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tonitoni77 · 4 years

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assign current affair

The “nth room” case is an online sexual violence crime against women, involving the alleged coercion and blackmailing of them in South Korea since late 2018 (Nguyen, 2020). According to the news, there is about 260000 participants in the chat rooms on Telegram, where they paid about 1200 US dollars and had to upload sexual abuse content in order to receive the premium memberships in the nth room case. Many of them claim that they are innocent and should be treated as victims because they paid for those illegal videos, but they are not able to access to them now. The case has drawn widespread public attention and sparked public outrage in South Korea. A noticeable number of victims are particularly vulnerable since they are underage students in schools. Many women gather for protesting against hidden camera pornography and sexism under the slogan “My Life is Not your Porn”, and a lot of Koreans signed petitions to ask the police to disclose identities and information of the operators and all the participants. The long-standing problem of gender inequality in patriarchal society, influenced by both Christianity and Confucianism, in South Korea has become even more problematic in this crime case. This article shall discuss why all participants should be viewed as accomplices in the case against what they claim for previously and reveal the causes of silence and collective actions behind this abominable crime case.

The nth room case reveal the severe issue of sexual exploitation and abuse in South Korea. The entertainment industry there inevitably suffers from scandals of sexual abuses. A former K-pop star called Lee Seung-Hyun was running a nightclub named “Burning Sun” and women were assaulted and drugged at the nightclub while being filmed unconscious without their consent and knowledge by using illegal drugs, such as methamphetamine. These sexually explicit videos of unconsciously abused women were soon shared on chat room and labelled with prices. The nth room case and 260000 participants involved had been lasting for almost two years and was finally made public because of efforts made by two university students. Similarly, the “Burning Sun” scandal was covered up by the police and finally exposed by a women journalist. Some of the participants in nth room case claim they are innocent and are victims by arguing that they were just paying for watching normal pornography as customers and they didn’t coerce the victims. They argue that watching and processing pornography should not be taken account into criminal offences and even blame those “slut women”, the victims, for uploading sexually explicit videos. However, these explicit sexual and violent videos were illegally obtained by disguising themselves as police officers and also lurking women and girls to collect their personal information, threatened them to produce increasingly dehumanising sexual content with posting images online and sending them to victims’ friends and families. These cruel footage include victims were forced to carve the word “slave” on their bodies and post certain gestures to proof they “belonged” to certain people (Guardian, 2020); they were forced to cut off nipple, put objects into vagina, etc, according to the reports. These claims reflect the fact that South Korean men disrespect, othering women and disregard law and morality. Silence and the men’s repeatedly accusation of women being slut could easily be found in these sexual abuse scandals. The claims that is women’s faults and to deny that women are victims of sexual abuse scandals expose culture of toxic masculinity, the typical and systematic structure of discriminating against women (Son, 2018), and idea of misogyny related to the objectification of women and treating them as sexual goods (Ueno, 2012).

Those claims of being innocent made by participants are not sounded for several reasons. First, participants had to be invited via links to the chat room and had to pay in cryptocurrency. The anonymous characteristic has been highlighted here. For accessing to some premium, they had to film or upload sexually abusive videos as well. The chat rooms operator would immediately kick out anyone suspicious. The trust is built upon trading and exchanging explicit sexual, and sometimes violent footages of women and girls being filmed. These facts suggest that participants were aware that the videos they purchased are illegal and are not “normal”. Purchasing illegally obtained sexual content linked to sexual exploitation and abuse is actually encouraging and sponsoring industries of sexual exploitation and abuse. According to the reasons stated above, participants in the nth room case are not innocent and victims. Many participants appear to be ignorant on women’s disadvantaged situation in such a patriarchal society and are not able to be empathetic to it. They always presume that women voluntarily take part in sexual industries for economic interests without considering that the coercive situations they have to face and are fear of. MacKinnon (1983, p.636) provides valuable accounts for these phenomenons, arguing that a non-situated objectivity as universal standpoint is to not acknowledge the existing or potency of sex inequality and participates in constructing reality from dominant’s perspectives. Here, the men play the dominating role. So, it is not surprising that the standpoint from their points of view enforces definition of women, description of their women’s life, over-stresses on their speech, and encircles their bodies (MacKinnon 1983, p.636.). These accounts can somewhat explain why victims in the case had kept silence and continuously to comply with those inhumanly predators’ cruel commands because of the fear. In those context, women and girls might not be capable to clearly present what they experienced of because of the men’s dominating perspectives and narratives in the unequal gender system. Participants in nth room acquire a morbid point of view of women body and sex, and this echoes MacKinnon’ s explanations.

