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[tas32]

HW11

ANS TO QUESTION 1:

I think, we won’t. Now we can say that water which is essential for any living organism is being discovered on many other planets, but we didn’t find any microorganisms so far, and we have yet to receive any signals from any intelligent life forms on any planet.

  ANS TO QUESTION 2:

I have my parents back in my home country. They are almost at the last stage of their life. I think if I get a free coupon for a robot, I will send it to my parents to take care of them.

  ANS TO QUESTION 3:

I think we will, with the advancements in AI, robots, and supercomputers, we are also evolving. Yes, lots of diseases are now occurring, but the good news is that we also overcoming various fatal diseases which were incurable in the past. Scientists are working with genetic engineers to give us a disease-free next generation. Thus, if we will have to face a fully roboticized future, to survive we will need to change our total social structure. Food production will need to be decentralized; our whole economic concept will need to be going through various up-gradation models. Becoming a Cyborg would be an option too!

ANS TO QUESTION 5:

ANS TO QUESTION 6:

The title of the book is “The Human Race to the Future” and the author is Daniel Berleant.

 “We see nuclear weapon development programs reaching “fruition” (the seeds of destruction yield dangerous fruit) 10 times in 72 years by 2020, averaging once every 7.5 years with intervals ranging from 0 to 19 years. It turns out that 8 out of 9 of these intervals are 10 years or less, suggesting statistically that the next country to build a working nuclear device is likely to do so within the next several years”

I think the next country will be Myanmar. They already have a rogue military government, and they have good relations with both China and North Korea. They can have the blueprint anytime.

 “It is a refreshing fact that the prospects for human survival are substantially higher if we live on two worlds, instead of just Earth”

 True; a few days ago, I watched a movie. The title of the movie was the sum of all fears, in this movie, a black-market arms dealer sold a tactical nuclear device to an individual, it could happen in real life too. Countries like North Korea have nuclear weapons. They can sell nuclear weapons to the black market. So, a possible nuclear attack by a terrorist can happen at any time. So, the survival of mankind will be higher if we live on different planets.

 “Maintaining sealed, selfsufficient human environments has been tried on Earth, notably in the Biosphere 2 project near Tucson, USA, and the BIOS 3 project in Krasnoyarsk, Russiag”

 What was the purpose of these projects? Most probably they are seriously thinking about living on other planets?!

 “A colony on Mercury would certainly not be easy, yet almost as certainly it is possible”

Yes,its possible if there is water and enough resource like fossil fuels based on which human civilization can expand.

[tas32]

HW10

ANS TO QUESTION 1:

I want to work with “Smart tv”

 Few steps of typical use of tv:

(1)    Pick the remote

(2)    Press the button (it will take some time to open)

(3)    Scroll through the option to watch  favorite channel.

 Pain points:

 “annoyance”

      Step 2: Press the button (it will take some time to open) ( “annoyance” ) older model tv’s tend to take too much time to open up.

 Solution:

We could use a “facial recognition” sensor to the power button of a TV, just like what Iphone’s facial recognition technology. It’s fast. We could use this sensor for another purpose, this sensor will store the information of favorite channel, whenever someone tries to start the tv,the sensor will help the individual to start his/her favorite channel without touching the remote! You just need to look at the sensor , then that’s it.

 The lean canvas:

 Target customers:

Every household, Tv companies.

 Problem:

The sensor could be costly for an individual customer.

Solution:

We could implement our own brand card system so that a customer can buy this sensor by monthly installment system.

 Unique value proposition:

The world is moving forward with 5G, why you are with 2G!!

 Revenue streams:

Tv companies, Tv users.

 Channels:

By Facebook, by various social media platforms, by our friends and family members. Promoting our brand in malls, restaurants etc.

 Unfair advantages:

When we will promote our brand, we could collect a customer’s phone number, and email id by giving him a coupon code (for a discount).

 ANS TO QUESTION 2:

Applications of Automation:

  Driverless Taxi:

It is also known by Robo taxies. These vehicles are driverless, fully automated, and are now being operated by various ride-sharing companies. Most of these vehicles actually use electricity instead of fossil fuels, which makes them eco-friendly and cost-saving platforms. Most of these vehicles are compact in size, so these vehicles are very suitable in metropolitan areas and busy cities, these vehicles also need a small parking area which makes them a perfect transportation system in busy areas. Several companies such as waymo and baidu are now offering robo taxies service in limited areas.

  Space:

We surely have heard the name rover. It’s a planetary space exploration robot that can gather samples or soil samples. It can also carry human spaceship members, but the main purpose of these robots is to collect, analyze and send information about the elements (such as dust, soil, rocks, liquids) of the surface of different planets. Nasa and other space organizations have been using this kind of robot for decades now. Some of them are Apollo lunar roving vehicle, lunokhod 2, prop M, Lunokhod 3, chang’e 3’s, etc.

                          Apollo 15 lunar roving vehicle (Wikipedia)

 Home appliances:

Automation system is now being used in different types of home appliances. Such as ‘Roomba’. It looks like a trash can, but the purpose is totally opposite. It is basically a robot that can vacuum our entire houses by its own. There is a robotics company called iRobot’s and it is their flagship product. Nowadays it is being upgraded furthermore.

