#ws005

[bookofjin]

Annals of Xing’an 1 (452)

[From WS005. The reign of Gaozong begins.]

The Exalted Ancestor [gaozong], the Civil and Completing [wencheng] August Emperor, taboo Jun, was Gongzong, August Emperor Jingmu's oldest son. His mother was called Ms. Lü. 1st Year of Zhenjun, 6th Month [15 July – 13 August 440], he was born in the Eastern Palace. The Emperor as young was astute and insightful, Shizu was fond of him and he often placed left or right, he was titled the generational successor august grandson.

At the age of 5 sui [444 AD], when Shizu toured the north, the Emperor accompanied in the rear. It happened that a caitiff leader shackled one slave and wished to increased his punishemtn. The Emperor spoke to him, saying:

The slave now happened upon me, you ought to release him.

The leader received the instructions and loosened the ties. Shizu heard about it, and said:

This boy, though young, wishes to consider the Son of Heaven in placing himself.

His thoughts wondered about him

Reaching adulthood, his manners and style were extraordinary. Always when there were great government affairs, he regularly assisted in determining what was possible or not.

2nd Year of Zhengping, 10th Month, wushen [31 October 452 AD], he acceded to the throne of August Emperor in the Yong'an Front Hall. A great amnesty, and changed the year.

[Xing'an 1, 31 October 452 – 24 February 453]

1st Year of Xing'an [“Fostering Calm”], Winter, 10th Month [29 October – 27 November], used the Great General of Agile Cavalry, Yuan Shoule, as Grand Steward, Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affair in the Centre and Outside, Recording the Affairs of the Masters of Writing; the Master of Writing Zhangsun Kehou as Prefect of the Masters of Writing, concurrently Rites Similar to the Three Ministers.

11th Month, bingzi [28 November], the two people contended for power, both were bestowed death.

On guiwei [5 December], the King of Guangyang, Jian, passed away. The King of Linhuai, Tan, passed away.

On jiashen [6 December], the August Mother passed away.

The Grand Commandant Zhang Li, and the Minister over the Masses, Gu Bi, because their opinions did not match with directives, were demoted to be Great Officials of the Outer Capitals.

The General who Pacifies the South, the Marquis of Songzi, Zhou Niu, was advanced in feudal rank to be King of Leling. The Master of Writing of the Southern Section, the Count of Zhang'an, Lu Li, became King of Pingyuan. The civil and military officials were each advanced in rank one grade.

On renyin [24 December], posthumously venerated the Luminous and Stately [jingmu] Heir-Apparent as the Luminous and Stately August Emperor, the August Mother as the Respectful August Empress. Venerated the the foster mother, Ms. Chang, as Foster Empress Dowager.

In Longxi the King of the Tuge, Jingwen, rebelled. Decreed the Garrison Commander of Tongwan, the King of Nanyang, Huishou, to chastise and pacify him.

12th Month, wushen [30 December], jointly buried the Respectful August Empress at Jinling.

On yimao [6 January], began to restore the laws of the Buddha.

On dingsi [8 January], used the King of Leling, Zhou Niu, as Grand Commandant; the King of Pingyuan, Lu Li, as Minister over the Masses; the General who Garrisons the West, Du Yuan, as Minister of Works.

The states of Baoda and Shalie each dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On wuyin [29 January?, error for wuwu, 9 January?], the Duke of Jianye, Lu Si, advanced in feudal rank to be King of Dongping; the Duke of Guangping, Du Yi, advancved in feudal rank to be King.

On guihai [14 January], decreed that because of locusts in Ying province, to open the granaries to relieve and aid.

On jiazi [15 January], the Grand Commandant, the King of Leling, Zhou Niu, committed a crime and was bestowed death.

The Duke of Puyang, Lü Ruowen, advanced in feudal rank to be King.

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[bookofjin]

Annals of Tai’an 5 & Heping 1 -2 (459 -  461)

[From WS005]

[Tai'an 5, 18 February 459 – 7 February 460]

5th Year, Spring, 1st Month, jisi, New Moon [18 February], the General who Conquers the West, Pi Baozi carried off from the land until Gaoping, and greatly routed Xiaozu. The cut down and captured numbered more than 5 000.

2nd Month, jiyou [30 March], the Palace Attendant and Minister of Works, the Duke of Henan, Yi Ba, passed away.

3rd Month, gengyin [10 April], a limited amnesty at the Imperial City for the death penalty and below.

Summer, 4th Month, yisi [25 May], ennobled the august younger brother's son Tui as King of Jingzhao.

5th Month [17 June – 15 July], the state of Juchang dispatched envoys to court to present.

