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Memory of Computer - ROM and RAM

We must not confuse the meaning of the term ‘Memory’ with storage.Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. It is memory that works to process information. The CPU –base memory chip receives electro-magnetic pulses and processes them to generate further electro-magnetic pulses. But for processing the information in the form of electro –magnetic pulses it must have stored within itself some prior information.

That is, for example, it must be given prior information about how to recognize the sources (device) and take the input information and also must be given prior information to know where to give the output information. This information, called the BIOS or the Basic Input Output System, is written within the CPU-base memory at the time of manufacturing and cannot be erased. Some more details of computer courses in rawalpindi are as under.

There are also other instructions stored which are necessary to optimize the function of the processor by allocating its location spaces for different types of operations. For example cache memory is used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory. The cache is a smaller and faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations. Hence, this memory is called the ROM (Read Only Memory), as it cannot be erased.

Besides this, to perform logical operations or processing data, some m ore space is required as computer memory where it can load the input information and perform the processing, and retain the output information until delivered. This is called the RAM (Random Access Memory), which the computer uses, when the user feeds information for operation. Every time the computer is switched off, whatever information were there in RAM get erased. But ROM information about the physical configuration of the computer remains with the support of the motherboard battery. So, if the charge o f the motherboard battery is worn out, every time you switch on the computer you would require the computer to load the BIOS from the ROM default values.TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad forPakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.

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Advanced Excel Training - Do You Work For Excel Or Does Excel Work For You?

The forms have been filed. The balances paid. Refunds are being issued. Except for a few late filers, the tax season has drawn to a close. The finance and accounting industries are breathing a collective sigh of relief and reflecting on this year's experiences. Many of the working professionals of those industries may be considering the hours they spent buried in Excel and thinking that there should have been an easier way. If the experience was particularly frustrating, they may be asking themselves whether Excel works for them or the other way around. Given the arsenal of functions available in the program, true mastery is probably not necessary. Technical Data used in the field explained in advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan.If Excel has been nothing but a frustration, however, advanced Excel training could the solution.

Like any other program, Excel is supposed to be a tool. The problem with tools is that the more complex they become, the more difficult it is to get the desired results with them. Anyone that has ever used a universal remote control can appreciate this idea. If the user has a highly developed understanding of the tool and the components it is using, whether that is a TV, VCR, and DVD player or a database of financial information, they make the tool look easy. In the average office, there is rarely more than one person with the advanced Excel training to make it look easy. The average Excel user will experience the same frustration as the average universal remote user when trying to accomplish complicated processes. Some more details of advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan are as under.

The experience usually results in the task being accomplished, but it took so long that it was time prohibitive to try to repeat. This is perhaps the most frustrating part of lacking advanced Excel training. The user knows it can be done, may have done it, yet can't justify the time spent to do it again. Moreover, they realize that buried somewhere in the gram there's a shortcut to accomplish the task at hand in a fraction of the time. Advanced Excel training can help to remedy this sore spot in the life of the accounting and finance professional by stripping away the mystery of the program, revealing the shortcuts, and ending the ceaseless frustration. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan.

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INTRODUCT ION TO COMPUTER APPL ICAT ION S FOR BEGINNERS

Recent developments in computer science, particularly with regard to the possibility of developing artificial intelligence, have made a precise definition of computer a difficult task. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi.

However, for our purpose we shall consider it as a device for performing logical operations at a very high speed. In a crude sense, one may tend to consider it an extended version of pocket calculator –- with a lot of additional features. But this would be incorrect. The principal difference is that a calculator performs numerical operations, whereas a computer performs a wider range of operations –- i.e., the logical operations as we may s pacify for various jobs as well as the operation as a communication medium. Some more details of computer courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

Computer technology has undergone profound changes since the first generation computer. The way present day motorcar differs from its original version; the computer we use today is totally different from its first make. There are various types of computers for various purposes, e.g. supercomputers for high level multi -tasking precision jobs. The most commonly used computer nowadays is the

Personal computer. We shall restrict our discussion to the Personal Computer. By size three types of Personal Computers are now available – Desktop, Laptop, and Palmtop or Notepad. By configuration all three are more or less same – they differ only in size and capacity as well as the add-on features. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.

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Browsing Excel 2010 Help

When you first open the Excel Help window — either by clicking the Help button (the one with the question mark to the right of the last tab on the Ribbon) or by pressing F1 — the Help Viewer appears in the window. Technical Data used in the field explained in advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan.