 Industry:

We can now find automation almost every floor of an industry, be it an agricultural industry, or transport industry. Whether it is a car production line or RMG factory, it is very difficult to imagine a production line without automation. Various types of computer software’s, robots are now being used to implement the automation system. In the past, these tasks were done manually, as the demand increased, automation systems became a major part of an industry.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotaxi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)

ANS TO QUESTION 3:

“Animal-free meat can in principle be cheaper than ordinary animal meat. So, when we finally figure out how to make it taste better, but at a lower price, society will switch in a big way. There will be no going back”

Completely agree with this. If we could ensure the taste, the quality, the price of that laboratory-made meat  ,I don’t  find any reason why can’t we all eat that meat?!

 “large amounts of highly processed, nutritionally deficient foods are now widely consumed (like potato chips and soda pop”

True, a few days ago when I went to Walmart, most of the customer’s carts were full of frozen, highly processed food like chips, coke etc. I don’t know how nutritious those food are, but one reason we eat those food is they don’t need much time to cook, they are cheap

 “Impossible Foods sells a veggie burger that, to the eater, is like one made of ground beef, from texture to color to taste. The key ingredient that distinguishes their burgers: heme. Heme, they found, is key to making meat red and taste meaty, but they figured out how to make it from plants”

Wow! But that should be costly than the original animal based meat burger!

 Came to know about why a plant-based meat and cultured meat could be much cheaper than animal-based meat!

[tas32]

HW9

ANS TO QUESTION 3:

My project topic is Automation. If we want to talk about the future state of automation, I think there will be groundbreaking innovations in the field of automation in the future. We can now see automation almost everywhere. The level of penetration of automation will be more in the near future because it not only reduces human efforts but also increase the quality of human lives. According to the survey of 2017 global future of work which was originally from Willis Towers Watson 17 percent of work was automated back in 2020. It was 9 percent in 2017 and 5 percent in 2014. 

https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/all-things-work/pages/the-automation-revolution.aspx

if we talk about an example, a few years ago we had to stand in line of a financial institution just to deposit our money, our bills. But the scenario has been completely changed now. we can now go to an ATM machine near us and deposit there. In the future, I think we can do it by sitting in our home! In fact, automated machines are expected to replace almost half of the global workforce. Multiple industries, from manufacturing to banking, are adopting automation to drive productivity, safety, profitability, and quality.

ANS TO QUESTION 4:

Outline of my project:

Introduction:

In this introductory part going to talk about what automation actually is. The meaning and definition of this term and what I actually understand by reading the word “automation”. 

scope and goal:

The goal of this paper could be to introduce someone to the automation world who doesn’t know that much about the automation world so that they could understand and apply this knowledge somewhere else.

overview:

In this section going to talk about the history of the automation world. How this process actually was inducted into human society, going to talk about this. Going to talk about the origin and definition of the word automation, different types of automation, how we can improve the automation process, what will be the impact of automation on individual human beings. I will discuss about the future state of automation process.

Conclusion:

In this part, I am going to state my final impression and key findings from researching this topic. 

ANS TO QUESTION 5:

My presentation outline will be similar to my project outline. 

ANS TO QUESTION 6:

 “Computers have long exceeded our intelligence in speed and reliability of arithmetic calculation. They will come to outpace human intelligence in more and more ways”

 Yes,I agree on some points. In some specialized jobs or in a game, such as chess, computers can surpass humans, but no computer program can now match human general intelligence.

 “the annual robocup games have been held yearly since 1997”

Wow,did not know that!

 Came to know about turing test and how it can measure the intelligence of a computer.

“the winner’s performance in the Loebner Prize competitions over time would appear to be one way to measure progress in computer intelligence”  yes,I agree with that.

 “The trends do suggest that computers are gaining greater and greater intelligence and influence on our lives, perhaps eventually with revolutionary results”

absolutely true. Almost every element of 21st-century living is influenced by computers, from transportation efficiency and safety to food and healthcare availability, sociability, and productivity.

 Came to know about AI singularity. As far as I have understood AI singularity is the situation when AI will become self-aware, they can modify themselves, just like “terminator” movie.

 “Computers are already far in advance of human intelligence in arithmetic, and society has leveraged that into many benefits, from calculators to income tax software to spacecraft navigation systems and more” true, agree with that.

 “Nuclear weapons are spreading to more countries over time.”

As long as big powers like USA, RUSSIA, CHINA treat other smaller countries than them as their own premises ,this is bound to happen.

[tas32]

HW7

ANS TO QUESTION 1:

Example : Cell phone

 Kline and Rosenberg model :

 Before the invention of cell phone ,there were land phones(they are still here),but phone maker companies were very eager to invent some portable technologies which would be very easy to carry and cheap that each part of society can afford those. So they made multiple attempts to bring such innovation in the form of cell phones(first step)

 After the invention ,phone maker companies came to realise that earlier model’s cell phones are too bulky and expensive, They gathered their experience from their customer’s end .

First few model’s were very bulky and expensive, Motorola launched the DynaTAC in 1984. It weighed over a kilogram and was affectionately known as The Brick, it was the first hand held phone and the cost was around ten thousands US dollar’s. but it quickly became a must-have accessory for wealthy financiers and entrepreneurs. But later we saw the revolutionary change of cell phone’s in terms of portability, design, functions etc.

 Example: Cell phone

Abernathy and Utterback model

There are three stages in Abernathy and Utterback model. They are:

1.fluid phase 2. Transitional phase 3. Specific phase.