6th Month, wushen [27 July], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

9th Month, wuchen [15 October], a decree said:

In all cases, to honour and reward invariably those who have merit, [and] to punish, discipline and interrogate those who have faults, this is a similarity between past and present and the regular pattern since the beginning and onwards. The shepherds and wardens managing the people who appropriate food for the hundred families so as to lay out a family profession, who when the royal taxes are not supplied and although the year is full depart their post, responding with planning to run away before, it is proper they be punished for their crimes.

And a ruler who is neglectful in supervising examinations, and does not apply criticism properly, causes those who have crimes to loosly and leisurely obtain their escape, and those who have no crimes to groundlessly accept their guilt. Thus begins the road of perfidiousness and perversity, growing a heart of greed violence. Why is it said the original feelings sentence the crime, and so rectifies Under Heaven?

From now on, at the various transfers and replacements, put confidence in classifying what at the post is unsatisfactory or commendable, and rely on it for regulating and putting crimes into order. For those who achieve it all, add to them feudal rank and favour. For those who have faults, carry out punishment and dishonouring. Make the able and not distinct throughout, [while] punishment and rewards do not differ. The ruler clarifies there to be orderly regulations, consider them as the regular model.

The Rites Similar to the Three Ministers, the Duke of Dunhuang, Li Bao, passed away.

Winter, 12th Month, wushen [23 January], a decree said:

We inherited the vast legacy, to commanding and manage the crowd of what there is, and to thinking of magnifying government reform, so as to aid the millions of people. Previously thinned out tax collection so as to fill their wealth, and made light compulsory service so as to relieve their strength, wishing to cause the hundred families to cultivate their professions, and people not be bereft and in want. Yet the Six Garrisons, Yunzhong, Gaoping, and Yong and Qin provinces everywhere met with disastrous drought, and the year's grain was not harvested.

Should dispatched to open the granaries and storehouses so as to assist them. Those who are drifting and moving are directed to turn back to their mulberry and catalpa trees [i.e. their homes]. Wishing for the markets purchase grains from other regions, make the passes in nearby commanderies pass through their paths of easy communication. If there are officials among the directors and ministers who divide their duties unequally, who cause the Sovereign's kindness not reach their subordinates, and their subordinate people are not well-provided in time, apply then heavy punishment, none are to be unbridled.

[Heping 1, 8 February 460 – 26 January 461]

1st Year of Heping [“Harmonious Peace”], Spring, 1st Month, jiazi, New Moon [8 February], a great amnesty, and changed the inaugural.

On gengwu [14 February], decreed the Cavalier in Regular Attendance, Feng Chan, as envoy to Liu Jun.

2nd Month [8 March – 6 April], the General of Guards, the King of Le'an, Liang, supervised the various armies of Dongyong, Tujing and Liubi to hasten west to West of He. The General who Conquers the West, Pi Baozi, and others supervised the various armies West of He to hasten south to Shilou, so as to chasten the rebellious Hu of West of He.

Summer, 4thMonth, wuxu [12 May], the Empress Dowager, Ms. Chang, collapsed at the Shou'an Palace.

5th Month, guiyou [16 June], buried the Radiant [zhao] Empress Dowager at Mingji Mountain in Guangning.

6th Month, jiawu [7 July], decreed the Great General who Conquers the West, the King of Yangping, Xincheng, to supervise the various armies to supervise the various armies of Tongwan and Gaoping, and set out on the southern road; and the Duke of Nan commandery, Liu Hui, and others to supervise the various armies of Liang province, and set out on the northern road, to chastise Tuyuhun Shiyin.

When Cui Hao was executed, the office of historian was then abolished. Reaching this point, it was again set up.

The rebellious Hu West of He went to Chang'an with the chief criminals. Dispatched envoys to calm and comfort them.

Autumn, 7th Month, yichou [7 August], Liu Jun dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On renwu [24 August], travelled to favour West of He.

8th Month [2 September – 30 September], the various armies on the western campaign arrived in Xiping. Shiyin ran to guard the Southern Mountains.

9th Month [1 October – 30 October], the various armies crossed the He to pursue him. They came across a pestilent vapour, and many became ill from the plauge. Therefore pulled in the army and turned back. The captured livestock numbered more than 200 000.

On gengwu [11 October], the Carriage Drove to return to the Palace.

Winter, 10th Month [31 October – 28 November], the King of Juchang presented three tame elephants.

11th Month [29 November – 28 December], decreed the Cavalier Attendant Gentleman, Lu Dushi, and the Outer Staff Gentleman, Zhu Anxing, as envoys to Liu Jun.

