. He labored as an apprentice in the household joinery enterprise however when the battle began he volunteered to hitch the RAF.

2 – Sgt Thomas Jaye. Navigator

Third wave. Crashed on outward flight.

Thomas Jaye was certainly one of the two sons of James and Helena Jaye of Crook, Co. Durham.

His father labored as a miner at Roddymoor Colliery. He was born in 1922 and went to Wolsingham Grammar School. After leaving faculty he labored as {an electrical} engineer.

He joined the RAF in 1941 and was despatched for coaching as a navigator to the flying faculty run by Pan-American in Miami, Florida.

3 – Plt Off S L Whillis. Flight engineer

Dambuster Leslie Whillis (Image: www.completedambusters.com)

Second wave. Crashed on outward flight.

Samuel Leslie Whillis, often called Leslie to his household, was born in Newcastle in 1912, the second son of Charles and Edith Whillis.

He joined the RAF shortly after the outbreak of battle, and served as floor crew till 1942.

4 – Sgt James ‘Jim’ H Clay. Bomb aimer

Dambuster James ‘Jim’ Clay (Image: www.completedambusters.com)

Second wave. Aircraft badly broken by flak on outward flight. Returned to base with mine intact.

James Henry Clay was born in 1911 in North Shields. His dad and mom, Robert and Mary Clay, had 12 kids of whom James was the fifth.

5 – Sgt Raymond Wilkinson. Rear gunner

Dambuster Ray Wilkinson (Image: www.completedambusters.com)

Third wave. Only plane to assault Ennepe Dam. Mine dropped efficiently however did not breach dam.

Raymond Wilkinson was born in 1922 in South Shields, the solely youngster of Christopher and Margaret Wilkinson.

He labored briefly as a joiner’s apprentice earlier than becoming a member of the RAF in 1941. He certified as an air gunner in the summer season of 1942.

6 – Sgt Ronald Batson. Front gunner

Second wave. First plane to assault Sorpe Dam. Mine dropped efficiently however did not breach dam. Returned to base.

Ronald Batson was born in Ferryhill, Co Durham in 1920, the older son of Joseph and Elizabeth Batson. He was a grocer’s assistant earlier than enlisting in the RAF in March 1941.

7 – Plt Off Ivan Whittaker. Flight engineer

Dambuster Ivan Whittaker (Image: www.completedambusters.com)

First wave. Third plane to assault Möhne Dam. Mine veered left after dropping and exploded at aspect of dam.

Ivan Whittaker was born in Newcastle in 1921, the youthful of the two sons of William and Jane Whittaker.

He attended Wallsend Grammar School and then, in 1938, he joined the RAF as an apprentice at RAF Halton.

8 – Sgt Ronald Marsden. Flight engineer

Dambuster Ronald Marsden (Image: www.completedambusters.com)

Third wave. Crashed on outward flight.

Ronald Marsden was born in Scarborough in 1920, certainly one of the 5 kids of William and Emily Marsden.

He went to highschool in Stockton and joined the RAF in 1935 as an apprentice at the School of Technical Training in Halton.

He then served in floor crew in a variety of institutions. He certified as a flight engineer in September 1942.

* The Complete Dambusters: The 133 Men Who Flew on the Dams Raid by Charles Foster is now out there in bookshops in addition to on Amazon

Source hyperlink from http://www.wikipress.co.uk/news/the-dambusters-raid-75-years-on-and-the-north-east-heroes-who-took-part/

[georgiapioneers]

Buncombe Co. NC Genealogies and Histories #northcarolinapioneers

Buncombe County Wills and Estates

Buncombe county was formed in 1791 from parts of Burke County and Rutherford Counties. It was named for Edward Buncombe, a colonel in the American Revolutionary War, who was captured at the Battle of Germantown. The large county originally extended to the Tennessee line. Many of the settlers were Baptists, and in 1807 the pastors of six churches including the revivalist Sion Blythe formed the French Broad Association of Baptist churches in the area. In 1808 the western part of Buncombe County became Haywood County. In 1833 parts of Burke County and Buncombe County were combined to form Yancey County, and in 1838 the southern part of what was left of Buncombe County became Henderson County. In 1851 parts of Buncombe County and Yancey County were combined to form Madison County. Finally, in 1925 the Broad River township of McDowell County was transferred to Buncombe County. Genealogy Records available to members of North Carolina Pioneers Images of Will Book B, 1869 to 1899 Names of Testators:

| Alexander, George C. | Allen, Autonia | Baird, Eliza T. | Baird, Mary A. | Banks, H. H. | Banks, S. M. | Bell, Thomas | Brand, Hann | Brank, Joseph R. | Brittain, George W. | Brittain, William | Brookshire, Lula | Brown, Nathan | Brown, Nathaniel | Brown, William H. | Buchanan, W. A. | Burnett, Elrige | Burnett, James M. | Burnham, Hiram | Buttam, William | Calloway, Sarah Ann | Carter, Daniel W. | Chambers, William | Chambers, William Sr. | Chunn, Joseph | Clark, Jesse | Cochran, Harriet | Cole, Joel | Coleman, William | Conley, John | Crane, Mary Ann | Cunningham, E. H. | Cunningham, John W. | Curtis, B. J. | Daugherty, Lemuel | Davis, Asbery | DeBrull, Susanna | Duffield, Charles | Dula, Thomas | Edney, James M. | Edwards, Helen Maria | Eller, Adam | Eller, William | Embles, Joseph | Endley, James | Erwin, William A. | Frank, John | Freer, Carolina | Frisbee, William | Garren, Marion | Green, Jeremiah | Green, Katherine | Hall, A. E. | Hampton, Levi | Hawley, Levi | Henderson, David | Henderson, L. D. | Henry, James L. | Herndon, E. W. | Herrick, Edwin Hayden | Hyatt, P. A. | Hyman, Ellen | Ingram, Louis | James, Silas | Johnson, A. R. | Johnson, Henry J. | Johnson, Rufus | Johnson, V. D. | Johnston, Hugh J. | Jump, William | Kennedy, John P. | Kimberley, Bettie | Lanning, John | Lanning, Rebecca | Lee, Stephen | Lenoir, Betsy | Litcomb, Margarett | Love, Lorenzo | Luther, Laura | Luther, Solomon | Lynch, Martha J. | McBrayer, William | McGill, Wardlaw | Mercer, Sarah Ann | Merrell, John | Merriman, Branch H. | Middleton, Henry | Miles, Levin | Miller, Henry | Miller, Peter | Moody, Mary Janet | Mordecai, G. W. | Morgan, David | Morgan, Noah | Morrow, Ebenezer | Murdock, Margaret | Murphy, Laura | Murray, Patience Marcella | Murray, Robert A. | Murray, William S. | Palmer, C. B. | Patton, Eliza W. | Patton, John E. | Penland, M. P. | Pinner, Hugh | Plummer, William G. | Polk, Thomas | Poor, John | Pullium, R. W. | Randolph, Mary | Rankin, W. D. | Ratcliff, M. J. | Reed, Jacob | Reed, William R. | Revis, W. C. | Reynolds, John | Reynolds, John D. | Richards, Charles B. | Roberson, James Alford | Roberts, James Riley | Roberts, Joshua | Roberts, M. | Roberts, Thomas O. | Rogers, Caroline M. | Roselee, Sarah | Rumple, Robert | Russell, W. H. | Saunders, Benjamin F. | Shackleford, P. C. | Sluder, J. E. | Sluder, John | Southee, Joseph | Smith, B. J. | Smith, F. A., Mrs. | Smith, James T. | Smith, J. H. | Smith, Owen | Smith, William A. | Stepp, Rachael | Stevens, Francis M. | Stevenson, Abraham | Stewart, John Curtice | Stroup, Nancy | Swain, Eleanor H. | Taylor, Robert J. | Wallack, Isadore | Weaver, Jesse R. | Weaver, John S. | Weaver, M. M. | Wells, J. R. | Whitaker, Henry | White, David | Woodcocke, J. A. | Woodfin, Eliza | Worth, Frederick | Young, Lewis

Images of Buncombe County Will Book C, 1887 to 1897 Names of Testators:

| Adams, Daniel D. | Adams, Julia W. | Alexander, George Newton | Arnold, Henry | Ashworth, Johnson | Austin, J. H. | Baird, Rebecca | Ballard, Caroline | Barker, Clarence Johnson | Blount, John Gray | Braunch, William George | Broesback, Anna | Brown, Daniel | Brown, Mary T. | Budd, Margaret Anderson | Call, John D. | Cameron, Paul | Carpenter, John | Carpenter, John (1911) | Carroll, John L. | Carter, Melvin Edmondson | Cathcart, William | Cathcart, William (1805) | Cathey, J. L. | Cawble, Jacob | Chambers, John C. | Chapman, S. F. | Chapman, Verina | Christiansen, George | Cole, Ann B. | Clark, Adger | Clemmons, E. T. | Cortland, Mary Katharine | Croft, Sarah Ann | Cummins, Anson W. | Cushman, Walter S. | D' Allinges, Baron Eugene | Davidson, Thomas F. | Dobbins, Mary | Ducket, Margaret | Frady, J. A. | Frady, John | Fulton, Mary | Garren, David | Gask, B. S. | Goodrum, Maria | Haggard, Elliott | Hendry, Theodore | Henry, Robert | Hill, Wylie | Hines, W. F. | Israel, Levina | Johnson, Julius | Johnston, Andrew H. | Johnston, William | Jones, R. L. F. | Lagle, W. S. | Lindsey, Andrew J. | Mason, Lavinia | McHemphill, William | McMerrill, John | McNeal, Florella | McRee, C. E. | Melke, Arthur | Meyers, Sarah Ellick | Meyers, Sarah Thayer | Miller, George | Miller, Joseph M. | Moore, Harry V. | Murdock, David | Murray, J. L. | Neilson, M. A. | Peller, Joseph | Penland, William M. | Pinketon, James | Pinner, Leander | Powell, Martha J. | Price, Linus | Randall, James M. | Randall, Matthew | Reed, John Sr. | Reeves, John | Reynolds, Alice | Roberts, J. R. | Schultz, Andrew | Spivey, B. F. | Starnes, Jacob | Summer, Richard | Swain, Eleanor H. | Tagg, Marcellus J. | Tennent, Charles | Tennent, Marianne | Tompkins, Frederick W. | Washington, Julia | Weaver, M. M. | Webb, S. W. | Weber, August | West, George W. | Whitaker, L. W. | White, Edward S. | Wilson, Alfred