According to “Abernathy and Utterback” I think cell phones belong to fluid phase. The first handheld cellular mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, even after this whole-time cell phone/mobile phones watching huge revolution in terms of portability, dimensions, and capability. That’s why I think cell phones should be in fluid phase.

 Example: Cell phone

Clark and Henderson model

Improvements to system components:

After the introduction, cell phones gradually seeing improvements in term of capabilities. For example, for charging ports and charging cables first it was type A, then it was being replaced by type B, then finally it is type C. Type C charging ports and cables are fast, flexible and more powerful than it’s precedings.

 Changes in system architecture:

When it was introduced the primary objective of cell phone was just to communicate with each other. Now It is not confined within it, we can now take pictures with it, we can enjoy movies, listen to songs , do all types of calculation, book our tickets etc.

   ANS TO QUESTION 2:

In this HW, I am going to describe some advantages and disadvantages of automation in manufacturing industry:

Manufacturing has evolved dramatically in the last 20 years as a result of technological advancements. People used to conduct all of the manufacturing and fabrication by hand back in the day. Automation has become a competitive advantage in today's production sector, thanks to the penetration of computers and technology. Companies have been able to mass create things at incredible speeds and with excellent repeatability and quality because to automation. In the industrial industry, automation has become a decisive element in whether or not a company will remain competitive. Although automation is continuously defining industry norms and has numerous benefits, it also has certain drawbacks.

Automation Advantages:

 Reduced production time - Having an automated machine reduces production time since the machine does not need to think, it is more repeatable, and there is less human error. Though some more time is required for the maintenance and continue the effectiveness of the machine but it takes less time significantly if we compare them with human labor force.

Increased precision and repeatability - compared to an employee, an automated machine's accuracy and repeatability are significantly greater. 

Less human error — no one is flawless, and we're all prone to errors. As a result, a machine that performs repetitive activities is less prone than an individual to make mistakes.

Less personnel costs - introducing automated machines to an operation reduces the number of employees required to complete the task. It also signals fewer security concerns, resulting in budgetary savings. There are several costs that are lowered or eliminated when there are fewer employees, such as payroll, benefits, sick days, and so on. Increased safety – having automated devices means having fewer employees performing potentially dangerous and injury-prone jobs, making the workplace safer.

Higher volume production – In a large industry where a significant amount of goods are needed to be produced, automated machines can surely serve this cause more than the large human labor force. It is more profitable also.

Automation Disadvantages:

 Less versatility - In a big industry most of the employees have varieties of responsibilities to perform. A vast automated industry can restrict those employees not to do those.

More pollution - Most of  the industries generally use significant quantities of different types of pieces of machinery, but when an industry goes fully automated most of the types of machinery use different types of fossil fuels, which causes pollution.

Large initial investment —One of a company's highest operational costs is automated machinery. Automatic devices can range in price from thousands to millions of dollars, depending on the type and degree of automation.

Increased unemployment - when the level of automation rises, fewer people are needed, resulting in more unemployment. Unpredictable expenses - there may be a number of unforeseeable costs that outweigh the actual cost savings from automation. Research and development costs of automating a process, preventative maintenance costs, and the cost of training personnel to run automated machinery are all examples of these costs.

While automation has become a resource for remaining competitive in the manufacturing industry, there are definitely some factors to be considered in order to be competitive and to get a return on investment. Depending on the operations, automation may or may not be a good fit. The initial cost of purchasing an automated machine might be prohibitive for a small firm with low production volumes. Automated machines, on the other hand, would be more suited if the operation has a larger facility with numerous personnel on the shop floor fabricating medium to large runs.

ANS TO QUESTION 3:

“ as society becomes increasingly infiltrated by computer controls, computer worms and viruses will become means for commanding machinery to go beyond design tolerances so that they fail catastrophically and are destroyed. Large, important, vulnerable, — and centralized — installations like refineries are natural targets” 

actually there is a movie ,its called “terminator” .In this movie there is a computer virus called “skynet” , in this movie this virus actually took control over everything and tries to end the mankind. I completely agree with the author in this fact that we are becoming more and more dependent on computers.

came to know about hardware interlock , I think except microwave oven ,this program /software is now also being used to prevent the theft of cars, motorbikes(actually in security systems?! )

[tas32]

HW8

ANS TO QUESTION 1(a)

 Example: Airplane

Want to improve parameter “speed”

Conflict will be “loss of energy”

There are four solutions.

Principle 14: spheroidality-curvature

We can round the edges of wingtips!

 Principle 20: continuity of useful action.

All engines should work at same rpm.

 Principle 35: parameter changes.

If we can change the degree of flexibility of wings , I think that should too solve the problem.

   Example: Mobile phone

Want to improve parameter “ productivity”

Conflict “ease of operation”

 Principle 1: segmentation.

Can be divided into hundred of parts. This links the improving and conflicting feature.

 Principle 28: mechanics substitution.

Replace the mechanical system with a sensory one. I think, Automation is the key here.

Principle 7: Nested Doll

Place one object inside another.

I think, this means all the production machineries should be aligned, so that production process could be much faster!

 Principle 10: Preliminary action.

Perform the required change of an object in advance.

all machineries have their own functions, they should be placed in such a way so that no action is required after the production line gone into action.