[Heping 2, 27 January 461 – 14 February 462]

2nd Year, Spring, 1st Month, yiyou [23 February], a decree said:

The Inspectors shepherds the people, and are the outer layer of ten thousand li. Since some time ago they always take the opportunity to issue out musters, pressure the people for temporary loans, greatly peddle and abundantly trade, and pursue and strive for the season's profits; in the space of a week they have multiplied their gains ten fold. Superior and subordinate communicate together, dividing thereby the adorned dwellings. For that reason the houses of the registered households are hemmed in with cold and hunger, [while] the gates of the prominent and wealthy daily are doubling and piling up. The ruin of doing government does not exceed this. Should for each and every case forbid and prohibit it, those who transgress with 10 bolts of cloth or more are all to die. Publish the announcement Under Heaven, [so that] everyone be made to understand the prohibition.

2nd Month, xinmao [1 March], travelled to favour Zhongshan.

On bingwu [16 March], arrived at Ye. Thereupon favoured Xindu.

3rd Month [27 March – 25 April], Liu Jun dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

In the places passed by the Carriage Driving, everywhere personally addressed [those of] exalted years, and asked about the people's ills and hardships. Decreed that of for those among the people eighty years or older, one son [or “child”] was not to go labour service.

South of Lingqiu there was a mountain more than 400 zhang tall. Therefore decreed the crowd of officials to look up and shoot at the mountain, none were able to go past. The Emperor bent his wooden bow and shot an arrow, setting out for the mountain for more than 30 zhang, and going beyond the mountain southwards for 220 bu. Thereupon cut a rock and craved an inscription.

This Month, issued out from Bing and Si# provinces 5 000 people put into order West of He's hunting roads.

On xinsi [20 April], the Carriage Drove to return to the Palace.

Summer, 4th Month, yiwei [4 May], the Palace Attendant and Great General who Conquers the East, the King of Hedong, Lü Pi, passed away.

5th Month, guiwei [21 June], decreed the Master[s?] of Writing of the Southern Section, Huang Lutou, Li Fu, and others to examine and test the various provinces.

Autumn, 7th Month, wuyin [15 August], ennobled august younger brother Xiaoxincheng as King of Jiyin, and added Great General who Conquers the East, to garrison Pingyuan; Tianci as King of Ruyin, and added Great General who Conquers the South, to garrison Hulao; Wanshou as King of Lelang, and added Great General who Conquers the North, to garrison Helong; Luohou as Knig of Guangping.

On renwu [19 August], travelled to tour north of the mountains.

8th Month [should be “9th Month”?], wuchen [4 October?], the state of Bosi dispatched envoys to court to present.

On dingchou [14 October?], the Carriage Drove to return to the Palace.

Winter, 10th Month [18 November – 17 December], decreed the Outer Staff Cavalier in Regular Attendance You Minggen, and the the Outer Staff Gentleman, the Marquis of Changyi, He Tiande, as envoys to Liu Jun.

In Boling's Shenze and Zhangwu's Shuzhou, bandits killed the county prefects. The provincial army chastised and pacified them.

The King of Guangping, Luohou, passed away.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Tai’an 1-4 (455 - 458)

[From WS005]

[Tai'an 1, 3 February 455 – 22 January 456]

1st Year of Tai'an [“Grand Calm”], Spring, 1st Month, xinyou [3 March], received Shizu and Gongzong's spirit tablets at the Grand Temple.

The Great General of Chariots and Cavalry, the King of Leping, Ba, committed a crime, and was bestowed death.

2nd Month, guiwei [25 March], the King of Wuchang, Ti, passed away.

3rd Month, jihai [10 April], a decree said:

Now, on first receiving Shizu and Gongzong's spirit tables in the Grand Temple, also in the Western Park widely graded the crowd of spirits. We used great celebrations and banquets to bestow on the hundred companions, yet a person with transgressions and crimes was only immediately punished and slain. Not the means by which a master nurtures the crowd of students, and sympathy reaches the myriad multitudes.

In all regards the teachings of a sagely person from the near reaches distant. Thus so Wen of Zhou was a model to his widowed wife. It reached to his brothers, and so managed family and nation. When reforming careless [?] followers nearby, kindness is likewise appropriate. Should be a limited amnesty in the Imperial City for prisoners sentenced to death and below.

Summer, 6th Month, renxu [2 July], decreed the august son to be named Hong. A limited amnesty in the Imperial City, and changed the year.

On guiyou [13 July], a decree said:

In all cases when governing, it follows that there ought hence to be established officials, and recommend the worthy so as to rely on them for duty. For that reason above and below are in harmony and at peace, and the people have no complaints or slander. Suppose the officials are not such men, and the perfidious and perverse are in position, then government teachings are in decline and delayed, to the point of withering and diminishing. To think clearly on demotion and promotion is hence prospering the Way of governing.