To display information on any topic in the Browse Excel 2010 Help list, simply click its link. For example, to get help on charting data in your spreadsheet, click the Charts link in the original list. You then click the Creating Charts link to display a list of chart-related topics in the Excel Help window. For example, to get information on creating a new chart, you’d click the link to the Create a Chart from Start to finish topic.

Excel then displays a list of browsing topics about creating a chart from which you can choose. To display the actual help information in this pane, you click the name of the topic whose article you want to see (“Repeat specific rows or columns on every printed page,” in this example). Excel displays the text of the article in the Help Viewer. You can read the article in the Help Viewer. Or you can print a copy. Click the Print icon on the Help toolbar to open the Print dialog box and then click the Print command button in this dialog box to send the article to the default printer. Some more details of advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan are as under.

You can click the Show All link at the top right of an article to expand all the subtopics throughout the article before printing it. If you don’t want to expand all the subtopics throughout the article, you can click individual links to expand just those sections in which you’re interested. You can find links to related articles in the See Also section at the very bottom of each article. Be sure to check these links out whenever you feel that you need more information about a topic than the article you selected gives you. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan.

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Components of Personal Computer

Looking at any personal computer system we usually see three things – the Computer inside a cabinet, a Video Monitor, a Key Board, a mouse, and sometimes a Printer.Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi.Many other accessories may be fitted to the computer - Joysticks, Light pen, Modem, and even Sound Recorder, Camera, Speaker, Projector, etc. in Multi -media systems. We shall make a brief description of these components. But before that we must note the basic physical configuration of a personal computer system, which consists of three stages of operations – input of information, processing of information and output of the results or processed information.

A computer is truly speaking the CPU-base memory chip as the essential function of a computer, that is, processing information is done by it. But it cannot perform alone without input and output devices. In the present architecture of personal computer, the three essential parts of the physical configuration, namely input devices, processor, and output devices, are fitted to a board called the Motherboard. Besides the CPU, the motherboard also has many other slots for fitting extended memory chips, the storage device, control cards, input and output device control cards and their input output ports (plug in points). Some more details of computer courses in rawalpindi are as under.

All these are assembled and fitted to the motherboard. There is also another part called the SMPS, which transforms the voltage of electrical power supply as per requirement of various control cards. It should be remembered that there is also a small battery fitted to the motherboard which keeps the basic charge necessary for keeping some system information within the CPU –base memory, even when we switch off the power supply. In desktop computer all these are kept inside the Computer Cabinet – now available in the form of Tower Casing for the desktop.TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.

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Speed of Personal Computer and Classification

Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according to purpose, data handling and functionality. According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or specific purpose. General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks. They have the ability to store numerous programs, but lack in speed and efficiency. Specific purpose computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a specific task. A set of instructions is built into the machine. Over the last two decades there has been immense increase in the speed of personal computers.Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. The speed of a personal computer is essentially the maximum speed at which the CPU or the processor can perform the operations.

It is measured in clock rate, which is the rate in cycles per second measured in hertz. In the older classification there were 5 types of personal computers –– the PC (8088 CPU) PC-XT(80286 CPU), PC-AT (80386, 80486, and 80586 CPU), depending upon the clock rate of the CPU manufactured, as measured in MHz (Mega hertz). Some more details of computer courses in rawalpindi are as under.

The speed of PC (8088) and PC-XT (80286), were about 4-8 MHz and 16-24 MHz respectively. In PC-AT (80386) the clock rate increased to 30-40 MHz and that of 80486 was around 60 MHz. In 80586 or Intel P5 CPU it increased to 80-100 MHz. Now we have processor with much higher clock rate ranging from 1.33 GHz to 3.00 GHz and above as currently manufactured by INTEL or AMD companies.

It is to be remembered that these are the manufactured speed of the CPU. In actual work the speed realized (system speed) depends on many other factors like, the operating system configuration, size of the programs, use of memory resident programs etc. Process is use to control o speed up for computers. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in islamabad.

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Ways to Advance Your Excel Skills

A top skill on any job's list is the ability to use computers to at least an adequate level. Technical Data used in the field explained in advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan. With higher White Collar positions, they ask for advance computer skills. Being computer literate is about being able to use the system and software such as Microsoft Office to a good level. One of the vital programs you need to be able to use, whatever your post is, is Excel 2016. Being able to use Excel to its full extent is a valuable skill, which won't go unnoticed in any office.

With Microsoft releasing Excel 2016, it's about time most professionals get up to date with the advanced knowledge in Excel 2016.