ANS TO QUESTION 1(b) :

Drones, the very first thing that comes to our mind when we talk about drones is the power of destruction of human lives, property in wars. We already have examples of its destruction. The Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia -Azerbaijan, Ukraine-Russia clash where both parties using drones at intensive level.  

 But now we can use drones for a completely different purpose. We can use drones for the betterment of humankind. For example, we can use drones in agriculture. Farmers can use agricultural drones adorned with cameras to improve the treatment of their crops. The drones can allow farmers a unique perspective that previously used satellite imagery could not provide. They help to expose issues with irrigation treatment, soil variation, and distressed plants at a much lower cost than methods like crop imaging with a manned aircraft. The success of the drones can be made possible by technological advances in GPS modules, digital radios, and small MEMS sensors. Together, these advances allow farmers to bring greater precision to their craft in order to reap greater rewards.

ANS TO QUESTION 2:

A brief history of Automation

Prehistory

The first automation tool that was used by stone age people is   weighted fishing nets. This tool had been discovered in South Korea recently. The first automation tool was all about increase the productivity. This is actually the earliest known example of fishing technology.

                                            Fig: stone sinkers

Ancient History

Water and Shadow clocks were used for the automation of timekeeping as early as 1500 BC.  The oldest known example is dated to 1500 BC, and is from the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep. There were actually two types of water clocks, one of them is outflow ,another one is inflow.  By measuring the change in water level of a container ,a viewer can tell time.  An inflow water clock actually follows the same concept.

The Early Common Era

The Book of Ingenious Devices, published in 850 by the Banu Musa brothers in Iraq, describes numerous automated technologies developed early in the Common Era. These included automatic fountains, an automatic flute player, and various regulators and valves that were important precursors to control and fail-safe systems we use today.

The Renaissance

The Renaissance is famous for the  advances in art and philosophy, but it was also a time of exciting scientific and technological developments. In 1439,  a German craftsman and inventor Johannes Gutenberg invented a movable type printing press by which mass amount of books could be printed . In 1642,Blaise Pascal invented a digital arithmetic machine ,modern calculators are direct descendants of it.

The First Industrial Revolution

In the late 1700s, the Industrial Revolution reached new heights,  with bursting  technological advancements .  James Watt’s  rotary-motion steam engine was finished in 1776. Edmund Cartwright’s power loom, designed in 1784, patented it 1785 which used water power to increase the weaving process. In 1786 another scottish inventor  /mechanical engineer Andrew Meikle invented the threshing machine to remove the outer husks from grains of wheat , before the invention it was very laborious task ,required a large number of workers.

The Second Industrial Revolution

The second industrial revolution reached its peak  between 1870-1914.  Automatic signals, air brakes, electric light, and typewriter were introduced in 1870.  The elevator and structural steel for buildings, leading to the first skyscrapers ,were launched in 1880. Bell Telephone Company began to adopt automatic telephone switchboards in 1919.

World War II and the Post-War Period

Colossus, the world's first electronic computer, had a single purpose: to help decipher the Lorenz-encrypted (Tunny) messages between Hitler and his generals during World War II . During the time of second world war various automobile companies conducting various experimentation in the field of automated production. The world's first electronic desktop calculators  The ANITA MARK 7 and the MARK 8 were launched simultaneously in October 1961.

The Third Industrial Revolution

Advancing computer technology enabled exponential technological progress in the following decades. In the early 1970s, the Third Industrial Revolution, or Digital Revolution, was in its infancy, supported by developments in magnetic memory, microprocessors, and battery technology that allowed computer systems to be further refined. The availability of personal computers increased dramatically in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and this put us squarely into the Information Age that we are still in today.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the key technologies that transforming economy, society and the labour market. With the evolution of robotics and cobots, which is being designed specially to interact with humans in a collaborative environment will increase the production of a industry at a significant level. They can also save employees from doing dangerous and unhealthy task. Augmented reality and virtual reality, technologies that will merge the real world and the digital world using computer science. 3D and 4D printing  technology is becoming increasingly important in design, architecture, engineering, etc.

                                    Edmund cartwright’s power loom  

                                     Andrew Meikle’s threshing machine

https://hakaimagazine.com/news/possible-evidence-of-worlds-oldest-fishing-nets-unearthed-in-korea/

https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-technology/ancient-invention-water-clock-001818

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/book-of-ingenious-devices

https://www.britannica.com/technology/calculator

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cartwright_edmund.shtml

http://scihi.org/andrew-meikle-threshing-machine/

ANS TO QUESTION 3:

“commuting by car has been found to be a debilitating, continuous drain on our happiness and quality of life”

Completely agree with this.

The time we waste on road,in traffic jams that actually impacts our life,our mental health condition. We can easily divert this whole time to our family, to the things we actually enjoy to do.

 “Collaboration over great distances is now often possible without travel” that’s actually true.

According to a survey by Global Workplace Analytics,25-30% of the workforce have been working remotely from 2020. All around the world, more and more employers are embracing flexible schedules for their remote teams leading to new remote work trends and remote work options.

 “The World Wide Web is making us all part of a giant global digital village, enabling efficiencies beyond what merely living nearby would or even could provide”

It connected the world in a way that was not possible before and made it much easier for people to get information, share and communicate. It allowed people to share their work and thoughts through social networking sites, blogs and video sharing. The world wide web made it much easier for people to share information.