Now dispatch the Master of Writing Mu Fuzhen and others, 30 people, to tour and travel the provinces and commanderies, and observe and examine the manners and customs. When entering their region, if farmers do not cultivate and breed, and the arable fields are much deserted, then conscript labour is not timely, and they are weakened in strength. If the old and elderly cook vegetables to eat, and the young and strong are without homespun clothes, then the assemblies and levies are bothersome and numerous, and they are lacking in wealth. If hamlets and villages are empty and deserted, and the people are much adrift and dispersed, then the placating guidance is without morality, and they are neglected in kindness. If bandits and thieves travel publicly, and robbery and theft do not cease, then power and prohibition is not established, and they are deficient in punishment. If the multitudes slander also prosper, great and small sigh in resentment, good people hide themselves, and flatterers and the perverted make the route, then the laws have become jumbled and confused, and they are benighted in government. When in various ways it is like this or comparable, demote and dishonour them. When the good are in government, praise and reward them.

They who are bent and crooked, and are unable to constrain themselves, are to heed and pay visit to the messengers reporting the shape of things, and the envoys will examine the governing. If they are truly pure and able, and praised and commended by the multitudes, the false reports will hence be searched and straightened out, to turn around their crimes. [In the case of] envoys who accept bribes, and put a stop to the investigations unjustly, heed and go to the public chariots, and send up the accusations.

They who are not filial to their father and mother, who do not obey and revere their elders, who are magistrates that are perfidious and brutal, or who are bandits and thieves, each will be compiled so that the names [can be] sent up. They who tolerate those who hide, and by these means conceal them from punishment, will be punished for it.

This Month [1 July – 29 July], the state of Zheyi dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On wuyin [18 July] the Emperor hunted at Duni Mountain.

On jiashen [24 July], returned to the Palace.

7th Month, bingchen [5 August], travelled to favour West of He.

8th Month, dinghai [25 September], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Winter, 10th Month [27 October – 24 November], the states of Bosi and Shule both dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On gengwu [7 November], used the Duke of Liaoxi, Chang Ying, as Grand Steward, and advanced his feudal rank to be King.

[Tai'an 2, 23 January 456 – 9 February 457]

2nd Year, Spring, 1st Month, yimao [20 February], installed the August Empress, Ms. Feng.

2nd Month, dingsi [22 February], installed august son Hong as August Heir-Apparent. A great amnesty Under Heaven.

Several thousand families of the Dingling absconded into hiding at Jingxing Mountain, and met together to be bandits and thieves. Decreed the Inspector of Ding province, Xu Zongzhi, and the Inspector of Bing province, Qifo Chenglong to chastise and pacify them.

Summer, 6th Month [18 July – 16 August], Gentlemen of the Feathered Forest, Yu Pan, Yuan Ti, and others planned rebellion, and submitted to execution.

Autumn, 7th Month, jiashen [16 September], hunted in West of He.

This Month [17 August – 15 September], the General who Pacifies the Wset, the Duke of Yuyang, Yu Juan, went north to strike Yiwu, overcame their city, greatly captured, and turned back.

9th Month, xinsi [12 November], the Duke of Hedong, Lü Pi, and the Duke of Lingling, Lü He, both advanced in feudal rank to be kings.

Winter, 10th Month, jiashen [15 November], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

On jiawu [25 November], a limited amnesty for the Imperial City.

11th Month [13 December – 11 November], the Master of Writing, the King of Xiping, Yuan He, changed fief to be King of Longxi.

The states of Yada and Pulan both dispatched envoys to court to present.

Liu Jun's Grand Warden of Puyang, Jiang Longju, and Grand Warden of Xinping, Yang Bolun, each abandoned their commaneries, and led the magistrates and people to come and surrender.

[Tai'an 3, 10 February 457 – 30 January 458]

3rd Year, Spring, 1st Month, renxu [21 February], hunted at Guo Mountain.

On wuchen [27 February], returned to the Palace.

The states of Sute and Yutian dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

Summoned the Duke of Puyang, Yu Juan, designated him Grand Commandant, advanced his feudal rank to be King, to Record the Affairs of the Masters of Writing.

Summer, 5th Month, gengshen [18 June], hunted at Song Mountain.

On jisi [28 June], returned to the Palace.

Designated the august younger brother Xincheng as King of Yangping.

6th Month, guimao [1 August], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Autumn, 8th Month [5 September – 3 October], hunted to the north of Yin Mountain.

On jihai [26 July], returned to the Palace.

Winter, 10th Month [3 November – 1 December], wanted to tour east. Decreed the Grand Steward, Chang Ying, to erect an Acting Palace at Huang Mountain in Liaoxi.

11th Month [2 December – 31 December], the Man King Wen Hulong led more than a thousand families to adhere to the interior.

12th Month [1 January – 30 January], since in the provinces and garrisons there had five [times been?] locusts, and the people starved, sent envoys to open the granaries so as to assist them.