MacKinnon suggests that “It is a methodological expression of women’s situation, in which the struggle for consciousness is a struggle for world: for a sexuality, a history, a culture, a community, a form of power, an experience of scared”(MacKinnon 1983, p,637). In “Toward a Feminist Theory of The State” (1989), She argues that sex is the major reason of women being suppressed, exploited, and intimidated. Treating women as objects and goods to exchange and trade in men’s society allows the mainstream gender system, which women are subordinate to men, to function (MacKinnon, 1989). Women are classified as either slut or chaste and innocent by men to manipulate them for suppressing their subjectivity and to achieve the purpose of maintaining both their collective interest and as an individual’s interest (MacKinnon, 1989). The nth room case is arguably to be a simplified model since elements and spheres(age, social status, class, etc.)in traditional society have been eased by the Internet but male remains as the prominent socially constructed unchanged/eternal identity.

Limitation: western liberal value/philosophy

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tonitoni77 · 5 years

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Updated record for aes essay

Citizen journalism has been showing its huge impact in China due to the expanding of cyber space with the help of advanced technologies. Jing Chai, Chang Liu and Fangzhou Jian became the well-known icons of citizen journalism. The rising of citizen journalism provokes people’s emotion and promotes motivation to take part in policy making. Since citizen journalism made huge impact and brought numerous positive outcomes to the society, it is expected to be the savior of free press. However, the complex relationship among the role of government, the mainstream journalism and citizen journalism challenges the expectation for the citizen journalism to be the savior of free press. This essay will first review and assess the contributions of citizen journalism to the society. Second, the essay will adopt the case of “nail house” in order to summarize citizen journalism’s characteristics and display interactions between government and mainstream journalism. Third, it will explain why the citizen journalism can only generate limited impacts on contributing democratic society and especially free press. It will also proof that citizen journalism cannot act the role of watchdog well. By doing so, the essay demonstrates that the citizen journalism can not be the savior of free press.

Free press is regarding to the freedom of the press. It allows the media and public materials express without constraints from government on contents. It is of importance for one of the human rights and power against government malfeasance (Brunetti and Weder, 2003). Goodge (2009) defines that citizen journalism refers to “ordinary” users without professional or enough knowledge in journalism engage in journalistic practice based on web. He also argues that there is no clear or strict definition of citizen journalism. It also includes activities of posting or reposting and sharing eyewitness on current events. In this essay, we adopt the narrow definition of citizen journalism which is that independent individuals or institutions do journalistic jobs. Brunetti and Weder (2003) suggest that independent journalists have strong incentives to investigate uncover issues of wrongdoing; an independent press is the most effective institution to uncover trespassing by officials. In the meantime, Allan and Thorsen (2009) point out that the role of citizen journalism is fighting for human rights, democracy, dignity across different regions in different countries. In this context, citizen journalism plays a similar role as free press and shares the same purpose with it. However, citizen journalism is highly associated with mainstream or traditional journalism. There are norms and traditions associated with mainstream journalism (Goodge, 2009). Its independence could not be guaranteed and erode when it is in a close connection with mainstream journalism and government. Therefore, citizen journalism does not satisfy the key characteristic which is the independence of the institutions and journalists from definition of free press from Brunetti and Weder (2003). From reviewing and identifying essential proportion of the fundamental concepts, it implies that citizen journalism cannot be the savior of free press. The complex relationship among citizen journalism, mainstream journalism and the role of government will be discussed in the further part of this essay.