 Actually, got to know what kind of jobs we can do remotely, and which we cannot. How can we be a live-anywhere, work-anywhere-else society, the author explains it very elaborately, also I agree with the fact how this modern civilization depends on centralized foods and energy production.

[tas32]

HW4

ANS TO QUESTION 2 :

Intrade, one of the most famous prediction markets had been closed in accordance with Irish law. In November 2012, the commodity future trading commision filed a lawsuit against intrade claiming it was letting americans bet on the price of commodities( like gold) on an unregulated exchange which is against US law. In December, the company suspended trading for all U.S. customers. It is against U.S. law to buy or sell commodity options that is, to bet on the future price of commodities, such as gold, copper, and oil ,except on a registered exchange .After that incident intrade was forced to suspend trading immediately and  the website has been closed for good.

hypothesis of the article could be true ,because he was in a mess,he was in a complicated financial situation. That time's  most successful prediction market owner could understand that in near future his empire could be collapsed, that's why he took the extreme decision to kill himself.

ANS TO QUESTION 5(a) :

He said "Your critics are the ones telling you they still love you and care. Worry when you do something badly and nobody bothers to tell you" , if I want to explain this line I can say this "our critics are best friend of ours, they will help us to be something what we dream off" ,so I completely agree with what pausch said.

he said " It's not about how to achieve your dreams, it's about how to lead your life, If you lead your life the right way, the karma will take care of itself, the dreams will come to you" . I agree with this line too. If you make a commitment to work hard ,stay honest success/dreams will eventually come true.

another lesson from "Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams", we have to have specific dreams .  Just like Randy didn’t want to be an astronaut, he wanted the floating. When he got older, he found a way to experience zero-gravity, without having to first become an astronaut. this means when you will want something with your heart and soul, it will eventually come.

ANS TO QUESTION 5(b) :

Yes, happiness can’t be a finite goal in itself. Still, we often think that happiness is something achievable, but as Eleanor Roosevelt reminds us, "happiness is something that happens when we do everything else right". Therefore, happiness is a byproduct. Darius Foroux defines happiness as merely a byproduct of usefulness. when we do something that was of use or helpful for somebody else, it created a sense of joy. As John Rushton says "Be everything to everybody and you’ll be nothing for yourself." As Buddha said "If you light a lamp for someone else it will also brighten your path."

ANS TO QUESTION 6 :

I have read next 20 pages of a book called “ The Human Race to the Future: What Could Happen - and What to Do “ , the writer is  Daniel Berleant. From first few pages I came to know about a term which is called flynn effect and how lifetime earnings and IQ points are related each other, the effect of choline, folic acid and cod liver oil on pregnancy and children’s intelligence. 

According to the author, speech understanding ,mind reading are advancing fast. Due to sufficient research funding , the huge interest and demand from both users and end users making them more available on different types of platform such as smart phones ,pcs. Actually speech understanding is more mature tech than mind reading , but in near future these advanced technologies will replace various type of input systems such as mice and keyboards. so yeah, I completely agree with the author on this.

Different types of innovations such as newspapers, printing press, writings, human speech, and the web have actually radically changed our society.  We are now better connected with each other by these innovations, The world wide web opened up the internet to everyone, not just scientists. It connected the world in a way that made it much easier for people to get information, share, and communicate.  It has since allowed people to share their work and thoughts through social networking sites, blogs, video sharing, and more.

[tas32]

HW6

ANS TO QUESTION 1 :

a. I have already identified my project topic, and it will be on "automation ". I have already selected my project  format, and it will be a blog post. In this project I am going to describe about the origin and definition of automation word, what's the purpose of automation, what tasks are good for automation, different types of automation process, some automation example, how can we improve automation process, what will be the impact of automation on individual human being, society etc.

b. In this part of this HW , I am going to describe different types of automation process for my project. Before going to that topic ,  automation can be described as the act of controlling the equipment by using electronic hardware, automation has played a major role in industrialization. One of the most important application areas for automation technology is manufacturing. To many people, automation means manufacturing automation. Three types of automation in production can be distinguished: (1) fixed automation, (2) programmable automation, and (3) flexible automation. Fixed automation also known as Hard Automation, Fixed Automation consists of the apply of various equipment to automate a continuous sequence of tasks, processing or assembly operations. Generally, the operational sequence is not complex, involves fundamental functionalities like rotational or plain linear motion, or an amalgamation of both. The advantages of fixed automation are improved rate of production, low cost of the unit, and the automation of the material handling process. If the automation repeats the same tasks with identical units, it is Fixed Automation. The most notable limitation, here, is that Hard Automation units must be replaced when new tasks need to be completed. Programmable Automation allows for fresh programs to be designed and deployed to the system to implement new processes. Both traditional thermostats and traditional cruise control are examples of programmable automation — you set a speed or temperature and the mechanisms consistently produce the programmed outcome. Whereas with fixed automation, automation is designed with only one set of operation sequences, Programmable Automation allows for reprogramming for different tasks after a batch of one type is complete. The main advantage of the programmable automation is greater flexibility to deal with the variation of designs. While it is the best-fit for batch production of a variety of designs, it produces fewer units than both Fixed and Flexible Automation because of the changeover-time between functions.Flexible automation type is an extension of programmable automation that has the capacity to produce a spectrum of products with next-to-zero downtime and no complicated change-over manual procedure, which means greater production rate. Because there is no need for complex reprogramming, Flexible Automation can switch between tasks. Think to our thermostat and cruise control examples. Modern adaptive cruise control and self-learning thermostats are examples of Flexible Automation — users don’t need to reprogram the mechanisms to change their outcomes. In manufacturing, because there is no need for batch production, tasks can be completed on demand. Flexible Automation enables automatic and rapid changes to programmed sequences, such as production of design variations, with virtually no down-time. In short, Flexible Automation allows for a variety of procedure outcomes and high output.

c. I think, after identifying and fixing our project topic and format we can talk about  each other's project topic .we can take each other review  about those topic, we should make a short comment(25-50) words about each others project topic.