All of these are helpful remedies, which should help you to attain that important goal - to advance your Excel skills. They enable people from all different learning groups, from beginner to intermediate to learn beyond the basics of data entry. Some more details of advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan  are as under.

So what will you learn?

Advance Excel skills require you to go beyond the basic realms of data entry, onto the next level, which will enable you to use the advanced functions in the program. You will learn aspects including, Chart features, Connecting and integrating external data, employing data tools, creating macros, 'What if' features, Using VBA code; and How to use auditing features.

Advanced training sessions or courses should cover all of these key features, in order for you to advance your skills in Excel. They are vital skills for any professional and are transferable skills from job to job, even if you are going for a different post in a completely different sector. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan.

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Computer Input Output Devices

We have discussed the memory of the computer, which works with information, and the device to store information. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in rawalpindi. Now this information is to be fed to the computer (Input) and also, we are to get the processed information or result (output).output devices use to take prints and displayed the result of screen.

The primary input device is the Keyboard. It is attached to the computer through a cord in the specific port provided in the motherboard. Whenever you press any key of the keyboard and then press the Enter key an input, correct or incorrect, goes to the computer CPU. However, there are many different  input devices – e.g. the computer can read input from the Hard disk, CD/DVD or Floppy Diskettes, Modem, Mouse, Joystick, etc. Again one computer can give input/output to another if they are connected through a ventral computer (called server) as done in LAN (Local Area Network) or by other types of networking. All these input devices, except the Keyboard, can act also as the output device to receive the results. Some more details of computer courses in rawalpindi are as under.

However, the Touch-Screen Keyboard acts as both input and output device. Amongst the output devices we have two specific instruments – one is the Video Monitor, which constantly displays the results of processed input in the screen to monitor you through your work. It also helps you see the command, or data inputs you are giving to the computer, but not all. The other is the printer, which prints the results in paper, if you give command to the computer to do so. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.

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Advanced Excel Techniques

Using Filters and Sorts in Excel

The sorting and filtering features in Excel are some of the best time saving devices included in the data management components of the software. These are great for when you need to manage large tables of data, such as lists of accounting transactions or contact lists for your customers and vendors. For example, sorting can let you easily see all vendors in the same city or state right next to each other, making it easy to carve your large list into smaller more tightly targeted versions. Technical Data used in the field explained in advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan.The auto filter is another great feature that allows you to do similar things to focus and narrow your list.

Pivot Tables

A pivot table is really just an advanced application of the auto filter and sorting functions. A pivot table allows you to create an ad hoc report that contains rows and columns pulled from fields in your data table. You can then sort, move around, and filter the data based on any criteria you choose, making pivot tables the ultimate tool for quick analysis when working with a large amount of data. Some more details of advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan are as under.

VBA and Macros

VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) and Macros are absolutely the most powerful functionality included in Microsoft Excel. Any time you need to automate a repetitive task or have a spreadsheet complete a long list of tasks in a short amount of time, use a macro. The automation allowed in Excel is very robust, you can even use VBA to manipulate files outside of Excel if you want to. The most basic way of learning to use macros is to use the recorder, which will translate your keystrokes into VBA code that can be carried out by the program. If you want to make your macros even more powerful, then you can view the code and even edit it by hand. Learning VBA is really not that difficult with an advanced Excel tutorial.

As you can see, advanced Excel training software is an important component of boosting your career. A good software tutorial will walk you through the advanced techniques of filtering and sorting, working with pivot tables, and automating your spreadsheets with VBA and macros. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi Islamabad peshawar lahore Pakistan.

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The Motherboard and the Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A computer is truly speaking the CPU-base memory chip as the essential function of a computer, that is, processing information is done by it. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. But it cannot perform alone without input and output devices. In the present architecture of personal computer, the three essential parts of the physical configuration, namely input devices, processor, and output devices, are fitted to a board called the Motherboard. Mother board is the main chip that connected with other hardware parts. All Hardware components attached with motherboard.

Besides the CPU(Central processing unit), the motherboard also has many other slots for fitting extended memory chips, the storage device, control cards, input and output device control cards and their input output ports (plug in points). All these are assembled and fitted to the motherboard. There is also another part called the SMPS, which transforms the voltage of electrical power supply as per requirement of various control cards. Some more details of computer courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer  that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The computer industry has used the term "central processing unit" at least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory  and I/O circuitry.

The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged. Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations, and a control unit that orchestrates the fetching (from memory) and execution of instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU, registers and other components.