Citizen journalism plays an important role within an authoritarian regime and complex political context with the fast changing media and social movements in China. In the era of Web 2.0, internet in China has developed fast and China has the largest online population in the world. Specifically, the vast majority lives in rural area (Xin, 2010). Xin(2010) suggests that internet offers a freer space for users than any other traditional media, although the content on internet is under regulations from the government to ensure it could be fitted in the two dominating frames “online realism” and “online nationalism”, and is not challenging the ideology and threatening social stability. The weblog phenomenon and citizen journalism engage in political and social changes by cooperating with mainstream journalism and government in multiple ways. In the case of “nail house” in Chongqing which house owner refused to accept the compensation from the estate company and insisted on staying in their property instead of moving out as required, citizen journalism successfully revealed the issue of social injustice and ignited public discussion on housing disputes. In the recent case of a documentary film “Under the dome” focusing on air pollution in China conducted by journalist Chai Jing, citizen journalism stimulated public concern and debate of environment and pollution, and operations within different governmental departments, especially, pointing out the difficulties and challenges faced by environmental department. Her work also

The complex relationships among citizen journalism, mainstream journalism and the role of government will be revealed when we start analysing the following cases selected in this essay.

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tonitoni77 · 5 years

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record

Citizen journalism has been showing its huge impact in China due to the expanding of cyber space with the help of advanced technologies. Jing Chai, Chang Liu and Fangzhou Jian became the well-known icons of citizen journalism. The rising of citizen journalism provokes people’s emotion and promotes motivation to take part in policy making. Since citizen journalism made huge impact and brought numerous positive outcomes to the society, it is expected to be the savior of free press. However, the complex relationship among the role of government, the mainstream journalism and citizen journalism challenges the expectation for the citizen journalism to be the savior of free press. This essay will first review and assess the contributions of citizen journalism to the society. Second, the essay will adopt the case of “nail house” in order to summarize citizen journalism’s characteristics and display interactions between government and mainstream journalism. Third, it will explain why the citizen journalism can only generate limited impacts on contributing democratic society and especially free press. It will also proof that citizen journalism cannot act the role of watchdog well. By doing so, the essay demonstrates that the citizen journalism can not be the savior of free press.

Free press is regarding to the freedom of the press. It allows the media and public materials express without constraints from government on contents. It is of importance for one of the human rights and power against government malfeasance (Brunetti and Weder, 2003). Goodge (2009) defines that citizen journalism refers to “ordinary” users without professional or enough knowledge in journalism engage in journalistic practice based on web. He also argues that there is no clear or strict definition of citizen journalism. It also includes activities of posting or reposting and sharing eyewitness on current events. In this essay, we adopt the narrow definition of citizen journalism which is that independent individuals or institutions do journalistic jobs. Brunetti and Weder (2003) suggest that independent journalists have strong incentives to investigate uncover issues of wrongdoing; an independent press is the most effective institution to uncover trespassing by officials. In the meantime, Allan and Thorsen (2009) point out that the role of citizen journalism is fighting for human rights, democracy, dignity across different regions in different countries. In this context, citizen journalism plays a similar role as free press and shares the same purpose with it. However, citizen journalism is highly associated with mainstream or traditional journalism. There are norms and traditions associated with mainstream journalism (Goodge, 2009). Its independence could not be guaranteed and erode when it is in a close connection with mainstream journalism and government. Therefore, citizen journalism does not satisfy the key characteristic which is the independence of the institutions and journalists from definition of free press from Brunetti and Weder (2003). From reviewing and identifying essential proportion of the fundamental concepts, it implies that citizen journalism cannot be the savior of free press. The complex relationship among citizen journalism, mainstream journalism and the role of government will be discussed in the further part of this essay. A mistake is deliberately made in this essay for particular reason

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tonitoni77 · 6 years

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What skills and experience do you have that make you a suitable applicant?