ANS TO QUESTION 3 :

there is a line on page 3(chapter 1), it says that  " it’s still clear that our society is spending a lot of work hours on things we want, rather than actually need " , I completely agree on this, most of the time we work for our luxurious life ,to buy something precious ,not for food, not for education, not for basic needs.

In chapter 2 ,there is a line ,it says " The future will provide more ", as far as I have understood, its about the improvement of various type of treatment against various types of diseases such as alzheimars , parkinsons also the enhancing of normal mental functioning. Science in the future will give us more innovations which  seems quite impossible at present.

I have learned some cognitive enhancement substances name and their activities, such as caffeine works as a stimulant and it decrease tiredness. Have learned few strategies of cognitive enhancement. knew about a method which is known as "TES"(Transcranial Electrical Stimulation) ,it can improve the ability to do various types of cognitive task such as language ,arithmetic, learning related problems.

[tas32]

HW5

ANS TO QUESTION 1 :

prediction market 1:

predictit.org 

https://www.predictit.org/ 

PredictIt  is a New Zealand-based online prediction market that offers exchanges on political and financial events. PredictIt is owned and operated by Victoria University of Wellington with support from Aristotle, Inc. The market was launched on 3 November 2014.  PredictIt's office is located in Washington.

PredictIt uses a continuous double auction to sell shares for each event in its markets, meaning that for every person who predicts that an event will take place, there must be another person who predicts that it will not. The site groups related predictions into a market. Operating expenses are covered by charging a fee of 10% on earnings in excess of the original investment and by charging an additional 5% withdrawal fee .

prediction market 2 :

polymarket.com

Polymarket is an information markets platform that lets someone trade on the world’s most highly-debated topics (e.g. coronavirus, politics, current events, etc). On Polymarket, a portfolio is needed based to forecasts and earn a return if someone is right. When someone decides to buy shares in a market, he/she is weighing in with  his knowledge, research, and view of the future. Market prices reflect what traders think are the odds of future events, turning trading activity into actionable insights that help people make better decisions. As a result, Polymarket is a leading source of unbiased and real-time data about future events.

ANS TO QUESTION 2:

Although prediction markets can work well, they don’t always. IEM, PredictIt, and the other online markets were wrong about Brexit, and they were wrong about Trump’s win in 2016. As the Harvard Law Review points out, they were also wrong about finding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq in 2003, and the nomination of John Roberts to the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005. There are also plenty of examples of small groups reinforcing each other’s moderate views to reach an extreme position, otherwise known as groupthink, a theory devised by Yale psychologist Irving Janis and used to explain the Bay of Pigs invasion.

The weakness of prediction markets is that no one knows if the participants are simply gambling on a hunch or if they have solid reasoning for their trade, and although thoughtful traders should ultimately drive the price, that doesn’t always happen. The markets are also no less prone to being caught in an information bubble than British investors in the South Sea Company in 1720 or speculators during the tulip mania of the Dutch Republic in 1637.

ANS TO QUESTION 3 :

Belief in a just world can serve as motivation for making long-term efforts. Believing that they will be rewarded for their actions can help people motivate themselves to put in the necessary effort and make the necessary sacrifices, especially in situations where the rewards for their actions are not immediate. Belief in a just world can serve as a coping mechanism for everyday struggles. For example, when people believe that if they do good things then they will be rewarded later can help them feel better when encountering obstacles. As such, believing that the world will be just can sometimes improve people’s mental health, in terms of factors such as emotional wellbeing, life satisfaction, reduced stress, and lower levels of depression. Belief in a just world can help people cope with existential issues. For example, belief in a just world can help people feel that their actions have meaning, and provide them with a sense of purpose in life, while also helping them deal with their fear of death. Belief in a just world can help people feel in control. Essentially, when people believe that their future will be determined primarily by their actions, they feel that they have more stability and control in their life.

ANS TO QUESTION 4:

My project topic is Automation. This automation process could affect my personal future on both positive and negative way .  Reports suggest that 47% of people employed in the US are at risk of being replaced by machines and 35% of jobs in the UK may similarly be threatened – with even higher threats in developing countries, with two thirds of jobs at risk of being automated.  With this threat ,  we can also suffer economic, social, and psychological hardship. Communities that relied on single industries that have been automated have struggled to recover. On the other hand, we could easily face, solve ,absorb  the technical difficulties, challenges we face everyday with the help of automation .Historically, automation has been an important ingredient driving economic growth and progress. Automation has enabled us to feed a growing population while allowing workers to transition from subsistence farming to new forms of work. Automation helped move us from a craft system to mass production, from blue-collar to white-collar to “new-collar” work—with better work, higher wages, more jobs, and better living standards. Similar to past innovations, these new technologies offer the potential to help us meet human needs while supporting new jobs and industries never before imagined. 