It should be remembered that there is also a small battery fitted to the motherboard which keeps the basic charge necessary for keeping some system information within the CPU –base memory, even when we switch off the power supply. In desktop computer all these are kept inside the Computer Cabinet – now available in the form of Tower Casing for the desktop. Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.

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Going to Improve Your Knowledge with an Advanced Excel Training

If you are at the level of knowledge already that a basic or intermediate Microsoft Excel course won’t do you any good, then it is time to consider perfecting your skills with an advanced Excel training class in advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi. These advanced courses will round off your skill set with Microsoft's popular spreadsheet program, make you more efficient in the workplace and will open up many doors professionally and will be a great weapon in your arsenal for your own career progression.

After you have finished with the information in this article you will hopefully be able to determine for yourself if training yourself on Excel to an advanced standard would benefit you or your business.

If you have already attended any professionally run Excel course you will hopefully have taken away with you knowledge and understanding of the software that you never had prior to attending. The advanced excel course is no different; the only difference is that you will learn the tricks and techniques used by the professionals that will allow you to become truly confident with every aspect of this famous spreadsheet program. After all once you truly know the majority of the functions and features of excel, will you truly be able to get the most out of the product. For more detail advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi .

Of course, once your knowledge is complete, you can then apply this to the workplace. Most individuals that have attended an advanced course in any discipline report back that they have become more efficient and are now able to complete day to day tasks in half the time it would usually take them. This is always a good thing in today's environment where efficiency in the office is looked upon with great delight.

External training courses such as this one are not only great for people who already have a job but they can be very useful for those seeking employment as it will give them a fantastic advantage over their competition (other job seekers). As they will now have the skills and knowledge to successfully adapt to any office environment that uses Microsoft Excel as their main primary spreadsheet program for the running of their business.

Remember, it does not even need to be an advanced Excel training course that can give you these benefits. Usually all professionally run external courses will give you more knowledge, allow you to become more efficient and last but not least will let you become more attractive to prospective employers and also for internal positions within the company you already work for. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join advanced excel training courses in islamabad.

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Disk Drive Letter sand Hard Disk Partitions

As we have mentioned, there are provision for attaching several storage device to the computer, like Hard Disk, Floppy Drive, CD/DVD drive, Pen Drive etc. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. Moreover, nowadays the hard disks manufactured are of quite large size, e.g. 240 GB. As operational handling of size big size every time is usually not required and also not advisable for software and disk maintenance purpose, the physical hard disk is usually divided (virtually or logically) into three or four parts of various size as desired, called Disk Partition.

This is done at the time of loading for the first time the operating software. This Partition information is also stored in the Hard Disk Boot Sector, called Partition Table. The computer operating system will consider each such partition of the same hard disk, as virtually another disk, marking those Local Disks. Some more details of computer courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

Now, all these storage disks including the local hard disks (partitioned) and the external disks in CD/DVD, Floppy, Pen drive, etc. must be uniquely identified and recognized by the computer operating system. This is done by identifying them by attaching single letters A, B, C, D, E, F, I, J, K, etc. followed by a colon sign (:) to each, which are called Drive Letters.

There is a historical convention of drive letters. Originally, the personal computer came with only two floppy drives, without any hard disk. One floppy drive was for inserting the floppy diskettes containing the operating system software, and the other for loading the application

program to run. These two floppy drives were marked as drives A and B. Later on, the hard disk was invented, which was put inside the computer by directly attaching to the motherboard, where the operating system software was put. So now every time the computer could load the system software f rom it in a much faster way. This hard disk was marked as C drive. So this convention still follows – letter A, and B, are kept for floppy drive, C for the hard disk (or the primary active partition of the hard disk where operating system software is kept) . TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad and Lahore for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in Islamabad.

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Enhance Your Business's Data Quality with Microsoft's Advanced Excel Training Program

Microsoft Excel is a multi-purpose general spreadsheet program, which comes in real handy to store, manage, evaluate and analyze the data in the field explained in advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi. Indecently arranged data is more harmful than the lost data, hence, it is vital to store and verify all the details on a regular basis to avoid mistakes, which can only be done through proper training.