Images of Will Book A, 1831 to 1868 Names of Testators:

| Alexander, James | Alexander, James C. | Alexander, Lorenzo D. | Anderson, William | Arrington, James | Ashby, John | Ayres, C. | Baird, B. | Baird, Hannah | Ball, Joel | Bell, Thomas | Boyd, James | Brevard, John | Burlison, Edward | Call, John | Candler, Zachariah | Carter, Jesse | Carver, Joseph | Chambers, John | Cochran, Harriett | Cochran, William | Cole, Jesse | Cole, Joseph | Collins, Riddick | Cooke, Joseph | Curtis, Benjamin | Curtis, Delilah | Dale, Richard | Davidson, Samuel | Davidson, Sophronia | Davis, John | Davis, Margarett | Davis, William | Dillingham, Absalom | Dilliingham, Rebecca | Dougherty, John | Doweese, Garrett | Edmons, Elizabeth | Edwards, David | Edwards, Isham | Eller, Mary | Flagg, William | Fortner, John | Foster, Mary | Foster, Thomas | Foster, Thomas | Garmon, William | Gaston, Thomas | Gentry, John | Gilbert, Daniel | Gill, Rebecca | Gillispie, Francis | Goodlake, Thomas | Gousley, Hugh | Grantham, Joseph | Green, Jeremiah | Gudger, William | Harper, Lot | Harris, Able | Hawkins, Rachel | Henry, Dorcas | Holcombe, Obediah | Hutsell, Elizabeth | Ingle, Elizabeth | Ingram, Thomas | James, Thomas | Jarrett. Fanny | Johnston, A. H. | Jones, Ebed | Jones, George W. | Jones, Thomas | Jones, Wiley | Jones, William | Killian, William | King, Jonathan | Lackey, John | Lane, Sarah Ann | Livingston, John | Low, Stephen | Lowrey, James | Lusk, John | Marson, William | Martin, Jacob | McBrayer, James | McDonnell, William | McDowel, Athan | McFee, John | Means, John | Merrell, Benjamin | Merrell, Jesse | Merrell, John | Morgan, James | Morrison, John | Murdock, William | Nelson, William | Owens, John | Palmer, Jesse | Palmer, J. T. | Patton, Ann | Patton, James A. | Patton, James | Patton, James W. | Patton, John | Peavy, Bartlett | Peek, Jesse | Penland, John | Pinner, Burrell | Pitman, Thomas | Plemans, Peter | Poor, Isaac | Porter, Edmund | Porter, William | Potter, James | Powers, Brady | Prestwood, Johnathan | Reaves, Malachi | Reed, Eldred | Reed, Jane | Reed, Peter | Reynolds, Joseph | Roberts, John | Robeson, Andrew | Robeson, Jonah | Robeson, William | Robird, Robert | Rogers, Andrew | Saddler, John Roberd | Saunders, Benjamin | Sharp, Thomas | Smith, James M. | Smith, James M. (1864) | Spier, Alexander | Stepp, Silas | Stockton, Richard | Summers, Richard | Thrash, Valentine | Turner, James | Vance, Priscilla | Warren, Robert | Weaver, J. T. | Wells, Leander | Wells, Thomas | West, Henry | West, John | Whitaker, John | Whitaker, William | White, Ann | Whitesides, John B. | Whitmire, Christopher | Williamson, Elijah | Williamson, Elizabeth | Williamson, Richard | Willis, John | Wilson, John | Woodfin, J. W. | Wyatt, Shadrack | Young, John | Young, Rosannah | Young, Sarah

Indexes to Probate Records

Wills 1831 to 1868; Wills 1868 to 1899; Wills 1887 to 1897

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