ANS TO QUESTION 5:

https://www.ibm.com/topics/automation

explains about automation ,types of automation and different trends of automation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation

describes briefly about automation includes different types of automation process, what type of machineries are now being used in automation process, the field of automation process etc.

https://www.isa.org/about-isa/what-is-automation

it tells more about  definition of automation, fields where automation is being implemented, functions of automation and the importance of automation.

https://www.automation.com/

a website which is basically a center hub for automation related news, different types of  article.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/automation

Describes about the origin  and definition of automation word, the historical development of automation , modern developments of automation and principles and theory of automation.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/anniebrown/2021/06/02/automation-and-the-future-of-workhow-engineered-systems-are-improving-the-workplace/?sh=1f0da3537372

The affect of automation in various future job fields, application of automation and robotics technologies, the role of automation in our lives, and also described about how it can improve workplace safety.

https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/430224-how-automation-affects-work-economies-and-society

narrates about positive and negative sides of automation ,factual truths about automation, also challenges of automation in near future. 

ANS TO QUESTION 6:

yes, I succeeded.

ANS TO QUESTION 7:

it worked.

ANS TO QUESTION 8:

it worked.

[tas32]

HW3

ANS TO QUESTION 2:

(a)    Came to know about mowerbots and veggiebots, learned that how can these small sized robots  bring revolution by helping us  producing our foods .

(b)    “Health problems, whether physical or mental, serious or minor, will often be treated in light of the sufferer’s genome. When leukemia researcher Lukas Wartman came down with leukemia himself in 2011 his leukemia researcher colleagues hit the ground running, using full genome analysis to rescue him from what appeared to be certain death”

 I think in near future by analyzing genome sequence we can apply appropriate treatments for certain diseases,including cancer.

(c)    Came to know about Lafora syndrome.

(d)    “Ultimately, superbabies will be designed and raised, whether with game changing genes or merely with desired combinations of normal genes” so we are going to get a generation of superheroes; they wont be suffered by any diseases or I have a question, are they going to be mortal like us?

(e)    “The growth of online learning means that one instructor could oversee a course with a million students in it” 

 That is true, I completely agree with this statement; but I think the quality of education will fall a bit, because its quite difficult to understand a concept that is  new to certain individuals, but at the same time I think it will reduce the cost for education and a student could attend a class anytime anywhere.

(f)    “Today’s students are mostly still educated like they were over 3,000 years ago. This is when the first records of classes taught by an instructor appear, approximately 2040 BCE, during the reign of Egyptian 11th dynasty pharaoh Mentuhotep II. The tomb of Kheti, his treasurer, calls upon graduates to behave well.”

So that means the concept of modern education teaching system is not that new at all.

(g)    “Online is changing higher education as students can increasingly attend class from home computers, taught by instructors who can also be at home, using digital textbooks to work on assignments that are posted online and handed in electronically. When home is far away, maybe another country, electronic distance education can enable learning that otherwise would be impossible. When home is merely across town, there can be considerable cost savings”

 That’s absolutely true for me as well; I live in pine bluff, Arkansas. So it’s quite difficult for me to attend each and every course I have in a semester. It’s cost effective as well, and I can save a lot of time by taking my courses online.

ANS TO QUESTION 1(PART 1):

My proposed project topic is Automation and I think the first impact I am going to talk about which is related to my project topic is Financial Security. We are living in the age of innovations and automation. In future, these sectors will expand more, they  will be on the driving seat of any country’s economy. As a result more and more people in various industry will lose their job due to automation. According to a research, anywhere from 5 to 44 % of all jobs in Europe could be replaced by automation in near future . In the future AI, Automation will be the driving force in every sector. self driven cars on the road, robots in various industry, battlefiled will reduce human involvement significantly. But on the other hand, automation will create and expand numerous roles in medicine, agriculture, manufacturing and other industries — will create jobs in robot development, programming and management.

The second impact I am going to talk about is quality. The quality of human life will surely be impacted by automation in future. In a industry, the production will be more precise. As a result, there will be no shortage of foods,daily necessary items. Social welfare programmes will be more precise by the help of AI .

ANS TO QUESTION 1(PART 2) :

The first impact I am going to talk about which is related to organizations such as business organizations is faster processing. Automation helps employees complete their tasks at a faster pace and improve processing time. This allows them to focus on the creative parts of their job and grow within their discipline. They also get a chance to develop their skills and be satisfied with their job. For instance, an efficient payroll software program makes the lives of HRs easier.

I think, Automation will play a positive role to increase the privacy of business, government, financial institutions. AI enabled cyberspace, with the manifestation of privacy related softwares, different types of security related machinaries will further increase the privacy of related organizations.

Tools used for automation can enhance communication and customer service. Since most of the tasks are handled by these systems, employees can focus on taking customer requests and improving service in this field.

For any organization, transparency between an employer and employees is of utmost importance.

It not only boosts productivity and dedication but also maintains a positive work environment. At the same time, having a clear picture of quarterly reports, sales, and status updates can give us a clear idea about our company’s performance.