Obviously, it's not difficult to believe the fact that the lost work directly affects the revenue stability in a negative way. Therefore, Microsoft excel advanced training programs shouldn't be considered lightly and make all the necessary arrangements properly to boost the technical approach of the company. If you conduct your own training program, you will end up losing the work from both the sides of trainer and learner. Whether if it's preparing a simple family budget, preparing a purchase order or graphs or account management, excel spreadsheets is a reliable tool on every scale and will not only deliver your business more capable employees, but also will prove a clever investment for the future. It is also testified that people who have undergone a Microsoft excel advanced training program will have countless benefits along with job opportunities. Some more details of advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

Inclusion of Microsoft Advanced Excel Training Excel training programs include Introduction to Excel, Introduction to VBA Variables, Conditions and loops, Menu and Toolbar, Index + match, References, Using formulas with tables, Formatting excel workbook, creating formulas, mathematical and logical functions, Text Functions, basic knowledge of different functions and categories, date and time, lookups, text and information.

Mathematical functions: Excel was once a data storage tool, but with formulas and mathematical functions, you can crunch the data, examine it and quickly resolve the most complex calculation. Mathematical functions include Sum, Sumifs, Count, Average, Sum product, Index, Match, etc.

Text Functions: Advanced excel consists all the built-in text functioning to return information about a text message, to convert text from different data types and to split and concatenate text strings. Excel provides function links to locate the function along with a complete description and use of the function. It includes, Clean, Trim, Concatenate, Left, Mid, Right, Search, Char, Unicode, Substitute, Lower, Upper, proper, Replace.

Date and Time function: Date and Time function is used to mark the data with a specific time details. To apply a date in excel, you can use these symbols "/", "-" and to enter the time, you can use ":" colon. These functions include Date, Dateif, Datevalue, Day, Edate, Days360, Emonth, Hour, ISO Weeknum, Minute, Month, Network days, Now, Second, Time, Time Value, Today, Weekday, Workday, Year, Yearfrac.

Logical Functions. When you need to carry out multiple comparisons in one formula and test numerous situations. These functions include AND, OR, NOT, XOR.

LOOK UP and references function. This include Address, Areas, Choose, Column, Formula text, Hlookup, Hyperlink, Index, Indirect, Offset, Row, RTD, Vlookup, Match.

TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad  and Lahore for Pakistani Students who wants to join advanced excel training courses in Islamabad.

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Measuring Computing Power

For physical machines, we can compare the power of different machines by measuring the amount of mechanical work they can perform within a given amount of time. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi. This power can be captured with units like horsepower and watt. Physical power is not a very useful measure of computing power, though, since the amount of computing achieved for the same amount of energy varies greatly. Energy is consumed when a computer operates, but consuming energy is not the purpose of using a computer.

Informally, we use information to mean knowledge. But to understand information quantitatively, as something we can measure, we need a more precise way to think about information. Some more details of computer courses in Rawalpindi are as under.

The way computer scientists’ measure information is based on how what is known changes as a result of obtaining the information. The primary unit of information is a bit .One bit of information halves the amount of uncertainty. It is equivalent to answering a “yes” or “no” question, where either answer is equally likely beforehand. Before learning the answer, there were two possibilities; after learning the answer, there is one.

We call a question with two possible answers a binary question. Since a bit can have two possible values, we often represent the values as 0 and 1. For example, suppose we perform a fair coin toss but do not reveal the result. Half of the time, the coin will land “heads”, and the other half of the time the coin will land “tails”. Without knowing any more information, our chances of guessing the correct answer are 1 2 . One bit of information would be enough to convey either “heads” or “tails”; we can use 0 to represent “heads” and 1 to represent “tails”. So, the amount of information in a coin toss is one bit. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in islamabad.

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Overview of formulas in Excel

If you're new to Excel ADVANCED EXCEL TRAINING COURSES IN RAWALPINDI, you’ll soon find that it's more than just a grid in which you enter numbers in columns or rows. Sure, you can use Excel to find totals for a column or row of numbers, but you can also calculate a mortgage payment, solve math or engineering problems, or find a best case scenario based on variable numbers that you plug in.

Excel does this by using formulas in cells. A formula performs calculations or other actions on the data in your worksheet. A formula always starts with an equal sign (=), which can be followed by numbers, math operators (like a + or - sign for addition or subtraction), and built-in Excel functions, which can really expand the power of a formula.

For example, the following formula multiplies 2 by 3 and then adds 5 to that result to come up with the answer, 11.

=2*3+5

Here are some additional examples of formulas that you can enter in a worksheet.

=A1+A2+A3    Adds the values in cells A1, A2, and A3.

=SUM(A1:A10)    Uses the SUM function to return sum of the values in A1 through A10.

=TODAY()    Returns the current date.

=UPPER("hello")     Converts the text "hello" to "HELLO" by using the UPPER function.