This Month, Yutian, Fuyu and others, more than 50 states, each dispatched envoys to court to present.

[Tai'an 4, 31 January 458 – 17 February 459]

4th Year, Spring, 1st Month, bingwu, New Moon [31 January], began to establish prohibition against alcohol.

On yimao [9 February], travelled to favour Guangning's Warm Spring Palace. Thereupon toured east to Ping province.

On gengwu [24 February], arrived at Liaoxi's Huang Mountain Palace. Excursions and banquets for several days. Personally addressed [those of] exalted years, and reassured and asked into their ills and hardships.

2nd Month, bingzi [2 March], climbed Jieshi Mountain, and observed the dark blue sea. Greatly hosted the crowd of subjects beneath the mountain, and bestowed rewards and advanced feudal rank to each proportionally. Changed Jieshi Mountain to be Leyou [“Happy Excursion”] Mountain, and built an altar to record the journey at the ocean beach.

On wuyin [4 March], went south to favour Xindu, hunting excursions in Guangchuan.

3rd Month, dingwei [2 April], observed horse shooting at Zhongshan. On the commanderies and states passed through, bestowed one year of remittance.

On bingchen [11 April], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Erected the Taihua [“Grand Illustrious”] Hall.

On yichou [20 April], the King of Dongping, Lu Si, passed away.

Summer, 5th Month, renxu [16 June], a decree said:

We have since acceding to the eastern steps until now frequently sent down intentions for magnanimous greatness, to dispense with and eliminate the bothersome and petty, and to get rid of various unimportant [matters], wishing to cause things to obtain their place, and people to settle down in their professions. Yet the shepherds and wardens over a hundred li are unable to circulate and spread kind thoughts, seeking and wishing without satiation, severing and cutting off official property so as to enter into it themselves, making the teachings and musters dangling and few, and yet with deep writings and extreme venality heaping up evil onto the people. The petty seek to get away from faults and still more do not correct [their timidness].

The regulations of the house of state is for taxes and service therefore to be light. From this year and onwards, the sundry musters are to be diminished and rationalised. Yet in the the provinces and commanderies, everything is unsettled and dangling, none of the officials posted there soothe and guide the deficient, and the greedy and filthy go beyond their measures. What makes it so?

From now on, when regular musters are not supplied, and the people do not settle down in their professions, for the group of the people's stewards apply the death penalty. Extend the announcement Under Heaven declaring Our intentions thoughts about it.

6th Month, bingshen [20 July], hunted at Song Mountain.

Autumn, 7th Month, gengwu [23 August], travelled to favour West of He.

9th Month, yisi [27 September], returned to the Palace.

On guihai [15 October], the Taihua Hall was completed

On bingyin [18 October], hosted the crowd of subjects. A great amnesty Under Heaven.

Winter, 10th Month, jiaxu [26 October], a northern tour. Arrived at Yin Mountain, where an old cemetery had been destroyed and abandoned. A decree said:

Formerly Ji Wen buried withered bones, and Under Heaven reverted to humaneness. From now on, when there are those who dig into and destroy graves and barrows, behead them.

Liu Jun's general Yin Xiaozu repaired a pair of forts to the east of Qing River. Decreed the General who Garrisons the East, the Duke of Tianshui, Feng Chiwen, and others to strike him

On xinmao [12 November], the Chariot Drove to stay at Chelun Mountain. Piled up rocks to record the journey.

11th Month [22 November – 20 December], decreed the General who Conquers the West, Pi Baozi and others, three generals and 30 000 cavalry, to assist in striking Xiaozu.

The Chariot Drove across the desert. The Ruanruan broke off their tracks and hid far away. Their detached section [leaders] Wuzhuhetui and Kushitui led the multitudes to come and surrender.

12th Month [21 December – 19 January], the General who Conquers the East, the King of Zhongshan, Tuozhen, passed away.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Heping 3 (462)

[From WS005]

[Heping 3, 15 February 462 – 3 February 463]

3rd Year, Spring, 1st Month, renwu [15 February], used the Great General of Chariots and Cavalry, the Duke of Dong commandery, Yi Hun, as King of Taiyuan.

On guiwei [16 February], the King of Lelang, Wanshou, passed away.

2nd Month, guiyou [7 April], hunted at Guo Mountain. Thereupon observed fish at the Xuanhong Pool.

3rd Month, jiashen [18 April], Liu Jun dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

The various states of Gaoli, Xiwang, Qinie, Siyanyushi, Shule, Shina, Xijuban, and Kepantuo each dispatched envoys to court to present.

Summer, 6th Month, gengshen [23 September], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Decreed General Lu Zhen to chastise the rebellious Di of Yong province, Chou Rutan and others, and pacify them.

Autumn, 7th Month, renyin [3 September], favoured West of He.