  ANS TO QUESTION 1 (PART 3) :

Automation offers the promise of increased productivity, competitiveness and well-being. But these same technologies, including robotics, big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) will also have a major impact on social inequalities. It is this latter point that tends to make people nervous about – even hostile against – all things automatic. what can someone do for a automated future? The functioning of social welfare system in a automated world is a very big question also. If we talk about  society , the cost of necessary social programmes should also be high. Automation could affect various social groups differently and technological innovations will likely change social inequalities. The effect that this automation will have on society depends on a wide range of variables, including governance. But policymakers in a government can best balance the need to optimise the economic benefits of automation with the need to mitigate against its potential social risks. According to a research, anywhere from 5 to 44 % of all jobs in Europe could be replaced by automation in near future, and this will have huge impact on society. However, automation also has positive impacts on society. Automation enables some of the most repetitive, dangerous, dirty and otherwise undesirable jobs across all industries to be fulfilled by robots instead of human workers. By automating these tasks, robots are able to produce unparalleled quality, accuracy, repeatability and safety — benefits that would otherwise not be achievable thanks to the practical realities of many of these tasks. Automation maximizes the value and production of human employees — allowing them to focus on innovation, strategy and intangibles while robots fulfill the most repetitive tasks. These processes facilitate lower production costs, allowing domestic companies to remain globally competitive while providing exemplary service, quality and reliability.

[tas32]

HW2

ANS TO QUESTION 4:

(a)According to the writer,

“A more sustainable approach to gas is to generate biogas from organic waste”

 In my home country we are actually doing this, with the help of a Chinese company our government built a powerplant which can produce electricity from organic waste.

 (b)“Hopefully at some point any home will have its own inexpensive biogas digester the size of a refrigerator”

Completely agree with this, at the  rate by which we are advancing it could be possible in near future.

(c) Came to know about biogas digester and how it works.

(d) Found out about Stirling engines

(e) “At one time, a large proportion of people grew their own food, as many in underdeveloped countries still do”

 actually, it is true, I came from a developing country, in my village most of my relatives, and village people produce food for themselves.

(f) “A solution to the home food production problem may appear sooner than one might think. It will enable growing lots of healthy organic food in one’s own yard while maintaining a normal modern life and not needing to become a full time backyard farmer. Even in congested cities without yards, anywhere the sun shines — windows, roofs, land strips along roadways, even sides of buildings — could be used”  

My sister has been doing this here in Arkansas, during summertime she produces lots of vegetables and chilies in her balcony.

(g) Came to know about “ lowly Roomba”, the first major commercially successful home robot vacuum cleaner.

ANS TO QUESTION 1:

years to double = 72/ Interest rate( 6%)

                            = 12 years.

ANS TO QUESTION 2:

My topic will be “Automation”. My project will be on either wordpress or microsoft word or on paper. 

I come from a country or society where I think labor force play a very vital role to their family’s condition, to the country’s economy etc. In this project I will talk about this part of population. In fact, it will represent huge workforce of most of the development countries. I will discuss about the impact of “automation” on our society, on this huge population . Are we really prepared for this evolution? what will happen to this huge workforce when in the name of automation robots, robotics process will take their place ? For example in my country garments industry(textile industry) is in the number 1 position for export. The annual export is almost 35-40 billion US dollars. In this project I will talk about how can we benefit from the adoption of automation in our textile industry and the negative impact of this on our society. I will also talk about the impact of automation on worldwide jobs ,the impact of automation on agricultural production , and on various industry.

Ans TO QUESTION 3(B):

In the lecture, each step is equally explained by the instructor  just like which are those steps we should follow to formulate questions, how we can avoid bandwagon effect, what type of opinion we should take as a answer.  But on web, I could not find any  explanation of the above topics.

According to some sources from the web ,Delphi method can only be exercised among a group of “experts” .  But what I have understood from the lecture that a group of ordinary people can also be a part of this discussion.

From web , I have found that a live discussion could be more fruitful than a online discussion , but from our lecture I could not find any answer relating to this.

ANS TO QUESTION 3(C):

The only shortcoming I have witnessed so far is that it is a bit lengthy process. Delphi process based on online should be avoided because it is more time consuming ,and lots of factors can actually affect this process. A live discussion could be more fruitful. We should include atleast one expert into the discussion ,and our expert panel should be more diversed.

[tas32]

HW1

ans to question 2 :

*what’s the significance of this course relating to information science?

*Actually,I am an international student of UALR,and I came up late,been registered late , and the instructor of this course actually let me to take this course,that’s why I took this course.

ans to question 3:

my topic is space exploration.

https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/esa-and-nasa-unveil-bold-plans-for-the-future-of-space-exploration/

overpopulation,the depletion of fossil fuels,various new diseases ,climate change now forcing us to search for new habitat. The european space agency,nasa,space agency from various country are now acting together for the survival,for the future ,for the betterment of human race.

I actually find it interesting because the future of human race actually depends on it.

ans to question no. 4:

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/07/1057245449/the-future-of-the-pandemic-is-looking-clearer-as-we-learn-more-about-infection

this link is all about covid 19,about the immune system of human body,how human body reacts to this virus ,vaccination really working or not . But this covid 19 pandemic taught us to be prepared more  in the future , what are our limitations,our health sector is actually prepared or not or should we actually change our habit ,our customs ,our traditions or not?

ans to question no. 5:

future of robotics

https://venturebeat.com/2022/01/13/the-future-of-robotics/

this link is all about the evolution of robotics in different fields and the impact in the field of logistics, manufacturing and in household .Automation are now increasing its footholds , and its demand’s are also increasing.

With the development of more advanced AI ,robots,robotics industry are actually the future .