=IF(A1>0)    Uses the IF function to test the cell A1 to determine if it contains a value greater than 0.

A constant is a value that is not calculated; it always stays the same. For example, the date 10/9/2008, the number 210, and the text "Quarterly Earnings" are all constants. An expression or a value resulting from an expression is not a constant. If you use constants in a formula instead of references to cells (for example, =30+70+110), the result changes only if you modify the formula. In general, it's best to place constants in individual cells where they can be easily changed if needed, then reference those cells in formulas. Furthermore, following information is provided in detail in ADVANCED EXCEL TRAINING COURSES IN ISLAMABAD.

Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a formula. Excel follows general mathematical rules for calculations, which is Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, and Addition and Subtraction, or the acronym PEMDAS (Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally). Using parentheses allows you to change that calculation order.

Types  of operators. There are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text concatenation, and reference.

Arithmetic operators

To perform basic mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division; combine numbers; and produce numeric results, use the following arithmetic operators. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join  ADVANCED  EXCEL TRAINING COURSES IN LAHORE.

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The Importance of Abstractions in Computer Systems

The use of abstractions is one of the most important concepts in computer science. Technical Data used in the field explained in computer courses in Rawalpindi, For example, one aspect of good programming practice is to formulate a simple application-program interface (API) for a set of functions that allow programmers to use the code without having to delve into its inner workings. Different programming languages provide different forms and levels of support for abstraction, such as Java class declarations and C function prototypes. In software engineering and computer science, abstraction is a technique for arranging complexity of computer systems. It works by establishing a level of complexity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level. The programmer works with an idealized interface (usually well defined) and can add additional levels of functionality that would otherwise be too complex to handle. For example, a programmer writing code that involves numerical operations may not be interested in the way numbers are represented in the underlying hardware (e.g. whether they're 16 bit or 32 bit integers), and where those details have been suppressed it can be said that they were abstracted away, leaving simply numbers with which the programmer can work. In addition, a task of sending an email message across continents would be extremely complex if the programmer had to start with a piece of fiber optic cable and basic hardware components. By using layers of complexity that have been created to abstract away the physical cables and network layout, and presenting the programmer with a virtual data channel, this task is manageable.

Abstraction can apply to control or to data: Control abstraction is the abstraction of actions while data abstraction is that of data structures.

Control abstraction involves the use of subroutines and control flow abstractions

Data abstraction allows handling pieces of data in meaningful ways. For example, it is the basic motivation behind the data type.

We have already been introduced to several of the abstractions seen in computer systems, on the processor side, the instruction set architecture provides an abstraction of the actual processor hardware. With this abstraction, a machine-code program behaves as if it were executed on a processor that performs just one instruction at a time. Some more details of computer courses in islamabad  are as under.

The underlying hardware is far more elaborate, executing multiple instructions in parallel, but always in a way that is consistent with the simple, sequential model. By keeping the same execution model, different processor implementations can execute the same machine code, while offering a range of cost and performance.

On the operating system side, we have introduced three abstractions: files as an abstraction of I/O, virtual memory as an abstraction of program memory, and processes as an abstraction of a running program. To these abstractions we add a new one: the virtual machine, providing an abstraction of the entire computer, including the operating system, the processor, and the programs. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join computer courses in lahore.

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Using the Table of Contents in Excel

When you click the Show Table of Contents button on the Help Viewer toolbar (the one with the closed book), Technical Data used in the field explained in advanced excel training courses in Rawalpindi,  a Table of Contents pane appears on the left side of the window. The Table of Contents pane contains a list of all Excel 2010 help topics arranged hierarchically in topical categories.

When you first open the Table of Contents pane, only the main help categories are shown — the subtopics are collapsed beneath the main categories, to display a subcategory, click the closed book icon in front of the topic’s name. As soon as you do this, the closed book icon becomes an open book icon, and all the subtopics for that section of pane are displayed, indented below the main topic. Some more details of advanced excel training courses in Islamabad  are as under.

After you’ve displayed the subcategories beneath a main help topic, you can start burrowing deeper into a particular category by clicking its closed book icon. All main categories have subcategories, and some subcategories have their own subcategories. Regardless of the number of nested levels, however, you eventually come to a list of help pages, indicated by the blue question mark icon.

When you click a link with a blue question mark icon in the Table of Contents pane, Excel displays the help article in the right pane of the Help Viewer If the article has multiple sections, you can then expand all the information in the article by clicking the Show All link at the top of the article. Print the text by clicking the Print button. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join advanced excel training courses in lahore.