9th Month, renchen [23 October], the Great General who Conquers the West, the King of Changshan, Su, passed away.

Winter, 10th Month, bingchen [16 November], a decree said:

We inherited the vast thread, to command and manage the ten thousand states, to with trailing robes and folded hands face south, to delegate government to the crowd of ministers, and wish for the  Way of continuous and splendid government, so as to bring about serene unity.

In all cases, during prosperity of the Three Eras, none did not honour and place above the advanced in years. Now among the officials for selecting and recommending, many do not consider the sequence, and cause the class of white-haired to remain behind, and belatedly advance to reside first. How can that be said to be the universal hierarchy being put in order? The various bureaus that select for vacancies ought each to first fully recognize old talent and ability.

This Month [8 November – 6 December], decreed the Outer Staff Cavalier in Regular Attendance You Minggen, and the Outer Staff Gentleman, the Marquis of Changyi, He Tiande, as envoys to Liu Jun.

11th Month, renyin [1 January], the Carriage Drove to return to the Palace.

12th Month, yimao [14 January], regulated the laws of battle deployment in more than 10 sections. Following that greatly well-ordered and showed forth the troops, there were permutations of the “flying dragons”, “prancing snakes”, and “fish school” [formations], so as to display their power and martial ability.

On wuwu [17 January], the King of Lingling, Lü Ba, passed away.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Xing’an 2 & Xingguang 1 (453 - 454)

[From WS005. The Emperor decrees a three day celebration. A bloody succession in the south. On 14 August 454, the Emperor’s oldest son, Hong, is born.]

[Xing'an 2, 25 February 453 – 13 February 454]

2nd Year, Spring, 1st Month, xinsi [1 February], the Minister of Works, Du Yuanbao advanced in feudal rank to King of Jingzhao.

The King of Guangping, Du Yi, passed away.

The Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, the Duke of Dong'an, Liu Ni, advanced in feudal rank to be King.

Ennobled the King of Jianning, Chong's son Li to be King of Ji'nan.

On guiwei [3 February], decreed to provide the people 15 [?] sundry musters.

On bingxu [6 February], the Master of Writing, the Duke of Xiping, Yuan He, advanced in feudal rank to be King.

2nd Month, jiwei [11 March], the Minister of Works, the King of Jingzhao, Du Yuanbao, planned rebellion, and submitted to execution. The King of Jianning, Chong, and Chong's son, the King of Ji'nan, Li, were drawn forth by Yuanbao, and each were bestowed death.

On yichou [17 March], issued out from the Imperial City 5 000 people to dig out the Heavenly Vortex [tianyuan] Pool.

This Month [24 February – 25 March], Liu Yilong's son Xun killed his father and installed himself.

3rd Month, renwu [3 April], venerated the Foster Empress Dowager as August Empress Dowager.

The Duke of Anfeng, Lü Hupi advanced in feudal rank to be King of Hejian.

On yiwei [16 April], the state of Shule dispatched envoys to court to present.

Summer, 5th Month, yiyou [5 June], travelled to favour Guo Mountain.

On xinmao [11 June], returned to the Palace.

This Month [24 May – 21 June], Liu Xun's younger brother Jun killed Xun and installed himself.

Intercalary Month, yihai [25 July], the Grand Empress Dowager, Ms. Helian, collapsed.

Autumn, 7th Month, xinhai [30 August], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

The King of Puyang, Lü Ruowen, and the Great General who Conquers the West, the King of Yongchang, Ren, planned rebellion.

On yichou [13 September], bestowed on Ren death at Chang'an. Ruowen submitted to execution.

On jisi [17 September], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

This Month [20 August – 18 September], built a horse shooting terrace at the southern suburbs.

8th Month, xinwei [19 September], the state of Kepantuo dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

On wuxu [16 October], a decree said:

We, though insignificant personally, succeeded to and inherited the great legacy, and fear not being able to circulate benevolence, kindness, and harmony, or to sooth and aid the ten thousand eaves, and from dawn to dusk are cautious and careful, as if overlooking an abyssal valley. However, since acceding to the throne and onwards, the hundred families have been quiet and calm, wind and rain have followed the seasons, the border regions have had no affairs, and the multitude of auspicious omens have doubled in appearance, it is impossible to declare the number.

Also within the park acquired a cun square jade seal, its writing said “Sons, Grandsons, Long Life”. The crowd of excellencies, ministers and gentlemen all together said: “A blessing!” How could We, a single person, achieve reaching this response, in truth it is due to the deliverance of Heaven and Earth, the founders and ancestors, deigning to confer protection. Thinking that [We] are together with the million myriads in this excellent felicity, should order the people a great celebration for three days, and for the various death by cutting off and downwards, for each reduce the punishment by one grade.