I am a student with a wide range of interests. subjects with strong interactivity would be a chance for me to explore the subtle connection within different topics. During this path, my abilitys to approach problems from different angle and to catch the clues for further developing the discussion grows. I don't like to confine myself to a certain field but immersing myself in various art forms because I think that all areas are interlinked with each other to some extent. I want to cooperate with people in various fields, which means I am able to break through my thinking limitations with powerful worldwide thinking skills through cooperation. To be specific, photography is one of my best and most experienced specialties. Photography is a way for me to communicate with the world, like I often take photos of distinctive-features modernist architectures. Communication with world drove me to understand media. The foundation of media analysis is acknowledge that all media is constructed with a purpose and a particular point of view. Therefore, I always pay attention to the resources and the construction of views when I was completing my school projects.

What interests you about your chosen undergraduate subject?

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First of all, the biggest attraction for the undergraduate subject comes from my own interests. I love to express my thoughts in the form of media, especially through the lens of photography. After learning about the research areas and the curriculum of the undergraduate program, I find that Cardiff University's media major has always been at the forefront of the UK, which fits well with what I am good at. Moreover, it can also help me learn the theoretical knowledge about modernity and how to use other media. Secondly, I like to read some books in the media major or the art theory of some scholars, like the book Pr��cis de décomposition written by the Romanian philosopher Emil Cioran and Susan Sontag's “The Heroism of Vision”. However, based on my current knowledge, it is a daunting task for me to digest these profound thoughts. Thus, I know that it is significant to get systematic learning under the guidance of the school. It would be appreciated if I have the honor to study at the Cardiff University, I will seize every opportunity to learn professional expertise and enhance my practical capability. It is my firm conviction that under your seasoned guidance, I will arrive at new academic and career heights. Finally, the undergraduate curriculum has allowed me to study in an English environment because all the courses are taught in English by elite professors all over the world. Therefore, this is also a good opportunity for me to improve my personal English skills.

What do you plan to do after graduation?

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Regarding my plan after graduation, there is no doubt that I am applying for a postgraduate course. But considering the requirements of some postgraduate programs for work experience, I may apply for a media-based internship before I apply for a postgraduate course to gain practical skills. Nowadays, regardless of the employment requirements of any country, the requirements for academic qualifications are getting higher and higher. But what is certain is that I will choose a prestigious school in the media field like Cardiff University to pursue higher education, not only for promoting my knowledge, but also for future career.

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tonitoni77 · 9 years

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All the words are yours

半年前，洗碗的时候，某同学扑通的一声双膝跪地贱兮兮的喊我娶她。鄙人头脑一发热就豪迈的答应了。事后问她，怎么突然想起这茬而且人家都单膝你怎么双膝下跪。某同学回答，就是看到官网上戒指又是打折又是包邮就心动了，双膝那是因为刚刚是想演习一下也没想到我会答应。 #骗婚记#

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tonitoni77 · 9 years

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oh that’s just JENNA ANNE and me hugging in San Francisco, no big deal.

Just kidding, still fangirling haha, she was the sweetest ever

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tonitoni77 · 9 years

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Sf pride

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tonitoni77 · 9 years

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Charles Murray’s recommendations for books on the U.S. legal system

Honored that two of mine, The Litigation Explosion and The Rule of Lawyers, are among seven that author Charles Murray (most recently of By the People) has recommended if you’d like to understand the state of the U.S. legal system [Benjamin Weingarten, The Blaze] I can recommend all the other books on the list as well, including the four by well-known author Philip K. Howard, often mentioned in…

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tonitoni77 · 9 years

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