9th Month, renzi [30 October], reviewed the military at the southern suburbs.

Winter, 11th Month, xinyou [7 January], travelled to favour Xindu and Zhongshan, and observe and examine the manners and customs.

12th Month [15 January – 13 February], executed the various people of Mo in Hejian who had been robbers and thieves. The boys of 15 years and downwards became live captives and were distributed and bestowed on the accompanying subjects each proportionally.

On jiawu [9 February], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Kumoxi, Qidan, Jibin and others, more than 10 states, each dispatched envoys to court with tribute.

Restored the Duke of Beiping, Zhangsun Dun, to the feudal rank of King.

[Xingguang 1, 14 February 454 – 2 February 455]

1st Year of Xingguang [“Fostering Brilliance”], Spring, 1st Month, yichou [12 March], used the Palace Attendant, the Duke of Henan, Yi Ba, as Minister of Works.

2nd Month, jiawu [10 April], the Emperor arrived at the Altar of the Way, and climbed to accept the charts and registers. After the rites' completion, a limited amnesty for the Imperial City, distributed rewards to each proportionally.

Summer, 6th Month, bingyin [11 July], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Autumn, 7th Month, gengzi [14 August], august son Hong was born.

On xinchou [15 August], a great amnesty, and changed the year.

8th Month, jiaxu [17 September], the King of Zhao, Shen, passed away.

On yihai [18 September], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

On yichou [8 September?], the august uncles Hutou and Longtou passed away.

9th Month, gengshen [2 November], the state of Kumoxi presented a famous horse that had a single horn, in shape like a unicorn [lin].

This Month [8 October – 5 November], shut the capital city's gates, for a great ransacking for three days, and captured perfidious people who had absconded from the instructions, several hundred people.

Winter, 11th Month [6 December – 3 January], the General who Garrisons the North, Fang Zhang, struck the Ruanruan, took captive their general Dougunyuju, and captured more than 1 000 horses.

On wuxu [10 December], travelled to favour Zhongshan, and thereupon favoured Xindu.

12th Month, bingzi [17 January], turned back to favour Lingqiu, and arrived at the Warm Springs Palace.

On gengchen [21 January], the Chariot Drove to turn back to the Palace.

The states of Chuyu and Chiwandan each dispatched envoys to court to present.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Heping 5-6 (464 - 465)

[From WS005. A reign comes to an end]

[Heping 5, 25 January 464 – 11 February 465]

5th Year, Spring, 1st Month, dinghai [10 February], ennobled august younger brother Yun as King of Rencheng.

2nd Month [23 February – 23 March], decreed that since in 14 of [?] the provinces and garrisons there in past year there had been worms and floods, to open the granaries to relieve and aid.

Summer, 4th Month, guimao [26 April], the Duke of Dunqiu, Li Jun, advanced in feudal rank to be King.

Intercalary Month, wuzi [10 June], the Emperor due to the drought mishaps, reduced the meals and called himself to account. That night, timely rain greatly came down.

5th Month, gengshen [12 July], Liu Jun died. His son Ziye was usurpingly installed.

6th Month, dinghai [8 August], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Autumn, 7th Month, xinchou [22 August], the Northern Garrisons' moving army greatly routed the Ruanruan.

On renyin [23 August], travelled to favour West of he.

9th Month, xinchou [21 October], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Winter, 10th Month [15 November – 14 December], the King of Langye, Sima Chuzhi, passed away.

12th Month [13 January – 11 February], the King of Nanqin, Yang Nandang, passed away.

The state of Tuhuluo dispatched envoys to court to present.

[Heping 6, 12 February 465 – 31 January 466]

6th Year, Spring, 1st Month, bingshen [13 February], a great amnesty Under Heaven.

2nd Month, dingchou [26 March], travelled to favour the Loufan Palace.

The various states of Gaoli, Xiwang, and Duiman each dispatched envoys to court to present.

3rd Month, wuxu [16 April], the Inspector of Xiang province, the Duke of Xiping commandery, Tuyuhun Quan, passed away.

On yisi [23 April], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Summer, 4th Month [11 May – 9 June], the state of Poluona presented blood-sweat horses. The state of Pulan presented a precious sword.

5th Month, guimao [20 June], the Emperor collapsed in the Taihua Hall. At the time he was aged 24.

6th Month, bingyin [13 July], the Sovereign venerated him the posthumous title Civil and Completing [wencheng] August Emperor, and temple title Exalted Ancestor [gaozong].

8th Month [6 September – 5 October], he was buried at Jinling in Yunzhong.

Your Subject the Historian says: Shizu arranged and traced out the Four Regions, [but] the interior was rather depleted and spent. Then the state was feuding and the times difficult, court and countryside were suffering pain. Gaozong fostered the times with rest and repose, the tranquillity hence quelling them, rearing power and displaying virtue, embracing and mending centre and outside. Had he himself no ingenuity and perception in deep abundance, and sympathy and helpfulness made up his heart, likewise how would he be able like this! He can be said to have had the measures of a ruler of men.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Heping 4 (463)

[From WS005]

[Heping 4, 4 February 463 – 24 January 464]

4th Year, Spring, 3rd Month, yiwei [24 April], bestowed on the people of the Imperial City 70 years and older food from the grand officials' kitchen, to the end of their years.

August son Huren passed away, posthumously ennobled him King of Leling.

On yisi [4 May], a decree said:

We promulgated and set forth the old canons, allotted duties and established officials, wishing to cause to spread and scatter government reform, the continuous splendour numerously piling up. As such the people at the posts, all confronted with distinguished selection, given service and trust, will hone themselves with utter sincerity, apply themselves to reduce conscription service, make troops and people genial and generous, and families give people support.

Now the various ministers on the inside and outside, and the provinces and garrisons' wardens and stewards, intrude on sending troops and people, and labour service are not unified. From now on when there are arbitrary summons for service, pressuring for employment not of the norm, all discus the same unjust laws.

Summer, 4th Month, guihai [22 May], went up to favour the Western Park, and personally shot three tigers.

5th Month, renchen [20 June], the Palace Attendant, the King of Puyang, Yu Juan, passed away.

On renyin [30 June], travelled to favour Yin Mountain.

Autumn, 7th Month, renwu [9 August], a decree said:

We every year during the autumn days' fallow months instruct the crowd of officials to exercise the military on level ground. At the place being favoured, must erect a public altar. Works of wasteful squander, the toil is diminished and not unified [?]. Ought to continue the old style, why must [we] alter the construction.

8th Month, bingyin [22 September], thereupon hunted in West of He. A decree said:

We obey the seasons for hunting excursions, yet the accompanying officials kill and take beyond measure, fully depleting the birds and beasts, contrary to the righteousness of not closing up the enclosure. Should direct the accompanying officials when reaching the standard enclosure and are about to barricade hunt, that from now on and afterwards, they are not to heed excessive killing. The skins and meat taken in the their hunts [will be] separately from them conferred and offered.

On renshen [28 September], a decree said:

Previously, since the people met with starvation and cold, and did not succour and sustain themselves, there were those who peddled and sold sons and daughters, fully relying on [them] returning to their families. Some followed and adhered to might and strength, some privately acted to request support, together were passing along acceptance, did not at the time examine and audit, and ordered the children and offspring of good families remain as slaves and servants. Now relying on focused scrutiny, [those] who do not heed accepting ransom have transgressed and will be punished. If [they] still do not collect [?] and turn back, heed their fathers and older bothers sending up complaints, so as to carry off people's judgement.

9th Month, xinsi [7 October], the Chariot Drove to return to the Palace.

Winter 10th, Month [28 October – 26 November], since in Ding and Xiang provinces falling frost had killed the grain, exempted the people from the land tax.

This Month, decreed the Outer Staff Cavalier in Regular Attendance You Minggen, the General of Valiant Cavalry, the Count of Changyi, Lou Neijin, and the General who Soothes the Boreal, the Count of Xiangping, Li Wulin, as envoys to Liu Jun.

12th Month, xinchou [26 December], a decree said:

When fame and rank are not similar, it is decorous likewise for different number [of gifts], the means by which to classify grades and class, and display the conventions for manners. Now at the mournings and burials, and marrying a wife, the great rites are not yet comprehensive. The noble and mighty, and the prominent and wealthy, exceed the measures with wasteful squander. Not what is spoken of as the pattern illuminating the canons and statutes. Have the ministers what is permissible be arranged as precedents, make the noble and worthless be well-ordered, high and low all in sequence, and put it forth in an order.

On renyin [27 December], a decree said:

In all regards to join in marriage is the start of the Way of men. Thus consider the righteousness of husband and wife at the head of the Three Mainstays; the importance of the rites never exceed this. The revered and the inferior, and the exalted and the lowly, ought to be delimited and separated. However from the Middle Era and onwards, the houses of the noble families very much did not follow the law.

Some are greedy to profit from wealth and riches, some follow and adhere to private loves. Being in a frivolous union, without selecting and choosing, they cause noble and worthless not to separate, large and small in the same sequence, dust to foul pure reforms, damaging and diminishing human relationships. How will they then to circulate and demonstrate the canons and counsels, and hand them down to future descendants.

Now regulate that the august clan, teachers and tutors, kings, dukes, marquises and earls, and the families of gentlemen and the common people, are not again to marry with the hundred artisans, the skill-full and clever, and inferior families. Transgressors will be punished.